380:
180:
193:
4130:
312:
4127:
1448:. Despite such progress, written Dakota is not without its difficulties. The Pond brothers, Rev. Riggs, and Dr. Williamson were not the only missionaries documenting the Dakota language. Around the same time, missionaries in other Dakota bands were developing their own versions of the written language. Since the 1900s, professional
3654:
Dakota is an agglutinating language. It features suffixes, prefixes, and infixes. Each affix has a specific rule in Dakota. For example, the suffix –pi is added to the verb to mark the plurality of an animate subject. "With respect to number agreement for objects, only animate objects are marked, and
4018:
The phonology, morphology, and syntax of Dakota are very complex. There are a number of broad rules that become more and more specific as they are more closely examined. The components of the language become somewhat confusing and more difficult to study as more sources are examined, as each scholar
1471:
As a written language, it was practical enough that it allowed the Lakota to keep a record of years in their winter counts which can still be understood today, and it was in such common usage that pictographs were recognized and accepted by census officials in the 1880s, who would receive boards or
449:
intelligible than each is with
Eastern Dakota. The assumed extent of mutual intelligibility is usually overestimated by speakers of the language. While Lakota and Yankton-Yanktonai speakers understand each other to a great extent, they each find it difficult to follow Santee-Sisseton speakers.
448:
Yankton-Yanktonai (Western Dakota) stands between Santee-Sisseton (Eastern Dakota) and Lakota within the dialect continuum. It is phonetically closer to Santee-Sisseton but lexically and grammatically, it is much closer to Lakota. For this reason Lakota and
Western Dakota are much more mutually
1456:. The Dakota have also been making modifications. "Having so many different writing systems is causing confusion, conflict between our people, causing inconstancy in what is being taught to students, and making the sharing of instructional and other materials very difficult" (SICC).
3919:
In Dakota, the verb is the most important part of the sentence. There are many verb forms in Dakota, although they are "dichotomized into a stative-active classification, with the active verbs being further subcategorized as transitive or intransitive." Some examples of this are:
485:
The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between the regional varieties of the Sioux language. The table also provides comparison with the two closely related Nakota languages (Assiniboine and Stoney).
4464:
A history of the Dakota or Sioux
Indians: from their earliest traditions and first contact with white men to the final settlement of the last of them upon reservations and the consequent abandonment of the old tribal
4155:
1429:. The goal of the missionaries was to introduce the Dakota to Christian beliefs. To achieve this, the missions began to transcribe the Dakota language. In 1836, brothers Samuel and Gideon Pond, Rev.
1437:
stories into Dakota. By 1852, Riggs and
Williamson had completed a Dakota Grammar and Dictionary (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center). Eventually, the entire Bible was translated.
4147:
4348:
1422:
Life for the Dakota changed significantly in the nineteenth century as the early years brought increased contact with
European settlers, particularly
367:
Since 2019, "the language of the Great Sioux Nation, comprised of three dialects, Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota" is the official
Indigenous language of
1419:
and his wife, Marguerite (who was half Sioux), wrote the first dictionary of the Sioux language. They also wrote a "Grammar of the Sioux
Language."
4086:
1467:. In pictographic writing, a drawing represents exactly what it means. For example, a drawing of a dog literally meant a dog. Palmer writes that,
4423:
1440:
Today, it is possible to find a variety of texts in Dakota. Traditional stories have been translated, children's books, even games such as
322:
4883:
4541:
4513:
4482:
4259:
3831:
Dakota has subject/object/ verb (SOV) word order. Along the same line, the language also has postpositions. Examples of word order:
1476:
For the missionaries, however, documenting the Bible through pictographs was impractical and presented significant challenges.
4103:
345:
4878:
4368:
1485:
4534:
4363:(Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718–760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4188:
Parks, Douglas R.; DeMallie, Raymond J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney
Dialects: A Classification".
302:
219:
4735:
284:
4389:
de Reuse, Willem J. (1990). A supplementary bibliography of Lakota languages and linguistics (1887–1990).
3541:
3501:
3461:
3421:
3381:
3341:
3301:
3261:
3221:
3181:
3141:
3101:
3061:
3021:
2981:
2941:
2901:
2861:
2821:
2781:
2741:
2701:
2661:
2621:
2581:
2521:
2475:
2435:
2395:
2355:
2315:
2275:
2235:
2195:
2155:
2115:
2075:
2035:
1995:
1955:
1915:
1871:
1831:
1791:
1751:
1711:
1671:
1631:
1591:
1547:
4175:
for a report on the long-established error of the
Yankton and the Yanktonai as "Nakota", see the article
4083:
3750:
Infixes are rare in Dakota, but do exist when a statement features predicates requiring two "patients".
379:
4441:
Parks, D.R. & DeMallie, R.J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney
Dialects: A Classification".
4527:
4697:
4558:
296:
121:
4347:. (2006, March 26). Scrabble helps keep Dakota language alive. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from
4873:
392:
416:(a.k.a. Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta, and erroneously classified, for a very long time, as "
4719:
4621:
3643:
3639:
1430:
1416:
518:
453:
361:
4470:
Rood, David S.; & Taylor, Allan R. (1996). "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan language". In
4263:
8:
4429:
Living with strangers: the nineteenth-century Sioux and the Canadian-American borderlands
4817:
4807:
4676:
4510:- "Open sourcing the People's language for all Lakota and Dakota people and our allies"
4398:
4383:
4197:
4413:
Anthropological papers number 2: the Dakota or Sioux Indians: a study in human ecology
4262:. Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States. 2011. Archived from
275:
268:
4666:
4364:
4827:
4754:
4660:
4578:
4550:
116:
3655:
these by the verbal prefix wicha-." Also, there is no gender agreement in Dakota.
1472:
hides adorned with the head of the household’s name depicted graphically. (pg. 34)
4834:
4781:
4761:
4702:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4597:
4374:
de Reuse, Willem J. (1987). One hundred years of Lakota linguistics (1887–1987).
4134:
4107:
4090:
523:
507:
457:
432:
412:
400:
357:
349:
337:
253:
243:
158:
153:
108:
24:
20:
4507:
289:
4854:
4691:
4685:
4019:
has a somewhat different opinion on the basic characteristics of the language.
1460:
4452:(Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4448:
Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan languages". In
4359:
DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). "The Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.),
4058:
4044:
4867:
4573:
1463:, the Dakota did have a writing system of their own: one of representational
353:
185:
4436:
The Dakota peoples: a history of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863
4788:
4418:
Hunhoff, B. (2005, November 30). "It's safely recorded in a book at last".
4151:
1423:
368:
198:
79:
67:
63:
248:
238:
4397:(2), 146–165. (Studies in Native American languages 6). (Online version:
1453:
4201:
475:
4229:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-blazer on Six Frontiers,
4063:
4049:
1464:
1441:
1426:
261:
229:
211:
59:
4474:(Vol. 17, pp. 440–482). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
311:
4519:
1449:
1445:
1433:, and Dr. Thomas Williamson set out to begin translating hymns and
75:
55:
460:
languages, whose speakers use the self-designation term (autonym)
3916:
According to Shaw, word order exemplifies grammatical relations.
344:
in the United States and Canada, making it the fifth most spoken
71:
4104:"Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States (by Language)"
4406:
Dahcotah or, life and legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling
4176:
506:
501:
497:
417:
319:
4218:
pp. 22-3, 35, The Partnenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.
1434:
492:
341:
89:
4231:
pp. 79-80, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
4078:
4076:
4438:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
4422:: Editor's Notebook. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from
4148:"South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language"
4488:
Theoretical issues in Dakota phonology and morphology
4322:
4300:
4298:
4289:
Theoretical issues in Dakota phonology and morphology
4073:
4012:
wicha-u-kte "we (you and I) kill them" (them-we-kill)
1480:
Comparative table of Dakota and Lakota orthographies
476:
Comparison of Sioux and Nakota languages and dialects
4399:
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/441
4384:
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/509
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
514:
511:
496:
491:
4310:
4295:
3939:u-khata-pi "we (excl. or pl) are hot" (we-hot-pl.)
1059:
1019:
979:
939:
899:
859:
812:
765:
718:
671:
638:
605:
565:
461:
16:Siouan language spoken predominantly by the Sioux
4865:
4356:. Lakxota Kxoyag Language Preservation Project.
4291:. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. p. 10.
3985:chi-kte "I kill you" (I-you (portmanteau)- kill)
4455:Riggs, S.R., & Dorsey, J.O. (Ed.). (1973).
4035:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
439:Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
452:Closely related to the Sioux language are the
4535:
4472:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
4187:
3991:wicha-ya-kte "you kill them" (them- you-kill)
3942:ni-khata-pi "you (pl.) are hot" (you-hot-pl.)
1452:have been creating their own versions of the
4145:
4101:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1066:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1026:
1012:
1005:
998:
986:
972:
965:
958:
946:
932:
925:
918:
906:
892:
885:
878:
866:
852:
845:
838:
831:
819:
805:
798:
791:
784:
772:
758:
751:
744:
737:
725:
711:
704:
697:
690:
678:
664:
657:
650:
631:
624:
617:
598:
591:
584:
572:
558:
551:
544:
467:
4282:
4280:
4121:
4009:u-ni-kte-pi "we kill you" (we-you-kill-pl.)
4000:u-ya-kte-pi "you kill us" (we-you-kill-pl.)
4542:
4528:
4450:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
4361:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
4006:ni-kte-pi "they kill you" (0-you-kill-pl.)
3936:u-khata "we (you and I) are hot" (we-hot)
3819:{be as small as} {} {I am as small as you}
310:
4481:. Retrieved November 30, 2008. Web site:
318:Sioux is classified as Vulnerable by the
4431:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
4408:. Afton: Afton Historical Society Press.
4277:
4240:Orthography of the New Lakota Dictionary
4095:
3982:wicha-wa-kte "I kill them" (them-I-kill)
3618:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
1329:
1301:
1273:
1245:
1217:
1189:
1155:
1127:
1051:
1044:
1011:
1004:
971:
964:
931:
924:
891:
884:
851:
804:
757:
696:
663:
656:
637:
630:
623:
604:
597:
590:
557:
550:
378:
323:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
19:For specific dialects of the Sioux, see
480:
348:in the United States or Canada, behind
4866:
4467:. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, Inc.
4459:. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, Inc.
4457:Dakota grammar, texts, and ethnography
3622:Saskatchewan uses s̀ for White Hat's ṡ
3610:Saskatchewan uses c̀ for White Hat's ċ
1079:
4523:
4516:(Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
4514:Our Languages: Dakota, Nakota, Lakota
4477:Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center.
4003:ma-ktea "he kills me" (0-me-kill-pl.)
3997:ma-ya-kte "you kill me" (me-you-kill)
3994:wicha-ya-kte-pi "you (pl.) kill them"
3953:wa-hi "I arrive (coming)" (I-arrive)
3690:
3613:
3601:
3583:
405:
374:
4549:
4490:. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
4391:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
4376:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
4328:
4316:
4304:
4286:
4106:. yourdictionary.com. Archived from
442:Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
436:(a.k.a. Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
4508:Lakota Language Reclamation Project
4497:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4479:Our languages: Dakota Lakota Nakota
3988:ya-kte "you kill him" (0-you-kill)
3965:u-hi-pi "we (excl. or pl.) arrive"
3945:khata-pi "they are hot" (0-hot-pl.)
13:
4038:
3892:
3881:
3851:
3840:
1410:
14:
4895:
4884:Indigenous languages of Minnesota
4501:
4495:The last days of the Sioux nation
4216:Dr. John Marsh: Wilderness Scout,
4181:
4082:South Dakota Legislature (2019):
3933:khata "he/she/it is hot" (0-hot)
3784:{to resemble} {} {I resemble you}
3598:Marks a stressed initial syllable
1459:Prior to the introduction of the
4084:Amendment for printed bill 126ca
3956:ya-hi "you arrive" (you-arrive)
3930:ni-khata "you are hot" (you-hot)
385:Dictionary of the Sioux Language
191:
178:
4338:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4221:
4158:from the original on 2020-07-28
4146:Kaczke, Lisa (March 25, 2019).
3979:wa-kte "I kill him" (0-I-kill)
391:Sioux has three major regional
4208:
4169:
4139:
4128:Statistics Canada: 2006 Census
4029:
3906:{wax aksicas-g} wichasta-g kte
1:
3962:u-hi "we (you and I) arrive"
3865:wichasta-g {wax aksica-g} kte
3649:
4415:. Vermillion: Dakota Museum.
3633:
3628:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1182:
1169:
1164:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1018:
997:
992:
985:
978:
957:
952:
945:
938:
917:
912:
905:
898:
877:
872:
865:
858:
844:
837:
830:
825:
818:
811:
797:
790:
783:
778:
771:
764:
750:
743:
736:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
689:
684:
677:
670:
649:
644:
616:
611:
583:
578:
571:
564:
543:
538:
535:
532:
529:
408:Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)
395:, with other sub-varieties:
7:
4443:Anthropological Linguistics
4190:Anthropological Linguistics
3968:ya-hi-pi "you (pl.) arrive"
3927:ma-khata "I am hot" (I-hot)
3781:iye-checa → iye-ni-ma-checa
3644:Dakota language – Phonology
3640:Lakota language – Phonology
10:
4900:
4382:, 13–42. (Online version:
426:Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
18:
4848:
4815:
4806:
4771:
4744:
4733:
4711:
4675:
4652:
4614:
4607:
4587:
4566:
4557:
4352:Catches, Violet (1999?).
3912:"the bear killed the man"
3871:"the man killed the bear"
3826:
522:
517:
309:
295:
283:
259:
227:
209:
204:
173:Official language in
171:
166:
147:
105:
95:
85:
50:
42:
37:
32:
4879:Western Siouan languages
4022:
4404:Eastman, M. H. (1995).
4069:(subscription required)
4055:(subscription required)
3822:"you are as small as I"
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
639:
632:
625:
618:
606:
599:
592:
585:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
468:
462:
4427:McCrady, D.G. (2006).
4411:Howard, J. H. (1966).
4260:"Lakota orthographies"
3816:iskola → i-ni-ma-skola
3706:Example of the use of
3658:Example of the use of
1474:
423:Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
388:
340:spoken by over 30,000
303:Dakota 62-AAC-a Dakota
4462:Robinson, D. (1956).
4434:Palmer, J.D. (2008).
4420:South Dakota Magazine
4102:Estes, James (1999).
3909:bear-DET man-DET kill
3868:man-DET bear-DET kill
3753:Example of infixing:
1469:
382:
189:
46:United States, Canada
4493:Utley, R.M. (1963).
3950:active intransitive
3812:I am as small as you
1501:Standard orthography
1431:Stephen Return Riggs
481:Phonetic differences
4486:Shaw, P.A. (1980).
4287:Shaw, P.A. (1980).
3971:hi-pi they arrive"
1481:
1080:Lexical differences
346:Indigenous language
4773:Mississippi Siouan
4608:Mississippi Valley
4354:Txakini-iya Wowapi
4133:2013-10-16 at the
4089:2019-07-09 at the
3976:active transitive
1479:
1093:Yankton-Yanktonai
389:
375:Regional variation
126:Mississippi Valley
101:25,000 (2015)
4861:
4860:
4855:extinct languages
4844:
4843:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4729:
4728:
4653:Chiwere–Winnebago
4445:vol. 34, nos. 1–4
4331:, pp. 11–12.
4227:Lyman, George D.
4214:Winkley, John W.
4067:(18th ed., 2015)
4053:(18th ed., 2015)
3787:"you resemble me"
3580:
3579:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2510:
2496:
2488:
1883:
1878:
1583:
1566:
1498:
1408:
1407:
1077:
1076:
579:self-designation
331:
330:
4891:
4813:
4812:
4742:
4741:
4612:
4611:
4564:
4563:
4551:Siouan languages
4544:
4537:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4345:Bismarck Tribune
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4196:(1–4): 233–255.
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4143:
4137:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4099:
4093:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4056:
4042:
4036:
4033:
3959:hi "he arrives"
3894:
3883:
3853:
3842:
3692:
3623:
3620:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3596:
3543:
3503:
3463:
3423:
3383:
3343:
3303:
3263:
3223:
3183:
3143:
3103:
3063:
3023:
2983:
2943:
2903:
2863:
2823:
2783:
2743:
2703:
2663:
2623:
2583:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2437:
2397:
2357:
2317:
2277:
2237:
2197:
2157:
2117:
2077:
2037:
1997:
1957:
1917:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1833:
1793:
1753:
1713:
1673:
1633:
1593:
1581:
1564:
1549:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1104:Southern Lakota
1101:Northern Lakota
1090:Santee-Sisseton
1084:
1083:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
642:
635:
628:
621:
609:
602:
595:
588:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
489:
488:
471:
465:
407:
325:
314:
305:
278:
271:
251:
241:
232:
223:
222:
214:
197:
195:
194:
184:
182:
181:
111:
30:
29:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4840:
4794:
4767:
4746:Virginia Siouan
4725:
4707:
4671:
4648:
4603:
4583:
4553:
4548:
4504:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4296:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4209:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4140:
4135:Wayback Machine
4126:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4100:
4096:
4091:Wayback Machine
4081:
4074:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
3914:
3904:
3896:
3885:
3873:
3863:
3855:
3844:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3779:
3774:iye-ni-ma-checa
3771:
3763:
3748:
3738:
3729:
3724:0-I-kill
3719:
3704:
3699:0-hot-PL
3694:
3682:
3672:
3652:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3584:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1497:(pronunciation)
1496:
1493:
1491:
1413:
1411:Writing systems
1082:
515:Eastern Dakota
512:Western Dakota
483:
478:
377:
358:Inuit languages
338:Siouan language
327:
326:
317:
301:
274:
273:
267:
247:
246:
237:
236:
228:
218:
217:
210:
192:
190:
188:
179:
177:
174:
167:Official status
143:
112:
109:Language family
107:
98:
97:Native speakers
70:, northeastern
28:
25:Lakota language
21:Dakota language
17:
12:
11:
5:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4821:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4713:
4712:(unclassified)
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4567:Missouri River
4561:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4503:
4502:External links
4500:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4387:
4372:
4357:
4350:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4294:
4276:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4220:
4207:
4180:
4168:
4138:
4120:
4094:
4072:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3897:
3886:
3875:
3874:
3856:
3845:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3807:
3799:
3796:be as small as
3791:
3790:
3777:I resemble you
3772:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3731:
3730:
3712:
3711:
3702:"they are hot"
3684:
3683:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3581:
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3568:
3565:
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3556:
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3550:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
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3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
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3482:
3479:
3476:
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3470:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3338:
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3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
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3279:
3276:
3273:
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3267:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
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3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
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3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3097:
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3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
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3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
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2944:
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2934:
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2928:
2925:
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2919:
2916:
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2910:
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2898:
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2698:
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2679:
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2639:
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2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
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2416:
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2278:
2272:
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2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1488:
1461:Latin alphabet
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:English gloss
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
994:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
955:
954:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
915:
914:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
875:
874:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
828:
827:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
781:
780:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
734:
733:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
687:
686:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
647:
646:
643:
636:
629:
622:
614:
613:
610:
603:
596:
589:
581:
580:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
495:
482:
479:
477:
474:
446:
445:
444:
443:
440:
433:Eastern Dakota
429:
428:
427:
424:
413:Western Dakota
409:
376:
373:
329:
328:
316:
315:
307:
306:
299:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
265:
257:
256:
233:
225:
224:
215:
207:
206:
205:Language codes
202:
201:
175:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
122:Western Siouan
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
38:Dakota, Lakota
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4896:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Sioux culture
4872:
4871:
4869:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4762:Tutelo-Saponi
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:0-16-050400-7
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4325:
4319:, p. 12.
4318:
4313:
4307:, p. 11.
4306:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4266:on 2015-01-11
4265:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4230:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4110:on 2017-07-23
4109:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4032:
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4011:
4008:
4005:
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3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
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3978:
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3964:
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3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3877:wax aksicas-g
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:i-ni-ma-skola
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:"I kill them"
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3703:
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3308:
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3129:
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2202:
2199:
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2177:
2174:
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2168:
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2128:
2125:
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2114:
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2100:
2097:
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2079:
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2048:
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2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
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1937:
1934:
1931:
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1526:
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1508:
1503:
1500:
1490:Buechel &
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
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1197:
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1186:
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1069:
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1036:
1029:
1022:
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1008:
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996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
615:
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601:
594:
587:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
542:
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525:
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403:
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394:
386:
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372:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
324:
321:
313:
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:
282:
279: Lakota
277:
272: Dakota
270:
266:
264:
263:
258:
255:
252: –
250:
245:
242: –
240:
234:
231:
226:
221:
216:
213:
208:
203:
200:
187:
186:United States
176:
170:
165:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
146:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
104:
100:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4850:
4833:
4826:
4816:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4734:
4718:
4690:
4684:
4659:
4626:
4596:
4588:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4379:
4375:
4360:
4353:
4344:
4339:Bibliography
4324:
4312:
4288:
4268:. Retrieved
4264:the original
4254:
4249:Riggs, p. 13
4245:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4171:
4160:. Retrieved
4152:Argus Leader
4141:
4123:
4112:. Retrieved
4108:the original
4097:
4062:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4017:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3849:
3847:wax aksica-g
3846:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:wicha-wa-kte
3739:
3735:
3733:wicha-wa-kte
3732:
3727:"I kill him"
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3637:
3386:un, un' (uƞ)
2786:on, on' (oƞ)
2280:in, in' (iƞ)
1676:an, an' (aƞ)
1475:
1470:
1458:
1439:
1427:missionaries
1421:
1414:
1374:
1339:
1311:
1283:
1255:
1227:
1199:
1165:
1137:
1109:
993:to sober up
484:
451:
447:
431:
411:
399:
390:
384:
369:South Dakota
366:
333:
332:
297:Linguasphere
260:
199:South Dakota
132:
80:Saskatchewan
68:South Dakota
64:North Dakota
4736:Ohio Valley
4720:Mitchigamea
4698:Omaha–Ponca
4622:Assiniboine
3761:to resemble
3743:them-I-kill
3736:them-I-kill
1465:pictographs
1454:orthography
779:to deceive
519:Assiniboine
454:Assiniboine
78:, southern
74:; southern
58:, southern
4868:Categories
4270:2020-05-24
4162:2020-05-24
4114:2020-05-24
4064:Ethnologue
4050:Ethnologue
3888:wichasta-g
3836:wichasta-g
3680:"I am hot"
3650:Morphology
1542:Practical
1530:University
1527:Williamson
1519:Rood &
1511:& Boas
1506:University
1442:Pictionary
1417:John Marsh
1130:wakȟáŋyeža
1123:wakȟáŋyeža
913:to grease
873:to soothe
645:assertion
530:Yanktonai
383:Page from
4853:indicate
4329:Shaw 1980
4317:Shaw 1980
4305:Shaw 1980
3924:stative:
3758:iye-checa
3717:0-I-kill
3634:Phonology
3629:Structure
2320:k (k, k̇)
1796:c (c, c̔)
1537:White Hat
1534:Minnesota
1450:linguists
1424:Christian
1415:In 1827,
1346:haŋȟ’áŋna
1276:naháŋȟčiŋ
1269:naháŋȟčiŋ
1248:wapȟóštaŋ
1241:wapȟóštaŋ
1033:to drink
826:to vomit
536:Sisseton
393:varieties
262:Glottolog
230:ISO 639-3
212:ISO 639-2
86:Ethnicity
60:Minnesota
54:Northern
4818:Catawban
4677:Dhegihan
4667:Ho-Chunk
4202:30028376
4156:Archived
4131:Archived
4087:Archived
3696:khata-pi
3686:khata-pi
3674:ma-khata
3667:ma-khata
3146:t (t, ṫ)
2826:ṗ (p, ṗ)
2160:h’ (h̔’)
1495:spelling
1446:Scrabble
1402:glak’óǧa
1375:to shave
1367:híŋhaŋni
1360:híŋhaŋna
1353:híŋhaŋna
1290:wičhášta
941:wičhášta
934:wičhášta
612:to sing
533:Yankton
276:lako1247
269:dako1258
148:Dialects
76:Manitoba
56:Nebraska
4851:Italics
4828:Catawba
4808:Eastern
4755:Moneton
4661:Chiwere
4615:Dakotan
4579:Hidatsa
4559:Western
3689:0-hot-
1540:Txakini
1516:Mission
1509:Deloria
1504:Brandon
1492:Manhart
1340:morning
1318:wótehda
1304:wičháša
1297:wičháša
1234:wapháha
1220:ažúŋtka
1213:ažúŋtka
1206:phakšíŋ
1200:kidneys
1158:čhaŋkpé
1151:čhaŋkpé
1096:Lakota
988:gimnéza
981:kimnéza
974:kibdéza
967:kibdéza
960:kibléza
927:wičháša
920:wičháša
720:hokšína
713:hokšída
706:hokšína
699:hokšína
692:hokšíla
666:čístina
659:čísčina
652:čísčila
574:Nakhóda
567:Nakhóta
560:Dakhóta
553:Dakȟóta
546:Lakȟóta
539:Santee
469:Nakhóda
463:Nakhóta
235:Either:
129:Dakotan
72:Montana
4835:Woccon
4782:Biloxi
4703:Quapaw
4644:Stoney
4637:Lakota
4632:Dakota
4598:Mandan
4589:Mandan
4367:
4200:
4177:Nakota
4059:Lakota
4045:Dakota
3827:Syntax
3804:
3793:iskola
3769:
3721:wa-kte
3714:wa-kte
3708:wicha-
3226:t (t̔)
2906:p (p̔)
2400:k (k̔)
1521:Taylor
1514:Dakota
1332:ločhíŋ
1325:dočhíŋ
1312:hungry
1144:hupáhu
1116:šičéča
1028:yatkáŋ
1021:yatkáŋ
1014:yatkáŋ
1007:yatkáŋ
1000:yatkáŋ
767:knayáŋ
760:hnayáŋ
753:knayáŋ
746:gnayáŋ
739:gnayáŋ
727:hokšín
685:small
673:čúsina
524:Stoney
508:Lakota
502:gloss
498:Nakota
458:Stoney
418:Nakota
406:a.k.a.
401:Lakota
387:, 1866
362:Ojibwe
360:, and
350:Navajo
320:UNESCO
254:Lakota
244:Dakota
196:
183:
159:Dakota
154:Lakota
117:Siouan
51:Region
4692:Osage
4686:Kansa
4627:Sioux
4198:JSTOR
4023:Notes
3880:bear-
3850:bear-
3677:I-hot
3670:I-hot
3346:u (ú)
3222:tˣ~tˠ
3102:ʃʔ~ʃʼ
2902:pˣ~pˠ
2746:o (ó)
2396:qˣ~kˠ
2356:kʰ~kˣ
2240:i (í)
2156:χʔ~χʼ
2040:g (ġ)
1960:e (é)
1956:eː~ɛː
1636:a (á)
1524:Riggs
1435:Bible
1395:kasáŋ
1388:kasáŋ
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