Silver Spring monkeys

971:—that the monkeys had been given "gentle" treatment and had what he called a "remarkable record of health." He acknowledged that they had not been seen by a veterinarian in the previous two years, because he was an expert himself in the treatment of deafferented monkeys. Responding to the images of the monkeys with open sores and decaying bandages, he said that using salves, ointments, and bandages is more dangerous than leaving the conditions untreated; monkeys feel no pain from the deafferented limbs and learn to ignore them, he said, whereas drawing attention to the wounds with salves or bandages would cause the animals to bite or claw at them. Bandages might be necessary where the wounds had grown out of control, or where there was massive infection, and it was sometimes better to let the bandages deteriorate, he said. Taub also testified that some of the photographs Pacheco took had been staged for dramatic effect. Norman Doidge wrote in 2007 that, according to Taub, the monkeys in the photographs had been placed in positions that were not part of the laboratory procedure, a claim Pacheco denied. As for the dirt, Taub said "monkey rooms are dirty places," and that it was normal in laboratories for fecal matter to lie on the floor and food to drop through the cage bottoms into waste trays. He said employees had used brooms and mops on the floor and had emptied the waste trays nearly every day. He said the monkeys had been given fresh fruit twice a week, and that he disagreed with the veterinarians who testified for the prosecution that the female monkey, Sarah, was underweight. 1017:

any other, and he also produced federal inspection reports and witnesses to support his position. Veterinarians speaking for the prosecution said Taub's failure to bandage the monkeys' wounds was a threat to their health; veterinarians for the defense, including two who had worked with monkeys whose limbs had been deafferented, said bandaging them would cause the animals to attack the limbs. Carlson writes that the prosecution produced 70 photographs of dirty conditions and injured monkeys, while researchers who had worked in the lab testified for the defense that they had never seen the lab looking like that. The judge—District Court Judge Stanley Klavan—found Taub guilty of six counts of cruelty to animals for failing to provide adequate veterinary care in respect of six of the monkeys and acquitted him of the other 11 charges against him. He fined Taub $ 3,000. The laboratory assistant, John Kunz, was acquitted of all 17 charges.

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soiled it became. They were left on until they deteriorated to the point where they fell off the injured limb. Old, rotted fragments of bandage were stuck to the cage floors where they collected urine and feces. The monkeys also suffered from a variety of wounds that were self-inflicted or inflicted by monkeys grabbing at them from adjoining cages. I saw discolored, exposed muscle tissue on their arms. Two monkeys had bones protruding through their flesh. Several had bitten off their own fingers and had festering stubs, which they extended towards me as I discreetly took the fruit from my pockets. With these pitiful limbs they searched through the foul mess of their waste pans for something to eat.

207:(PETA) began working undercover in the lab, and alerted police to what PETA viewed as unacceptable living conditions for the monkeys. In what was the first police raid in the U.S. against an animal researcher, police entered the Institute and removed the monkeys, charging Taub with 17 counts of animal cruelty and failing to provide adequate veterinary care. He was convicted on six counts; five were overturned during a second trial, and the final conviction was overturned on appeal in 1983, when the court ruled that Maryland's animal cruelty legislation did not apply to federally funded laboratories. 791:

arm to feed and move itself around. He reasoned that, if a monkey refused to use a deafferented arm because it could rely on its good arm, then deafferenting both arms would force the monkey to use them, a finding that seemed paradoxical, but which his experiments confirmed. He even deafferented the entire spinal cord, so that the monkey received no sensory input from any of its limbs, but it still used them. Doidge writes that Taub had an epiphany, guessing that the reason the monkeys would not use their deafferented limbs was simply because they had learned not to, an idea he called "

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granted the request. Immediately afterward, the monkeys disappeared. Kenealy was not at home when it happened, and insisted she knew nothing about it. Richard Swain, who had led the police raid, arrested her and put her in the local jail overnight. PETA was told there could be no legal action against Taub without the monkeys as evidence. Five days later the monkeys were suddenly returned, this time with Spanish moss in their cages after a holiday in Florida, according to the activists. After another brief stand-off, the monkeys were returned to Taub.

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different days in which the animals were supposed to have been fed and the cage area cleaned, the two caretakers failed to show up for work. Taub estimated the probability of seven absences in that 2.5-week period at seven in a trillion based on the previous 14 months of attendance records from the workers. On three of those absentee days, Pacheco brought people in to look at the monkeys. Taub's research assistant, John Kunz, a graduate student, said it was simply that the caretakers took advantage of Taub's absence to have a holiday of their own.

8167: 8139: 7887: 5948: 8179: 871:), each about 36 centimetres (14 inches) tall, all born wild in the Philippines. Each monkey lived alone in a wire cage measuring 46 cm × 46 cm (18 in × 18 in), with no bedding, no food bowl, and no environmental enrichment, the cages kept in a windowless room measuring 4.6 m (15 ft) square. Pacheco writes that 12 of the 17 monkeys had had one or both arms deafferented, while according to the 932:, Geza Teleki, a primatologist at George Washington University, wrote that he had never seen a lab so poorly maintained, and psychologist Donald Barnes, a former primate researcher, wrote that it was a "miserable and unhealthful environment for the primates" and a health hazard for humans. One local veterinarian, Richard Weitzman, agreed that the lab was very dirty, but said the monkeys seemed well fed and "in pretty good health". 34: 901:

waste tray below. He alleged that the cages had not been cleaned for months, that there were no dishes to keep the food away from the feces, and that there was nothing for the monkeys to sit on but the cages' wire bottoms. He wrote that 12 of the monkeys had deafferented limbs, with 39 of their fingers deformed or missing. He described them as neurotic, attacking their deafferented limbs as though they were foreign objects:

1079: 1133:(CI), as "at the forefront of a revolution" in the treatment of stroke survivors. With CI therapy, the patient is forced to use the affected limb, to whatever minimal extent he can, by having the unaffected one restrained. The affected limb is then used intensively for three to six hours each day for at least two weeks. As a result of engaging in repetitive movements with the affected limb, the brain grows 7897: 2678: 244: 1029:, a jury acquitted him of five of the convictions, and upheld the sixth charge of inadequate veterinary care of Nero, whose wounds were such that an NIH veterinarian later amputated his deafferented arm. Taub was fined $ 500. The sixth charge was set aside on appeal, when the court ruled that Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law did not apply to federally funded laboratories. 879:

dealer, Litton Laboratories, when she was one day old, and had lived since then, for eight years, in the institute. Paul was the eldest. He had had one arm deafferented. He had chewed off all the fingers on that hand and pulled the skin and flesh off the palm, exposing the bone. Billy had undergone surgery to deafferent both arms and used his feet to pick up food pellets.

176:. From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in research or release them to a sanctuary. Within the scientific community, the monkeys became known for their use in experiments into 980:

lab's animal care failed in significant ways, and concluded that it was grossly unsanitary. Based on the OPRR investigation, NIH suspended the remaining funding for the experiments, over $ 200,000 (equivalent to $ 670,000 in 2023), because of violations of its animal care guidelines. William Raub and Joe Held, officials at NIH, wrote in the

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followed by euthanasia. After euthanasia, tissue examination would continue. The court allowed a group of researchers from the NIH to conduct a terminal experiment on January 14, 1990, on one of the monkeys who had become ill. Under anesthesia, electrodes were placed in his brain and hundreds of recordings taken. The

783:, he conducted several kinds of deafferentation experiments. He deafferented monkeys' entire bodies, so that they could feel no part of themselves. He deafferented them at birth. He removed monkey fetuses from the uterus, deafferented them, then returned them to be born with no sense of their own bodies. 1044:

The monkeys were moved by the NIH to the Delta Primate Center in June 1986, where animal rights activists, who had been able to visit and groom the animals at the previous center, were told they could no longer see them. In 1987, the custodians of 14 of the remaining monkeys recommended that eight of

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Taub said he had been set up. He said his laboratory had been clean when he left on vacation, but that Pacheco had failed to clean the cages, had neglected the animals, then subjected the laboratory to false reports of cruelty. During Taub's vacation that August, which lasted over two weeks, on seven

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said it revealed an "unprecedented degree of reorganization of the sensory cortex. An 8–10-millimeter-wide area that would normally receive input from the hand was found to have completely filled in with input from the face." Brainmapping studies were conducted on the remaining monkeys on July

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had said in 1987 that no further invasive research would be conducted on the monkeys, but in fact further experiments were performed on them in 1990. NIH presented the experiments in the lawsuit for custody of the animals in 1989. It proposed to perform deep surgical anesthesia during all procedures

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The researchers had named the monkeys Chester, Paul, Billy, Hard Times, Domitian, Nero, Titus, Big Boy, Augustus, Allen, Montaigne, Sisyphus, Charlie, Brooks, Hayden, Adidas, and Sarah. Sarah, the lone female, was a control subject, which meant she had been left intact. She had been purchased from a

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writes that Taub wondered whether the reason the monkeys abandoned use of the deafferented limbs was simply that they were still able to use their good ones. He tested his idea by deafferenting one arm of a monkey and restraining the good arm in a sling. The monkey subsequently used its deafferented

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primate center, where they were later euthanized. On January 10, 1990, Tulane successfully argued to euthanize Billy in the U.S. District Court of Appeals, doing so 4 days later. The rejection of Vice's assessment was subsequently reiterated by Gerone on radio appearances and in letters, saying "We

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to assess Billy, one of the monkeys set to be euthanized by Tulane. Billy had two disabled arms, extensive pressure wounds, diaper rashes, bone infections, and kidney damage from antibiotic use. Vice's recommendations to proceed with the euthanasia was rejected by Pacheco and PETA's lawyers. One of

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in 1991: "It was absolutely filthy, just incredibly dirty, like nothing I've ever been in. I've executed lots and lots of search warrants. I've worked in murder, in narcotics, in vice, but this was the first time I went into a room, and I felt legitimately concerned for my health just being there."

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police, who raided the laboratory on September 11, 1981, under Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law. PETA tipped off the media beforehand, so that the raid was witnessed by several reporters and a camera crew, to the irritation of the police. The officers later testified that the monkeys

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According to Peter Carlson, every aspect of the case was disputed by experts on both sides during the first trial in October 1981. The prosecution said that Taub's lab was filthy and unhealthy, and federal inspection reports and witnesses supported the charge. Taub said the lab was no dirtier than

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The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which had financed Taub's research, suspended his $ 115,000 research grant (equivalent to $ 385,000 in 2023). It initiated its own investigation, and sent the Office for the Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) to assess Taub's lab. OPRR found that the

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owned by Lori Kenealy of the local humane society. The monkeys were given toys, groomed with toothbrushes by the activists, watched 24 hours a day, and allowed to watch daytime soap operas. In the meantime, Taub's lawyers went to court and demanded their return, and ten days after the raid a judge

843:, to form People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in March 1980. The point of taking the research position in Taub's lab was to gain firsthand experience of what happens in animal research laboratories, so he looked through a list of government-funded labs and chose the one nearest his home in 774:

is opened up and the sensory nerves cut so that these impulses do not reach the brain. A monkey whose limbs have been deafferented will not feel them, or even be able to sense where they are in space. At his trial in 1981, Taub told the court that deafferented monkeys are notoriously difficult to

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No one bothered to bandage the monkeys' injuries properly (on the few occasions when bandages were used at all), and antibiotics were administered only once; no lacerations or self-amputation injuries were ever cleaned. Whenever a bandage was applied, it was never changed, no matter how filthy or

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in the drawers, on the floor, and around the scrub sink. He said the wires of the cages were caked in filth, with feces piled in the bottom of the cages, and urine and rust on every surface, with the 17 monkeys picking at scraps of food that had fallen through the wire floor of the cages into the

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in April 1983 that deafferented monkeys kept at NIH since May 1981, and subjected to the same surgical procedures, had not developed lesions comparable to those in five of the deafferented monkeys from Taub's lab. "Based on these observations," they wrote, "it would appear that fractures,

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had occurred, suggesting that being forced to use limbs with no sensory input had triggered changes in their brains' organization. This evidence of the brain's plasticity helped overturn the widely held view that the adult brain cannot reorganize itself in response to its environment.

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cell, and the first animal research case to reach the United States Supreme Court. In July 1991, PETA's application to the Supreme Court for custody was rejected. Days later, the last two monkeys were killed after veterinarians determined they were suffering and should be euthanized.

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Based in part on his work with the Silver Spring monkeys, Taub went on to develop novel physical therapy techniques to help stroke victims, and those with other forms of brain injury, regain the use of affected limbs. The American Stroke Association regards Taub's therapy, known as

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The ensuing battle over the monkeys' custody saw celebrities and politicians campaign for the monkeys' release, an amendment in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act, the transformation of PETA from a group of friends into a national movement, the creation of the first North American

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6, 1990, three days after PETA's application for custody was rejected. The monkeys were subsequently euthanized. During these experiments, scientists discovered an unpredicted change in thalamus structure apparently caused by progressive nerve degeneration through the

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them be euthanized, because they were judged to be beyond hope of resocialization. A lawsuit filed by PETA and others sought to block euthanasia and transfer the animals to a facility under their control. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society and PETA ran ads in

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are not the inevitable consequences of deafferentation." After the appeal, according to Doidge writing in 2007, 67 professional societies made representations on Taub's behalf, and the NIH reversed its decision not to fund his research. In 1991 neuroscientist

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Pacheco decided to document the conditions in the lab. He told Taub he wanted to work at night and took photographs that showed the monkeys' living conditions. He showed them in July to animal rights activists, including

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head injury clinic in 1984, said the science was sound, that the people involved were not cruel, and that at the time there was a "laxness of standards" in animal care that, he wrote, would hardly be conceivable today.

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Taub, E., Pidikiti, R. D., DeLuca, S. C., & Crago, J. E. "Effects of motor restriction of an unimpaired upper extremity and training on improving functional tasks and altering brain/behaviors". In J. Toole (ed.).

896:. He alleged that, in the surgery room, human and monkey records were scattered everywhere, including under the operating table, while soiled clothes, old shoes, rat droppings, and urine covered the floor, with 1041:, still under the care and control of the NIH. Two primate sanctuaries, Moorpark College in California and Primarily Primates in Texas, offered them a permanent home, but the NIH refused to release them. 1057:

on January 3, 1990, asking President Bush to save the monkeys, and concerned citizens to petition the White House. PETA also hired Tom Vice, a consultant veterinarian associated with the non-profit

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that control the limb's use, as a result of which stroke victims who were seriously disabled for many years have reportedly regained the use of limbs that were almost completely paralysed.

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had them by the short hairs and twisting when Billy was sick and their own vet recommended he be put down and they said no...so much for PETA's concern for the welfare of animals."

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on a U.S. laboratory; first criminal conviction for animal cruelty of a U.S. researcher (overturned); introduction of the 1985 Animal Welfare Act; reported creation of the first

928:-based Lifeforce Foundation to assist with the investigation. In August, Pacheco began inviting veterinarians and scientists into the lab to witness the conditions. According to 775:

look after, because they regard their deafferented limbs as foreign objects, mutilating them and trying to chew them off. Taub continued working with deafferented monkeys at

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initially said that Taub's laboratory was "grossly unsanitary" and suspended his funding, a decision that was later reversed; see Dajer, T. "Monkeying with the Brain",

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After the monkeys were returned to Taub's custody, they were transferred to an NIH facility. They were later removed to the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center in

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the Tulane veterinarians caring for the monkeys, Marion Ratterree recalled, "We were standing here when he made the call. He was shocked. We were shocked."

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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Taub, E., & Crago, J. E. "Behavioral plasticity following central nervous system damage in monkeys and man". In B.Julesz & I. Kovacs (eds.).

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Pacheco wrote that he found the monkeys living in filthy conditions. He found frozen monkey corpses in a refrigerator, and others floating in

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When Taub began his research in the neurology lab, the prevalent view was that monkeys would not be able to use limbs they could not feel.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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After the court denied custody to PETA, two of the monkeys, Titus and Allen, were kept for the National Institutes of Health at a

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dislocations, lacerations, punctures, contusions, and abrasions with accompanying infection, acute and chronic inflammation, and

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Jones E.G., Pons T.P. (1998). "Thalamic and brainstem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex".

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Taub E., Wolf S.L. (1997). "Constraint-Induced (CI) Movement techniques to facilitate upper extremity use in stroke patients".

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Taub, E. "Somatosensory deafferentation research with monkeys: Implications for rehabilitation medicine". In L. P. Ince (ed.).

7900: 6427: 6160: 5515: 5103: 5028: 3440: 3217: 3172: 2294: 1026: 749:, the experimental psychologists. He took a job as a research assistant in a neurology lab to gain more understanding of the 1851:

Jones EG, Pons TP (1998). "Thalamic and brainstem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex".

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in England, and when he returned to the United States to study political science at George Washington, he teamed up with

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writes that he was raised in Mexico, the son of a doctor, and wanted to become a priest. He took a tour of a

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is a sensory nerve that conveys impulses from the skin and other sensory organs to the spine and the brain.

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Edward Taub charged with 17 counts of animal cruelty and six of failing to provide adequate veterinary care.

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that supplied sensation to the brain from their arms, then used arm slings to restrain either the good or

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Inside the Institute for Behavioral Research, Taub was conducting deafferentation experiments on 16 male

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During the trial in October and November 1981 of Taub and Kunz, Taub told the court—as reported by

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Taub was charged with 17 counts of animal cruelty and failing to provide adequate veterinary care.

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Domitian, one of the Silver Spring monkeys, in one of the images distributed by PETA to newspapers

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Taub E., Burgio L., Miller N. E., Cook E.W. III, Groomes T., DeLuca S., Crago J. (1994).

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NIH research protocol for Silver Spring monkeys: A case of scientific misconduct (Part I)

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During the subsequent dissection of the monkeys, it was discovered that significant

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Macaques used in neuroplasticity research; subjects of an animal-cruelty court case

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10 had undergone deafferentation, the seven others acting as the control group.

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when he volunteered in May 1981 to work as a research assistant in Taub's lab.

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Clark 3839:War of the currents 3728:Wildlife management 3622:Pain in crustaceans 3617:Pain in cephalopods 3074:(Council of Europe) 2749:Biomedical Research 2345:1973Sci...181..959T 2214:10.1093/ilar.40.1.3 2114:, January 18, 1990. 2084:1998Sci...282.1121J 2042:, November 1, 1981. 2004:The Washington Post 1992:, October 27, 1981. 1865:1998Sci...282.1121J 1744:The Washington Post 1740:, August 22, 2004. 1718:The Washington Post 1678:10.1093/ilar.40.1.3 1596:, October 27, 1981. 1504:, November 1, 1981. 1287:, October 27, 1981. 1219:The Washington Post 1135:new neural pathways 1114:dorsal root ganglia 1051:The Washington Post 942:The Washington Post 930:The Washington Post 861:Macaca fascicularis 810:The Washington Post 777:New York University 86:The Washington Post 28: 8235:Individual monkeys 7607:Social integration 7602:Self-determination 7592:Racial integration 7540:Diversity training 7530:Cultural pluralism 7505:Affirmative action 7405:Racial segregation 7315:Crime of apartheid 7217:Religious violence 6720:Indigenous people 6125:Sexual orientation 5719:Unlocking the Cage 5540:Wild Animal Ethics 5364:The Ethics of Diet 5241:Animalist Movement 5217:Animal Politics EU 5129:Sentience Politics 4755:That Vegan Teacher 4373:Siobhan O'Sullivan 4358:José Ferrater Mora 4167:Steve F. Sapontzis 3660:Commercial fishing 3612:Pain in amphibians 3602:Cruelty to animals 3574:Operation Backfire 3413:Animal agriculture 3321:Emotion in animals 2802:Monkey Drug Trials 2668:Toxicology testing 2308:The New York Times 2189:The New York Times 2183:Reinhold, Robert. 2176:in Singer, Peter. 2123:The New York Times 2112:The New York Times 1990:The New York Times 1984:Boffey, Philip M. 1808:The New York Times 1763:The New York Times 1757:Reinhold, Robert. 1732:Barnard ND et al. 1720:, January 5, 1989. 1594:The New York Times 1588:Boffey, Philip M. 1443:in Singer, Peter. 1388:The New York Times 1285:The New York Times 1272:in Singer, Peter. 1147:Cruelty to animals 1100: 1059:Primarily Primates 1047:The New York Times 863:), and one female 454:Jackson Laboratory 305:Toxicology testing 221:cortical remapping 164:were 17 wild-born 26: 8153: 8152: 8084: 8083: 7909: 7908: 7777:Racism by country 7705:Intersectionality 7690:Heteronormativity 7489:Voter suppression 7237:Sexual harassment 7036:Forced conversion 6956:Cultural genocide 6619:African Americans 6438:post–Cold War era 6423:Eastern Orthodoxy 6186:Anti-drug addicts 6181:Anti-homelessness 6108:Scientific racism 5964: 5963: 5957: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5905:Onward to Freedom 5873:Animal Liberation 5858: 5857: 5679:Forks Over Knives 5631:Peaceable Kingdom 5591:Shores of Silence 5583:A Cow at My Table 5468:Eternal Treblinka 5420:Animal Liberation 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5199: 5198: 5134:Uncaged Campaigns 5109:Mercy for Animals 5074:Great Ape Project 4989:Animal Liberation 4935:(groups, parties) 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4821:Elizabeth Farians 4730:Christine Townend 4670:Heather Nicholson 4600:Brigitte Gothière 4590:Antoine Goetschel 4476: 4475: 4137:Charles Patterson 4042:Gary L. Francione 4017:Josephine Donovan 4007:Daniel Dombrowski 3987:Alasdair Cochrane 3903: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3782: 3781: 3713:Predation problem 3597:Animal euthanasia 3506:Foam depopulation 3341:Insects in ethics 3105: 3104: 2339:(4103): 959–960. 2296:978-1-56639-284-6 2262:"Dr. Edward Taub" 2165:Newkirk, Ingrid. 2117:Leary, Warren E. 2106:Leary, Warren E. 2040:The Baltimore Sun 1802:Leary, Warren E. 1502:The Baltimore Sun 1382:Leary, Warren E. 1341:Newkirk, Ingrid. 1152:Animal liberation 1067:Tulane University 1033:Fight for custody 1007:Trials and appeal 968:The Baltimore Sun 937:Montgomery County 824:Animal Liberation 723: 722: 658:Syed Ziaur Rahman 604:Writers/activists 168:monkeys from the 158: 157: 8257: 8182: 8181: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8141: 8140: 8101:George (lobster) 8096:600 Million Dogs 8000: 7999: 7982:Anuradha Sawhney 7962:Ludvig Lindström 7936: 7929: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7899: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7829:Social privilege 7814:Social exclusion 7742:Police brutality 7663:Multiculturalism 7633:Amatonormativity 7464:Social exclusion 7300:Age of candidacy 7100:Homeless dumping 7006:Ethnic cleansing 5991: 5984: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5761:Animal Sentience 5750: 5749: 5615:Legally Blonde 2 5575:The Animals Film 5329: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5124:Rise for Animals 4949: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4928: 4927: 4791:Edith Carrington 4695:Craig Rosebraugh 4660:Virginia McKenna 4650:Jo-Anne McArthur 4580:Juliet Gellatley 4485: 4484: 4443:Mary Anne Warren 4383:Humphrey Primatt 4368:Edward Nicholson 4338:Charles R. Magel 4303:Thomas G. Gentry 4162:Richard D. Ryder 4102:Thomas Lepeltier 3932: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3876:World Animal Day 3834:Unnecessary Fuss 3794:Brown Dog affair 3764:Animals in sport 3754:Animal slaughter 3749:Animal sacrifice 3688:Culling wildlife 3491:Wildlife farming 3409: 3408: 3254:Animal cognition 3223:Total liberation 3158: 3157: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3108: 2818:Unnecessary Fuss 2792:Brown Dog affair 2680: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2480: 2429: 2411: 2386: 2380: 2372: 2300: 2284: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2216: 2167:Free the Animals 2162: 2137:(5391): 1062–3. 2125:, June 28, 1991. 2103: 2078:(5391): 1121–5. 2059:Johnson, David. 2027:Doidge, Norman. 1995:Carbone, Larry. 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1896:(5391): 1062–3. 1884: 1859:(5391): 1121–5. 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1775: 1766: 1755: 1749: 1730: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1694: 1689:. Archived from 1680: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1639: 1621: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1558: 1544: 1538: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1494: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390:, June 28, 1991. 1380: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1354: 1348: 1343:Free the Animals 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1307: 1301: 1266: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1230:Doidge, Norman. 1228: 1222: 1215: 1186: 1179:Carbone, Larry. 1177: 715: 708: 701: 535:Dr. Hadwen Trust 496:Groups/campaigns 435:Unnecessary Fuss 409:Brown Dog affair 366:Medical research 246: 232: 231: 193:afferent ganglia 57: 55: 50: 36: 29: 25: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8129: 8080: 8060:Douche and Turd 8047: 7991: 7957:Bruce Friedrich 7945: 7940: 7910: 7905: 7877: 7752:Polyculturalism 7648:Civil liberties 7616: 7597:Reappropriation 7498:Countermeasures 7493: 7422:Racial steering 7388:Numerus clausus 7292: 7286: 7011:Ethnic conflict 6946:Corrective rape 6897: 6537: 6384: 6276:HIV/AIDS stigma 6144: 6093:Mental disorder 6031: 6000: 5995: 5965: 5960: 5930: 5911: 5854: 5835:Muutoksen kevät 5808: 5741: 5647:Behind the Mask 5562: 5372:Animals' Rights 5323: 5304: 5288: 5195: 5163: 4936: 4910: 4771:Cleveland Amory 4759: 4725:Darren Thurston 4720:Marianne Thieme 4575:Bruce Friedrich 4540:Joey Carbstrong 4525:Brigitte Bardot 4472: 4463:Jon Wynne-Tyson 4353:J. Howard Moore 4298:John Galsworthy 4278:Wilhelm Dietler 4221: 4217:Corey Lee Wrenn 4127:Martha Nussbaum 4037:Lawrence Finsen 3977:Paola Cavalieri 3952:Kristin Andrews 3927: 3917: 3895: 3864: 3843: 3778: 3732: 3674: 3646: 3607:Pain in animals 3583: 3515: 3481:Poultry farming 3400: 3232: 3152: 3141: 3136: 3106: 3101: 3055: 3036:Neal D. Barnard 3016:Colin Blakemore 3008: 3002: 2880: 2874: 2823: 2779: 2773: 2722: 2718:Syrian hamsters 2681: 2672: 2586: 2581: 2551: 2492: 2491: 2390:Taub E (1977). 2374: 2373: 2310:, July 1, 1990. 2297: 2289:–78 and 87–89. 2272: 2270:Further reading 2267: 2228: 2227: 2191:, May 23, 1987. 2047:Monkey Business 2024:, January 1992. 1979:The Monkey Wars 1977:Blum, Deborah. 1960: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1780:The Monkey Wars 1776: 1769: 1765:, May 23, 1987. 1756: 1752: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1696: 1695: 1657: 1653: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1556: 1548:McCusker, J. J. 1536: 1528:McCusker, J. J. 1524: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1470: 1457: 1453: 1434:Monkey Business 1431: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1267: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1239:The Monkey Wars 1237:Blum, Deborah. 1229: 1225: 1216: 1189: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162:Animal research 1143: 1126: 1076: 1035: 1023: 1014: 1009: 977: 959: 957:Taub's response 918:Cleveland Amory 913: 890: 885: 853: 801: 793:learned non-use 768:Deafferentation 755:deafferentation 728: 719: 690: 662: 628:Colin Blakemore 623:Neal D. Barnard 599: 491: 440: 395: 352: 314: 230: 178:neuroplasticity 120:neuroplasticity 53: 51: 48: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8263: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8220:Animal welfare 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8187: 8186: 8174: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8033:I Am an Animal 8029: 8021: 8017:Meet Your Meat 8013: 8006: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7987:Gary Yourofsky 7984: 7979: 7974: 7972:Ingrid Newkirk 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7893: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7797:Reverse racism 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7767:Prisoner abuse 7764: 7759: 7757:Power distance 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7675:Ethnic penalty 7672: 7671: 7670: 7668:Neurodiversity 7665: 7655: 7653:Dehumanization 7650: 7645: 7643:Cisnormativity 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7621:Related topics 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7479:State religion 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7415:Nuremberg Laws 7412: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7357:Ghetto benches 7354: 7352:Gerrymandering 7349: 7344: 7339: 7337:Gender pay gap 7334: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7291:Discriminatory 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Lavender scare 7117: 7115:Kill Haole Day 7112: 7110:Indian rolling 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6996:Eliminationism 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6931:Cancel culture 6928: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6905: 6903: 6902:Manifestations 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Middle Eastern 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6533:Zoroastrianism 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460:Untouchability 6457: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6286:Leprosy stigma 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5998:Discrimination 5994: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5643: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5607:Meet Your Meat 5603: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5404:The New Ethics 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5360: 5352: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5235:Animals' Party 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5004:AnimaNaturalis 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4974:Animal Justice 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4906:Gretchen Wyler 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Lewis Gompertz 4833: 4828: 4826:Emarel Freshel 4823: 4818: 4816:Muriel Dowding 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4750:Gary Yourofsky 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Ingrid Newkirk 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610:Charlotte Laws 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4535:Yves Bonnardel 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4510:Martin Balluch 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4458:Steven M. Wise 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4403:Bernard Rollin 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4363:Leonard Nelson 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:Herman Daggett 4265: 4260: 4258:Priscilla Cohn 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Jeremy Bentham 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Jessica Pierce 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4077:Kyle Johannsen 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4002:David DeGrazia 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3942:Carol J. Adams 3938: 3936: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3814:Pit of despair 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744:Abandoned pets 3740: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3589:Animal welfare 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3564:Model organism 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3521:Animal testing 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3496:Working animal 3493: 3488: 3486:Slaughterhouse 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3461:Insect farming 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3421:Animal product 3417: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3376:Sentiocentrism 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284:Animal welfare 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3031:Ingrid Newkirk 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2807:Pit of despair 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739:Animal welfare 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584:Animal testing 2580: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2549: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2463:(2): 281–293. 2448: 2437: 2430: 2387: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2301: 2295: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2248: 2241: 2192: 2181: 2170: 2163: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2067: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1843: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1795: 1789:978-0195101096 1788: 1767: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1722: 1710: 1693:on 2008-06-03. 1651: 1607: 1598: 1581: 1565:1800–present: 1515: 1506: 1484: 1468: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1422: 1413: 1401: 1392: 1375: 1362:New York Times 1349: 1347: 1346: 1327: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1288: 1254: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1223: 1187: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1125: 1122: 1088:sensory cortex 1075: 1072: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 976: 973: 958: 955: 922:walkie-talkies 912: 909: 889: 886: 884: 881: 869:Macaca mulatta 865:rhesus macaque 852: 849: 837:Ingrid Newkirk 815:slaughterhouse 800: 797: 763:afferent nerve 751:nervous system 727: 724: 721: 720: 718: 717: 710: 703: 695: 692: 691: 689: 688: 686:Animal welfare 683: 678: 676:Animal testing 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 661: 660: 655: 650: 648:Bernard Rollin 645: 643:Ingrid Newkirk 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 606: 605: 601: 600: 598: 597: 592: 587: 582: 580:SPEAK campaign 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 498: 497: 493: 492: 490: 489: 480: 475: 470: 461: 456: 450: 447: 446: 442: 441: 439: 438: 431: 426: 421: 419:Pit of despair 416: 411: 405: 402: 401: 397: 396: 394: 393: 388: 383: 378: 376:Animal welfare 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 354: 353: 351: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Animal testing 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 239: 238: 236:Animal testing 229: 226: 191:, who had cut 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 116: 112: 111: 105:Ingrid Newkirk 94: 90: 89: 82: 81:First reporter 78: 77: 63: 59: 58: 45: 41: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8262: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8205:Animal rights 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8146: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7902: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Social stigma 7849: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474:State atheism 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410:Jim Crow laws 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:One-drop rule 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:Blood quantum 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Victimisation 7255: 7253: 7252:Trans bashing 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Religious war 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Racialization 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:Glass ceiling 7071: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7016:Ethnic hatred 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6951:Counter-jihad 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6734:United States 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6597:United States 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518:Protestantism 6516: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:LDS or Mormon 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Transmisogyny 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Gerontophobia 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Anti-intersex 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Anti-albinism 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012:Institutional 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881:Tame Yourself 5878: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5842:No Compromise 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343:(3rd century) 5342: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5273:(Netherlands) 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Animal Rising 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969:Animal Ethics 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866:Jessie Mackay 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:James Granger 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Henry B. Amos 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Louise Wallis 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710:Kim Stallwood 4708: 4706: 4705:Jasmin Singer 4703: 4701: 4700:Nathan Runkle 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:David Olivier 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4570:John Feldmann 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Aymeric Caron 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515:Carole Baskin 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Laurids Smith 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388:James Rachels 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333:John Lawrence 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Brigid Brophy 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:Tatjana Višak 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4197:David Sztybel 4195: 4193: 4192:Cass Sunstein 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157:Mark Rowlands 4155: 4153: 4152:Evelyn Pluhar 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4107:Andrew Linzey 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4092:Will Kymlicka 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:Dale Jamieson 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052:Valéry Giroux 4050: 4048: 4047:Robert Garner 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Sue Donaldson 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3992:J. M. Coetzee 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3957:Tom Beauchamp 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3860:Hunt sabotage 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848:Methodologies 3846: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:Hare coursing 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Chick culling 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3396:Vegetarianism 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Anthrozoology 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264:Animal ethics 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Animal rights 3133: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3046:Simon Festing 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2778:Controversial 2776: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2734:Animal rights 2732: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698:Invertebrates 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591:Main articles 2589: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 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Forster 4253:Mona Caird 4226:Historical 4087:Hilda Kean 4057:Lori Gruen 3391:Vegaphobia 3381:Speciesism 3274:Animal law 3021:Carl Cohen 2918:Boyd Group 2879:Groups and 2686:Testing on 2061:Review of 1947:2016-10-28 1168:References 998:about the 839:, a local 667:Categories 525:Boyd Group 319:Testing on 228:Background 8240:Neurology 8075:Icy Chain 7834:Christian 7762:Prejudice 7710:Masculism 7658:Diversity 7452:religious 7427:Redlining 7026:Ethnocide 6986:Education 6878:Ukrainian 6813:Pakistani 6803:Mongolian 6724:Australia 6706:Hungarian 6661:Colombian 6641:Bulgarian 6523:Rastafari 6477:Ahmadiyya 6390:Religious 6368:Trans men 6326:Pregnancy 6261:Gayphobia 6256:Fatphobia 6161:Acephobia 6156:Arophobia 6140:Viewpoint 5889:Manifesto 5828:Bite Back 5813:Magazines 5687:Vegucated 5285:(Germany) 5283:V-Partei³ 5261:(Germany) 5255:(Belgium) 5231:(Finland) 5054:Equanimal 4640:Jim Mason 4595:Mark Gold 4530:Gene Baur 4505:Matt Ball 4481:Activists 4393:Tom Regan 4172:Jeff Sebo 4117:Dan Lyons 3926:Academics 3914:Advocates 3769:Live food 3569:Nafovanny 3476:Livestock 3456:Fur trade 3431:Bile bear 3366:Personism 3161:Overviews 3051:Tipu Aziz 3009:activists 2881:campaigns 2865:Nafovanny 2828:Companies 2439:Taub, E. 1972:"Part II" 1823:Also see 1738:"Part II" 1084:homunculi 996:PETA film 950:Rockville 926:Vancouver 613:Tipu Aziz 483:Nafovanny 445:Companies 8144:Category 8077:" (2022) 8062:" (2004) 7891:Category 7873:The talk 7809:Snobbery 7727:Net bias 7557:Feminism 7484:Ugly law 7325:Catholic 7293:policies 7140:Mortgage 7135:Lynching 7066:examples 7061:Genocide 6981:Economic 6966:Democide 6926:Bullying 6843:Romanian 6808:Nigerian 6751:Japanese 6686:Georgian 6671:Filipino 6604:Assyrian 6577:Armenian 6567:American 6562:Albanian 6544:National 6528:Yazidism 6450:Hinduism 6408:Buddhism 6311:Nepotism 6306:Misogyny 6301:Misandry 6226:Clannism 6221:Biphobia 6166:Adultism 6083:Language 5952:Category 5821:Arkangel 5753:Journals 5727:Dominion 5663:The Cove 5293:Activism 5237:(Sweden) 5225:(Canada) 5219:(Europe) 4933:Movement 4468:Voltaire 3386:Veganism 3336:Ethology 3237:Concepts 2968:Pro-Test 2870:Shamrock 2787:Britches 2703:Primates 2663:Three Rs 2545:27620374 2426:44994694 2369:13495912 2223:11533511 2022:Discover 1687:11533511 1550:(1992). 1530:(1997). 1368:24 April 1296:Discover 1141:See also 1118:thalamus 1096:paradigm 987:necrosis 575:Pro-Test 338:Primates 71:Maryland 62:Location 8184:Society 8172:Animals 8158:Portals 8116:(2002—) 8089:Related 7901:Commons 7680:Figleaf 7105:Housing 6873:Turkish 6823:Pashtun 6793:Mexican 6773:Kurdish 6746:Italian 6696:Haitian 6681:Finnish 6656:Chinese 6651:Chechen 6646:Catalan 6636:Bengali 6557:African 6542:Ethnic/ 6501:Judaism 6492:Sunnism 6482:Shi'ism 6398:Atheism 6231:Elitism 6130:Species 6068:Genetic 6058:Dialect 5267:(Italy) 5249:(Spain) 5243:(Italy) 5204:Parties 3698:Hunting 3652:Fishing 3311:Carnism 2713:Rodents 2708:Rabbits 2487:8169577 2478:1334416 2361:4199773 2341:Bibcode 2333:Science 2159:6855158 2151:9841454 2131:Science 2100:9804550 2080:Bibcode 2072:Science 2054:Science 1918:6855158 1910:9841454 1890:Science 1881:9804550 1861:Bibcode 1853:Science 1646:2031569 1630:: 1–8. 1480:Science 464:Covance 348:Rodents 343:Rabbits 166:macaque 143:Charges 115:Outcome 54:1981-05 52: ( 8110:(2001) 8070:(2007) 8052:Others 8044:(2015) 8036:(2007) 8028:(2003) 8020:(2002) 7950:People 7866:threat 7720:autism 7457:sexual 7447:racial 7330:Jewish 7187:Pogrom 7165:Chiefs 7155:Braves 6883:Uyghur 6858:Somali 6853:Slavic 6838:Romani 6833:Quebec 6828:Polish 6768:Korean 6729:Canada 6716:Indian 6701:Hazara 6676:Fulani 6587:France 6552:Afghan 6487:Sufism 6216:Audism 6149:Social 6078:Height 5954: 5927:(2003) 5908:(2014) 5900:(2014) 5892:(2008) 5884:(1991) 5876:(1987) 5864:Albums 5738:(2021) 5730:(2018) 5722:(2016) 5714:(2013) 5706:(2013) 5698:(2013) 5690:(2011) 5682:(2011) 5674:(2009) 5666:(2009) 5658:(2007) 5650:(2006) 5642:(2005) 5634:(2004) 5626:(2003) 5618:(2003) 5610:(2002) 5602:(2000) 5594:(2000) 5586:(1998) 5578:(1981) 5559:(2022) 5551:(2022) 5543:(2020) 5535:(2018) 5527:(2016) 5519:(2014) 5511:(2012) 5503:(2010) 5495:(2009) 5487:(2008) 5479:(2005) 5471:(2001) 5463:(1999) 5455:(1995) 5447:(1993) 5439:(1987) 5431:(1983) 5423:(1975) 5415:(1971) 5407:(1907) 5399:(1906) 5391:(1899) 5383:(1897) 5375:(1892) 5367:(1883) 5359:(1838) 5351:(1824) 4945:Groups 3405:Issues 3249:Ahimsa 2845:Harlan 2840:Envigo 2727:Issues 2543: 2485: 2475: 2424: 2418:828579 2416: 2367: 2359: 2293: 2221: 2157: 2149: 2098: 1916: 1908: 1879: 1786: 1685: 1644: 468:Harlan 357:Issues 135:Deaths 7996:Media 7844:white 7197:Purge 6863:Tatar 6788:Māori 6783:Malay 6741:Irish 6691:Greek 6666:Croat 6624:China 6582:Asian 6467:Islam 6341:White 6088:Looks 6053:Class 6048:Caste 6005:Forms 5849:Satya 5567:Films 5332:Books 5154:Viva! 3787:Cases 3737:Other 2978:SPEAK 2903:AALAS 2693:Frogs 2643:IACUC 2422:S2CID 2365:S2CID 2155:S2CID 1914:S2CID 1620:(PDF) 1557:(PDF) 1537:(PDF) 545:FRAME 505:AALAS 400:Cases 333:Frogs 285:IACUC 8067:Seed 8003:PETA 7839:male 7638:Bias 7083:LGBT 6868:Thai 6848:Serb 6711:Igbo 6572:Arab 6346:Male 6135:Size 6115:Rank 5094:L214 3819:SHAC 3098:(EU) 3092:(US) 3086:(NZ) 3080:(UK) 2973:SHAC 2933:PETA 2898:AAAS 2541:PMID 2501:link 2483:PMID 2414:PMID 2383:link 2357:PMID 2291:ISBN 2237:link 2219:PMID 2147:PMID 2096:PMID 1906:PMID 1877:PMID 1784:ISBN 1705:link 1683:PMID 1642:PMID 1576:2024 1370:2018 1322:2020 1290:The 1102:The 1090:and 1082:The 745:and 585:SHAC 560:PETA 510:AAAS 187:, a 160:The 75:U.S. 44:Date 7442:age 6120:Sex 6043:Age 2938:ALF 2913:ALF 2533:doi 2473:PMC 2465:doi 2404:doi 2349:doi 2337:181 2209:doi 2139:doi 2135:282 2088:doi 2076:282 1898:doi 1894:282 1869:doi 1857:282 1673:doi 1632:doi 1104:NIH 821:'s 795:". 760:An 515:ALF 8196:: 2539:. 2527:. 2497:}} 2493:{{ 2481:. 2471:. 2461:61 2459:. 2455:. 2420:. 2412:. 2398:. 2394:. 2379:}} 2375:{{ 2363:. 2355:. 2347:. 2335:. 2331:. 2306:, 2287:72 2253:. 2233:}} 2229:{{ 2217:. 2205:40 2203:. 2199:. 2187:, 2153:. 2145:. 2133:. 2121:, 2110:, 2094:. 2086:. 2074:. 2038:, 2013:, 1988:, 1939:. 1928:^ 1912:. 1904:. 1892:. 1875:. 1867:. 1855:. 1806:, 1770:^ 1761:, 1725:^ 1701:}} 1697:{{ 1681:. 1669:40 1667:. 1663:. 1640:. 1628:14 1626:. 1622:. 1592:, 1559:. 1539:. 1518:^ 1500:, 1487:^ 1471:^ 1462:, 1425:^ 1404:^ 1386:, 1360:. 1313:. 1283:, 1257:^ 1190:^ 485:, 466:, 107:, 103:, 99:, 73:, 69:, 8160:: 8073:" 8058:" 7935:e 7928:t 7921:v 5990:e 5983:t 5976:v 3131:e 3124:t 3117:v 2576:e 2569:t 2562:v 2547:. 2535:: 2529:3 2503:) 2489:. 2467:: 2428:. 2406:: 2400:4 2385:) 2371:. 2351:: 2343:: 2299:. 2239:) 2225:. 2211:: 2161:. 2141:: 2102:. 2090:: 2082:: 1950:. 1920:. 1900:: 1883:. 1871:: 1863:: 1792:. 1707:) 1675:: 1648:. 1634:: 1578:. 1563:. 1543:. 1372:. 1324:. 867:( 859:( 714:e 707:t 700:v 56:) 23:.

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