1802:
1814:
1826:
1838:
1850:
1787:
2175:
39:
2311:
1880:"The siege of Dura Europos. The Sasanian siege of Dura Europos in 256 brought an end to the townâs existence and immobilized Ĺ ÄpĹŤrâs army for several months. The determined resistance put up by the inhabitants forced the assailants to adopt various siege tactics, which eventually resulted in conquest of the city"
1717:
Dura-Europos was an important trading center in Roman Syria. It may or may not be the same as the "Doura" recorded in Shapur I's inscriptions. The town was in
Sasanian hands for some time after its fall, and was later abandoned. Intact archaeological evidences at Dura provide details of the Roman
1754:
by the attacking
Persian army. During the siege the attackers dug several underground shaft mines under the city walls. The Romans dug tunnels to reach the mines and fight the diggers underground. In one such tunnel, when the Romans broke through into the Sasanian tunnel the tunnelers ignited a
1767:, which killed twenty Roman soldiers, one of which was carrying a coin dated 256, allowing the dating of the siege. Archaeologists excavated the scene in the 1930s. In 2009 tests showed the presence of sulfur dioxide inside the tunnel. In 2020, a group of chemistry students in
1718:
presence there, and the dramatic course of the siege. The garrison was determined to resist the siege, and the
Sasanians employed a variety of siege warfare techniques to defeat them. Archaeological evidences suggest that the garrison at Dura-Europos was mixed, composed of
1742:. The relationship between these forces are uncertain. XX Palmyrenorum was certainly based in Dura-Europos, and may have been an "inferior" contingent of the garrison relative to the legionaries. The numbers of the legionaries are unknown.
1735:
515:
152:
1813:
202:
236:
2382:
1739:
508:
157:
2348:
501:
195:
2377:
2417:
2372:
188:
2367:
1191:
1849:
482:
477:
241:
1990:
2061:
312:
2341:
452:
278:
307:
2422:
268:
2159:
1088:
364:
2029:
2402:
2114:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1899:
457:
2002:
Samir S. Patel, âEarly
Chemical Warfare â Dura-Europos, Syria,â Archaeology, Vol. 63, No. 1, January/February 2010,
1801:
2334:
2221:
2216:
1218:
2016:
1341:
384:
263:
2129:
2119:
406:
1786:
1200:
860:
273:
2397:
2015:
Stephanie Pappas, âBuried
Soldiers May Be Victims of Ancient Chemical Weapon,â LiveScience, March 8, 2011,
878:
246:
1989:âDeath Underground: Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos,â Current Archaeology, November 26, 2009 (online feature)
2263:
2139:
1391:
1026:
1017:
525:
445:
2054:
1837:
1825:
963:
1544:
2322:
2094:
1768:
1468:
1241:
801:
421:
369:
288:
283:
2211:
1106:
620:
595:
256:
2392:
2164:
2154:
1291:
851:
431:
389:
374:
300:
293:
225:
2237:
2201:
2099:
1731:
1719:
1355:
1332:
1097:
990:
945:
797:
558:
399:
379:
349:
339:
317:
212:
147:
142:
1257:
2407:
2283:
2149:
2047:
1991:
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/world-news/death-underground-gas-warfare-at-dura-europos.htm
1486:
954:
725:
652:
416:
344:
251:
1819:
The southern wall. One of the
Sasanian assaults was performed against this side of the walls
2258:
2084:
1672:
1495:
1182:
1053:
887:
787:
734:
394:
1892:
Between Rome and Persia: The Middle
Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control
8:
2288:
2144:
2134:
2089:
1727:
936:
411:
137:
1663:
1137:
1002:
916:
904:
833:
30:
1877:
2412:
2196:
1970:
1945:
1920:
1895:
1771:
used chemical analysis of the samples in the tunnel compared with the composition of
1723:
1616:
1603:
1556:
1522:
1421:
1346:
1312:
896:
824:
702:
693:
675:
629:
549:
438:
426:
332:
327:
231:
132:
2003:
2278:
2124:
2109:
1751:
1577:
1373:
1065:
571:
359:
98:
43:
Dura-Europos general excavations plan, assault ramp is between 14th and 15th towers
2190:
1640:
1513:
1504:
1115:
869:
714:
539:
2318:
1917:
The
Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
1792:
1764:
1477:
1382:
462:
2017:
http://www.livescience.com/13113-ancient-chemical-warfare-romans-persians.html
493:
2361:
2273:
1760:
1128:
684:
322:
2174:
2387:
2293:
2268:
2206:
2070:
1707:
1703:
1459:
103:
68:
64:
2104:
1450:
1437:
770:
664:
467:
1446:
1155:
979:
761:
752:
743:
611:
1775:
and deduced that methane was also likely a by-product of the attack.
1695:
1531:
1323:
1077:
1006:
927:
607:
584:
472:
180:
38:
1699:
1607:
1410:
1364:
1300:
1266:
1146:
643:
639:
115:
2317:
This article about a battle or war of
Ancient Roman history is a
1772:
1711:
1652:
1282:
1173:
1164:
2030:"the awesome archaeological adventure of adversaries and allies"
2039:
1756:
900:
813:
1628:
842:
72:
2310:
1722:(which is known more than the others), vexillations from
1050:
Invasion of the
Alemanni (258â260 approx)
2004:http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/syria.html
2359:
523:
2383:Military operations involving chemical weapons
2342:
2055:
509:
196:
2349:
2335:
2173:
2062:
2048:
1942:The Plight of Rome in the Fifth Century AD
1745:
1192:Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi
516:
502:
203:
189:
37:
1736:Cohors II Paphlagonum Galliana Volusiana
1939:
1234:Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni
2360:
1964:
1914:
1889:
210:
2043:
1859:, the headquarters of the legionaries
1227:Postumus' Campaign against the Franks
497:
184:
2373:Sieges involving the Sasanian Empire
2305:
1944:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74.
1750:The siege was notable for the early
1724:Legio IV Scythica Valeriana Galliena
13:
2378:Battles of the RomanâSasanian Wars
1183:Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus
16:Sasanian siege of Roman city (256)
14:
2434:
2368:Sieges involving the Roman Empire
2418:Sieges of the RomanâPersian Wars
2309:
2069:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1785:
1664:Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia
1219:Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus
1062:Scythian invasion (259â260)
1734:, and other cohorts, including
1617:Usurpation of Julius Saturninus
1422:Usurpation of Victorinus Junior
1333:Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius
2130:Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1958:
1933:
1919:. BRILL. p. 15, note 56.
1908:
1883:
1871:
1301:Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus
1044:Gothic invasion (256â257)
1:
1864:
1201:Usurpation of Macrianus Minor
1147:Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia
1116:Usurpation of Macrianus Major
1047:Invasion of Shapur (258)
313:Campaign of Severus Alexander
2321:. You can help Knowledge by
888:Usurpation of Julius Priscus
153:Cohors II Paphlagonum Gallia
7:
2264:Robert du Mesnil du Buisson
2243:Siege of Dura-Europos (256)
2019:(accessed October 3, 2014).
1392:Palmyrene invasion of Egypt
1258:Assassination of Odaenathus
527:Crisis of the Third Century
407:Julian's Persian expedition
385:Perso-Roman wars of 337â361
24:Siege of Dura Europos (256)
10:
2439:
2423:Ancient Roman battle stubs
2304:
2006:(accessed October 3, 2014)
1993:(accessed October 3, 2014)
1894:. Routledge. p. 136.
1778:
800:and death of Philip &
550:Death of Alexander Severus
274:Trajan's Parthian campaign
242:PompeianâParthian invasion
2251:
2230:
2182:
2171:
2077:
1969:. Lulu.com. p. 254.
1769:Foxborough, Massachusetts
1460:Rebellion of Felicissimus
771:Usurpation of Silbannacus
535:
289:Parthian war of Caracalla
237:Caesar's planned invasion
222:
166:
121:
114:
109:
92:
47:
36:
28:
23:
2403:250s in the Roman Empire
1965:DuBois, Michael (2015).
1915:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).
1107:Usurpation of Regalianus
843:Gothic invasion of Cniva
762:Usurpation of Jotapianus
753:Usurpation of Pacatianus
744:Usurpation of Sponsianus
596:Year of the Six Emperors
2165:Palace of the Dux Ripae
2155:Temple of Zeus Megistos
1807:Ruins of the city walls
1763:, producing a cloud of
1752:use of chemical weapons
1746:Use of chemical weapons
1710:in 256 after capturing
1639:Carus' invasion of the
1532:Usurpation of Faustinus
1324:Usurpation of Laelianus
1156:Campaigns of Odaenathus
852:Carpi invasion of Dacia
585:Usurpation of Quartinus
446:ByzantineâSasanian wars
279:Lucius Verus' campaigns
2238:Cohors XX Palmyrenorum
1940:Merrony, Mark (2017).
1890:Edwell, Peter (2007).
1720:Cohors XX Palmyrenorum
1342:Augustodunum Haeduorum
1267:Usurpation of Maeonius
1098:Usurpation of Ingenuus
264:Mark Antony's campaign
148:Cohors XX Palmyrenorum
143:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
110:Commanders and leaders
2284:Carl Hermann Kraeling
2150:Temple of Zeus Kyrios
1878:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1795:made by the Sasanians
1692:siege of Dura Europos
1174:Usurpation of Balista
1165:Usurpation of Quietus
726:Invasion of the Carpi
653:Invasion of the Carpi
269:Armenian War of 58â63
2259:James Henry Breasted
2160:Temple of Zeus Theos
1694:took place when the
735:Secular Games of 248
572:Usurpation of Magnus
2398:3rd century in Iran
2289:Michael Rostovtzeff
2145:Temple of the Gadde
2135:Temple of Atargatis
1740:Cohors II Equestris
1210:Pannonian Rebellion
861:Nicopolis ad Istrum
301:RomanâSasanian wars
226:RomanâParthian Wars
158:Cohors II Equestris
138:Legio III Cyrenaica
2217:Statue of Hercules
1595:Sarmatian Invasion
1430:Junthungi Invasion
1138:Death of Saloninus
928:Death of Hostilian
917:Trebonianus Gallus
834:Decian persecution
621:Battle of Carthage
214:RomanâPersian Wars
31:Roman-Persian wars
2330:
2329:
2302:
2301:
2115:Necropolis Temple
1685:
1684:
1523:Razing of Palmyra
1365:Capture of Athens
1313:Claudius Gothicus
1275:Scythian Invasion
1250:Scythian Invasion
825:Plague of Cyprian
788:Decius' Rebellion
676:Sabinianus Revolt
630:Siege of Aquileia
491:
490:
179:
178:
133:Legio IV Scythica
88:
87:
2430:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2313:
2306:
2279:Susan M. Hopkins
2177:
2125:Temple of Aphlad
2120:Temple of Adonis
2110:House of Priests
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
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2020:
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1987:
1981:
1980:
1962:
1956:
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1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1732:XVI Flavia Firma
1677:
1668:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1612:
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1561:
1549:
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1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1415:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1374:Palmyrene Empire
1369:
1360:
1351:
1337:
1328:
1317:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1253:
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1237:
1230:
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1213:
1205:
1196:
1187:
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1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1011:
995:
984:
972:
968:
964:Interamna Nahars
959:
950:
941:
937:Mariades' Revolt
932:
921:
909:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
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838:
829:
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792:
783:
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766:
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748:
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217:
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182:
181:
99:Sassanian Empire
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
2438:
2437:
2433:
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2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2358:
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2355:
2303:
2298:
2247:
2226:
2191:Feriale Duranum
2178:
2169:
2073:
2068:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1748:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1655:
1643:
1641:Sasanian Empire
1631:
1619:
1610:
1596:
1589:
1588:Vandal Invasion
1580:
1568:
1567:Gothic Invasion
1559:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1401:
1400:Vandal Invasion
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1335:
1326:
1315:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
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1221:
1215:
1211:
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1100:
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1080:
1068:
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1038:
1029:
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1009:
993:
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948:
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890:
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872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
816:
804:
796:
790:
781:
777:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
717:
715:Philip the Arab
705:
696:
687:
678:
667:
655:
646:
632:
623:
614:
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587:
578:
574:
565:
561:
552:
542:
540:Maximinus Thrax
531:
526:
524:
522:
492:
487:
218:
213:
211:
209:
162:
84:Persian victory
76:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:250s conflicts
2390:
2385:
2380:
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2354:
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2339:
2331:
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2327:
2314:
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2255:
2253:
2252:Archaeologists
2249:
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2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
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2222:Homeric shield
2219:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
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2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1975:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1925:
1907:
1900:
1882:
1869:
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1866:
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1854:
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1842:
1835:
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1823:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1799:
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1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1765:sulfur dioxide
1747:
1744:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1648:
1647:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1602:Usurpation of
1600:
1593:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
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1406:
1405:
1398:
1389:
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1371:
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1307:
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1208:
1198:
1189:
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1113:
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1095:
1073:
1072:
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1024:
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997:
975:
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911:
894:
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876:
867:
858:
849:
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831:
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732:
710:
709:
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691:
682:
660:
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618:
592:
591:
582:
569:
556:
536:
533:
532:
521:
520:
513:
506:
498:
489:
488:
486:
485:
483:War of 602â628
480:
478:War of 572â591
475:
470:
465:
463:Anastasian War
460:
455:
453:War of 421â422
442:
441:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
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403:
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365:Caesarea (260)
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297:
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291:
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254:
249:
247:Cilician Gates
239:
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185:
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127:
124:
123:
122:Units involved
119:
118:
112:
111:
107:
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101:
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90:
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86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2435:
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2416:
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2411:
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2406:
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2307:
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2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Clark Hopkins
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Temple of Bel
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1976:9781329767836
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1951:9781351702799
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1926:9789004115897
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:9781134095735
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1738:and possibly
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:III Cyrenaica
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:besieged the
1701:
1697:
1693:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
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1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1420:
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1418:
1417:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:Gallic Empire
1127:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
918:
906:
902:
899:and death of
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
879:Philippopolis
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
803:
799:
795:
789:
786:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
685:Fall of Hatra
683:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
654:
651:
645:
641:
637:
631:
628:
622:
619:
613:
609:
605:
604:
603:
602:
597:
586:
583:
573:
570:
560:
557:
551:
548:
547:
546:
541:
534:
529:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
496:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Carrhae (296)
373:
371:
370:3rd Ctesiphon
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Nisibis (252)
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:Nisibis (235)
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:2nd Ctesiphon
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
221:
216:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
183:
174:
171:
170:
165:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
126:
125:
120:
117:
113:
108:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
91:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:(present-day
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
2408:Dura-Europos
2323:expanding it
2316:
2294:Herbert Gute
2269:Franz Cumont
2242:
2207:Sator Square
2197:Parchment 24
2189:
2071:Dura-Europos
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1966:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1873:
1856:
1749:
1716:
1708:Dura-Europos
1691:
1689:
1650:
1649:
1626:
1625:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1553:
1408:
1407:
1361:(268 or 269)
1356:Lake Benacus
1310:
1309:
1283:Heruli Raids
1075:
1074:
1036:Dura-Europos
1035:
1018:Thessalonica
1000:
999:
977:
976:
914:
913:
811:
810:
712:
711:
662:
661:
594:
593:
537:
444:
443:
417:Maiozamalcha
355:Dura-Europos
354:
299:
298:
224:
104:Roman Empire
93:Belligerents
69:Roman Empire
65:Dura-Europos
29:Part of the
2105:Dolicheneum
1843:The citadel
1831:The citadel
1755:mixture of
1451:Tetricus II
1438:Domitian II
1027:Thermopylae
955:Barbalissos
665:Gordian III
468:Iberian War
400:2nd Singara
390:1st Singara
345:Barbalissos
308:Mesopotamia
257:Mt Gindarus
252:Amanus Pass
2362:Categories
1865:References
1857:praetorium
1447:Tetricus I
1054:Mediolanum
980:Aemilianus
612:Gordian II
606:Revolt of
458:War of 440
412:Pirisabora
2202:Route map
2183:Artefacts
2100:Synagogue
2095:Mithraeum
2078:Buildings
1696:Sasanians
1669:(284-285)
1658:(283-285)
1651:Reign of
1634:(282-283)
1627:Reign of
1592:(276-278)
1583:(276-282)
1576:Reign of
1571:(276-277)
1562:(275-276)
1555:Reign of
1469:Placentia
1456:(271â274)
1416:(270â275)
1409:Reign of
1379:(270â273)
1352:(268/269)
1318:(268â270)
1311:Reign of
1279:(267â269)
1272:(266â267)
1254:(265â266)
1242:Ctesiphon
1224:(261â262)
1161:(260â267)
1134:(260â274)
1083:(260â268)
1078:Gallienus
1076:Reign of
1012:(253â260)
1007:Gallienus
1001:Reign of
978:Reign of
922:(251â253)
915:Reign of
848:(250â251)
839:(250â251)
830:(250â270)
819:(249â251)
812:Reign of
802:Philip II
731:(245â247)
720:(244â249)
713:Reign of
670:(238â244)
663:Reign of
658:(238â239)
638:Reign of
608:Gordian I
545:(235â238)
538:Reign of
473:Lazic War
439:Bagrevand
422:Ctesiphon
2413:Shapur I
1706:city of
1700:Shapur I
1608:Proculus
1411:Aurelian
1125:259â261)
1089:Caesarea
1003:Valerian
905:Etruscus
644:Balbinus
640:Pupienus
559:Harzhorn
167:Strength
116:Shapur I
60:Location
2231:History
2085:Brothel
1793:Tunnels
1779:Gallery
1773:bitumen
1712:Antioch
1653:Carinus
1604:Bonosus
1557:Tacitus
1545:Châlons
1347:Naissus
991:Antioch
946:Nisibis
897:Abritus
703:Misiche
694:Resaena
432:Samarra
427:Maranga
350:Antioch
333:Misiche
328:Resaena
294:Nisibis
232:Carrhae
175:Unknown
2212:Scutum
2090:Church
1973:
1948:
1923:
1898:
1757:sulfur
1698:under
1676:
1673:Margum
1667:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1611:
1606:&
1597:
1590:
1581:
1578:Probus
1569:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1465:(270s)
1463:
1454:
1449:&
1441:
1432:
1425:
1414:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1383:Bostra
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1336:
1327:
1316:
1304:
1295:
1292:Athens
1286:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1081:
1069:
1066:Edessa
1057:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1010:
994:
983:
971:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
920:
908:
901:Decius
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
817:
814:Decius
805:
798:Verona
791:
782:
778:
774:
765:
756:
749:(240s)
747:
738:
729:
718:
706:
697:
688:
679:
668:
656:
647:
642:&
633:
624:
615:
610:&
599:
588:
579:
575:
566:
562:
553:
543:
380:Satala
360:Edessa
172:23,000
81:Result
55:256 AD
1967:Legio
1761:pitch
1704:Roman
1678:(285)
1646:(283)
1629:Carus
1622:(280)
1613:(280)
1599:(278)
1550:(274)
1528:(273)
1519:(272)
1514:Emesa
1510:(272)
1505:Immae
1501:(272)
1496:Tyana
1492:(271)
1487:Pavia
1483:(271)
1474:(271)
1443:(271)
1434:(271)
1427:(271)
1404:(270)
1397:(270)
1388:(270)
1370:(269)
1338:(269)
1329:(269)
1306:(268)
1297:(267)
1288:(267)
1263:(267)
1247:(263)
1238:(263)
1231:(262)
1214:(261)
1206:(261)
1197:(261)
1188:(261)
1179:(261)
1170:(261)
1152:(260)
1143:(260)
1112:(260)
1103:(260)
1094:(260)
1071:(260)
1059:(259)
1041:(256)
1032:(254)
1023:(254)
996:(253)
985:(253)
960:(253)
951:(252)
942:(252)
933:(251)
910:(251)
893:(251)
884:(250)
875:(250)
870:Beroe
866:(250)
857:(250)
807:(249)
793:(249)
767:(249)
758:(248)
740:(248)
708:(244)
699:(243)
690:(241)
681:(240)
649:(238)
635:(238)
626:(238)
617:(238)
601:(238)
590:(235)
555:(235)
395:Amida
323:Hatra
73:Syria
2319:stub
1971:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1855:The
1759:and
1690:The
1541:273)
1478:Fano
1005:and
973:253)
903:and
784:253)
776:(249
581:235)
568:235)
52:Date
2388:253
1537:(c.
1121:(c.
577:(c.
564:(c.
2364::
1730:,
1726:,
1714:.
969:(c
780:or
67:,
2350:e
2343:t
2336:v
2325:.
2063:e
2056:t
2049:v
2032:.
1979:.
1954:.
1929:.
1904:.
517:e
510:t
503:v
204:e
197:t
190:v
75:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
