1043:, the last in the area. This served as the basis for their own surveying which they saw as one of their main purposes. They traversed the Duraishi and Dibrughita high grazing areas and descended to just below the confluence of the Rhamani and the Rishi rivers, halfway up the gorge and eight days march from Joshimath. Base camp was set up near the confluence of the two rivers and here the porters were paid off. At this point the gorge is a box canyon for a distance of about 2 miles (3 km) with walls rising 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the river. The five men relayed five hundredweight (250 kg) of supplies along the perilous cliffs, sometimes overhanging the river, at various heights above the bed of the gorge but in doing so lost a rucksack with nearly all their lentils, which removed their staple food and would reduce their expedition by two days. For seven days they ascended the upper gorge, repeatedly being forced to cross and re-cross the river.
1226:, 22,320 feet (6,800 m)) which looked technically straightforward so, while Tilman continued surveying with Pasang, the other three made the first ascent of the peak in conditions, according to Shipton, "almost up to Everest standards". The three men had to share a two-man tent so, at night, when one turned they all had to. The Sherpas found this tremendously funny – Shipton less so. On their return, Shipton and Tilman explored a subsidiary ridge to the south ridge of Nanda Devi itself merely thinking it might provide a good view of the southern Sanctuary. At 20,500 feet (6,200 m) they had to turn back but they had decided that this ridge gave a good chance of reaching the summit for a suitably prepared expedition. On 17 September the entire party started the climb to Ruttledge's col to look down the 6,000 feet (1,800 m) precipice and icefall to the
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Houston and Odell who, with the others in support, climbed to 23,400 feet (7,100 m) where they set up a precarious camp. The next day
Houston and Odell climbed strongly but they realised they would not reach the summit that day so they retreated to their bivouac camp where Houston ate meat which had become contaminated so that he was unable to continue on the climb. Odell called down the mountain "Charlie is ill" but the American Carter who heard the shout, not well-attuned to Odell's posh English accent, misheard the message as "Charlie is killed". A very sorrowful party set off on the six-hour journey to retrieve the corpse with Tilman the only person taking his full climbing kit. When they arrived they were greeted by a cheerful Odell calling "Hello, you blokes, have some tea".
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653:– Longstaff's expeditions only ever involved a small number of people, each one carrying his own gear. They reached a high col just east of Nanda Devi's summit which is on the ridge of peaks surrounding the mountain itself but they were unable to descend to the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary is an area of about 250 square miles (650 km) that is encircled by a ridge nowhere less than 18,000 feet (5,500 m) in height except for the Rishi Ganga gorge which had proved to be an insuperable obstacle. The Sanctuary, completely cut off from human intrusion, had become an area of immense interest to explorers and mountaineers. Two years later the same team returned along with
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1125:– that are the destinations for Hindu pilgrims. This region is very mountainous and the watershed had never been crossed. Leaving Joshimah for Badrinath, the party hired porters and set off on 12 July for the Bhagirath Kharak glacier. Finding there was no pass at the head of the glacier they explored four subsidiary glaciers entering from the south-west but none were passable. Instead, they headed north to the Arwa River – climbing a 21,500-foot (6,600 m) peak on the way – to where a previous expedition had reached the watershed but had not completed a traverse. The team found a way over the watershed and, guided by the sight of
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he had kept hidden so everyone celebrated. Base camp was on shale at the top of scree slopes leading to the subsidiary ridge to the mountain's south ridge (discovered in 1934) and it was stocked with at least three weeks' food and fuel. Camp one was at 19,200 feet (5,900 m) but it had to be on four small separate platforms dug out from the deep snow that had been falling. Tilman was very impressed with how everyone was acclimatising. With considerable difficulty due to continuing snowfall, camp two was established on 14 August at about 20,400 feet (6,200 m).and then camp three at about 21,400 feet (6,500 m).
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1258:'s reception of Shipton's February 1935 Nanda Devi presentation was "close to rapturous" and of particular note was that the full cost of the entire expedition had been 287 pounds sterling (equivalent to £21,700 in 2023). Shipton and Tilman were both lauded by the top brass of the RGS but there was no support for any immediate return to Nanda Devi because Tibet had just given permission for attempts on Mount Everest in 1935 and 1936. With the RGS only having £1,400 (equivalent to £105,000 in 2023) readily available, it was inevitable that a
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the summit in cold, fine weather. They had reached the top of the highest mountain ever climbed – 25,643 feet (7,816 m). Tilman, who was a very reticent individual but who also had a wry sense of humour, wrote self-mockingly "I believe we so far forgot ourselves as to shake hands on it". Lloyd would have been able to take part in a second bid for the summit but everyone else either had frostbite or had already gone back down the mountain. They descended to be told that Kitar had died and the
Sherpas had already built a cairn over his grave.
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were forced upstream to where they found an easy crossing point and a route back to
Dibrughita from where they raced back to civilisation. In a letter Shipton wrote of the Sanctuary "There was a tremendous variety of birds and any amount of game – most of which can never have seen a man, and stared at us incredulously. I was glad we did not have guns – it would have been a crime to shoot them. It was perhaps the most wonderful three weeks of my life, and I shall never forget a moment of it...".
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634:, and guided by local inhabitants, he took a route slightly north of the river and he was able to reach the gorge part way up. To the west of Nanda Devi the encircling ring becomes double with an inner ring enclosing the inner part of the Sanctuary and an outer part of the Sanctuary lying between the two ridges of the ring. By crossing the outer ring and avoiding the lower part of the gorge Graham had reached the outer part of the Sanctuary but he could not get any further.
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Expedition" to the "British–American
Himalayan Expedition". Later, in 1999, Houston wrote, "It's hard to believe how naïve and presumptuous we were ... Four American college kids ... inviting the best British climbers on a major climb in the Himalayas". Houston was being self-effacing – although young, the Americans were accomplished mountaineers and formed a very cohesive team.
1187:. So enthusiastic were the porters that thirteen accompanied the team up the Rishi Ganga gorge and into the Sanctuary itself. Shipton "came to have a considerable respect for them as cragsmen" and was sorry that they had to leave. This time the team explored the southern part of the basin especially looking for a way out over the rim so as to avoid a fourth passage of the gorge.
1064:(4,000 m). To the north the river emerges from a large glacier and it was in this direction they started their survey. They saw for the first time the vast northern face of Nanda Devi – an unbroken sweep of 9,000 feet (2,700 m). They reached the rim of the northeastern encircling mountains at over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) and looked over to the east to the
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predicted) and not the
Gangotri Glacier (as Shipton had expected). Immediately they were faced by an ice precipice of hundreds of feet with ice pinnacles and crevasses. Shipton and Tilman felt they might have to turn back but the Sherpas were determined and eventually it was Ang Tharkay who found a route down, albeit a most difficult one.
1333:. A few days later the entire party came together and they set off for the Sanctuary. Trouble came when the porters would not go beyond Rhamani and the Sherpas all became ill (Kitar was to die three weeks later) and it was left to the sahibs to carry the supplies through the Sanctuary towards the mountain and up its foothills.
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It would be difficult to give an adequate description of the loveliness of the country in which we found ourselves. Beauty of the wild, riotous kind such as one usually finds in high mountain regions we had expected; but we found, as well, luxuriant pasture, brilliant with wild flowers, and lakes, on
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What they presumed would be a two-day trek to
Kedarnath turned out to be a far more serious journey. There was a precipice of 2,200 feet (670 m), scrub and jungle that had to be cut through, and rivers that were almost impossible to cross. Eventually, and after over a week, they reached villages
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On 4 June they reached an impasse on the north bank so Tilman and Ang
Tharkay reconnoitred a buttress to the south which appeared to be insurmountable. From the north bank they appeared "like ants on a gigantic wall" but at the end of the day they returned to camp having found a clear path beyond the
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also joined as
Sherpas. They met Lloyd who was descending the Rishi Ganga gorge ahead of the main party and so heard that the mountain had just been climbed. Writing to a friend Shipton said "What a glorious effort of Bill and Odell to have climbed Nanda Devi. I am overjoyed that it was Bill who did
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watershed for the first time, a feat that was not repeated until 1998. After the monsoon they again ascended the Rishi Ganga gorge and climbed part way up Nanda Devi's southeast ridge thereby discovering the route to the summit that was to be used in 1936. They left the
Sanctuary by traversing a col
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The logistics of moving people and supplies between the various small camps had become too difficult to handle with communal decisions. Therefore, it was agreed to have a secret ballot to choose a named leader. Tilman was chosen and, after delays caused by a blizzard, he decided on a summit team of
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A camp they called
Moraine Camp was established at 15,000 feet (4,600 m) at the foot of the western slopes of Nanda Devi and juniper wood was taken here for fuel so that paraffin could be saved for the actual ascent. Pleased with progress, after supper Loomis produced a flask of apricot brandy
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the weather deteriorated and the Sherpas effectively took the lead when both Europeans were ill. On 24 June the monsoon arrived and they started their retreat, urged on by the Sherpas. In heavy rain they descended the gorge to the Rhamani river in two days. This river had become torrential and they
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The monsoon was expected in about three weeks and the gorge would then be completely closed with floods so their exploration of the Sanctuary could only be brief. They had difficulty crossing the Rishi – at this point is the confluence of a northern and southern arm at a height of about 13,100 feet
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where he developed his mountaineering skills. Reading of this in the newspapers, Tilman wrote asking for advice and this drew the two men into a climbing partnership. So, in 1930, despite Tilman's almost complete lack of mountaineering experience, they succeeded in climbing Mount Kenya's west ridge
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Tilman also said "The map of Garhwal in use up to 1936 was made from a survey in 1868 which was, rightly, only carried up to the snow-line, and above this, not so rightly, it was largely filled in by guess-work. There is nothing but praise and thankfulness for the accuracy of the surveyed portion,
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Houston insisted on going down to allow someone else to take his place at the bivouac and, because Tilman was the only person fully equipped, he joined Odell in moving the tent up to an upper bivouac at 24,000 feet (7,300 m) so that on 29 August 1936 in eight hours they were able to ascend to
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There was a legend of a high priest who used to hold services in the Badrinath and Kedernath temples both on the same day. Tradition told that, to avoid the hundred-mile journey using known tracks, he would take a shortcut over the mountains, a distance of less than three miles. Wanting to explore
1266:. The reconnaissance was a conspicuous success so Shipton was again appointed to the team for 1936, but not as leader due to Machiavellian RGS politics. In 1935 Tilman had not acclimatised well to altitude over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) so he was dropped from the 1936 team, with his agreement.
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but educated in Britain, he became interested in mountaineering, particularly during a snowless skiing holiday in the Alps. He turned down an opportunity to go to Cambridge University and instead took a course in estate management which set him up to become an apprentice on a coffee estate near
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separately from the rest of the party and this experience convinced him that small expeditions could be more enjoyable than large ones and, he suspected, more successful as well. Inspired by Longstaff and attracted by Garhwal and the unexplored Rishi Ganga gorge, Shipton decided to plan his own
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on 4 August, knowing it would delay their return to the Sanctuary. It took difficult route-finding and awkward ice climbing to reach the head of the glacier. Eventually they were able to see to the west of the divide to discover that they were at the head of the Kedarnath valley (as Tilman had
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also agreed to be part of the British contingent. Loomis went to London to purchase equipment where he was advised that Nanda Devi might be a more achievable option. Tilman, however, personally favoured Kanchenjunga. The Americans changed the expedition's name from the "Harvard Kanchenjunga
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was measured. Some geographers doubted a height as great as this and thought it had been overestimated – it is now known the overestimate was only 24 feet (7.3 m). The survey also identified a ring of very high mountains encircling Nanda Devi and it identified this region, and not
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to which Shipton replied by inviting him on a seven-month expedition to Himalaya. Tilman accepted by return of post. In 1969 Shipton wrote that, but for the serendipity of being able to be together at the right time, the course of both their lives would have been profoundly different.
786:, "Eric slung his ice axe beside many a memsahib's bed". Tilman was taciturn and monkish and he avoided society, particularly that of women. Both men were tremendously strong and reliable. They were to become the ideal climbing partnership – they could rely on each other completely.
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in Garhwal are very important for Hindu pilgrims because they are at four sources of the river Ganga. However, the source of the Rishi Ganga tributary is inaccessible. Nanda Devi, the Goddess of Bliss, lived on the top of the mountain that is named after her and which is where the
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had reached an eastern col in 1905 and had been able to see into the Sanctuary but he did not try the formidable descent. The immensely deep and narrow gorge by which the Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary had never been ascended despite many attempts. However, before the 1934
661:, southwest of the Sanctuary, and this remained the highest summit to be climbed for twenty-three years. Their attempt to get into the Sanctuary had been impeded because, according to Tilman, "though the map did credit to the maker's imagination it was apt to mislead".
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shrines but Longstaff urged him to attempt to enter and map the Nanda Devi Sanctuary itself. Noel Humphreys, his first choice for a climbing partner, was unavailable but then a letter arrived from Tilman who had decided to visit Britain by cycling across Africa from
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Knowing of Shipton's 1934 explorations, Gordon Osmaston, director of the Survey of India's triangulation of Great Himalaya, planned to improve the survey of the Sanctuary using a phototheodolite. As he set off from Darjeeling he met Shipton returning from the
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buttress. They named the location "Pisgah" because from there they could see the summit of Nanda Devi. Two days later the team became the first people to enter the Sanctuary. They had taken nine days to cover four miles and success had always been in doubt.
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the touchdown – he so thoroughly deserves every inch of his success I confess I wished I had been with them instead of wasting time on that ridiculous Everest business". He also said "By Jove, it will shake the old fools at home", referring to the RGS
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Tilman wrote, "I remember, in the small hours when the spark of life burns lowest, the feeling which predominated over all was one of remorse at the fall of a giant. It is the same sort of contrition that one feels at the shooting of an elephant".
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had successfully invaded. The British annexation in 1815 had little impact on the local culture. So, a very relaxed form of Hinduism developed, one which closely coexisted with Buddhism. Buddhist prayer flags sometimes adorned the Hindu temples.
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and Pasang Phuta with whom he travelled to Ranikhet, and arranged for four more Sherpas to find their own way there. They joined up with Loomis at Ranikhet and wired ahead to Joshimath for food supplies and for fifteen porters from
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where they could get food but when they reached the pilgrims' road to Kedarnath they decided there was no time to go north on the trail to the temple and they turned south instead, taking the pilgrim route back to Joshimath.
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Tilman went ahead to Calcutta where, after being refused permission for Kanchenjunga, he prepared for Nanda Devi instead. With many Himalayan expeditions under way the choice of Sherpas was limited – Tilman chose
630:. The Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary though an extremely deep gorge and he attempted to ascend along this route. He found the lowest part of the gorge impassable. Then, after almost reaching the summit of
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with the intention of taking some food supplies up the Rishi Ganga gorge in advance of the main party. By 16 June 1936 they had together hauled 900 pounds (410 kg) to beyond Pisgah and had then returned to
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Back in Britain following his 1932 Kamet expedition, Shipton advanced his plans to again explore the Garhwal region. His initial idea was for a lightweight expedition to explore the mountainous area between the
299:, Pasang and Kusang – became the first people to find a way through the gorge and to set foot in the Sanctuary in what has been described as "the most exciting story in the whole saga of mountain discovery".
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are both important religions in the state of Uttarakhand and the two faiths have intermixed to a considerable extent. The Garhwal area had been venerated by Buddhists until they were expelled by
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when a jointly-led American expedition, which eventually passed the leadership to Bill Tilman, reached its 25,643-foot (7,816 m) summit by climbing the southeast ridge. Tilman had chosen
1420:, crossed the Bagini Pass and descended the Bagini glacier to the north. Returning to Joshimath he took up a phototheodolite and went south to survey the Rinti glacier and the saddle between
343:, thought to be reaching up to about 20,000 feet (6,100 m), were the highest mountains in the world. Some Himalayan peaks were measured to be higher although measurements of those in
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1230:. It took two days to discover a route down the precipice and Ang Tharkay was the person who found the way that was at last successful. Descending the valley they reached the
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had originally come from Tibet and their traditional work was to transport goods over the mountain passes between India and Tibet. Garhwal was never conquered by the
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hoping there might be an alternative way out of the Sanctuary. They also went to the northernmost part of the ring but while they were exploring the foothills of
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Most of the party set off down the gorge but, as an additional challenge, Tilman, Houston and Pasang Kikuli traversed Longstaff's 1905 col and descended to
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but for the unsurveyed part we should all prefer to have a map which, like the crew of the Snark, we can all understand, 'a perfect and absolute blank'."
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From the village of Lata the route goes to Lata Kharak, Dharansi Pass, Duraishi and Dibrughita all the time navigating by keeping an eye open for
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1291:. They had never been to Himalaya; it was an unclimbed peak – the third-highest in the world – and if they succeeded it would be the first
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Back at Joshimath on 2 July and expecting travel through the gorge would not be possible before 10 August, they embarked on a crossing from
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whose deep blue and green surfaces was reflected the crusts of icy peaks; birds of great variety and brilliant colours, and large herds of
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1302:, a friend of Houston, who accepted the invitation to join in. He extended the invitation to Shipton, who was unavailable because of the
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Tilman names the other four Sherpas as Nuri, Da Namgyal, Nima Tsering and Kitar. When he refers to "Pasang" he implies Pasang Kikuli.
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and he was still less than 21 years old when the war was over. As part of his demobilisation he was awarded a square mile of land in
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which, because of the beautiful flora and dramatic scenery, Shipton described as "by far the most enjoyable part of the expedition".
1204:, which were so tame and regarded these strange new visitors with such curiosity, that I was almost glad we had not brought a rifle.
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were driven by the demons before they finally became seven stars in the sky. Nanda Devi left her mountain to live with her husband
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During their retreat from the Sanctuary for the duration of the monsoon, the 1934 expedition continued exploring by crossing the
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to be climbed. Ang Tharkay was the expedition's sirdar. Nanda Devi's main peak was climbed for the second time in 1964. The
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at Gaumukh. With insufficient food to include Gangotri on their itinerary, they returned to Badrinath via the Arwa valley.
382:) was surveyed before the Nepalese and Tibetan regions. By 1820 the highest mountain to have been measured was Peak XIV in
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glacier. While Osmaston turned to the southern glacier, Shipton descended the Rishi Ganga gorge, made a failed attempt on
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in northern India, just west of Nepal, and at one time it was thought to be the highest mountain in the world.
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728:. He was lucky with his allocation and he converted his patch of bush into a successful coffee plantation.
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No real attempt had been made to cross the ring of mountains enclosing Nanda Devi until 1883. In that year
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where he was twice seriously wounded and was twice awarded the Military Cross. He fought and survived the
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Shipton's first visit to the region (and his first visit to Himalaya) was in 1931 on an expedition led by
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and their three accomplished Sherpas succeeded in finding a climbing route into the Sanctuary via the
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At Loomis' suggestion, they decided to get support from experienced British climbers so they invited
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Except for the Rishi Ganga gorge to the west, Nanda Devi is encircled by a ring of mountains with no
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for the summit attempt but mischance led to Tilman rather than Houston partnering Odell to the top.
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watershed was crossed for the second time in 1998 by a group including Shipton's son John Shipton.
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Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes
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in Tibet but once a year, in October, she returns and this is a time of celebration for pilgrims.
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lower than 18,000 feet (5,500 m). This mountain chain surrounds and completely encloses the
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Tilman had had similar difficulties on Nanda Devi but it had not seemed to be a serious problem.
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The col discovered by Longstaff in 1905 seemed less suitable than one further south, spotted by
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for the first time and went on to make the first traverse of its two peaks, Batian and Neilion.
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were over very great distances from Indian territory and so were known not to be very accurate.
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Shipton asked Karma Paul, who had been on Everest expeditions since 1922, to engage three
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Bill Tilman was born in 1898. He did well at school but, in 1914 with the outbreak of the
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Shipton was a very gregarious, sociable person who was attractive to women. According to
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when their temples were adopted as Hindu while aspects of the two religions were merged.
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They left Joshimath on 30 August with a group of porters they had hired locally, at
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using a map torn from a magazine, and then taking a steamer to his family home near
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1664:"High Asia I: The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of Nepal)"
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Shipton, Eric; Perrin, Jim; Venables, Stephen; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).
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It was only in 1950 that a higher summit than Nanda Devi was reached when on the
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was immediately launched with Shipton and Tilman at the helm as a precursor to a
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Tilman, H W; Venables, Stephen; Perrin, Jim; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).
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Five months in the Himalaya: a record of mountain travel in Garhwal and Kashmir
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to the south and making a descent that had previously been thought impossible.
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Osmaston surveyed the Sanctuary's northern glacier while Shipton explored the
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of India reached Himalaya early in the 19th century and because it was in the
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which, despite decades of attempts, no one had been able to enter. In 1934
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and the fact that the expedition had been conceived in the United States.
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Four American students from Harvard Mountaineering Club – Farnie Loomis,
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Nanda Devi from the east, showing the ridge, left, ascended (1939 photo)
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At the beginning of the 19th century geographers generally believed the
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Emmons, Arthur B. (January 1938). "Mapping in the Nanda Devi Basin".
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Shipton, Eric (August 1937). "More Explorations Round Nanda Devi".
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Sketch map of Badrinath – Gaukukh, and Badrinath – Kedernath routes
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and two Italian guides, the Brocherel brothers, set off to explore
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1179:
Hauling loads below the "Pisgah" buttress in the Rishi Ganga gorge
1007:
porters, purchased food at the market and were driven by lorry to
641:
Survey of India map of Badrinath, 1882. (Nanda Devi middle right).
2689:
2564:
2462:
2450:
2438:
1287:– had decided on a lightweight Himalayan expedition, possibly to
1222:
in 1932. However they were distracted by Trisul East (now called
1094:
968:
737:
2931:
2929:
2902:
2812:
2788:
2776:
1489:
To consider Nanda Devi the highest it is necessary to disregard
1035:
gorge, and climbed the Lata hills north of the gorge to reach a
1011:
where they were met by the porters. A ten-day trek took them to
1633:
Tilman wrote of "Odell's familiar yodel, like a donkey braying.
1571:
Shipton calls the Bhagirath Kharak glacier the "Bhagat Kharak".
1494:
1421:
1200:
1098:
972:
963:, Pasang Bhotia and Kusang Namgir, all of whom had been on the
763:
732:
687:
After Shipton's very creditable performance on the large-scale
658:
590:
578:
400:
46:
2740:
2023:
1269:
1097:. The sources of the three main rivers that together form the
1085:
Bhagirath Kharak: enclosing wall and head of glacier tributary
1003:
where they arrived on 9 May. They arranged to take on a dozen
231:
Nanda Devi is surrounded by a ring of mountains enclosing the
3075:
Shipton, Eric (1935). "Nanda Devi and the Ganges Watershed".
2926:
2716:
2373:
1555:
1498:
1234:. At last reaching Sameswar they were able to board a bus to
669:
607:
348:
344:
340:
270:. Nanda Devi itself was climbed for the second time in 1964.
172:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2339:
2337:
2071:
2069:
1798:
1796:
1783:
1781:
1004:
976:
3007:
2968:
2385:
2118:
2106:
1015:
from where the exploration towards the Sanctuary started.
258:
It was only in 1950 that a higher summit was reached when
2985:
2983:
2824:
2800:
2764:
2752:
2728:
2665:
2537:
2498:
2474:
2397:
2361:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2226:
2202:
2178:
2142:
2130:
2066:
1580:
Shipton refers to the Chaturangi Glacier as "'X' glacier"
1501:
border. At the time Sikkim was nominally outside the Raj.
279:
1962:
1793:
1778:
1589:
Shipton says the distance is at least twenty-four miles.
386:
at 25,669 feet (7,824 m). It had the local name of
2995:
2166:
1129:, descended the Chaturangi Glacier to the snout of the
617:
3030:
Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (1 February 2010).
2980:
2486:
2286:
2274:
2154:
1018:
2914:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2704:
2677:
2613:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2214:
1986:
1974:
1950:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1260:
1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition
1059:
Sketch map of expeditions' routes in 1934 & 1936
3254:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.
2576:
1808:
1733:
1386:
3184:
3031:
2630:
2628:
1869:
1820:
1513:"Bill Tilman: Nepal's very first trekking tourist"
390:and it remained the highest known until 1847 when
979:. On 6 April 1934 Shipton and Tilman sailed from
577:has a style of architecture and a stone image of
3365:
2643:
1746:, Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998,
1682:
581:that are characteristically Buddhist. The local
3108:(1st ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2625:
2094:. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp.
1757:
1136:
3029:
2935:
2722:
2698:
2644:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024).
2379:
991:. They met the Sherpas who had travelled from
1510:A photograph of the five men is available at
1076:
731:Eric Shipton was nine years younger. Born in
668:that succeeded in making the first ascent of
224:is a Himalayan mountain in what was then the
16:Himalayan mountaineering expeditions in 1930s
672:. Shipton was in the party that reached the
3374:Mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas
3230:Nanda Devi: A Journey to the Last Sanctuary
1270:British–American Himalayan Expedition, 1936
1249:
810:, even though many attempts had been made.
103:
3349:"Nanda Devi And The Sources Of The Ganges"
1658:
1656:
1654:
1170:
1050:
813:
716:. At the age of 17 he was fighting on the
316:highest mountain ever to have been climbed
253:highest mountain ever to have been climbed
2599:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 163, 210.
2516:
802:By 1934, despite mountaineers having got
329:
3141:
3112:
3013:
2974:
2947:
2594:
2044:"Graham, William Woodman (1859-unknown)"
1924:"The Great Game of Mapping the Himalaya"
1921:
1606:to Mount Everest each cost over £10,000.
1451:, 26,545 feet (8,091 m), the first
1356:
1340:
1174:
1158:this crossing, the party set off up the
1148:
1140:
1080:
1054:
793:
636:
3226:
3161:
3103:
3074:
2989:
2920:
2872:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2492:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2391:
2355:
2292:
2256:
2160:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1886:
1884:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1787:
1699:gives the coordinates of Nanda Devi as
1651:
1336:
975:– luxuries taken were tea, lentils and
334:
3366:
3247:
3205:
3182:
3052:
3001:
2964:from the original on 22 December 2015.
2908:
2896:
2884:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2710:
2683:
2671:
2619:
2546:
2533:from the original on 22 December 2015.
2504:
2480:
2408:
2367:
2343:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2280:
2268:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2075:
2029:
2009:. Vertebrate Publishing. p. 149.
2004:
1875:
1814:
1802:
1670:from the original on 24 September 2015
2054:from the original on 22 December 2015
1938:from the original on 31 December 2014
1865:from the original on 21 January 2016.
1848:
1238:and they went their separate ways at
703:
689:1933 British Mount Everest expedition
218:Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions
2087:
1903:from the original on 10 October 2015
1881:
1839:
1763:Andy Fanshawe and Stephen Venables,
1431:
674:highest summit to have been achieved
618:Early mountaineering and exploration
406:
3379:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
3144:"Survey in the Nanda Devi District"
2041:
1893:"The Highest Mountain in the World"
1519:from the original on 16 August 2018
1019:Through the upper Rishi Ganga gorge
804:near to the summit of Mount Everest
798:Nanda Devi and Sanctuary (1955 map)
13:
3394:Expeditions from the United States
3260:
2844:"Highest Peak In Empire Conquered"
2199:, pp. 32–51, 74–102, 111–123.
2102:from the original on 4 April 2016.
995:and the five men went by train to
828:
789:
485:
138:
14:
3405:
3212:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing.
3168:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing.
2854:from the original on 4 March 2016
2850:. 26 September 1936. p. 19.
892:
844:
469:
437:
421:
3269:"Nanda Devi: Vision or Reality?"
3187:Eric Shipton: Everest and Beyond
2642:"consistent series" supplied in
1890:
1387:Osmaston–Shipton 1936 expedition
1345:Nanda Devi from the south (1934)
891:
876:
875:
860:
859:
843:
827:
820:
484:
468:
453:
452:
436:
420:
413:
137:
130:
29:
2941:
2836:
2636:Gross Domestic Product deflator
2588:
2510:
2081:
2035:
1998:
1915:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1544:
1531:
1504:
1483:
1473:
1306:, and to Tilman, who accepted.
247:gorge. Then in 1936 Tilman and
35:Nanda Devi photographed in 1936
3022:
1899:. Royal Geographical Society.
1767:, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995,
1377:eventually reaching Ranikhet.
1242:with Shipton writing his book
1023:Using the route discovered by
314:In 1936 Nanda Devi became the
1:
3332:"Badrinath To Kedarnath Trek"
2950:"Gordon Osmaston and Tenzing"
2646:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"
2435:, chapter 11, 1992–2054/3254.
1640:
1274:
1246:on his six-week voyage home.
399:, as the source of the river
51:7,816 m (25,643 ft)
3104:Shipton, Eric Earle (1936).
2936:Isserman & Weaver (2010)
2723:Isserman & Weaver (2010)
2699:Isserman & Weaver (2010)
2380:Isserman & Weaver (2010)
1645:
1137:Badrinath–Kedarnath crossing
7:
3286:"The First ascent of Kamet"
2088:Mumm, Arnold Lewis (1909).
2050:. Mountain Heritage Trust.
1438:French Annapurna expedition
999:and continued by lorry to
712:, he left to train for the
10:
3410:
3284:Birnie, E. St. J. (1932).
1256:Royal Geographical Society
1077:Badrinath–Gaumukh crossing
1031:, passing the foot of the
657:and succeeded in climbing
356:Great Trigonometric Survey
273:
3038:. Yale University Press.
1922:Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2009).
220:took place in the 1930s.
197:
192:
178:
160:
124:
119:
104:
99:
94:
55:
45:
40:
28:
23:
3251:The Ascent of Nanda Devi
3209:The Ascent of Nanda Devi
2948:Osmaston, Henry (1992).
2517:Ruttledge, Hugh (1933).
1466:
1373:and then south down the
1250:Mount Everest intervenes
1153:Headwaters of the Ganges
950:Locations in Uttrarkhand
700:approach to the region.
2595:Unsworth, Walt (1981).
2048:Mountain Heritage Trust
1851:"Shipton's Lost Valley"
1695:18 October 2015 at the
1407:Mount Everest Committee
1304:1936 Everest expedition
1211:Illustrated London News
1171:The Sanctuary revisited
1051:Exploring the Sanctuary
983:on the cargo vessel SS
814:Preparations and travel
722:Battle of Passchendaele
573:near the source of the
3330:Shipton, John (1999).
3227:Thomson, Hugh (2005).
3183:Steele, Peter (1998).
3142:Shipton, E.E. (1937).
3060:. London: Hutchinson.
1849:Moran, Martin (1999).
1362:
1346:
1216:
1180:
1154:
1146:
1113:, each have temples –
1086:
1060:
799:
642:
589:of India but Nepalese
330:Nanda Devi and Garhwal
3347:Tilman, H.W. (1935).
3267:Aitken, Bill (2006).
3248:Tilman, H.W. (1937).
2005:Porter, John (2014).
1765:Himalaya Alpine-Style
1718:30.37000°N 79.97000°E
1360:
1344:
1189:
1178:
1152:
1144:
1084:
1058:
797:
640:
79:30.37583°N 79.97083°E
3191:. The Mountaineers.
3115:Geographical Journal
3077:Geographical Journal
1744:World Mountaineering
1337:Ascent of Nanda Devi
1264:full attempt in 1936
1228:Sunderdhunga Glacier
1027:, they followed the
947:class=notpageimage|
740:and within reach of
628:Nanda Devi Sanctuary
597:The four shrines of
540:class=notpageimage|
378:now in the state of
335:19th-century mapping
284:Nanda Devi Sanctuary
3303:Geographical Review
2833:, pp. 277–278.
2809:, pp. 276–277.
2773:, pp. 270–276.
2761:, pp. 268–276.
2737:, pp. 268–270.
2701:, pp. 191–192.
2674:, pp. 241–245.
2638:figures follow the
2549:, pp. 234–239.
2507:, pp. 233–234.
2483:, pp. 233–235.
2411:, pp. 204–224.
2370:, pp. 201–203.
2346:, pp. 190–201.
2331:, pp. 183–191.
2319:, pp. 179–183.
2307:, pp. 177–178.
2235:, pp. 150–151.
2211:, pp. 127–135.
2187:, pp. 103–107.
2151:, pp. 152–168.
2139:, pp. 137–140.
2115:, p. 358/2774.
2078:, pp. 170–171.
1805:, pp. 170–174.
1742:, "Nanda Devi", in
1714: /
1300:Thomas Graham Brown
726:British East Africa
565:in the 9th century
75: /
3058:Shipton and Tilman
2977:, pp. 97–107.
2358:, 1283, 1449/3254.
2007:One day as a Tiger
1790:, pp. 11, 43.
1723:30.37000; 79.97000
1515:. 7 January 2015.
1394:Everest expedition
1363:
1347:
1181:
1155:
1147:
1087:
1061:
800:
704:Shipton and Tilman
643:
203:29 August 1936 by
84:30.37583; 79.97083
41:Highest point
3353:Himalayan Journal
3336:Himalayan Journal
3290:Himalayan Journal
3273:Himalayan Journal
3219:978-1-910240-15-1
3175:978-1-910240-16-8
3016:, pp. 27–40.
3004:, pp. 73–74.
2954:Himalayan Journal
2911:, 2386–2701/2774.
2848:The Straits Times
2821:, 2218–2311/2774.
2797:, 1818-2008/2774.
2785:, 1608-1818/2774.
2573:, 3072–3096/3254.
2523:Himalayan Journal
2471:, 2523–2850/3254.
2459:, 2311–2523/3254.
2447:, 2062–2306/3254.
2175:, pp. 62–73.
2042:Willett, Maxine.
2016:978-1-910240-08-3
1971:, pp. 49–50.
1928:Himalayan Journal
1855:Himalayan Journal
1432:Subsequent events
1283:, Art Emmons and
1213:, 12 January 1935
1160:Satopanth Glacier
959:and he appointed
407:Spiritual aspects
214:
213:
151:Location in India
3401:
3360:
3343:
3326:
3297:
3280:
3255:
3244:
3223:
3202:
3190:
3179:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3109:
3100:
3071:
3049:
3037:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:, pp. 9–11.
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Peaklist.org.
1660:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1453:8,000-metre peak
1293:eight-thousander
1214:
1131:Gangotri Glacier
895:
894:
879:
878:
863:
862:
847:
846:
831:
830:
824:
695:trekked back to
575:Alaknanda Ganges
571:Badrinath Temple
488:
487:
472:
471:
456:
455:
440:
439:
424:
423:
417:
397:Lake Manasarovar
384:Garhwal Himalaya
364:Garhwal District
226:Garhwal District
187:Garhwal Himalaya
182:
165:Chamoli District
141:
140:
134:
115:
107:
106:
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
33:
21:
20:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3364:
3363:
3346:
3329:
3300:
3283:
3266:
3263:
3261:Further reading
3258:
3241:
3220:
3199:
3176:
3146:
3127:10.2307/1787124
3089:10.2307/1785589
3068:
3046:
3025:
3020:
3014:Shipton (1937b)
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2975:Shipton (1937a)
2973:
2969:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:, 510,880/2774.
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2686:, pp. 261.
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2634:United Kingdom
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:, pp. 7–9.
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2036:
2032:, 325–338/2774.
2028:
2024:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1897:Imaging Everest
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1762:
1758:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1697:Wayback Machine
1690:Himalayan Index
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1604:1936 expedition
1600:1933 expedition
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1434:
1389:
1339:
1295:to be climbed.
1281:Charlie Houston
1277:
1272:
1252:
1215:
1208:
1173:
1139:
1079:
1053:
1041:Survey of India
1021:
965:1933 expedition
953:
952:
951:
949:
943:
942:
941:
940:
933:
932:
931:
928:
922:
921:
920:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
902:
896:
888:
887:
886:
880:
872:
871:
870:
864:
856:
855:
854:
848:
840:
839:
838:
832:
816:
792:
790:1934 expedition
768:French Cameroon
714:Royal Artillery
706:
620:
599:Chota Char Dham
552:
551:
550:
544:Chota Char Dham
542:
536:
535:
534:
533:
526:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
513:
506:
505:
504:
497:
496:
495:
489:
481:
480:
479:
473:
465:
464:
463:
457:
449:
448:
447:
441:
433:
432:
431:
425:
409:
368:Garhwal Kingdom
337:
332:
320:Charlie Houston
276:
180:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
142:
109:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3344:
3327:
3315:10.2307/210566
3298:
3281:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3239:
3224:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3180:
3174:
3159:
3151:Alpine Journal
3139:
3110:
3101:
3083:(4): 305–319.
3072:
3066:
3050:
3044:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2992:, p. 145.
2990:Thomson (2005)
2979:
2967:
2940:
2938:, p. 191.
2925:
2921:Thomson (2005)
2913:
2901:
2899:, p. 280.
2889:
2887:, p. 279.
2877:
2873:Thomson (2005)
2865:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2725:, p. 192.
2715:
2713:, p. 268.
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2651:MeasuringWorth
2640:MeasuringWorth
2624:
2622:, p. 241.
2612:
2605:
2587:
2583:Shipton (1935)
2575:
2571:Shipton (2014)
2563:
2559:Shipton (2014)
2551:
2536:
2509:
2497:
2495:, p. 130.
2493:Thomson (2005)
2485:
2473:
2469:Shipton (2014)
2461:
2457:Shipton (2014)
2449:
2445:Shipton (2014)
2437:
2433:Shipton (2014)
2425:
2421:Shipton (2014)
2413:
2396:
2392:Shipton (2014)
2384:
2382:, p. 170.
2372:
2360:
2356:Shipton (2014)
2348:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2293:Thomson (2005)
2285:
2273:
2271:, p. 179.
2261:
2257:Thomson (2005)
2249:
2247:, p. 176.
2237:
2225:
2223:, p. 173.
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2163:, p. 304.
2161:Shipton (1935)
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2080:
2065:
2034:
2022:
2015:
1997:
1993:Thomson (2005)
1985:
1981:Thomson (2005)
1973:
1969:Thomson (2005)
1961:
1957:Thomson (2005)
1949:
1914:
1880:
1868:
1838:
1834:Shipton (1936)
1819:
1807:
1792:
1788:Thomson (2005)
1777:
1756:
1754:, pp. 254–257.
1740:Harish Kapadia
1732:
1681:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1558:could see the
1543:
1530:
1503:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1445:Louis Lachenal
1441:Maurice Herzog
1433:
1430:
1402:Tenzing Norgay
1388:
1385:
1338:
1335:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1251:
1248:
1220:Hugh Ruttledge
1209:Eric Shipton,
1206:
1172:
1169:
1138:
1135:
1078:
1075:
1052:
1049:
1039:set up by the
1020:
1017:
945:
944:
936:
935:
934:
925:
924:
923:
916:
915:
914:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
890:
889:
882:
881:
874:
873:
866:
865:
858:
857:
850:
849:
842:
841:
834:
833:
826:
825:
819:
818:
817:
815:
812:
808:British Empire
791:
788:
705:
702:
693:Lawrence Wager
624:William Graham
619:
616:
538:
537:
529:
528:
527:
518:
517:
516:
509:
508:
507:
500:
499:
498:
491:
490:
483:
482:
475:
474:
467:
466:
459:
458:
451:
450:
443:
442:
435:
434:
427:
426:
419:
418:
412:
411:
410:
408:
405:
336:
333:
331:
328:
275:
272:
264:Louis Lachenal
260:Maurice Herzog
255:at that time.
212:
211:
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
184:
176:
175:
162:
158:
157:
150:
144:
143:
136:
135:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
59:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3406:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:1936 in India
3387:
3385:
3384:1934 in India
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3157:(254): 27–40.
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:(2): 97–107.
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3067:9780091795467
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3045:9780300115017
3041:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3002:Steele (1998)
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2923:, p. 44.
2922:
2917:
2910:
2909:Tilman (2014)
2905:
2898:
2897:Perrin (2013)
2893:
2886:
2885:Perrin (2013)
2881:
2875:, p. 43.
2874:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2831:Perrin (2013)
2827:
2820:
2819:Tilman (2014)
2815:
2808:
2807:Perrin (2013)
2803:
2796:
2795:Tilman (2014)
2791:
2784:
2783:Tilman (2014)
2779:
2772:
2771:Perrin (2013)
2767:
2760:
2759:Perrin (2013)
2755:
2748:
2747:Tilman (2014)
2743:
2736:
2735:Perrin (2013)
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2711:Perrin (2013)
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:Perrin (2013)
2680:
2673:
2672:Perrin (2013)
2668:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:Perrin (2013)
2616:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:Perrin (2013)
2543:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2505:Perrin (2013)
2501:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2481:Perrin (2013)
2477:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2409:Perrin (2013)
2405:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2368:Perrin (2013)
2364:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2344:Perrin (2013)
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:Perrin (2013)
2325:
2318:
2317:Perrin (2013)
2313:
2306:
2305:Perrin (2013)
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2281:Perrin (2013)
2277:
2270:
2269:Perrin (2013)
2265:
2259:, p. 47.
2258:
2253:
2246:
2245:Perrin (2013)
2241:
2234:
2233:Perrin (2013)
2229:
2222:
2221:Perrin (2013)
2217:
2210:
2209:Perrin (2013)
2205:
2198:
2197:Perrin (2013)
2193:
2186:
2185:Perrin (2013)
2181:
2174:
2173:Perrin (2013)
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2149:Perrin (2013)
2145:
2138:
2137:Perrin (2013)
2133:
2126:
2125:Tilman (2014)
2121:
2114:
2113:Tilman (2014)
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2077:
2076:Perrin (2013)
2072:
2070:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2030:Tilman (2014)
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1995:, p. 58.
1994:
1989:
1983:, p. 23.
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1959:, p. 32.
1958:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1876:Tilman (1937)
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1817:, p. 14.
1816:
1815:Perrin (2013)
1811:
1804:
1803:Perrin (2013)
1799:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:0-340-64931-3
1770:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1752:0-8212-2502-2
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1560:Promised Land
1557:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Kangchenjunga
1486:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:Pasang Kikuli
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:Milam Glacier
1057:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
939:
930:
919:
910:
901:
885:
869:
853:
837:
823:
811:
809:
805:
796:
787:
785:
780:
777:
776:Lake District
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
746:
743:
739:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Western Front
715:
711:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
655:Charles Bruce
652:
648:
647:Tom Longstaff
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
615:
613:
612:Mount Kailash
609:
605:
600:
595:
592:
588:
587:Mughal Empire
584:
583:Bhotia people
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
541:
532:
523:
512:
503:
494:
478:
462:
446:
430:
416:
404:
402:
398:
393:
392:Kangchenjunga
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
289:
288:Tom Longstaff
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
191:
188:
185:
183:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
133:
123:
118:
113:
102:
98:
93:
88:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3309:(1): 59–67.
3306:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3272:
3250:
3229:
3208:
3186:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3057:
3033:
3009:
2997:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2679:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2649:
2639:
2615:
2596:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2561:, 3032/3254.
2554:
2526:
2522:
2519:"Nanda Devi"
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2423:, 1619/3254.
2416:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2090:
2083:
2056:. Retrieved
2047:
2037:
2025:
2006:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1931:
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1891:Keay, John.
1871:
1858:
1854:
1810:
1764:
1759:
1743:
1735:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1611:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1552:Mount Pisgah
1550:It was from
1546:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1506:
1485:
1475:
1435:
1426:Nanda Ghunti
1411:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:Milam valley
1368:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1317:
1297:
1289:Kanchenjunga
1278:
1253:
1243:
1232:Pindar River
1217:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1088:
1062:
1045:
1037:trig station
1029:Dhauli river
1022:
984:
954:
937:
926:
917:
908:
835:
801:
781:
747:
730:
707:
686:
666:Frank Smythe
663:
644:
621:
604:Seven Rishis
596:
563:Adi Shankara
553:
530:
519:
510:
501:
492:
403:, or Ganga.
372:independence
353:
338:
313:
301:
277:
257:
237:Eric Shipton
230:
217:
215:
199:First ascent
181:Parent range
18:
3233:. Phoenix.
3054:Perrin, Jim
3023:Works cited
2127:, 349/2774.
1721: /
1449:Annapurna I
1398:Ang Tharkay
1312:Peter Lloyd
1033:Rishi Ganga
971:, rice and
961:Ang Tharkay
784:George Band
742:Mount Kenya
548:Uttarakhand
380:Uttarakhand
360:British Raj
297:Ang Tharkay
245:Rishi Ganga
241:Bill Tilman
209:Bill Tilman
169:Uttarakhand
100:Native name
82: /
57:Coordinates
3368:Categories
3240:0753818477
3198:0898866596
3165:Nanda Devi
3106:Nanda Devi
2858:7 December
2606:0713911085
2394:, 15/3254.
1709:79°58′12″E
1706:30°22′12″N
1641:References
1523:7 December
1414:Changabang
1308:Noel Odell
1275:Background
1244:Nanda Devi
1103:Bhagirathi
1070:Changabang
993:Darjeeling
987:bound for
836:Nanda Devi
697:Darjeeling
651:Nanda Devi
493:Nanda Devi
388:Nanda Devi
370:and after
366:(once the
324:Noel Odell
249:Noel Odell
222:Nanda Devi
205:Noel Odell
145:Nanda Devi
105:नन्दा देवी
70:79°58′15″E
67:30°22′33″N
24:Nanda Devi
1646:Citations
1461:Kedarnath
1457:Badrinath
1331:Badrinath
1285:Ad Carter
1123:Badrinath
1119:Kedarnath
1111:Alaknanda
1107:Mandakini
1091:Badrinath
1013:Joshimath
997:Kathgodam
981:Liverpool
900:Kathgodam
852:Joshimath
772:Liverpool
755:Kedernath
751:Badrinath
710:Great War
691:, he and
678:Badrinath
546:sites in
477:Yamunotri
445:Badrinath
429:Kedarnath
308:Kedarnath
304:Badrinath
268:Annapurna
233:Sanctuary
120:Geography
47:Elevation
3056:(2013).
2962:Archived
2852:Archived
2531:Archived
2100:Archived
2052:Archived
1936:Archived
1901:Archived
1863:Archived
1693:Archived
1668:Archived
1602:and the
1539:Dunagiri
1517:Archived
1447:climbed
1418:Dunagiri
1240:Bareilly
1236:Ranikhet
1224:Maiktoli
1207:—
1127:Shivling
1115:Gangotri
1009:Baijnath
1001:Ranikhet
989:Calcutta
969:chapatis
929:District
884:Ranikhet
868:Baijnath
759:Gangotri
645:In 1905
632:Dunagiri
559:Buddhism
555:Hinduism
522:District
461:Gangotri
376:division
266:climbed
193:Climbing
161:Location
3135:1787124
3097:1785589
2657:15 July
2597:Everest
2058:17 June
1942:20 June
1907:20 June
1674:17 June
1493:on the
1371:Martoli
1095:Gaumukh
957:Sherpas
927:Garhwal
738:Nairobi
682:Garhwal
591:Gurkhas
520:Garhwal
293:monsoon
274:Summary
3323:210566
3321:
3237:
3216:
3195:
3172:
3133:
3095:
3064:
3042:
2603:
2098:–263.
2013:
1771:
1750:
1495:Sikkim
1422:Trisul
1201:bharal
1101:: the
1099:Ganges
1025:Graham
985:Mahsud
973:tsampa
764:Uganda
733:Ceylon
659:Trisul
579:Vishnu
401:Ganges
108:
95:Naming
3319:JSTOR
3147:(PDF)
3131:JSTOR
3093:JSTOR
1556:Moses
1554:that
1499:Tibet
1467:Notes
938:INDIA
918:TIBET
909:NEPAL
670:Kamet
608:Shiva
531:INDIA
511:TIBET
502:NEPAL
349:Nepal
345:Tibet
341:Andes
173:India
112:Hindi
3235:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2860:2015
2659:2024
2601:ISBN
2060:2015
2011:ISBN
1944:2015
1909:2015
1769:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1688:The
1676:2015
1598:The
1525:2018
1443:and
1424:and
1400:and
1326:Mana
1310:and
1254:The
1198:and
1195:thar
1185:Mana
1121:and
1109:and
1005:Doti
977:ghee
757:and
557:and
362:the
354:The
347:and
322:and
262:and
216:The
207:and
3311:doi
3123:doi
3085:doi
1093:to
766:to
680:in
610:on
280:col
3370::
3355:.
3351:.
3340:55
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1428:.
1117:,
1105:,
753:,
567:CE
374:a
286:.
239:,
171:,
167:,
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3357:7
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110:(
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