548:'s errors in regards to his cavalry in the previous year, Ventidius decided not to waste them in a needless cavalry assault and instead kept his cavalry on the flanks of his infantry, which he planned to use to blunt the enemy attack. The Parthians had formed their cavalry in a loose formation outside their camp at the bottom of the hill with horse-archers at the front and
557:
their enemies with whom they collided. The
Parthian horse-archers were lightly armoured and were not able to hold their own against the heavily armoured Roman legionnaires in close-quarters combat. Eventually, due to the high losses, panic set in and the Parthian forces began to flee from the victorious Romans, leaving Labienus to his fate.
536:. Ventidius landed unexpectedly on the coast of Asia Minor, which forced Labienus to fall back to Cilicia where he received additional Parthian reinforcements from Pacorus. After Labienus had regrouped with Pacorus’s additional forces, his and Ventidius’s armies met somewhere at the Taurus Mountains.
556:
The
Parthian horse-archers unleashed a volley of arrows at the Romans, who held their position and hid behind their shields. The Romans fought back by firing volleys of javelins at the Parthians. Eventually, Ventidius commanded his men into a close order formation and to charge down the hill towards
552:
in the rear. Confident in their chances of success against the Romans, the
Parthians failed to wait for Labienus' infantry to mobilise with them and instead surged up the hill to engage in combat with the Romans.
569:, where they again engaged in combat with Ventidius’ army; again they were defeated and Pacorus had to withdraw his army from Syria, which was then retaken by the Romans and placed under their control.
544:
On the day of battle, Ventidius positioned his men on the high slopes comprising rugged terrain in order to negate the
Parthian strength in cavalry. Learning from general
180:
214:
512:
defended the border against these
Parthian incursions successfully. However, in 40 BC a Parthian invasion force allied with rebel Roman forces who served under
565:
After the battle
Labienus attempted to flee, but was captured and executed. Labienus’ rebels joined Ventidius’ men. The Parthian forces fled to the
516:
attacked the eastern Roman provinces, they enjoyed great success as
Labienus took all of Asia Minor except for a few cities, while the young prince
173:
1126:
1121:
1111:
113:
166:
1062:
709:
460:
455:
1048:
922:
219:
28:
290:
908:
676:
651:
609:
602:
Warfare in the Roman
Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium
430:
256:
768:
285:
1136:
901:
246:
342:
1141:
435:
1116:
915:
362:
241:
384:
702:
251:
1043:
1027:
423:
332:
881:
794:
758:
1106:
991:
986:
978:
936:
929:
763:
742:
500:
Parthian forces made a number of raids into Roman territory after the defeat of the Roman army under
399:
347:
266:
261:
957:
695:
628:
234:
1131:
971:
895:
501:
409:
367:
352:
278:
271:
203:
32:
509:
377:
357:
327:
317:
295:
190:
584:
964:
778:
566:
394:
322:
229:
799:
545:
372:
8:
814:
389:
887:
587:- J. Phillipson "Ventidius won decisive victories at the Cilician Gates and Mt Amanus"
1017:
943:
860:
672:
647:
605:
529:
521:
505:
477:
416:
404:
310:
305:
209:
108:
850:
773:
513:
485:
337:
121:
117:
809:
718:
481:
95:
60:
1101:
865:
855:
819:
804:
440:
90:
55:
1095:
1077:
1064:
1022:
1012:
533:
300:
845:
827:
549:
525:
445:
489:
517:
450:
158:
687:
1007:
64:
737:
732:
528:
gave command of the eastern Roman forces to his lieutenant,
476:
in 39 BC was a decisive victory for the Roman general
1093:
623:
621:
532:, a skilled military general who served under
703:
641:
618:
174:
671:. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 59.
484:army and its Roman allies who served under
710:
696:
181:
167:
16:Roman victory over Parthian army in 39BC
666:
629:"Rome and Parthia at War - All Empires"
595:
593:
1094:
188:
691:
599:
162:
1122:Battles involving the Roman Republic
1112:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
590:
923:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
717:
29:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
13:
1127:Battles of the Roman–Parthian Wars
14:
1153:
1049:Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
642:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2008).
140:2 legions, cavalry, cataphracts
660:
635:
578:
1:
909:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
572:
291:Campaign of Severus Alexander
137:2? legions, cavalry, slingers
951:Battle of the Cilician Gates
916:Antony's Atropatene campaign
585:C.P. Cavafy Historical Poems
560:
474:Battle of the Cilician Gates
22:Battle of the Cilician Gates
7:
902:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
667:Sheldon, Rose Mary (2010).
385:Julian's Persian expedition
363:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
10:
1158:
1137:History of Mersin Province
495:
252:Trajan's Parthian campaign
220:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
1036:
1000:
979:Parthian war of Caracalla
937:Battle of Ctesiphon (198)
930:Battle of Ctesiphon (165)
874:
838:
787:
751:
743:Parni conquest of Parthia
725:
539:
524:. After these incidents
267:Parthian war of Caracalla
215:Caesar's planned invasion
200:
144:
131:
102:
84:
38:
26:
21:
958:Battle of Mount Gindarus
604:. ABC-CLIO. p. 46.
522:Hasmonean state in Judea
520:took over Syria and the
1078:37.327778°N 34.794444°E
1028:Roman–Iranian relations
972:Battle of Nisibis (217)
646:. John Wiley and Sons.
424:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
257:Lucius Verus' campaigns
1117:1st century BC in Iran
882:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
669:Rome's Wars in Parthia
600:Brice, Lee L. (2014).
510:Gaius Cassius Longinus
242:Mark Antony's campaign
103:Commanders and leaders
1142:Antony's Parthian War
992:Bactrian–Parthian War
987:Armenian–Parthian War
965:Battle of Amanus Pass
247:Armenian War of 58–63
145:Casualties and losses
1083:37.327778; 34.794444
644:Mark Antony's Heroes
518:Pacorus I of Parthia
1074: /
896:Roman–Parthian Wars
508:. The Romans under
279:Roman–Sasanian wars
204:Roman–Parthian Wars
33:Roman–Parthian Wars
888:Battle of Ecbatana
795:Seven Great Houses
192:Roman–Persian Wars
1057:
1056:
1044:Parthian monarchs
1018:Parthian Dark Age
944:Battle of Carrhae
769:Caucasian Albania
678:978-0-85303-931-0
653:978-0-470-22453-3
611:978-1-61069-299-1
530:Publius Ventidius
506:Battle of Carrhae
478:Publius Ventidius
469:
468:
157:
156:
109:Publius Ventidius
80:
79:
1149:
1107:30s BC conflicts
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
981:
974:
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946:
939:
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911:
904:
890:
712:
705:
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683:
682:
664:
658:
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639:
633:
632:
625:
616:
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597:
588:
582:
514:Quintus Labienus
486:Quintus Labienus
195:
193:
183:
176:
169:
160:
159:
126:
118:Quintus Labienus
98:and Roman allies
40:
39:
19:
18:
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1156:
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1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1032:
996:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
886:
870:
834:
783:
747:
721:
719:Parthian Empire
716:
686:
679:
665:
661:
654:
640:
636:
627:
626:
619:
612:
598:
591:
583:
579:
575:
563:
542:
498:
470:
465:
196:
191:
189:
187:
122:
116:
96:Parthian Empire
68:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:1st century BC
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
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997:
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984:
983:
982:
975:
968:
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933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
893:
892:
891:
878:
876:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
831:
830:
825:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
791:
789:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
735:
729:
727:
723:
722:
715:
714:
707:
700:
692:
685:
684:
677:
659:
652:
634:
617:
610:
589:
576:
574:
571:
562:
559:
541:
538:
497:
494:
467:
466:
464:
463:
461:War of 602–628
458:
456:War of 572–591
453:
448:
443:
441:Anastasian War
438:
433:
431:War of 421–422
420:
419:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
360:
355:
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345:
343:Caesarea (260)
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335:
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314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
225:Cilician Gates
217:
212:
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178:
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163:
155:
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147:
146:
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138:
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133:
129:
128:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
93:
91:Roman Republic
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
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74:
70:
69:
56:Cilician Gates
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Parthian shot
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Parthian army
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
985:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
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952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
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920:
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906:
903:
899:
898:
897:
894:
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867:
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849:
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844:
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837:
829:
826:
823:
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813:
811:
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786:
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741:
739:
736:
734:
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724:
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613:
607:
603:
596:
594:
586:
581:
577:
570:
568:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:Decidius Saxa
537:
535:
534:Julius Caesar
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
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425:
418:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Carrhae (296)
351:
349:
348:3rd Ctesiphon
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:Nisibis (252)
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Nisibis (235)
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:2nd Ctesiphon
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
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223:
222:
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165:
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149:
148:
143:
139:
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127:
125:
119:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
101:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
83:
76:Roman victory
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1059:
950:
779:Indo-Parthia
668:
662:
643:
637:
601:
580:
564:
555:
543:
499:
473:
471:
422:
421:
395:Maiozamalcha
333:Dura-Europos
277:
276:
224:
202:
123:
85:Belligerents
59:(modern-day
27:Part of the
1081: /
800:Ispahbudhan
788:Noble clans
567:Amanus Pass
550:cataphracts
526:Mark Antony
446:Iberian War
378:2nd Singara
368:1st Singara
323:Barbalissos
286:Mesopotamia
235:Mt Gindarus
230:Amanus Pass
114:Pharnapates
1096:Categories
1069:34°47′40″E
1066:37°19′40″N
815:Spandiyadh
573:References
490:Asia Minor
436:War of 440
390:Pirisabora
561:Aftermath
480:over the
451:Lazic War
417:Bagrevand
400:Ctesiphon
861:Language
774:Chosroid
482:Parthian
132:Strength
51:Location
1008:Parthia
1001:Related
851:Coinage
839:Culture
759:Armenia
752:Dynasty
726:Origins
504:at the
502:Crassus
496:Prelude
410:Samarra
405:Maranga
328:Antioch
311:Misiche
306:Resaena
272:Nisibis
210:Carrhae
153:unknown
150:unknown
124:†
810:Mihran
764:Iberia
675:
650:
608:
540:Battle
358:Satala
338:Edessa
120:
73:Result
65:Turkey
61:Mersin
31:, the
1102:39 BC
1037:Lists
866:Music
856:Dress
824:Varaz
820:Suren
805:Karen
738:Dahae
733:Parni
373:Amida
301:Hatra
46:39 BC
875:Wars
673:ISBN
648:ISBN
606:ISBN
472:The
43:Date
846:Art
828:Zik
488:in
1098::
620:^
592:^
492:.
63:,
711:e
704:t
697:v
681:.
656:.
631:.
614:.
182:e
175:t
168:v
67:)
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