84:. The uniformly blackish brown or chocolate coloured underfur, which is unusually long and dense, measures in some places five centimetres (two inches) and is exceedingly fine. It surrounds the whole body even to the tail, where it is a little coarser and woollier. The fur is shortest on the forehead and limbs, and is finer on the fox's underbelly. When viewed individually, the hairs composing the belly fur exhibit a wavy appearance. There are scarcely any long hairs on the ears, which are thickly clothed with fur. The soles of the feet are so thickly covered with woolly hair that no callous spots are visible. Silver foxes tend to be more cautious than red foxes.
378:). Higher population density leads to a higher incidence of failure in producing pups. Silver foxes have litters that typically range from 1 to 14 pups, with the average being 3 to 6 pups. Litter size generally increases with age and abundance of food. Scientists have observed an increase in reproductive success with age in silver fox morphs, which may be attributable to yearlings breeding an average of nine days after adults. Success in larger litters depends highly on the availability of extra-parental care via the assistance of unmated females. This is especially the case in higher density populations, where some females fail to produce pups.
199:
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as patches of silvery hair gave the coat a flaky appearance, which was considered undesirable. The fur must have "silkiness", which refers to the softness of the fur, and was judged by a client running his hand over the pelt. The coat must have a sheen, which reflects the health of the coat and the animal from which it came, as well as the finesse of the hairs. The fur must weigh at least one pound, with value increasing along with size. Heavy fur is considered to be more durable and handsome.
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influences the fitness of her offspring. In one experiment where vixens (whose competition capacities were categorized as high, medium, or low) were bred under standard farming conditions, competition capacity was positively associated with the number of healthy offspring raised to weaning. The findings have led to the use of competition capacity as a more encompassing measure of reproductive fitness for the silver fox, and the revelation that some vixens engage in
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contributing to their success. The fur of captive-bred foxes was of better quality than that of free-ranging ones (worth $ 500–1,000 rather than $ 20–30) because of improved care and diet. These silver foxes were bred strictly with members of their own colour morph, and by the third generation, all residual traces of red or cross ancestry disappeared. The silver fox price boom in North
America ended in 1914, but by 1921, there were 300 farms throughout the USA.
404:
prey. When hunting smaller mammals, the foxes adopt a "mousing position" from which they can locate prey based on sound. They launch themselves, pin prey to the ground using their forepaws, and kill it by biting. Quicker terrestrial prey requires more practiced behaviour, often involving stalking and rapid pursuit. When prey escapes to hidden caches or burrows, foxes are known to occasionally nap beside the entrances and lie in wait for prey to reemerge.
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belly, neck and points than average red foxes. When one fiery red fox of such a pedigree is mated with a silver one, the litter is almost always 50% silver and 50% red, manifesting as a
Mendelian incomplete dominant trait. Fiery red parents may occasionally produce a silver cub, the usual proportion being one in four. Occasionally, the colours of mixed foxes blend rather than segregate. The blended offspring of a silver and red fox is known as a
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other resources, and created those too. However, the coyote could not employ self-control and ate everything up at will after it awoke. The story tells a moral lesson, portraying the silver fox as a wise being and creator of sorts while suggesting the coyote as a lazy, greedy and impulsive animal. Similarly, the silver fox has often been represented on totem poles.
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Wisconsin. The Fromm brothers started their fur trading company in
Central Wisconsin in the 1930s, which led to the development of the distemper vaccine. The silver fox has come to symbolize the wit and wisdom of the islanders. Its fur-breeding history resulted in its status as a symbol for the ingenuity and perseverance involved in the industry.
395:. The vixens generated more weaned cubs during their next reproductive cycle than those who did not engage in infanticide. This may suggest the conservation of efforts or investment to increase future reproductive success. Infanticidal vixens infrequently adopt and help to raise the young of neighboring vixens after eating their own.
262:. Known as the "Colpitts Brothers", Fred and James raised silver foxes in the early 1920s and used selective breeding to refine the fox colour. Fred developed the Platinum fox (a colour variation of the silver fox) that was recognized for its unique colour and markings worldwide. These Platinum foxes brought top dollar from sales in
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In the 1930s, scientific advances led to increases in fox health. The Fromm brothers funded the development of the distemper vaccine and vitamin D tablets to prevent the foxes from getting rickets. They also allowed the foxes to roam relatively free as they would otherwise damage their pelts and they
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on different parts of the fox's body, particularly under the throat, behind the shoulders, on the sides and the tail. The hair of the underfur is brown at the base, and silver-grey tipped with black further along the follicle. The hair is soft, glossy and was once reputed to be finer than that of the
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people of
Northern California tell a myth about two creators: the wise silver fox stemming from fog and the amoral trickster coyote from the clouds. The myth reveals that while the coyote slept, the silver fox used its hair combings to create landmasses. It then thought of trees, rocks, fruits, and
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For the pelt to be considered of suitable quality, certain criteria must be met: There must be a section of glossy black fur on the neck with a bluish cast. The silvery hairs must contain pure bands that are neither white nor prominent. The most valued furs had an even distribution of silvery hair,
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When bred with another member of the same colour morph, silver foxes will produce silver-coated offspring, with little variation in this trend after the third generation. When mated to pure red foxes, the resulting cubs will be fiery red in overall coat colour, and will have blacker markings on the
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While silver foxes are opportunistic feeders and will consume any food presented to them, they prefer a more carnivorous diet when meat is available. When meat is scarce, they rely more heavily on plant material. Like the red morph, the silver fox adapts different strategies when hunting different
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Silver foxes engage in a system of bi-parental care, which is associated with their seasonal monogamous mating scheme. For a given litter, males contribute a large investment in the offspring by both feeding and protecting the den. While the pups are early in development, the male secures food for
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Historically, silver foxes were among the most valued fur-bearers, and their pelts were frequently worn by nobles in Russia, Western Europe, and China. Wild silver foxes do not naturally reproduce exclusively with members of the same coat morph and can be littermates with the common red variety,
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coat of arms. In the late 1800s, the rare silver fox was native to the region, and its pelt was highly valued around the world. Scientific developments for breeding fur-bearing animals took place on the island. Fur farming became an important part of the 20th century economy of the province and
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In captivity, differential reproductive success can be attributed to variation in the competition capacity among individual females. Competition capacity is defined as the ability of individuals to dominate resources such as food or nesting sites. The competition capacity of the mother directly
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Fur farmers on Prince Edward Island gained success by breeding and caring for their foxes in captivity. Charles Dalton and Robert Oulton began crossbreeding experiments in 1894. The farmers recognized the foxes' monogamous habits and permitted their studs to mate for life with a single female,
142:, it was uncommon for trappers to collect more than 4–5 silver foxes in any one season, in areas where silver foxes were present, despite the trappers' tendency to prioritize them above all other fur-bearers once they were discovered. Silver foxes comprise up to 8% of
51:). Silver foxes display a great deal of pelt variation. Some are completely glossy black except for a white colouration on the tip of the tail, giving them a somewhat silvery appearance. Some silver foxes are bluish-grey, and some may have a
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for a silver pelt was at 15% but due to overhunting, this number had fallen to 5% in 1930. The silver pelt is still hunted for and the population of foxes with this silver pelt continues to fall. Before the practice of
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In the richness and beauty of its splendid fur the silver-grey Fox surpasses the beaver or sea otter, and the skins are indeed so highly esteemed that the finest command extraordinary prices, and are always in
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began farming silver foxes in 1924, after receiving 2,500 foundation specimens from Norway to Mustajõe farm. The numbers of
Estonian silver fox farms steadily increased in the following decades. During the
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Våge, Dag Inge; Lu, Dongsi; Klungland, Helge; Lien, Sigbjørn; Adalsteinsson, Stefan; Cone, Roger D. (1997). "A non-epistatic interaction of agouti and extension in the fox, Vulpes vulpes".
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Female silver foxes generally breed during their first autumn, but a number of factors contribute to their breeding success. These include age, food, population density, and the
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pairs for the breeding months of
December to April, and most matings occur in January and February. Female silver foxes are monestrous (having one estrus cycle per year) with
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1156:
Hockman, Gregory J.; Joseph A. Chapman (October 1983). "Comparative
Feeding Habits of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and Gray Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in Maryland".
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are of North
American stock, and are selectively bred in order to remove as much brown from the fur as possible, as the presence of brown fur lowers the pelt's value.
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foxes were allowed to breed. Many of the descendant foxes became both tamer and more dog-like in morphology, including displaying mottled or spotted coloured fur.
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Red foxes, including the silvery form, are one of the most widely distributed carnivorous species in the world, ranging over much of the northern hemisphere and
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1121:
Jour, Bakken M. (1993). "Reproduction in farmed Silver fox vixens, Vulpes vulpes, in relation to own competition capacity and that of neighbouring vixens".
426:—to some extent—under laboratory conditions. Domesticated silver foxes are the result of an experiment which was designed to demonstrate the power of
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period, the silver fox industry boomed due to government subsidies and a focus on selectively breeding foxes for greater fertility than fur quality.
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The silver fox has also been represented in different forms of media. On television, in films, and in comic books, Silver Fox is a character in the
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in the years 1825–1850 were silver, as were 16% of those traded in
Labrador. The fur was almost always sold to Russian and Chinese traders.
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Vol.II Part 1a, Sirenia and
Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998.
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122:, silver foxes occur mostly in the northeastern part of the continent. In the 19th century, silver foxes were sometimes collected from
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115:. Their abundance in a wide variety of habitats can be attributed to introduction by humans into new habitats for fox-hunting.
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the nursing vixen. Whereas males are more vigilant in defending the den, females also defend their offspring aggressively.
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although captive populations bred for their fur and as pets are almost exclusively mated with members of the same colour.
247:, it was standard practice to release free-ranging silver foxes into small islands, where they quickly starved to death.
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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by John James Audubon and John Bachman, by illustrated by John Woodhouse Audubon, published by V.G. Audubon, 1854
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skins. A chieftain accepting a gift of silver fox furs was seen as an act of reconciliation. The records of the
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is used to describe an attractive older man, specifically one who has (or is beginning to show) grey hair.
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325:, but may also be used to communicate the absence of food from foraging areas as well as social records.
153:, silver foxes occur mostly in forest zones and forest–tundra belts, particularly in middle and eastern
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The silver fox's long outer hair can extend as much as five centimetres (two inches) beyond the shorter
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How to Tame a Fox (and Build a Dog): Visionary Scientists and a Siberian Tale of Jump-Started Evolution
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The silver fur of this fox was the most sought-after pelt due to its colour and style. In 1830, the
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and London, with one pair of foxes selling for $ 5000, and winning major awards at shows across
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were fed daily. The largest silver fox the Fromms' had was over 20 pounds (9.1 kg).
150:
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Sheldon, William G. (August 1949). "Reproductive Behaviour of Foxes in New York State".
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The silver fox morph is behaviourally similar to the red morph. One common behaviour is
99:, while in the standard silver fox the dark colour is caused by a recessive mutation to
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WNYC RadioLab Story; contains audio, video, interviews, and other links. (Public Radio)
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1326:: website from Cornell University with detailed information (videos and articles)
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Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment".
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359:. During or approaching estrus, the vulva of silver foxes increases in size and
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138:. They were occasionally found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. According to
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119:
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856:
Palumbi, S. R. (2001). "Humans as the World's Greatest Evolutionary Force".
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superhero series. In literature, the characters Scarface and Lady Blue from
1195:(1963 reprint ed.). Norwalk, Connecticut: Heritage Press. p. 470.
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New English Canaan: Or, New Canaan (Research Library of Colonial Americana)
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1395:, British Pathé film (Part of a "Walter Futter's Curiosities" film), 1930.
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452:, by recording the changes in foxes when in each generation only the most
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The Great Fur Land; Or, Sketches of Life in the Hudson's Bay Territory
440:. The experiment explored whether selection for behaviour rather than
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1237:(1st ed.). Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 240.
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Dark colour in the Alaskan silver fox is caused by a mutation to
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Larivière, Serge; Maria Pasitschniak-Arts (27 December 1996).
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The fur of a silver fox was once considered by the natives of
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130:, and they were rarely taken from the mountainous regions of
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The silver fox appears in the stories of many cultures. The
274:, the two brothers sold foxes for breeding stock throughout
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363:, indicating the sexual readiness or condition of the fox.
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steam locomotive no 2512 (later BR no 60017), designed by
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Horizon S48E08 (2010): The Secret Life of the Dog - BBC
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Red Fox, New York's Wildlife Resources, Number 11, 1982
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Explorer: How Man Tamed the Wild - National Geographic
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Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1
1001:. Estonian University of Life Sciences. Archived from
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mountains. They are very rare in steppes and deserts.
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Trut, Lyudmila; Dugatkin, Lee Alan (23 March 2017).
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567:"Barry: Rare black fox spotted roaming the streets"
1341:Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All in the Genes
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908:Bureau of Biological Survey Yearbook 1937 (USDA)
478:The silver fox also appears as a symbol on the
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444:may have been the process that had produced
227:indicate that 19–25% of fox skins traded in
422:is a form of the silver fox which has been
335:Red fox § Reproduction and development
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624:The Imperial Collection of Audubon Animals
258:was that of Fred Colpitts from Salisbury,
178:The Imperial Collection of Audubon Animals
1382:Soviet Scientist Turns Foxes Into Puppies
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704:The quadrupeds of North America, Volume 3
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321:. This behaviour is used as a display of
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594:"A Surprise Encounter with a Blue Fox"
430:to transform species, as described by
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815:. New York: Arno Press. p. 188.
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1393:"Silver Fox Farm" (Denver, Colorado)
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939:Ashbrook, Frank G. (November 1921).
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941:"The Merits of Silver Fox Farming"
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504:The name "Silver Fox" was used on
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565:Sharrocks, Erin (18 April 2023).
355:occurring after about 52 days of
343:Silver foxes exist in seasonally
339:Fox § Sexual characteristics
254:A well-known silver fox ranch of
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176:John James Audubon, quoted from
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31:, sometimes referred to as the
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687:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
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202:Captive silver foxes being fed
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1:
1191:Darwin, Charles (1859). "1".
904:"The Breeding of Fur Animals"
878:10.1126/science.293.5536.1786
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459:
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1424:Carnivorans of North America
1303:The Animals of Farthing Wood
658:. Unwin Hyman. p. 224.
620:Audubon, John James (1967).
592:MacKerrow, Ed (2016-09-29).
532:List of domesticated animals
492:The Animals of Farthing Wood
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1158:American Midland Naturalist
945:American Fox and Fur Farmer
902:Ashbrook, Frank G. (1937).
839:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009.
721:Mammals of the Soviet Union
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134:and the wilder portions of
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243:was eventually refined on
16:Melanistic form of red fox
959:– via Google Books.
654:Macdonald, David (1987).
542:Genomics of domestication
219:to be worth more than 40
996:"Fur Farming in Estonia"
797:The fur trade of America
685:The Fur Trade of America
437:On the Origin of Species
313:Red fox § Behaviour
290:Silver foxes in Russian
106:
1360:The Fox Farm Experiment
917:10.5962/bhl.title.77373
811:Morton, Thomas (1972).
527:Domesticated silver fox
420:domesticated silver fox
414:Domesticated silver fox
146:'s red fox population.
1258:Adams Leeming, David.
800:. New York: Macmillan.
537:Experimental evolution
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1419:Carnivorans of Europe
351:lasting 1–6 days and
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55:colour on the sides.
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1080:Journal of Mammalogy
975:Dalhousie University
794:Laut, Agnes (1921).
656:Running with the Fox
480:Prince Edward Island
386:Competition capacity
245:Prince Edward Island
225:Hudson's Bay Company
1414:Carnivorans of Asia
870:2001Sci...293.1786P
864:(5536): 1786–1790.
151:former Soviet Union
140:Sir John Richardson
71:An adult silver fox
1371:American Scientist
1365:2010-02-15 at the
1335:The New York Times
1220:10.1511/1999.2.160
1208:American Scientist
754:10.1038/ng0397-311
598:In Light of Nature
494:are silver foxes.
428:selective breeding
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165:History of fur use
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1350:CBBC News Article
1324:Fox Domestication
1262:. pp. 31–32.
1042:Mammalian Species
510:Sir Nigel Gresley
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49:Vulpes vulpes
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1288:"Silver Fox"
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43:form of the
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23:A silver fox
628:. pp.
393:infanticide
353:parturition
241:fur farming
217:New England
82:pine marten
63:Description
1403:Categories
1376:"New Nice"
1305:. Mammoth.
980:2018-11-26
638:B000M2FOFM
603:2023-10-03
553:References
499:silver fox
460:In culture
442:morphology
361:tumescence
345:monogamous
333:See also:
311:See also:
286:In Eurasia
41:melanistic
29:silver fox
1012:5 January
522:Cross fox
497:The term
488:Wolverine
357:gestation
323:dominance
307:Behaviour
292:fur farms
113:Australia
90:cross fox
53:cinereous
33:black fox
1363:Archived
1143:21395729
1108:18135678
926:37329610
886:11546863
770:10798519
577:19 April
571:BBC News
516:See also
472:Achomawi
376:monogamy
372:polygyny
268:New York
264:Montreal
174:—
159:Caucasus
157:and the
136:New York
124:Labrador
77:underfur
37:blue fox
1330:Article
1178:2425269
1100:1375313
1060:3504236
866:Bibcode
858:Science
762:9054949
547:Neoteny
506:LNER A4
399:Feeding
296:Estonia
171:demand.
155:Siberia
149:In the
45:red fox
39:, is a
1409:Vulpes
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450:wolves
349:estrus
337:, and
301:Soviet
272:Canada
180:, 1967
144:Canada
126:, the
101:agouti
1174:JSTOR
1096:JSTOR
1056:JSTOR
1006:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
951:: 5–6
922:S2CID
766:S2CID
573:. BBC
448:from
107:Range
35:, or
1239:ISBN
1139:PMID
1104:PMID
1014:2013
957:2019
882:PMID
841:ISBN
817:ISBN
758:PMID
725:ISBN
689:ISBN
660:ISBN
634:ASIN
579:2023
454:tame
446:dogs
418:The
97:MC1R
27:The
1332:in
1216:doi
1166:doi
1162:110
1131:doi
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630:307
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