242:. The typical side-lever engine had a pair of heavy horizontal iron beams, known as side levers, that connected in the centre to the bottom of the engine with a pin. This connection allowed a limited arc for the levers to pivot in. These levers extended, on the cylinder side, to each side of the bottom of the vertical engine cylinder. A piston rod, connected vertically to the piston, extended out of the top of the cylinder. This rod attached to a horizontal crosshead, connected at each end to vertical rods (known as side-rods). These rods connected down to the levers on each side of the cylinder. This formed the connection of the levers to the piston on the cylinder side of the engine. The other side of the levers (the opposite end of the lever pivot to the cylinder) were connected to each other with a horizontal crosstail. This crosstail in turn connected to and operated a single
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970:, was another engine designed to have a very low profile. The back-acting engine was in effect a modified steeple engine, laid horizontally across the keel of a ship rather than standing vertically above it. Instead of the triangular crosshead assembly found in a typical steeple engine however, the back-acting engine generally used a set of two or more elongated, parallel piston rods terminating in a crosshead to perform the same function. The term "back-acting" or "return connecting rod" derives from the fact that the connecting rod "returns" or comes back from the side of the engine opposite the engine cylinder to rotate a centrally located crankshaft.
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inland waterway and coastal service, and the type proved to have remarkable longevity, with walking beam engines still being occasionally manufactured as late as the 1940s. In marine applications, the beam itself was generally reinforced with iron struts that gave it a characteristic diamond shape, although the supports on which the beam rested were often built of wood. The adjective "walking" was applied because the beam, which rose high above the ship's deck, could be seen operating, and its rocking motion was (somewhat fancifully) likened to a walking motion.
258:, which gave ships more stability in heavy seas. It was also a common early engine type for warships, since its relatively low height made it less susceptible to battle damage. From the first Royal Navy steam vessel in 1820 until 1840, 70 steam vessels entered service, the majority with side-lever engines, using boilers set to 4psi maximum pressure. The low steam pressures dictated the large cylinder sizes for the side-lever engines, though the effective pressure on the piston was the difference between the boiler pressure and the vacuum in the condenser.
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not converted to a horizontal rocking motion as in a beam engine, but is instead used to move an assembly, composed of a crosshead and two rods, through a vertical guide at the top of the engine, which in turn rotates the crankshaft connecting rod below. In early examples of the type, the crosshead assembly was rectangular in shape, but over time it was refined into an elongated triangle. The triangular assembly above the engine cylinder gives the engine its characteristic "steeple" shape, hence the name.
1111:
recycles the steam into one or more larger, lower-pressure second cylinders first, to use more of its heat energy. Compound engines could be configured to increase either a ship's economy or its speed. Broadly speaking, a compound engine can refer to a steam engine with any number of different-pressure cylinders—however, the term usually refers to engines that expand steam through only two stages, i.e., those that operate cylinders at only two different pressures (or "double-expansion" engines).
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beam" in motion. There were also technical reasons for retaining the walking beam engine in
America, as it was easier to build, requiring less precision in its construction. Wood could be used for the main frame of the engine, at a much lower cost than typical practice of using iron castings for more modern engine designs. Fuel was also much cheaper in America than in Europe, so the lower efficiency of the walking beam engine was less of a consideration. The
1325:'s early compound engines were of the annular type, with a smaller, high-pressure cylinder placed in the centre of a larger, ring-shaped low-pressure cylinder. Trunk engines were another type of annular engine. A third type of annular marine engine used the Siamese engine connecting mechanism—but instead of two separate cylinders, it had a single, annular-shaped cylinder wrapped around the vertical arm of the crosshead (see diagram under "Siamese" above).
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vertical guides so that the assembly maintained the correct path as it moved. The engine's alternative name—"A-frame"—presumably derived from the shape of the frames that supported these guides. Some crosshead engines had more than one cylinder, in which case the piston rods were usually all connected to the same crosshead. An unusual feature of early examples of this type of engine was the installation of
696:. Steam was supplied and exhausted through the trunnions. The oscillating motion of the cylinder was usually used to line up ports in the trunnions to direct the steam feed and exhaust to the cylinder at the correct times. However, separate valves were often provided, controlled by the oscillating motion. This let the timing be varied to enable expansive working (as in the engine in the paddle ship PD
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triple-expansion, quadruple-expansion etc. The term "vertical" for this type of engine is imprecise, since technically any type of steam engine is "vertical" if the cylinder is vertically oriented. An engine someone describes as "vertical" might not be of the vertical inverted direct-acting type, unless they use the term "vertical" without qualification.
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or horizontal type, the cylinder and piston are positioned at an incline or horizontally. An inclined inverted cylinder is an inverted cylinder operating at an incline. These terms are all generally used in conjunction with the engine types above. Thus, one may have a horizontal direct-acting engine, or an inclined compound double acting engine, etc.
177:
610:), but although he invented it after his oscillating engine (see below), it failed to achieve the same widespread acceptance, as it was only marginally smaller and lighter than the side-lever engines it was designed to replace. It was however used on a number of mid-century warships, including the first warship fitted with a screw propeller,
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through the latter part of the 19th century, gearing was almost universally dispensed with, and the propeller ran at the same rotational speed as the engine. This direct drive arrangement is mechanically most efficient, and reciprocating steam engines are well suited to the rotational speed most efficient for screw propellers.
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engine is double acting, see below, whereas almost all internal combustion engines generate power only in the downward stroke). Vertical engines are sometimes referred to as "hammer", "forge hammer" or "steam hammer" engines, due to their roughly similar appearance to another common 19th-century steam technology, the
134:. Steamboats initially had a short range and were not particularly seaworthy due to their weight, low power, and tendency to break down, but they were employed successfully along rivers and canals, and for short journeys along the coast. The first successful transatlantic crossing by a steamship occurred in 1819 when
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A simple-expansion engine is a steam engine that expands the steam through only one stage, which is to say, all its cylinders are operated at the same pressure. Since this was by far the most common type of engine in the early period of marine engine development, the term "simple expansion" is rarely
1041:
In this type of engine, the cylinders are located directly above the crankshaft, with the piston rod/connecting rod assemblies forming a more or less straight line between the two. The configuration is similar to that of a modern internal combustion engine (one notable difference being that the steam
89:
in 1712. The steam engine improvements brought forth by James Watt in the later half of the 18th century greatly improved steam engine efficiency and allowed more compact engine arrangements. Successful adaptation of the steam engine to marine applications in
England would have to wait until almost a
1360:
These terms refer to the orientation of the engine cylinder. A vertical cylinder stands vertically with its piston rod operating above (or below) it. A vertical inverted engine is defined as a vertical cylinder arrangement, with the crankshaft mounted directly below the cylinder(s). With an inclined
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is a steam engine that operates cylinders through more than one stage, at different pressure levels. Compound engines were a method of improving efficiency. Until the development of compound engines, steam engines used the steam only once before they recycled it back to the boiler. A compound engine
586:
Steeple engines were tall like walking beam engines, but much narrower laterally, saving both space and weight. Because of their height and high centre of gravity, they were, like walking beams, considered less appropriate for oceangoing service, but they remained highly popular for several decades,
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The steeple engine, sometimes referred to as a "crosshead" engine, was an early attempt to break away from the beam concept common to both the walking beam and side-lever types, and come up with a smaller, lighter, more efficient design. In a steeple engine, the vertical oscillation of the piston is
253:
The main disadvantage of the side-lever engine was that it was large and heavy. For inland waterway and coastal service, lighter and more efficient designs soon replaced it. It remained the dominant engine type for oceangoing service through much of the first half of the 19th century however, due to
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Inclined and horizontal cylinders could be very useful in naval vessels as their orientation kept the engine profile as low as possible and thus less susceptible to damage. They could also be used in a low profile ship or to keep a ship's centre of gravity lower. In addition, inclined or horizontal
1342:
A simple engine is an engine that operates with single expansion of steam, regardless of the number of cylinders fitted to the engine. Up until about the mid-19th century, most ships had engines with only one cylinder, although some vessels had multiple cylinder simple engines, and/or more than one
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Ericsson resolved this problem by placing two horizontal cylinders back-to-back in the middle of the engine, working two "vibrating levers", one on each side, which by means of shafts and additional levers rotated a centrally located crankshaft. Vibrating lever engines were later used in some other
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that had very little space for a conventional powerplant. The trunk engine itself was, however, unsuitable for this purpose, because the preponderance of weight was on the side of the engine that contained the cylinder and trunk—a problem that designers could not compensate for on the small monitor
667:
There are two definitions of a direct-acting engine encountered in 19th-century literature. The earlier definition applies the term "direct-acting" to any type of engine other than a beam (i.e. walking beam, side-lever or grasshopper) engine. The later definition only uses the term for engines that
398:
Chief advantages of the grasshopper engine were cheapness of construction and robustness, with the type said to require less maintenance than any other type of marine steam engine. Another advantage is that the engine could be easily started from any crank position. Like the conventional side-lever
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A geared engine or "geared screw" turns the propeller at a different rate to that of the engine. Early marine propeller engines were geared upward, which is to say the propeller was geared to run at a higher rotational speed than the engine itself ran at. As engines became faster and more powerful
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is a compound engine that expands the steam in three stages, e.g. an engine with three cylinders at three different pressures. A quadruple-expansion engine expands the steam in four stages, and so on. However, as explained above, the number of expansion stages defines the engine, not the number of
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An oscillating engine was a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. To achieve this, the engine cylinders were
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blamed
America's general lack of competitiveness with the British shipbuilding industry in the mid-to-late 19th century upon the conservatism of American domestic shipbuilders and shipping line owners, who doggedly clung to outdated technologies like the walking beam and its associated paddlewheel
523:
Walking beam engines remained popular with
American shipping lines and excursion operations right into the early 20th century. Although the walking beam engine was technically obsolete in the later 19th century, it remained popular with excursion steamer passengers who expected to see the "walking
1351:
A double acting engine is an engine where steam is applied to both sides of the piston. Earlier steam engines applied steam in only one direction, allowing momentum or gravity to return the piston to its starting place, but a double acting engine uses steam to force the piston in both directions,
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of variable-pressure cylinders. For example, an engine might have two cylinders operating at pressure x and two operating at pressure y, or one cylinder operating at pressure x and three operating at pressure y. What makes it compound (or double-expansion) as opposed to multiple-expansion is that
511:
The walking beam, also known as a "vertical beam", "overhead beam", or simply "beam", was another early adaptation of the beam engine, but its use was confined almost entirely to the United States. After its introduction, the walking beam quickly became the most popular engine type in
America for
442:
The name of this engine can cause confusion, as "crosshead" is also an alternative name for the steeple engine (below). Many sources thus prefer to refer to it by its informal name of "square" engine to avoid confusion. Additionally, the marine crosshead or square engine described in this section
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Back-acting engines were another type of engine popular in both warships and commercial vessels in the mid-19th century, but like many other engine types in this era of rapidly changing technology, they were eventually abandoned for other solutions. There is only one known surviving back-acting
515:
Walking beam engines were a type of paddlewheel engine and were rarely used for powering propellers. They were used primarily for ships and boats working in rivers, lakes and along the coastline, but were a less popular choice for seagoing vessels because the great height of the engine made the
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found that on average a direct-acting engine (early definition) weighed 40% less and required an engine room only two thirds the size of that for a side-lever of equivalent power. One disadvantage of such engines is that they were more prone to wear and tear and thus required more maintenance.
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The
Siamese engine, also referred to as the "double cylinder" or "twin cylinder" engine, was another early alternative to the beam or side-lever engine. This type of engine had two identical, vertical engine cylinders arranged side-by-side, whose piston rods were attached to a common, T-shaped
438:
Because the cylinder was above the crankshaft in this type of engine, it had a high center of gravity, and was therefore deemed unsuitable for oceangoing service. This largely confined it to vessels built for inland waterways. As marine engines grew steadily larger and heavier through the 19th
430:
The crosshead engine is described as having a vertical cylinder above the crankshaft, with the piston rod secured to a horizontal crosshead, from each end of which, on opposite sides of the cylinder, extended a connecting rod that rotated its own separate crankshaft. The crosshead moved within
603:
crosshead. The vertical arm of the crosshead extended down between the two cylinders and was attached at the bottom to both the crankshaft connecting rod and to a guide block that slid between the vertical sides of the cylinders, enabling the assembly to maintain the correct path as it moved.
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steel boilers, running at 125 psi (860 kPa). These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure. This provided the technical solution that ensured that virtually all newly built
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As steamships grew steadily in size and tonnage through the course of the 19th century, the need for low profile, low centre-of-gravity engines correspondingly declined. Freed increasingly from these design constraints, engineers were able to revert to simpler, more efficient and more easily
671:
Unlike the side-lever or beam engine, a direct-acting engine could be readily adapted to power either paddlewheels or a propeller. As well as offering a lower profile, direct-acting engines had the advantage of being smaller and weighing considerably less than beam or side-lever engines. The
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or 'half-lever' engine was a variant of the side-lever engine. The grasshopper engine differs from the conventional side-lever in that the location of the lever pivot and connecting rod are more or less reversed, with the pivot located at one end of the lever instead of the centre, while the
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Vertical engines came to supersede almost every other type of marine steam engine toward the close of the 19th century. Because they became so common, vertical engines are not usually referred to as such, but are instead referred to based upon their cylinder technology, i.e. as compound,
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vessel less stable in heavy seas. They were also of limited use militarily, because the engine was exposed to enemy fire and could thus be easily disabled. Their popularity in the United States was due primarily to the fact that the walking beam engine was well suited for the shallow-
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built by the United States during World War II were powered by triple-expansion engines, because the capacity of the US to manufacture marine steam turbines was entirely directed to the building of warships. The biggest manufacturer of triple-expansion engines during the war was the
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in 1865, with boilers running at 60 psi (410 kPa). The combination of higher boiler pressures and a compound engine gave a significant increase in fuel efficiency, so allowing steamships to out-compete sail on the route from the UK to China, even before the opening of the
1207:
in 1874 had had problems with the boilers. The initial installation, running at 150 psi (1,000 kPa) had to be replaced with a different design operating at only 90 psi (620 kPa). This was insufficient to fully realise the economic benefits of triple expansion.
116:
were the first to build steamboats in the United States. Rumsey exhibited his steamboat design in 1787 on the
Potomac River; however, Fitch won the rivalry in 1790 after his successful test resulted in a passenger service on the Delaware River. In 1807, the American
805:
Trunk engines were normally large, but a small, mass-produced, high-revolution, high-pressure version was produced for the
Crimean War. In being quite effective, the type persisted in later gunboats. An original trunk engine of the gunboat type exists in the
231:. In the early years of steam navigation (from c1815), the side-lever was the most common type of marine engine for inland waterway and coastal service in Europe, and it remained for many years the preferred engine for oceangoing service on both sides of the
465:
797:
Trunk engines were common on mid-19th century warships. They also powered commercial vessels, where—though valued for their compact size and low centre of gravity—they were expensive to operate. Trunk engines, however, did not work well with the higher
782:
The walls of the trunk were either bolted to the piston or cast as one piece with it, and moved back and forth with it. The working portion of the cylinder is annular or ring-shaped, with the trunk passing through the centre of the cylinder itself.
199:(i.e. connection mechanism) were in use. Thus, early marine engines are classified mostly according to their connection mechanism. Some common connection mechanisms were side-lever, steeple, walking beam and direct-acting (see following sections).
202:
However, steam engines can also be classified according to cylinder technology (simple-expansion, compound, annular etc.). One can therefore find examples of engines classified under both methods. An engine can be a compound walking beam type,
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warships and merchant vessels, but their use was confined to ships built in the United States and in
Ericsson's native country of Sweden, and as they had few advantages over more conventional engines, were soon supplanted by other types.
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a large-diameter hollow piston. This "trunk" carries almost no load. The interior of the trunk is open to outside air, and is wide enough to accommodate the side-to-side motion of the connecting rod, which links a
1352:
thus increasing rotational speed and power. Like the term "simple engine", the term "double acting" is less frequently encountered in the literature since almost all marine engines were of the double acting type.
744:
1333:
Some other terms are encountered in marine engine literature of the period. These terms, listed below, are usually used in conjunction with one or more of the basic engine classification terms listed above.
349:
168:, and the introduction of iron and later steel hulls to replace the traditional wooden hull allowed ships to grow ever larger, necessitating steam power plants that were increasingly complex and powerful.
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211:
being the connection method. Over time, as most engines became direct-acting but cylinder technologies grew more complex, people began to classify engines solely according to cylinder technology.
501:. Between the paddlewheels is the tall square or "A-frame" engine, within which can be seen the long piston rod, near the top of its stroke, making a "T" with the horizontal crosshead
439:
century, the high center of gravity of square crosshead engines became increasingly impractical, and by the 1840s, ship builders abandoned them in favor of the walking beam engine.
2272:
The
Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia: Comprehending Practical Illustrations Of The Machinery and Processes Employed In Every Description Of Manufacture Of The British Empire
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not immobile as in most engines, but secured in the middle by trunnions that let the cylinders themselves pivot back and forth as the crankshaft rotated—hence the term,
477:
1811:
34:
Period cutaway diagram of a triple-expansion steam engine installation, circa 1918. This particular diagram illustrates possible engine cutoff locations, after the
2334:
Rudimentary Treatise on Marine Engines and Steam Vessels: Together with Practical Remarks on the Screw and Propelling Power as Used in the Royal and Merchant Navy
184:
A wide variety of reciprocating marine steam engines were developed over the course of the 19th century. The two main methods of classifying such engines are by
786:
Early examples of trunk engines had vertical cylinders. However, ship builders quickly realized that the type was compact enough to lay horizontally across the
471:
Model of a crosshead or "square" engine, showing location of engine cylinder above the crankshaft; also piston rod, crosshead, connecting rods and paddlewheels
214:
More commonly encountered marine steam engine types are listed in the following sections. Note that not all these terms are exclusive to marine applications.
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engine, was a type of paddlewheel engine used in the United States. It was the most common type of engine in the early years of American steam navigation.
995:
2316:
Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is
195:
Most early marine engines had the same cylinder technology (simple expansion, see below) but a number of different methods of supplying power to the
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1307:, assembled for testing prior to delivery. The engine is 21 feet (6.4 meters) long and 19 feet (5.8 meters) tall and was designed to operate at 76
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The trunk engine, another type of direct-acting engine, was originally developed as a means of reducing an engine's height while retaining a long
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apply power directly to the crankshaft via the piston rod and/or connecting rod. Unless otherwise noted, this article uses the later definition.
1277:
1140:
in the 1850s. Elder made improvements to the compound engine that made it safe and economical for ocean-crossing voyages for the first time.
2057:
Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
250:. The rotation of the crankshaft was driven by the levers—which, at the cylinder side, were driven by the piston's vertical oscillation.
309:
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Steeple engines began to appear in steamships in the 1830s and the type was perfected in the early 1840s by the Scottish shipbuilder
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by the American engineer James P. Allaire in 1824. However, many sources attribute the "invention" of the marine compound engine to
1082:. The typical vertical engine arrangement of cylinder, piston rod, connecting rod and crankshaft can clearly be seen in this photo.
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2348:
The Marine Steam Engine: A Treatise for Engineering Students, Young Engineers, and Officers of the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine
399:
engine however, grasshopper engines were disadvantaged by their weight and size. They were mainly used in small watercraft such as
290:
831:
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The first patented oscillating engine was built by Joseph Maudslay in 1827, but the type is considered to have been perfected by
1321:
An annular engine is an unusual type of engine that has an annular (ring-shaped) cylinder. Some of American pioneering engineer
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435:—geared to the crankshafts—which were thought necessary to ensure smooth operation. These gears were often noisy in operation.
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and can now be turned over by hand. The engine's mode of operation, illustrating its compact nature, could be viewed on the
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maintained designs. The result was the growing dominance of the so-called "vertical" engine (more correctly known as the
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pressures that became prevalent in the latter half of the 19th century, and builders abandoned them for other solutions.
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To fully realise their benefits, marine compound engines required boiler pressures higher than the limit imposed by the
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790:. In this configuration, it was very useful to navies, as it had a profile low enough to fit entirely below a ship's
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17:
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1983:
Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.).
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Sutcliffe, Andrea. Steam: The Untold Story of America's First Great Invention. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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As the 19th century progressed, marine steam engines and steamship technology developed alongside each other.
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1300:
140-ton – also described as 135-ton – vertical triple-expansion engine of the type used to power
69:. Reciprocating steam engines were progressively replaced in marine applications during the 20th century by
1739:
Sennett and Oram, pp. 7–8. See also the preceding section in this reference, entitled "Horizontal engines".
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918:. Ericsson needed a small, low-profile engine like the trunk engine to power the U.S. Federal government's
856:, showing (on the left) engine cylinder, annular piston and trunk assembly, and connecting rod inside trunk
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35:
794:, as safe as possible from enemy fire. The type was generally produced for military service by John Penn.
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A Manual Of Marine Engineering - Comprising The Designing, Construction, And Working Of Marine Machinery
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cylinders had the advantage of reducing the amount of vibration by comparison with a vertical cylinder.
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had four-cylinder, triple-expansion engines. The first successful commercial use was an engine built at
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Note that a compound engine (including multiple-expansion engines, see below) can have more than one
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767:. (A long stroke was considered important at this time because it reduced the strain on components.)
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connecting rod is attached to the lever between the cylinder at one end and the pivot at the other.
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Christley, James J. & Jurens, W. J. (1991). "Question 32/90: Ericsson Vibrating Lever Engine".
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Oscillating engine built in 1853 by J. & A. Blyth of London for the Austrian paddle steamer
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2251:
The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation: With Some Account of Early Ships and Shipowners
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270:
2009:
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2389:
A Popular Treatise on Steam, and its Application to the Useful Arts, Especially to Navigation
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979:
707:. Oscillating engines remained a popular type of marine engine for much of the 19th century.
123:
113:
1151:, who would only allow 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa). The shipowner and engineer
594:. The steeple engine was gradually superseded by the various types of direct-acting engine.
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The side-lever engine was the first type of steam engine widely adopted for marine use in
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Following Fulton's success, steamboat technology developed rapidly on both sides of the
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ocean-going steamships were fitted with triple expansion engines within a few years of
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The first compound engine believed to have been installed in a ship was that fitted to
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Multiple-expansion engine manufacture continued well into the 20th century. All 2,700
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encountered. An engine is assumed to be simple-expansion unless otherwise stated.
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Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships
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in the early 19th century to their last years of large-scale manufacture during
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738:. Oscillating engines could be used to drive either paddlewheels or propellers.
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built the world's first commercially successful steamboat, simply known as the
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was able to persuade the authorisation of higher boiler pressures, launching
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700:). This provides simplicity but still retains the advantages of compactness.
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118:
70:
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The Siamese engine was invented by British engineer Joseph Maudslay (son of
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2309:
The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, incorporated with The Architect
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The side-lever was an adaptation of the earliest form of steam engine, the
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and propel a Liberty ship at about 11 kn (13 mph; 20 km/h).
641:
Diagram of an annular engine (see below) with Siamese connection mechanism
564:. The vessel's diamond shaped "walking beam" can clearly be seen amidships
2294:
Record Breakers of the North Atlantic: Blue Riband Liners 1838–1952
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engine, was a development of the conventional trunk engine conceived by
483:
Diagram of a typical Hudson River steamboat crosshead engine (side view)
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boats that operated in America's shallow coastal and inland waterways.
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148:. The first steamship to make regular transatlantic crossings was the
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in 1881. An earlier experiment with an almost identical engine in SS
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400:
360:
266:
99:
62:
2350:, Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta.
1189:
432:
364:
232:
131:
91:
41:
and others made it clear that this was an important safety feature.
876:. The connecting rod can be seen emerging from the trunk at right.
1133:
574:
404:
2181:, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London, pp. 92–93.
2010:"Titanic's Prime Mover – An Examination of Propulsion and Power"
533:
long after they had been abandoned in other parts of the world.
85:
The first commercially successful steam engine was developed by
907:
799:
587:
especially in Europe, for inland waterway and coastal vessels.
228:
1185:
284:, considered an anachronism when it entered service in 1862.
217:
57:. This article deals mainly with marine steam engines of the
1087:
1355:
787:
2200:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 403–404.
2059:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
1985:
The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900
814:. After sinking in 1872, it was raised in 1985 from the
2229:
Steam and the Steam Engine: Land, Marine and Locomotive
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
180:
Animation of a typical vertical triple-expansion engine
2231:, William Collins, Sons & Co., London and Glasgow.
1749:
Osbon, G. A. (1965). "The Crimean gunboats. Part 1".
1283:
A triple-expansion engine on the 1907 oceangoing tug
451:, which in the latter case refers to an engine whose
2318:, James MacLehose & Sons, Glasgow, p. 118,
2036:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
1903:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers brochure.
1735:
1733:
1731:
1691:
2109:Alllaire, pp. 282-283. See engine description for
61:type, which were in use from the inception of the
2417:Tradition Sidewheel Steamboat Walking Beam Engine
2343:, 4th Edition, Charles Griffin & Co., London.
2170:American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1978):
1878:
1875:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 4.
1728:
334:Model of the twin side-lever engines of the 1836
27:Steam engine that is used to power a ship or boat
2424:
2346:Sennett, Richard and Oram, Sir Henry J. (1918):
1835:
1833:
1712:
1710:
1498:
1496:
2376:, reprinted 2001 by Adamant Media Corporation,
2191:
2061:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126.
1951:
1949:
1937:
1558:
1556:
1451:
1170:
171:
2327:The Atlantic Ferry: Its Ships, Men and Working
2116:
1618:
1616:
1523:The evolution of engineering in the Royal Navy
1484:
2402:Video of model vibrating-lever engine of USS
2258:It Started With a Steamboat: An American Saga
1861:
1859:
1830:
1719:
1707:
1684:
1682:
1505:
1493:
1233:. Toward the end of the war, turbine-powered
779:at the piston head to an outside crankshaft.
273:service that had a side-lever engine was the
2355:Steamboats of Gloucester and the North Shore
1946:
1887:
1553:
1545:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1514:
2374:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine
2091:- American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
2033:Day, Lance and McNeil, Ian (Editors) 2013,
1987:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159.
1661:
1613:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1525:. Vol. 1. Spellmount. pp. 19–20.
1465:
1463:
985:), now the centerpiece of a display at the
2411:Inclined inverted oscillating engine video
1930:
1928:
1856:
1787:"The Children - Western Australian Museum"
1679:
1604:
1595:
1565:
1477:
1475:
964:The back-acting engine, also known as the
770:A trunk engine locates the connecting rod
218:Engines classified by connection mechanism
2329:, Whittaker and Co., London and New York.
2281:, Stanford University Press, p. 59,
2253:, Sampson Low, Marston & Co., London.
2056:
2050:
1237:were manufactured in increasing numbers.
1088:Engines classified by cylinder technology
922:, a type of warship developed during the
2391:, D. Van Nostrand, New York, p. 60.
1574:
1460:
1356:Vertical, horizontal, inclined, inverted
885:
573:
375:
265:engine and was not suitable for driving
175:
29:
2007:
1925:
1670:
1652:
1472:
355:Early Napier side-lever engine from PS
14:
2425:
1982:
1976:
1520:
719:Model of a Maudslay oscillating engine
545:Basic diagram of a walking beam engine
443:should not be confused with the term "
415:The crosshead engine, also known as a
2296:, Brassey's, Inc., Washington, D.C.,
1748:
410:
2188:, page 132, Cassell and Company Ltd.
1906:
1074:Vertical triple-expansion engine of
1019:Return connecting rod engine of HMS
944:Model vibrating-lever engine of USS
868:Looking down at the trunk engine of
2311:, Volume XVIII, John Knott, London.
2008:Halpern, Samuel (31 January 2011).
1521:Rippon, Commander P.M., RN (1998).
1092:
1062:Diagram of a simple "hammer" engine
731:Oscillating paddlewheel engines of
207:being the cylinder technology, and
98:built the world's "first practical
24:
2307:Laxton, Frederick William (1855):
2274:, Volume II, Thomas Kelly, London.
881:
25:
2464:
2395:
1265:A triple-expansion engine on the
1212:was fitted with two double ended
1001:Diagram of back-acting engine of
687:Oscillating cylinder steam engine
629:Basic diagram of a Siamese engine
2353:Sutherland, John Lester (2004):
2279:Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers
1866:"Emory Rice T. V. Engine (1873)"
1814:. 10 August 2011. Archived from
1346:
1293:
1276:
1258:
1242:
1067:
1055:
1012:
994:
938:
861:
849:Cutaway view of trunk engine of
842:
830:
743:
724:
712:
662:
646:
634:
622:
550:
538:
488:
476:
464:
348:
327:
308:
289:
127:, and powered by a Watt engine.
2372:Thurston, Robert Henry (1883):
2322:by the Glasgow Digital Library.
2214:The Story Of The Paddle Steamer
2179:The Memoirs of Charles H. Cramp
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2103:
2094:
2075:
2027:
2001:
1967:
1958:
1804:
1779:
1742:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1036:vertical inverted direct acting
987:American Merchant Marine Museum
506:
380:Diagram of a grasshopper engine
2339:Seaton, Albert Edward (1885):
1894:Emery Rice T. V. Engine (1873)
1765:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1328:
959:
680:
371:
108:, in 1802. Rivaling inventors
13:
1:
2184:Chatterton, E. Keble (1910):
2164:
1840:Steam Launch Artemis - Engine
1812:"Restoring the Xantho engine"
222:
90:century after Newcomen, when
2325:Maginnis, Arthur J. (1900):
1409:
1171:Triple or multiple expansion
967:return connecting rod engine
261:The side-lever engine was a
172:Types of marine steam engine
55:used to power a ship or boat
7:
2260:, Authorhouse, p. 55,
2212:Dumpleton, Bernard (2002):
2177:Buell, Augustus C. (1906):
1922:, American Maritime Museum.
1377:
1101:
1028:
449:internal combustion engines
10:
2469:
2277:Hilton, George W. (2002):
2186:Steamships and their Story
1884:Sennett and Oram, pp. 7,9.
1457:Sennett and Oram, pp. 2-4.
1386:– apparatus for obtaining
1316:
890:Vibrating-lever engine of
684:
597:
569:
383:
269:. The last ship built for
164:gradually gave way to the
80:
2314:MacLehose, James (1906):
2174:- informational brochure.
1791:Western Australian Museum
1490:Sennett and Oram, p. 2-4.
1368:
1337:
937:
932:
837:Trunk engine illustration
808:Western Australian Museum
2336:, Published by J. Weale.
2292:Kludas, Arnold (2000?):
2216:, Intellect Books (UK),
1704:Sennett and Oram, p. 12.
1180:cylinders, e.g. the RMS
902:The vibrating lever, or
758:
495:The 1836 paddle steamer
2438:Marine steam propulsion
2332:Murray, Robert (1858):
2256:Harvey, Steven (2007):
2172:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
2082:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
1253:triple-expansion engine
1231:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
1177:triple-expansion engine
528:shipbuilder Charles H.
386:Grasshopper beam engine
1973:Thurston, pp. 393-396.
1502:Sennet and Oram, p. 3.
974:engine—that of the TV
899:
653:Siamese engine of HMS
579:
381:
181:
42:
2387:Ward, J. H.: (1864):
2357:, The History Press,
2270:Hebert, Luke (1849):
2234:Fox, Stephen (2003):
2227:Evers, Henry (1873):
2194:Warship International
1221:coming into service.
889:
577:
384:Further information:
379:
315:Side-lever engine of
296:Side-lever engine of
179:
124:North River Steamboat
75:marine diesel engines
33:
2433:Marine steam engines
1752:The Mariner's Mirror
186:connection mechanism
2249:Fry, Henry (1896):
1716:Chatterton, p. 132.
1384:Evaporator (marine)
1119:there are only two
825:project's website.
254:its relatively low
246:, which turned the
190:cylinder technology
47:marine steam engine
2140:Murray. pp. 17-18.
2122:Murray, pp. 15-16.
2087:2009-03-18 at the
1964:MacLehose, p. 118.
1943:Thurston, 391-396.
1918:2010-06-13 at the
1899:2008-12-09 at the
1871:2008-12-09 at the
1845:2010-03-06 at the
1631:Sutherland, p. 31.
924:American Civil War
900:
580:
411:Crosshead (square)
382:
277:'s paddle steamer
182:
146:Liverpool, England
43:
2443:Marine propulsion
2382:978-1-4021-6205-3
2363:978-1-59629-000-6
2287:978-0-8047-4240-5
2266:978-1-4259-6719-2
2244:978-0-06-019595-3
2238:, HarperCollins,
2222:978-1-84150-801-6
2158:Fry, pp. 167-168.
2131:Thurston, p. 110.
2100:Murray, pp.15-16.
1818:on 10 August 2011
1725:Evers, pp. 90–91.
1667:Dumpleton, p. 83.
1640:Buell, pp. 92-93.
1622:Thurston, p. 379.
1511:Maginnis, p. xiv.
1194:Alexander C. Kirk
953:
952:
256:centre of gravity
162:Paddle propulsion
150:sidewheel steamer
142:Savannah, Georgia
96:William Symington
18:Side-lever engine
16:(Redirected from
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1980:
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1962:
1956:
1955:Fry, Chapter XI.
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1323:James P. Allaire
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1093:Simple expansion
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455:is equal to its
447:" as applied to
359:, on display at
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331:
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267:screw propellers
105:Charlotte Dundas
21:
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2095:
2089:Wayback Machine
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1592:Laxton, p. 334.
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1448:Fry, Chapter 5.
1447:
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1439:Fry, pp. 37-42.
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1270:(steam drifter)
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1173:
1108:compound engine
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939:
933:External videos
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882:Vibrating lever
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2396:External links
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1610:Harvey, p. 55.
1603:
1601:Adams, p. 202.
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2320:as reproduced
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2111:Buckeye State
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2011:
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1994:0-85177-563-2
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1934:Evers, p. 81.
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1532:0-946771-55-3
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1476:
1469:Murray, p. 4.
1466:
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1397:
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1375:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1347:Double acting
1344:
1335:
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1305:Liberty ships
1303:
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1235:Victory ships
1232:
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1226:Liberty ships
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1129:Henry Eckford
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916:John Ericsson
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669:
663:Direct acting
656:
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2127:
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2110:
2105:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2035:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2014:Titanicology
2013:
2003:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1939:
1908:
1889:
1880:
1851:www.pcez.com
1850:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1721:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1583:Ward, p. 60.
1567:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1486:
1481:Fox, p. 119.
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1404:Steam engine
1372:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1320:
1302:World War II
1285:
1267:
1251:Joshua Hendy
1223:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1181:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1080: (BB-9)
1077:
1048:
1044:steam hammer
1040:
1035:
1032:
1020:
1004:
981:
975:
972:
965:
963:
954:
945:
903:
901:
898:- front view
896: (1863)
893:
874: (1860)
871:
852:
822:
817:
804:
796:
785:
781:
771:
769:
762:
751:
734:
702:
697:
693:
690:
670:
666:
654:
613:
605:
601:
592:David Napier
589:
585:
581:
562: (1861)
559:
526:Philadelphia
522:
514:
510:
507:Walking beam
497:
441:
437:
429:
424:
420:
416:
414:
397:
391:
389:
356:
339:
336:Thames River
318:
302: (1849)
299:
280:
260:
252:
237:
226:
213:
209:walking beam
208:
204:
201:
194:
189:
185:
183:
159:
153:
140:sailed from
136:
129:
122:
110:James Rumsey
103:
84:
67:World War II
51:steam engine
46:
44:
36:
2448:Steam power
2039:Routledge,
1421:Fry, p. 27.
1329:Other terms
1214:Scotch type
1153:Alfred Holt
1123:, x and y.
960:Back acting
853:Bellerophon
777:gudgeon pin
735:Black Eagle
694:oscillating
681:Oscillating
655:Retribution
392:grasshopper
372:Grasshopper
275:Cunard Line
263:paddlewheel
240:beam engine
2427:Categories
2419:at YouTube
2413:at YouTube
2407:at YouTube
2165:References
2019:1 February
1913:Emery Rice
1399:Steam boat
1165:Suez Canal
1138:John Elder
978:(formerly
976:Emery Rice
927:warships.
904:half-trunk
674:Royal Navy
401:riverboats
338:steamboat
248:crankshaft
223:Side-lever
197:crankshaft
114:John Fitch
2367:pp. 31-32
2206:0043-0374
1773:0025-3359
1541:cite book
1410:Footnotes
1268:Lydia Eva
1205:Propontis
1167:in 1869.
1159:Agamemnon
1121:pressures
1078:Wisconsin
1076:USS
1038:engine).
1021:Agincourt
1003:USS
980:USS
948:in action
914:engineer
894:Monadnock
892:USS
870:HMS
851:HMS
812:Fremantle
792:waterline
705:John Penn
612:HMS
558:USS
433:flywheels
361:Dumbarton
279:RMS
157:in 1838.
100:steamboat
94:engineer
63:steamboat
37:Lusitania
2085:Archived
2047:(P. 694)
1916:Archived
1897:Archived
1869:Archived
1843:Archived
1822:27 March
1796:27 March
1378:See also
1343:engine.
1286:Hercules
1219:Aberdeen
1210:Aberdeen
1200:Aberdeen
1198:SS
1196:for the
1190:Scotland
1157:SS
1102:Compound
1029:Vertical
920:monitors
912:American
816:SS
560:Delaware
498:New York
365:Scotland
298:SS
233:Atlantic
205:compound
137:Savannah
132:Atlantic
92:Scottish
53:that is
39:disaster
2404:Monitor
1649:Hebert.
1317:Annular
1182:Titanic
1134:Glasgow
946:Monitor
908:Swedish
872:Warrior
698:Krippen
614:Rattler
598:Siamese
570:Steeple
425:A-frame
421:sawmill
300:Pacific
102:", the
81:History
2380:
2361:
2300:
2285:
2264:
2242:
2220:
2204:
2198:XXVIII
2065:
2043:
1991:
1771:
1529:
1369:Geared
1338:Simple
1023:(1865)
1005:Ranger
982:Ranger
823:Xantho
818:Xantho
800:boiler
772:within
765:stroke
752:Orsova
657:(1844)
457:stroke
417:square
321:(1855)
319:Persia
281:Scotia
229:Europe
1186:Govan
759:Trunk
608:Henry
530:Cramp
518:draft
357:Leven
49:is a
2378:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2202:ISSN
2063:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2021:2021
1989:ISBN
1824:2018
1798:2018
1769:ISSN
1547:link
1527:ISBN
788:keel
733:HMS
453:bore
405:tugs
403:and
390:The
341:Ruby
317:RMS
188:and
112:and
73:and
1761:doi
1309:rpm
1192:by
1188:in
1147:'s
1136:'s
1116:set
810:in
423:or
144:to
2429::
2365:,
2196:.
2012:.
1948:^
1927:^
1858:^
1849:,
1832:^
1789:.
1767:.
1757:51
1755:.
1730:^
1709:^
1693:^
1681:^
1615:^
1576:^
1555:^
1543:}}
1539:{{
1495:^
1474:^
1462:^
1249:A
1175:A
1106:A
1046:.
989:.
617:.
459:.
419:,
407:.
363:,
235:.
192:.
77:.
45:A
2384:.
2369:.
2304:.
2289:.
2246:.
2224:.
2208:.
2113:.
2071:.
2023:.
1997:.
1853:.
1826:.
1800:.
1775:.
1763::
1549:)
1535:.
910:-
20:)
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