375:, expected to take custody of Louis's daughter, and sailed away when this was refused. In a subsequent letter to Basil I, Louis II accuses Niketas of arrogant and insulting behaviour. The exact cause of the failed joint action of 869 is unknown, but probably involved misunderstandings on both sides. According to Niketas, he had found Louis's army small, ill-disciplined and in no condition to fight. Louis argued in his letter that he had in fact already disbanded his main force for the winter because Niketas' fleet arrived so late in the year.
26:
306:, towns that lay between Bari and Taranto. Matera he razed, and he may have cut off or severely impeded communication between Bari and Taranto. The different treatment of Oria and Matera may be due to the strategic position of Matera, requiring that it be denied to the enemy in the future, or perhaps to the assistance of the inhabitants of Oria, which is implied by the 11th-century chronicler
483:
The conflict between Louis II and Sawdān did not end with the fall of Bari and the latter's captivity. All the sources present the captive emir as being popular in
Benevento and receiving many visitors. Louis's continued presence in Benevento became an irritation to the Lombards, however, and on 13
444:. Sicilian Muslim reinforcements were dispatched to Bari, but Louis intercepted and defeated them. The city surrendered in February 871. Emir Sawdān was led back as a captive to Benevento. Louis immediately began preparations to besiege Taranto. He placed a Lombard
525:. The only condition was that he swear an oath never to return to Benevento. Sawdān remained a prisoner of the Beneventans until Louis's death in 875, when he was freed and joined the Saracens of Taranto. According to the contemporary chronicler
533:
had connived with
Adelchis in Louis's imprisonment. Rumours of Byzantine involvement, however, seem to have been false. Duke Lambert of Spoleto had also joined the conspiracy. Louis had him deposed and installed
227:
raids in 848–849. He launched an unsuccessful attack on Bari in 852, and again in 855 and 857. In 865, he began planning a campaign to completely oust the
Saracens from southern Italy. In that year he issued a
567:
436:
sent envoys to Louis during the siege, offering allegiance and tribute in exchange for protection from the
Saracens. Louis sent a detachment to Calabria, where it defeated a Saracen army near
363:, a Byzantine fleet of 400 ships arrived off Bari later in the year. Other sources put the number of ships much lower. This was probably the fleet that had just relieved the Saracen
1053:"La captivité de l'empereur Louis II à Bénévent (13 août–17 septembre 871) dans les sources des IX–X siècles: l'écriture de l'histoire, de la fausse nouvelle au récit exemplaire"
314:, a town on the Lombard–Saracen frontier. It is unlikely that Louis used the army summoned for 866 in this campaign, since the capitulary had specified only one year of service.
399:. Several towns were taken. Following this successful raid, Louis invested Bari itself, with an army containing both Franks and Lombards. He had naval assistance, certainly a
1280:
987:
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the
Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Glaire D. Anderson; Corisande Fenwick; Mariam Rosser-Owen (eds.).
138:
521:, set out to claim Italy before he learned of the falsity of the rumours. Louis and his family were freed on 17 September through the intervention of the
263:
No source describes the campaign, if any, that the army that gathered at Lucera undertook. In June 866, Louis II deposed the bishop and count of Capua,
594:
346:, it was Basil who first contacted Louis. He had a claim to the city of Bari and also a strategic interest in the defeat of the emirate, which menaced
468:
may have played a role in the failure of Franco-Byzantine cooperation in 869. Louis also mentions the arrival of enemy reinforcements from Sicily and
584:, had to come to Benevento to confer with him and Louis's wife, Engelberga, rather than Louis accompanied Lothair to his meeting with the pope.
506:
597:
in late 869, apparently attempted while in
Constantinople to re-open marriage negotiations between Louis and Basil, but without success.
411:
mentions a
Byzantine fleet. There is no other evidence for Byzantine involvement in the campaign of 870–871. Two Byzantine sources,
1255:
526:
1072:
1043:
L'Italie méridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile I jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les
Normands (867–1071)
517:
The arrest appears to have been accompanied by some violence. Rumours of Louis's death spread north of the Alps. His uncle,
272:
1001:"A Note on Trade and Trade Centers in the Eastern and Northern Adriatic Region Between the Eighth and the Ninth Century"
1027:
Fanning, Steven (1994). "Imperial
Diplomacy Between Francia and Byzantium: The Letter of Louis II to Basil I in 871".
625:
with their ships". Pryor and
Jeffreys place a Byzantine fleet at Bari in 869, but only a Croatian fleet there in 871.
392:
1250:
236:
in the spring of 866. The capitulary calls for more than an offensive action, it also ordered the construction of
1245:
211:. Louis himself was betrayed by his Lombard allies six months after his victory and had to leave southern Italy.
1270:
1192:"Byzantium, Byzantine Italy and Cities on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic: The Case of Kotor and Dubrovnik"
364:
480:
in an effort to strengthen their position in Calabria and parts of the Italian peninsula nearer to Sicily.
337:
1191:
260:. These were places for the people to take refuge and it was probably hoped that they would deter raids.
457:
271:. This probably required the use of the army, but for the next six months Louis peacefully toured the
1041:
456:
Louis II's letter to Basil I was composed between February and August 871, probably with the help of
280:
95:
1285:
1240:
357:
Louis was in Benevento, preparing for the attack, in June 869. According to a northern source, the
342:
1111:[First and second victor: On the Byzantine–Carolingian alliance regarding Bari, 870–871].
1275:
1265:
1260:
465:
284:
257:
100:
1082:
Heath, Christopher (2015). "Third/Ninth-Century Violence: 'Saracens' and Sawdān in Erchempert's
477:
359:
324:
489:
332:. As part of these negotiations, a marriage may have been proposed between Louis's daughter,
288:
105:
328:, written about a century later, he sought naval assistance from the new Byzantine emperor,
1109:"Erster und zweiter Sieger. Zum byzantinisch-karolingischem Bündnis bezüglich Bari 870–871"
473:
268:
8:
989:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
522:
476:
of conspiring with the Aghlabids. These troops did not move to retake Bari, however, but
307:
264:
184:
principalities of southern Italy from the start, but an attempt at joint action with the
1169:
530:
333:
170:
85:
275:, assuring himself of their loyalty prior to his next move against Bari. According to
1068:
1000:
441:
429:
387:, after the departure of the Byzantine fleet, the emir of Bari sent raiders into the
173:
152:
310:
to have suffered a decline under Saracen rule. Louis also established a garrison in
203:
The city fell and the emir was taken captive, bringing the emirate to an end, but a
1206:
1120:
1095:
1060:
1015:
518:
400:
372:
368:
347:
311:
185:
133:
115:
110:
1099:
1147:
1143:
177:
158:
123:
68:
580:
Evidence for his preoccupation with Bari is found in the fact that his brother,
367:(867), which was possibly the same fleet that also relieved Saracen pressure on
354:. A joint attack on Bari seems to have been set for late in the summer of 869.
53:
25:
1234:
1218:
461:
1064:
996:
417:
351:
303:
1210:
1125:
1108:
542:
193:
1052:
541:
Following Louis's death, the Byzantines occupied Bari, establishing the
1019:
581:
485:
276:
229:
472:, apparently responding to the threat to Taranto, and he accuses Duke
535:
500:
record that Louis had been planning to send Adelchis into exile, and
422:
295:
220:
421:, refer to a Slavic contingent brought to the siege by the fleet of
1136:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
621:
504:
adds that this was a rumour spread by Sawdān. A contemporary poem,
469:
460:. It is chiefly concerned with defending Louis's use of the title "
433:
245:
197:
181:
445:
437:
388:
329:
249:
224:
208:
204:
927:
925:
923:
1223:
Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000
396:
299:
237:
233:
496:, the prince had consulted Sawdān on his plan beforehand. The
920:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
966:
964:
782:
253:
189:
180:
continuously from 866 until 871. Louis was allied with the
862:
860:
647:
395:
was plundered. In response, in 870 Louis raided deep into
606:
This letter survives only because it was copied into the
961:
816:
814:
812:
908:
884:
857:
845:
835:
833:
831:
829:
799:
797:
322:
In March 868, Louis was at Benevento. According to the
267:, and imposed his own representative on the city, Duke
1174:
The Age of the Δρομων: The Byzantine Navy, ca 500–1204
1059:. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 13–39.
937:
760:
758:
756:
754:
717:
715:
702:
700:
675:
673:
671:
1152:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
809:
571:, but this source contains numerous errors of dating.
949:
896:
872:
826:
794:
770:
727:
685:
510:, calls the imprisoned emir a "cunning assailant " (
751:
739:
712:
697:
668:
488:and his daughter Ermengard were arrested by Prince
1183:A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220
298:. Marching from there in the spring, he captured
232:in northern Italy summoning an army to gather at
188:failed in 869. In the final siege of the city of
1232:
1142:
378:
214:
1281:Byzantine Empire–Carolingian Empire relations
1167:
788:
662:
593:Anastasius Bibliothecarius, who attended the
568:Chronicles of Saint Benedict of Monte Cassino
317:
24:
1124:
1106:
340:. According to a later Byzantine source,
279:, a contemporary witness, the princes of
1189:
986:
914:
866:
851:
403:fleet and possibly a Byzantine one. The
1217:
1050:
1026:
970:
902:
529:, Duke Sergius II of Naples and Prince
159:
1233:
1199:Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta
1180:
1133:
1113:Зборник радова Византолошког института
931:
890:
878:
839:
820:
803:
764:
745:
733:
721:
706:
691:
679:
563:Constitutio de expeditione Beneventana
291:all urged the emperor to attack Bari.
273:Lombard principalities of the Campania
1158:
1081:
995:
955:
943:
776:
507:On the Captivity of the Emperor Louis
393:shrine of Saint Michael the Archangel
294:Louis spent the winter of 866–867 in
1138:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1039:
619:Louis in his letter refers to "our
30:Louis at the capture of Bari in 871
13:
223:, to southern Italy to counteract
14:
1297:
219:Louis II was sent by his father,
595:Fourth Council of Constantinople
440:. This provoked a reaction from
371:(868). The Byzantine commander,
192:in 871, Louis was assisted by a
1256:Wars involving medieval Croatia
979:
628:
613:
600:
587:
574:
1057:Faire l'événement au Moyen Âge
555:
1:
1181:Purton, Peter Fraser (2009).
1100:10.1080/09503110.2015.1002231
641:
451:
7:
634:He in fact returned in 872.
502:On Administering the Empire
413:On Administering the Empire
409:On Administering the Empire
379:Successful siege of 870–871
343:On Administering the Empire
215:Military actions of 866–867
10:
1302:
1190:Stevović, Ivan D. (2001).
1161:L'emirato di Bari, 847–871
991:. Brill. pp. 470–490.
458:Anastasius Bibliothecarius
336:, and Basil's eldest son,
318:Failed joint attack of 869
1107:Kislinger, Ewald (2013).
1008:Hortus Artium Medievalium
789:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
663:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
565:, is dated to 866 in the
418:Life of Basil the Emperor
383:In 869, according to the
350:on the other side of the
146:
96:Principality of Benevento
78:
36:
32:(19th-century lithograph)
23:
18:
1134:Kreutz, Barbara (1996).
1051:Granier, Thomas (2007).
548:
484:August 871 he, his wife
407:mentions neither, while
934:, pp. 46–47, 174n.
561:The capitulary, titled
466:dispute over this title
176:campaigned against the
101:Principality of Salerno
1246:Wars involving Francia
1170:Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.
1159:Musca, Giosuè (1964).
1065:10.4000/books.pup.5703
538:as duke in his stead.
498:Annals of Saint-Bertin
385:Annals of Saint-Bertin
360:Annals of Saint-Bertin
196:fleet from across the
147:Commanders and leaders
512:kalidus ille temtator
462:emperor of the Romans
207:presence remained at
106:Principality of Capua
1271:9th century in Italy
1211:10.2298/ZRVI0239165S
1126:10.2298/ZRVI1350245K
1046:. Albert Fontemoing.
608:Chronicle of Salerno
543:theme of Longobardia
494:Chronicle of Salerno
474:Sergius II of Naples
405:Chronicle of Salerno
325:Chronicle of Salerno
269:Lambert I of Spoleto
1251:Arab–Byzantine wars
1040:Gay, Jules (1904).
523:bishop of Benevento
492:. According to the
448:in charge of Bari.
308:Ahimaaz ben Paltiel
1163:. Edizioni Dedalo.
1020:10.1484/J.HAM.3.22
531:Guaifer of Salerno
348:Byzantine Dalmatia
139:Emirate of Taranto
1154:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1148:Jenkins, R. J. H.
1119:(50–1): 245–258.
1074:978-2-85399-672-3
973:, pp. 62–63.
946:, pp. 36–37.
893:, pp. 45–46.
430:Andrew of Bergamo
167:
166:
74:
73:
65:Frankish victory
1293:
1226:
1214:
1196:
1186:
1185:. Boydell Press.
1177:
1168:Pryor, John H.;
1164:
1155:
1144:Moravscik, Gyula
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1128:
1103:
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1047:
1036:
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519:Charles the Bald
478:besieged Salerno
432:, the people of
373:Niketas Ooryphas
186:Byzantine Empire
171:Frankish emperor
161:
134:Aghlabid dynasty
116:Byzantine Empire
111:Duchy of Croatia
38:
37:
28:
16:
15:
1301:
1300:
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1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1286:Medieval Apulia
1241:History of Bari
1231:
1230:
1229:
1205:(39): 165–182.
1194:
1150:, eds. (1967).
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527:John the Deacon
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442:Aghlabid Sicily
381:
365:siege of Ragusa
320:
217:
178:Emirate of Bari
126:
124:Emirate of Bari
88:
86:Frankish Empire
69:Emirate of Bari
56:
31:
29:
19:Capture of Bari
12:
11:
5:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Islam in Italy
1273:
1268:
1266:870s conflicts
1263:
1261:860s conflicts
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1219:Wickham, Chris
1215:
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1165:
1156:
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1104:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1037:
1024:
993:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
960:
958:, p. 127.
948:
936:
919:
917:, p. 488.
907:
895:
883:
871:
869:, p. 487.
856:
854:, p. 169.
844:
825:
823:, p. 173.
808:
793:
781:
779:, p. 276.
769:
750:
738:
736:, p. 172.
726:
711:
696:
694:, p. 171.
684:
667:
645:
643:
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157:Sawdān (
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71:
67:• Fall of the
62:
58:
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54:southern Italy
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50:
46:
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42:
34:
33:
21:
20:
9:
6:
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1118:
1115:(in German).
1114:
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933:
928:
926:
924:
916:
915:Bondioli 2018
911:
904:
899:
892:
887:
881:, p. 57.
880:
875:
868:
867:Bondioli 2018
863:
861:
853:
852:Stevović 2001
848:
842:, p. 45.
841:
836:
834:
832:
830:
822:
817:
815:
813:
806:, p. 44.
805:
800:
798:
791:, p. 64.
790:
785:
778:
773:
767:, p. 43.
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
748:, p. 42.
747:
742:
735:
730:
724:, p. 41.
723:
718:
716:
709:, p. 40.
708:
703:
701:
693:
688:
682:, p. 99.
681:
676:
674:
672:
665:, p. 49.
664:
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623:
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428:According to
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128:Supported by:
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90:Supported by:
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43:
40:
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35:
27:
22:
17:
1225:. Macmillan.
1222:
1202:
1198:
1182:
1173:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1116:
1112:
1094:(1): 24–40.
1091:
1087:
1083:
1056:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1011:
1007:
988:
980:Bibliography
971:Wickham 1981
951:
939:
910:
905:, p. 6.
903:Fanning 1994
898:
886:
874:
847:
784:
772:
741:
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687:
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615:
607:
602:
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540:
516:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
482:
455:
427:
416:
412:
408:
404:
384:
382:
358:
356:
352:Adriatic Sea
341:
323:
321:
293:
262:
241:
218:
202:
168:
127:
122:
89:
84:
79:Belligerents
64:
1014:: 267–276.
932:Kreutz 1996
891:Kreutz 1996
879:Kreutz 1996
840:Kreutz 1996
821:Kreutz 1996
804:Kreutz 1996
765:Kreutz 1996
746:Kreutz 1996
734:Kreutz 1996
722:Kreutz 1996
707:Kreutz 1996
692:Kreutz 1996
680:Purton 2009
464:", since a
338:Constantine
1235:Categories
1035:(1): 3–17.
956:Musca 1964
944:Heath 2015
777:Curta 2010
642:References
582:Lothair II
486:Engelberga
277:Erchempert
265:Landulf II
230:capitulary
452:Aftermath
334:Ermengard
296:Benevento
281:Benevento
246:palisades
221:Lothair I
1221:(1981).
1176:. Brill.
1172:(2006).
1088:Al-Masāq
1084:Historia
999:(2010).
622:Sclaveni
490:Adelchis
434:Calabria
415:and the
401:Croatian
369:Syracuse
258:ramparts
250:outworks
242:castella
198:Adriatic
174:Louis II
153:Louis II
49:Location
1029:Cithara
446:gastald
438:Amantea
389:Gargano
330:Basil I
285:Salerno
244:) with
238:castles
225:Saracen
209:Taranto
205:Saracen
182:Lombard
44:866–871
1071:
470:Africa
423:Ragusa
397:Apulia
391:. The
312:Canosa
300:Matera
234:Lucera
194:Slavic
61:Result
1195:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
549:Notes
536:Suppo
289:Capua
254:moats
1069:ISBN
304:Oria
302:and
287:and
256:and
190:Bari
169:The
41:Date
1207:doi
1121:doi
1096:doi
1086:".
1061:doi
1016:doi
514:).
160:POW
1237::
1203:39
1201:.
1197:.
1146:;
1092:27
1090:.
1067:.
1055:.
1033:34
1031:.
1012:16
1010:.
1006:.
963:^
922:^
859:^
828:^
811:^
796:^
753:^
714:^
699:^
670:^
649:^
545:.
425:.
283:,
252:,
248:,
200:.
1213:.
1209::
1129:.
1123::
1117:L
1102:.
1098::
1077:.
1063::
1022:.
1018::
610:.
240:(
163:)
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