37:
346:
who had been the recipient of Prince
Guaifer's generosity. On a previous visit to Salerno, this Arab had complimented the prince on his cap while the latter was passing through the forum on his way to the palace from the public baths, whereupon the prince gave the Arab his cap. If any credence can be
474:
Following their defeat, the main part of the
Aghlabid army sailed directly to Sicily before returning to Ifrīqiya. Some bands, however, retreated to Calabria and others remained behind in Campania. The siege of Salerno "represented the high point of Aghlabid involvement on the mainland". Following
404:
In late fall or early winter, possibly as late as early 872, it laid siege to
Salerno, which was too well defended to be taken by force. The countryside was ravaged to prevent food supplies from reaching the capital; its inhabitants either captured or slaughtered. The countryside of Benevento and
396:
pegs the force at 72,000. Erchempert puts it at 30,000. Both numbers are exaggerations, but they do indicate that the
Aghlabid army was considered very large. During its march north, it captured "many towns", in the words of Erchempert. It forced the Frankish army that was besieging
493:, the Aghlabids were God's avenging agents, sent to punish the Lombards for their betrayal of Louis II. Only after the Lombards had proved themselves faithful Christians and paid the penance of a siege, did God spare them. The chronicler compares the Salernitans to the
374:. This embassy took place between September and November 871. Louis initially rejected its entreaties and even imprisoned Guaimar for a time. Even Adelchis may have sought help from Louis—if the theory linking the composition of the poem
358:. Guaifer dispatched an embassy to northern Italy to ask the Emperor Louis II for aid. The importance attached to this embassy can be gauged from the prestige of the envoys: Guaifer's son and heir, the future Prince
433:
On several occasions, the starving
Salernitans considered surrendering. They were eventually reduced to eating cats and mice. After several months, Amalfi smuggled supplies to the defenders. According to the
430:, a certain Landemarius went over the walls and single-handedly destroyed it with an axe, killing many enemies in the process. In January 872, ʿAbd Allāh died and was replaced as commander by ʿAbd al-Malik.
205:. He was freed a month later on the condition that he not return. He was in northern Italy when the Aghlabid army invaded southern Italy a few months later. On 17 May 872, in Rome, he obtained from Pope
462:
at Capua. The
Frankish commander, Louis's nephew Cuntart, was killed in action. Following this, Louis II himself came south. At his approach, the Aghlabids abandoned the siege. According to the
486:
from the Arabs of the former emirate of Bari. Still at odds with Louis, Adelchis took the opportunity to put himself under
Byzantine protection in exchange for the payment of tribute.
1049:"La captivité de l'empereur Louis II à Bénévent (13 août–17 septembre 871) dans les sources des IX–X siècles: l'écriture de l'histoire, de la fausse nouvelle au récit exemplaire"
791:
adopts the same timeline, arguing that
Adelchis may have agreed to Louis's release by the arrival of the Aghlabid army. He puts the relief of the siege in August 872.
466:, in the final week of the siege the Frankish army had marched using branches as camouflage and the besiegers had exclaimed "it is like a mountain comes against us".
513:
986:
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the
Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Glaire D. Anderson; Corisande Fenwick; Mariam Rosser-Owen (eds.).
823:, pp. 19–20, however, distinguishes Landemarius, who helped defeat the son of a Saracen named Elim, from the Salernitan who destroyed the siege engine.
41:
Landemarius destroying the siege machine, from a 20th-century illustrated history of Italy. The machine depicted, however, is not a traction trebuchet.
839:, p. 353, his death occurred between 17 December 871 and 15 January 872. His brother Ribbāh had already died between 17 November and 16 December.
194:
1191:
330:
The
Salernitans had advanced knowledge of the attack, which allowed them to make preparations and gather allies. According to the account in the
350:
In preparation for the siege, the city's defences were strengthened and the garrison reinforced. Troops came from the Lombard principalities of
426:
with which both sides would have been familiar. One particularly large one was used to slowly reduce a tower along the wall. According to the
995:
Chevedden, Paul (1998). "The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet". In Donald J. Kagay; Theresa M. Vann (eds.).
376:
254:
and relatives of al-ʿAbbās ibn al-Faḍl, who was the governor of Sicily from 851 to 861, known for encouraging settlement in Calabria and
1211:
388:
The Aghlabid force under ʿAbd Allāh crossed from Ifrīqiya, landed in Calabria and marched overland to Salerno, according to the
347:
given to this story, Guaifer's exchange with the Arab must have taken place in the spring of 871, shortly after fall of Bari.
1216:
1039:
L'Italie méridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile I jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071)
305:
1186:
28:
1068:
446:
army reinforced by Lombard contingents to relieve the siege. The Frankish force defeated an Aghlabid force near
1201:
36:
965:
Berto, Luigi Andrea (2014). "The Muslims as Others in the Chronicles of Early Medieval Southern Lombardy".
475:
his victory, Louis II remained at Capua for a year trying to restore his authority in the south of Italy.
1037:
351:
150:
100:
412:, the Aghlabids maintained a tight investment. In one of the earliest appearances of the word, the
318:
303:
writes suggestively of ʿAbd Allāh's victories, but does not describe the end of the campaign. The
1206:
1196:
955:
367:
225:
96:
250:, Muḥammad ibn Khafāja, had died early in 871. Abd Allāh and Ribbāh were the sons of Yaʿqūb ibn
1114:
280:
525:
543:
355:
288:, a biography of the bishop of Naples, is a source for the embassy that preceded the attack.
202:
104:
165:, the siege lasted a little over a year from its beginning in late 871 or early 872. Prince
438:, this move was much debated in Amalfi, because "from the first it had made peace with the
359:
186:
8:
988:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
401:, where the last remnants of the emirate of Bari were holding out, to abandon the siege.
363:
169:
led the defence, but the siege was only lifted by the arrival of an army of Lombards and
300:
1098:
1081:(1956). "The Salernitan Coinage of Gisulf II (1052-77) and Robert Guiscard (1077–85)".
512:, but the style of the coins better fits the 11th century. They probably belong to the
423:
275:
190:
166:
126:
1102:
1064:
1020:
997:
On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph O'Callaghan
239:
210:
201:, which fell in February 871. In August, Louis was betrayed and imprisoned by Prince
174:
131:
1126:
1090:
1056:
974:
534:
479:
1078:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1004:
787:, puts the start of the siege in September 871 and its end in the summer of 872.
509:
198:
108:
482:
involvement. Shortly after the lifting of the siege, a Byzantine fleet captured
1110:
508:
that were once associated with the siege of 871–872. Month dates are common on
494:
371:
209:
the nullification of his oath to Adelchis. He then placed the prince under the
206:
1094:
978:
1180:
1012:
951:
546:
saves Rome from a Saracen siege by defeating a Saracen in single combat. The
442:". After over a year of pleas and entreaties, Louis II, then at Rome, sent a
409:
162:
795:, p. 21, calls it "a twelve-month siege began late in the same year ".
655:
322:
gives a wholly "mythical" and "apocryphal" account of the siege of Salerno.
1130:
1060:
392:. Andreas of Bergamo, on the other hand, has them landing at Taranto. The
1115:"Études sur le cycle de Guillaume au court nez: Le couronnement de Louis"
251:
1048:
339:
530:
310:
271:
439:
230:
146:
87:
309:, on the other hand, describes the Arabs' defeat, putting it in the
1140:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
1029:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio: A Commentary
459:
455:
451:
418:
224:, was the Aghlabid response to the fall of Bari. The Aghlabid emir
221:
217:
154:
483:
398:
158:
92:
62:
478:
Unlike the campaign against Bari, the defence of Salerno saw no
338:
merchant, who had been entrusted with the message while staying
443:
335:
292:
255:
242:). At the same time, ʿAbd Allāh's brother Ribbāh was appointed
170:
678:
676:
447:
267:
1003:
784:
756:
710:
708:
343:
928:
673:
623:
621:
619:
594:
454:, while a Lombard force defeated a separate detachment at
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
847:
845:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
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574:
550:
reports two incidents of single combat during the siege.
720:
705:
286:
Vita et translatio sancti Athanasii neapolitani episcopi
892:
616:
500:
There are coins minted at Salerno with the month dates
1055:. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 13–39.
916:
857:
842:
695:
693:
691:
661:
571:
559:
798:
633:
604:
458:. According to Andreas of Bergamo, there were 20,000
904:
880:
732:
325:
762:
688:
220:and assault on Salerno, the most important city in
1167:A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220
1178:
523:may be the historical source for an episode in
405:Capua, defended by Adelchis, was not spared.
161:had strong defences and, despite the use of
519:The account of the siege of Salerno in the
751:
749:
747:
35:
994:
714:
334:, forewarning of the attack came from an
1146:
1077:
985:
922:
898:
792:
667:
639:
270:sources are the contemporary historians
1192:Sieges involving the Carolingian Empire
1109:
1046:
934:
788:
768:
744:
1179:
1164:
1137:
910:
804:
783:, p. 176 n4; Dvornik, p. 102, in
780:
726:
682:
598:
565:
380:with the siege of Salerno is correct.
1155:
964:
950:
886:
851:
836:
832:
820:
816:
738:
699:
651:
627:
1083:Papers of the British School at Rome
1142:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1035:
874:
610:
377:De captivitate Ludovici imperatoris
13:
29:history of Islam in southern Italy
14:
1228:
960:. Vol. 1. Felice Le Monnier.
326:Advanced warning and preparations
370:; and representatives from Pope
313:6380, corresponding to 871–872.
145:was one of the campaigns of the
1212:Battles involving the Aghlabids
957:Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia
943:
826:
810:
774:
654:, pp. 353 and 385, citing
149:in southern Italy during their
1053:Faire l'événement au Moyen Âge
645:
246:of Sicily, since the previous
1:
1165:Purton, Peter Fraser (2009).
1151:. Edinburgh University Press.
1149:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
553:
180:
1217:Military history of Campania
228:appointed one ʿAbd Allāh as
7:
1187:Military history of Salerno
383:
16:Aghlabid campaign in Sicily
10:
1233:
1158:L'emirato di Bari, 847–871
999:. Brill. pp. 179–222.
990:. Brill. pp. 470–490.
261:
1095:10.1017/S0068246200006784
979:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.102918
469:
422:. They were probably the
306:Tarʾīkh Jazīrat Ṣiqilliya
284:, written about 980. The
238:(the Big Land, i.e., the
114:
101:Principality of Benevento
81:
45:
34:
26:
21:
1138:Kreutz, Barbara (1996).
1047:Granier, Thomas (2007).
835:, pp. 128–129; per
319:De administrando imperio
163:stone-throwing artillery
1147:Metcalfe, Alex (2009).
368:Athanasius II of Naples
120:ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yaʿqūb †
97:Principality of Salerno
1156:Musca, Giosuè (1964).
1131:10.3406/roma.1896.5456
1061:10.4000/books.pup.5703
548:Chronicon Salernitanum
521:Chronicon Salernitanum
491:Chronicon Salernitanum
464:Chronicon Salernitanum
436:Chronicon Salernitanum
428:Chronicon Salernitanum
414:Chronicon Salernitanum
394:Chronicon Salernitanum
390:Chronicon Salernitanum
332:Chronicon Salernitanum
281:Chronicon Salernitanum
115:Commanders and leaders
73:Franco-Lombard victory
203:Adelchis of Benevento
191:Emperor of the Romans
1202:9th century in Italy
1042:. Albert Fontemoing.
755:Dvornik, p. 102, in
685:, p. 176 nn1–6.
450:on the banks of the
416:calls these engines
195:a five-year campaign
187:King of the Lombards
1036:Gay, Jules (1904).
937:, pp. 358–359.
877:, pp. 105–106.
785:Dvornik et al. 2012
757:Dvornik et al. 2012
630:, pp. 128–129.
613:, pp. 103–104.
526:Li coronemenz Looïs
489:In the view of the
424:traction trebuchets
364:Landulf II of Capua
1160:. Edizioni Dedalo.
544:Guillaume d'Orange
495:ancient Israelites
276:Andreas of Bergamo
173:under the Emperor
167:Guaifer of Salerno
151:conquest of Sicily
127:Guaifer of Salerno
1031:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1009:Jenkins, R. J. H.
854:, pp. 19–20.
729:, p. 176 n2.
601:, pp. 55–56.
568:, pp. 40–47.
529:, a 12th-century
507:
503:
240:Italian peninsula
211:ban of the Empire
139:
138:
77:
76:
1224:
1170:
1169:. Boydell Press.
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1106:
1079:Grierson, Philip
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753:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
703:
697:
686:
680:
671:
665:
659:
658:and Ibn ʿIdhārī.
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
614:
608:
602:
596:
569:
563:
535:chanson de geste
510:obsidional coins
505:
501:
236:al-Arḍ al-Kabīra
216:The conquest of
143:siege of Salerno
88:Aghlabid Emirate
47:
46:
39:
22:Siege of Salerno
19:
18:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1125:(99): 353–380.
1111:Jeanroy, Alfred
1071:
946:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
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843:
831:
827:
819:, p. 386;
815:
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564:
560:
556:
472:
386:
328:
264:
199:Emirate of Bari
183:
135:Count Cuntart †
134:
129:
121:
109:Duchy of Naples
107:
105:County of Capua
103:
99:
95:
93:Frankish Empire
65:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1230:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:Islam in Italy
1204:
1199:
1197:870s conflicts
1194:
1189:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1044:
1033:
1001:
992:
983:
962:
952:Amari, Michele
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:
927:
915:
903:
901:, p. 488.
891:
889:, p. 387.
879:
856:
841:
825:
809:
807:, p. 100.
797:
773:
761:
743:
741:, p. 388.
731:
719:
717:, p. 195.
715:Chevedden 1998
704:
702:, p. 385.
687:
672:
670:, p. 484.
660:
644:
632:
615:
603:
570:
557:
555:
552:
471:
468:
385:
382:
327:
324:
311:Byzantine year
295:accounts, the
263:
260:
234:(governor) of
182:
179:
137:
136:
123:
117:
116:
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111:
90:
84:
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2:
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1070:9782853996723
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1041:
1040:
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1021:Obolensky, D.
1018:
1017:Moravscik, G.
1014:
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1006:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
948:
936:
931:
925:, p. 54.
924:
923:Grierson 1956
919:
913:, p. 57.
912:
907:
900:
899:Bondioli 2018
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
853:
848:
846:
838:
834:
829:
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806:
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794:
793:Metcalfe 2009
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728:
723:
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696:
694:
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684:
679:
677:
669:
668:Bondioli 2018
664:
657:
653:
648:
642:, p. 21.
641:
640:Metcalfe 2009
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514:siege of 1076
511:
506:MENSE AUGUSTU
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410:siege engines
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122:ʿAbd al-Malik
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1028:
1025:Runciman, S.
996:
987:
970:
966:
956:
944:Bibliography
935:Jeanroy 1896
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
828:
812:
800:
789:Granier 2007
776:
769:Granier 2007
764:
734:
722:
663:
647:
635:
606:
561:
547:
539:
533:
524:
520:
518:
502:MENSE OCTUBR
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247:
243:
235:
229:
215:
197:against the
184:
142:
140:
82:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1005:Dvornik, F.
973:(3): 1–24.
911:Kreutz 1996
805:Purton 2009
781:Kreutz 1996
727:Kreutz 1996
683:Kreutz 1996
599:Kreutz 1996
566:Kreutz 1996
301:Ibn ʿIdhārī
226:Muḥammad II
53:871/2–872/3
1181:Categories
852:Berto 2014
837:Amari 1854
833:Musca 1964
821:Berto 2014
817:Amari 1854
700:Amari 1854
656:al-Nuwayrī
652:Amari 1854
628:Musca 1964
554:References
531:Old French
408:Deploying
316:The Greek
272:Erchempert
185:Louis II,
181:Background
1103:163044784
1089:: 37–59.
1027:(2012) .
1013:Lewis, B.
887:Amari1854
739:Amari1854
538:. In the
480:Byzantine
440:Hagarenes
372:Adrian II
366:; Bishop
362:; Bishop
360:Guaimar I
352:Benevento
336:Amalfitan
266:The main
207:Adrian II
193:, fought
147:Aghlabids
1113:(1896).
954:(1854).
875:Gay 1904
611:Gay 1904
460:Saracens
456:Suessula
452:Volturno
444:Frankish
419:petraria
384:Campaign
340:Ifrīqiya
278:and the
222:Campania
218:Calabria
175:Louis II
157:city of
132:Louis II
130:Emperor
58:Location
1119:Romania
540:chanson
484:Otranto
399:Taranto
262:Sources
159:Salerno
155:Lombard
125:Prince
63:Salerno
1101:
1067:
967:Viator
470:Legacy
342:by an
293:Arabic
291:Among
256:Apulia
252:Fazāra
171:Franks
153:. The
70:Result
1099:S2CID
448:Capua
356:Capua
297:Bayān
268:Latin
1065:ISBN
504:and
354:and
344:Arab
274:and
248:wālī
244:wālī
231:wālī
189:and
141:The
50:Date
1127:doi
1091:doi
1057:doi
975:doi
299:of
1183::
1123:25
1121:.
1117:.
1097:.
1087:24
1085:.
1063:.
1051:.
1023:;
1019:;
1015:;
1011:;
1007:;
971:45
969:.
859:^
844:^
746:^
707:^
690:^
675:^
618:^
573:^
542:,
516:.
497:.
258:.
213:.
177:.
1133:.
1129::
1105:.
1093::
1073:.
1059::
981:.
977::
771:.
759:.
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