Ship breaking - Knowledge

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Shipbreaking Platform, recycling one ton of steel saves approximately 1.5 tons of CO2 emissions compared to steel production from virgin materials. Economy- 1.2 billion us dollars from shipbreaking in 2020 Job creation- Employs 200,000 directly and 50,000 indirectly Disadvantages Environment-Pollution of Coastal Waters: Shipbreaking operations release a significant amount of pollutants into coastal waters, including heavy metals, oils, and toxic chemicals. It's estimated that around 120,000 metric tons of oil are released annually into the Bay of Bengal due to shipbreaking activities. Air Pollution: Burning of materials during shipbreaking emits hazardous pollutants into the air, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. This contributes to poor air quality in the surrounding areas. Studies have shown that shipbreaking activities in Bangladesh release approximately 800,000 tons of CO2 annually. •Unsafe conditions- The Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies reported that only 10% of shipbreaking yards have access to emergency medical facilities on-site. As well as 10% proper safety. Toxic substance, sharp objects, over strenuous activities. Unfair- 12 hour days, 1-2. Shipbreaking laborers often find themselves denied breaks or sick leave, even in cases of on-the-job injuries, a clear violation of Bangladesh's labor regulations. Additionally, they frequently receive wages well below the legal minimum for shipbreaking work. Lack of formal contracts further enables yard owners to obscure incidents of worker harm. When workers seek to unionize or raise concerns, they face dismissal and intimidation tactics.

5795:, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. This contributes to poor air quality in the surrounding areas. Studies have shown that shipbreaking activities in Bangladesh release approximately 800,000 tons of CO2 annually. •Unsafe conditions- The Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies reported that only 10% of shipbreaking yards have access to emergency medical facilities on-site. As well as 10% proper safety. Toxic substance, sharp objects, over strenuous activities. Unfair- 12 hour days, 1-2. Shipbreaking laborers often find themselves denied breaks or sick leave, even in cases of on-the-job injuries, a clear violation of Bangladesh's labor regulations. Additionally, they frequently receive wages well below the legal minimum for shipbreaking work. Lack of formal contracts further enables yard owners to obscure incidents of worker harm. When workers seek to unionize or raise concerns, they face dismissal and intimidation tactics. 789:

scheme. Water-craft must have an inventory of hazardous material before they are scrapped, and the facilities must meet health & safety requirements. The International Labour Organization created a voluntary set of guidelines for occupational safety in 2003. Nevertheless, Greenpeace found that even pre-existing mandatory regulation has had little noticeable effect for labourers, due to government corruption, yard owner secrecy and a lack of interest from countries who prioritise economic growth. There are also guards who look out for any reporters. To safeguard worker health, the report recommends that developed countries create a fund to support their families, certify carriers as 'gas-free' (i.e. safe for cutting) and to remove toxic materials in appropriate facilities before export. To supplement the international treaties, organisations such as the NGO Shipbreaking Platform, the

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Bangladesh, China, India, or Pakistan, regardless of the flag the ship flies. These four non-OECD countries have consistently recycled around 95% of the world's tonnage. In fact, according to a study conducted by the European Commission in 2011, at least 91% of ships covered by the WSR disobeyed or circumvented its requirements. The European Commission admitted publicly that enforcing its own Waste Shipment Regulation to recycle ships had not been successful. The commission, unable to wait for the HKC to take effect, began developing new legislation to regulate the recycling of European-flagged ships. This led the European Commission in 2012 to propose the development of a new European Regulation on Ship Recycling.

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entered into force 25 years after adoption on December 5, 2019. However, the European Union had already enacted the Ban Amendment unilaterally through the European Waste Shipment Regulation, which incorporated the Basel Convention and the Ban Amendment into European Union law in February 1993, the European Union replaced its previous regulation with the Waste Shipment Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (the WSR), which also unilaterally implemented the Ban Amendment, prohibiting the export of hazardous wastes from European Union member states to any developing (i.e. non-OECD), countries and regulating their export to OECD countries through the Basel Convention's prior informed consent mechanism.

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Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHW-TSDF) in Alang, and adherence to various internationally recognised conventions. The ship recycling industry also produces about 4.5 million tons of re-rollable steel per year. That comes up to nearly 2% of total steel produced in India, coming from a process that does not exploit natural resources and thereby saves non-renewable natural resources and energy. Recycling of one ton of scrap saves 1.1 tons of

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recycling where a ship is floated into the dry dock using a substantial amount of energy. However, maneuvering a large ship onto a beach at high speed takes skill and daring even for a specialist captain, and is not always successful. Next, the anchor is dropped to steady the ship and the engine is shut down. It takes 50 labourers about three months to break down a normal-sized cargo vessel of about 40,000 tonnes.

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bypass corrupt local authorities. However, there is evidence of ship owners changing the flag to evade the regulations. China's scrap industry has vehemently protested against the proposed European regulations. Although Chinese recycling businesses are less damaging than their South Asian counterparts, European and American ship-breakers comply with far more stringent legislation.

785:(PPEs) including gloves, gumboot, goggles and masks are provided to workers to mitigate the hazards of their work. In addition to this, GMB has also included regular medical examinations of workers exposed to bio-hazardous materials, provision of medical facilities at the Red Cross Hospital in Alang, mobile medical vans and health awareness programmes. 517:, and gas torches. Anything of value, such as spare parts and electronic equipment is sold for re-use, although labour costs mean that low-value items are not economical to sell. The Basel Convention demands that all yards separate hazardous and non-hazardous waste and have appropriate storage units, and this must be done before the hull is cut up. 747:

mid-1980s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable. Dangerous vapours and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas are commonplace.

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The price paid is approximately $ 400 per tonne; regions with more lax environmental legislation typically can offer higher prices. For the industry in Bangladesh, 69% of revenue is spent on purchasing vessels; only 2% is labour costs. The ship is taken to the decommissioning location either under its own power or with the use of tugs.

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for a newer convention in 2004. Thus, the Hong Kong Convention came into existence. In essence, the Convention aims to ensure that ships, when being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risks to human health, safety and the environment. The convention covers regulations including:

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2. **Investment in Technology and Infrastructure:** Introducing modern technologies and equipment can improve safety standards and efficiency in ship-breaking operations. This could involve the use of mechanized cutting tools, enclosed facilities for hazardous waste management, and proper containment

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and around 0.2–0.3 tons of fluxes. Specific energy consumption for production of steel through BF-BOF (primary) and EAF& IF (secondary routes) is 14 MJ/kg and 11.7 MJ/kg, respectively. Thus, it leads to savings in energy by 16–17%. It also reduces the water consumption and GHG emission by 40% and

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Several United Nations committees are increasing their coverage of ship-breakers' human rights. In 2006, the International Maritime Organisation developed legally binding global legislation which concerns vessel design, vessel recycling and the enforcement of regulation thereof and a 'Green Passport'

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standards pose a danger for the workers. Burns from explosions and fire, suffocation, mutilation from falling metal, cancer and disease from toxins are regular occurrences in the industry. Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the

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Starting in the mid-20th century, East Asian countries with lower labour costs began to dominate ship-breaking. As labour costs rose, centres of the ship-breaking industry moved—initially from countries such as Japan and Hong Kong, to Korea and Taiwan and then to China. For example, the southern port

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5. **Safety Records:** Ship breaking is considered one of the world's most dangerous industries. According to a study published in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, the mortality rate among ship-breaking workers in Bangladesh is estimated to be six times higher than

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Breaking Ships follows the demise of the Asian Tiger, a ship destroyed at one of the twenty ship-breaking yards along the beaches of Chittagong. BBC Bangladesh correspondent Roland Buerk takes us through the process—from beaching the vessel to its final dissemination, from wealthy shipyard owners to

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Along the Indian subcontinent, ecologically important mangrove forests, a valuable source of protection from tropical storms and monsoons, have been cut down to provide space for water-craft disassembly. In Bangladesh, for example, 40,000 mangrove trees were illegally chopped down in 2009. The World

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There is, however, an active ship-breaker's union in Mumbai, India (Mumbai Port Trust Dock and General Employees' Union) since 2003 with 15,000 members, which strikes to ensure fatality compensation. It has set up a sister branch in Alang, gaining paid holidays and safety equipment for workers since

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This list, as of 11 November 2020, comprises 43 yards, including 34 yards in Europe, eight yards in Turkey, and one yard in the USA. The list excluded some of the most major ship recycling yards in India and Bangladesh, which have achieved SoCs with the HKC in various class societies. This exclusion

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and RINA. In addition, a yard in Chattogram, Bangladesh has also become the first one to achieve an SoC by ClassNK in January 2020, having first achieved a RINA SoC in 2017. Furthermore, to encourage the growth of India's vital ship recycling sector, in November 2019, the Government of India acceded

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When the European Commission attempted to apply the WSR to end-of-life ships, it encountered numerous obstacles and evasion. This is because, in enforcing the Ban Amendment, the European Waste WSR considers it illegal to recycle any ship that has started its last voyage from a European Union port in

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Though the Basel Convention has notably reduced illegal exports of hazardous wastes to countries that are unable to process and dispose of them in an environmentally sound manner, it has failed to define the minimum standards of recycling soundly. It also completely ignores important aspects such as

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The process began with "cleaning", a process in which subcontractors would come on board the ship to strip it of loose and flammable items, which were often resold in second-hand shops. After that, the cutting crews would start to dismantle the hull, stern first; large sections were cut off the ship

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In recycling yards in the Indian subcontinent, specifically in Alang, upgraded facilities such as 100% impervious floors with drainage systems, heavy-lift cranes, yard and vessel-specific training for workers, and the development and implementation of Ship Recycling Facility Plans and Ship Recycling

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These benefits underscore the important role of ship breaking in Bangladesh's economy, providing employment opportunities, raw materials, infrastructure development, and skills enhancement. While acknowledging these advantages, it's essential to address the industry's environmental and human rights

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To overcome the difficulties of the Basel Convention in terms of the inordinate time and effort required in gaining the consent of all countries involved in its due time, and to highlight regulations that this convention left out, its governing body requested the International Maritime Organisation

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The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989 was the first convention to environmentally govern the ship breaking industry. It has been ratified by 187 countries, including India and Bangladesh. It controls the international movement

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The decommissioning process is entirely different in developed countries than it is in third world countries. In both cases, ship-breakers bid for the ship, and the highest bidder wins the contract. The ship-breaker then acquires the vessel from the international broker who deals in outdated ships.

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of 1989. In 2004 a Basel Convention decision officially classified old ships as "toxic waste", preventing them from leaving a country without the permission of the importing state. This has led to a resurgence of recycling in environmentally compliant locations in developed countries, especially in

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Tightening environmental regulations resulted in increased hazardous waste disposal costs in industrialised countries in the 1980s, causing the export of retired ships to lower-income areas, chiefly in South Asia. This, in turn, created a far worse environmental problem, subsequently leading to the

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in Taiwan operated as the world's leading dismantling site in the late 1960s and 1970s, breaking up 220 ships totaling 1.6 million tons in 1972 alone; in 1977 Taiwan continued to dominate the industry with more than half the market share, followed by Spain and Pakistan. At the time, Bangladesh

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5. **Industry Certification and Corporate Responsibility:** Encouraging ship-breaking companies to adhere to international best practices and obtain certification from reputable industry bodies can incentivize responsible behavior. Corporate social responsibility initiatives that prioritize worker

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As of 2 April 2023, 20 countries have acceded to the HKC, making up 30.16% of the world's merchant shipping by gross tonnage, with a combined maximum annual ship recycling volume of the States at 2.6% of the gross tonnage of the combined merchant shipping of the same States. This leaves the second

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Large objects, such as engine parts, are extracted and sold as they become accessible. The hull is cut into 300-tonne sections, starting with the upper deck and working slowly downwards. While oxy-acetylene gas torches are most commonly used, detonation charges can quickly remove large sections of

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4. **Environmental Remediation and Monitoring:** Implementing comprehensive environmental remediation programs to clean up contaminated ship-breaking sites and restore ecosystems is essential. This should be accompanied by regular monitoring of air, soil, and water quality to assess the impact of

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7. **Regulatory Compliance:** Despite efforts to improve regulations and safety standards, compliance with environmental and labor regulations in the ship-breaking industry remains a challenge. A report by Human Rights Watch highlighted ongoing concerns regarding worker safety, lack of protective

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The Hong Kong Convention is a compromise. It allows ships to be exported for recycling, as long as various stipulations are met: All water-craft must have an inventory and every shipyard needs to publish a recycling plan to protect the environment. The Hong Kong Convention was adopted in 2009 but

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3. **Worker Empowerment and Welfare Programs:** Implementing programs to empower ship-breaking workers, such as providing access to education, healthcare, and social welfare benefits, can improve their livelihoods and overall well-being. Additionally, establishing grievance mechanisms and worker

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6. **Environmental Impact:** Ship breaking has significant environmental implications. It is estimated that each large ship dismantled in Bangladesh generates thousands of tons of hazardous waste, including asbestos, heavy metals, and oil, which can contaminate soil and waterways if not properly

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Summary Ship breaking in Bangladesh is a significant industry that involves dismantling old ships for scrap metal and parts. Situated mainly in the coastal region of Chittagong, Bangladesh, this industry provides employment to thousands but is also associated with various environmental and human

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proposed tougher regulations to ensure all parties take responsibility. Under these rules, if a vessel has a European flag, it must be disposed of in a shipyard on an EU "green list". The facilities would have to show that they are compliant, and it would be regulated internationally in order to

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countries to non-OECD countries. The Amendment would enter into force 90 days after it has been ratified by at least three-quarters of the 87 countries that were Parties to the Convention at the time it was adopted. Croatia deposited the 66th ratification in September 2019, and the Ban Amendment

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7. **Diversification of Economy:** Promoting economic diversification in regions reliant on ship breaking can reduce dependence on this hazardous industry. Investing in alternative sectors such as renewable energy, tourism, and sustainable fisheries can create new employment opportunities while

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or a pier, although a dry dock is considered more environmentally friendly because all spillage is contained and can easily be cleaned up. Floating is, however, cheaper than a dry dock. Stormwater discharge facilities will stop an overflow of toxic liquid into the waterways. The carrier is then

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In developing countries, chiefly the Indian subcontinent, ships are run ashore on gently sloping sand tidal beaches at high tide so that they can be accessed for disassembly. In the beaching method, no external source of energy is used to pull the ship, as opposed to the dry dock method of ship

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in Hartlepool received a new disassembly contract to use accepted practices in scrapping the ship. The dismantling started on 18 November 2009 and the break-up was completed by the end of 2010; the event was considered a turning point in the treatment of redundant vessels. Europe and the United

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1. **Strict Enforcement of Regulations:** Strengthening and rigorously enforcing existing regulations pertaining to labor rights, occupational safety, and environmental protection is crucial. This includes mandating the use of proper safety equipment, providing regular training to workers, and

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That being said, ship recycling yard owners have made investments into upgrading their recycling facilities and safety infrastructure in the recent past, including 100% impervious floors with drainage systems, setting up of hazardous waste processing facilities like the Common Hazardous Wastes

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in a high-temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high-temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides, and other persistent organic

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The largest sources of ships are China, Greece, and Germany, although there is greater variation in the sources of carriers versus their disposal. The ship-breaking yards of India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan employ 225,000 workers as well as providing many indirect jobs. In Bangladesh, the

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6. **International Collaboration and Support:** Collaboration between Bangladesh and international organizations, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and International Labour Organization (ILO), can facilitate knowledge-sharing,

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The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989 has been ratified by 166 countries, including India and Bangladesh, and in 2004, End of Life Ships were subjected to its regulations. It aims to stop the transportation of dangerous

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At Kaohsiung in the late 1960s and '70s, ships to be scrapped were tied up at berths in Dah Jen and Dah Lin Pu, at the southern end of Kaohsiung Harbor. There were a total of 24 breaking berths at Kaohsiung; each berth was rented by the scrapper from the Port Authority at a nominal rate of

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process. Fixtures and other equipment on board the vessels can also be reused. While ship-breaking is sustainable, there are concerns about its use by poorer countries without stringent environmental legislation. It is also labour-intensive, and considered one of the world's most dangerous

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Intro Definition Chittagong ship breaking yard. Was worlds largest or a while Advantage Environmental- Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Shipbreaking helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by recycling steel instead of producing it from raw materials. According to a study by the NGO

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Ship breaking is the dismantling of old ships for scrap metal. It's a major industry in Bangladesh, especially around Chittagong. While it provides jobs and boosts the economy, it also brings environmental and safety problems. These include hazardous working conditions, pollution, and lax

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has led to many ship owners changing the flag to evade the regulations, and many excluded countries to strive towards bringing the HKC into force as the universal regulation, arguing that it would be irrational if international shipping were regulated by multiple and competing standards.

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proposed tougher regulations to ensure all parties take responsibility. The aim of the EUSRR was to facilitate the early ratification of the Hong Kong Convention; however, it differs from the HKC in the way yards are authorised and in its list of inventories of hazardous materials, or

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regulations. Solutions involve stricter rules, better technology, worker rights, environmental cleanup, industry standards, international cooperation, and economic diversification. Balancing economic benefits with environmental and human concerns is key to sustainable ship breaking.

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With much more sound standards of ship recycling, easier implementation and better supervision, the Hong Kong Convention was finally adopted in 2009. However, the convention will only come into universal force 24 months after the date on which the following conditions are met:

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after legally mandated removal of hazardous materials (though this does not recycle any materials), or sunk in deep ocean waters. Storage is a viable temporary option, whether on land or afloat, though most ships will eventually be scrapped; some will be sunk, or preserved as

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In the world's largest ship recycling destination, Alang, safety awareness drives with hoardings, posters, films as well as training programmes for different categories of workers under the Safety Training and Labour Welfare Institute, safety evaluation by external teams,

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4. **Economic Contribution:** The ship-breaking industry contributes significantly to Bangladesh's economy. According to a World Bank report, ship breaking generates hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the country through the sale of scrap metal and employment.

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In developed countries the dismantling process mirrors the technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of the full and partial dismantling of ships, published by the Basel Convention in 2003. Recycling rates of 98% can be achieved in these facilities.

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5. *"It's imperative for the government to strengthen regulations and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that ship breaking activities are conducted responsibly, with due consideration for both human welfare and environmental preservation."* - Legal Expert

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Addressing the environmental and human rights challenges associated with ship breaking in Bangladesh requires a multi-faceted approach involving government regulation, industry cooperation, and international support. Here are some potential solutions:

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In the 1930s it became cheaper to "beach" a boat by running her ashore—as opposed to using a dry dock. The ship would have to weigh as little as possible and would run ashore at full speed. Dismantling operations required a 10-foot (3 m) rise of

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Before the decommissioning begins, various clearances and permissions are obtained from regulatory, pollution and customs authorities after a thorough inspection is conducted by them. The ship recycling process then begins with the draining of fuel,

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By implementing these solutions in a coordinated manner, Bangladesh can work towards achieving a more sustainable and socially responsible ship-breaking industry that balances economic development with environmental and human rights considerations.

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In 2009 the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association won a legal case prohibiting all substandard ship breaking. For 14 months the industry could not import ships and thousands of jobs were lost before the ban was annulled. That same year, the

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had no capacity at all. However, the sector is volatile and fluctuates wildly, and Taiwan processed just two ships 13 years later as wages across East Asia rose. For comparison, depending on their profession, shipbreakers in Kaohsiung earned from

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3. **Tonnage:** Bangladesh is one of the world's leading ship-breaking nations by tonnage. According to the NGO Shipbreaking Platform, Bangladesh accounted for approximately 25% of the world's ship-breaking activity by tonnage in recent years.

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These statistics provide insight into the scale and impact of the ship-breaking industry in Bangladesh, highlighting both its economic importance and the urgent need for better regulation to address safety and environmental concerns.

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5. **Regulatory Framework:** Bangladesh has regulations governing ship breaking activities, but enforcement and compliance are often inadequate, leading to continued challenges in ensuring worker safety and environmental protection.

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of hazardous wastes and for their environmentally sound management mainly through consent for the shipment between the authorities of the country exporting the hazardous wastes with the authorities of the importing country.

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In 2012, roughly 1,250 ocean ships were broken down, and their average age was 26 years. In 2013, the world total of demolished ships amounted to 29,052,000 tonnes, 92% of which were demolished in Asia. As of January 2020,

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2. *"The ship-breaking industry in Bangladesh is a double-edged sword. While it brings economic benefits, it also poses serious risks to the health and safety of workers and the environment."* - Environmental Activist

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3. **Environmental Concerns:** Ship breaking operations often result in environmental degradation due to the release of toxic materials such as asbestos, heavy metals, and oil into the surrounding land and waterways.

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1. *"Ship breaking is a vital industry for our economy, providing livelihoods for many of our citizens. However, we must also acknowledge the environmental and human costs associated with it."* - Government Official

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and moved via cranes and rigging taken from previously scrapped ships. Because the scrapping at Kaohsiung was done at the docks, scrap metal was placed on trucks waiting to transport it to Kaohsiung's mills.

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7 per square foot per month, and up to 18,000 square feet (1,700 m) could be rented surrounding a 300-foot-long (91 m) berth at a time. A typical 5,000-ton ship could be broken up in 25 to 30 days.

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Bank has found that the country's beaching locations are now at risk from sea level rise. Twenty-one fish and crustacean species have been wiped out in the country as a result of the industry as well. Lead,

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Siddiquee, N. A., Parween, S., and Quddus, M. M. A., Barua, P., 2009 ‘Heavy Metal Pollution in sediments at ship breaking area of Bangladesh ‘Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 6 (3) :

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the combined maximum annual ship recycling volume of the States during the preceding 10 years to constitute not less than 3 percent of the gross tonnage of the combined merchant shipping of the same States.

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are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. Hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by

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workers' safety and falls short in overcoming bureaucratic barriers when it comes to communication between exporting and importing countries. Furthermore, the decision to scrap a ship is often made in

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In 1880 Denny Brothers of Dumbarton used forgings made from scrap maritime steel in their shipbuilding. Many other nations began to purchase British ships for scrap by the late 19th century, including

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4. *"We risk our lives every day working in these yards, but it's the only way we can provide for our families. Safety measures are often neglected, and accidents are common."* - Shipbreaking Laborer

259:, received high bids for her fittings worldwide. However, any weapons and military information, even if obsolete, were carefully removed by Navy personnel before turning over the ship for scrapping. 3299:

Gioia, Rosalinda; Eckhardt, Sabine; Breivik, Knut; Jaward, Foday; Prieto, Ailette; Nizzeto, Luca; Jones, Kevin C. (January 2011). "Evidence for Major Emissions of PCBs in the West African Region".

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to the Hong Kong Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and became the only South Asian country and major ship recycling destination so far to take such a positive step.

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Ltd., one of the largest breakers in the United Kingdom in the 1930s, would recondition and sell all furniture and machinery. Many historical artifacts were sold at public auctions: the Cunarder

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2. **Employment:** The ship-breaking industry provides direct employment to an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 workers in Bangladesh, with additional indirect employment in related support services.

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4. **Infrastructure Development:** Ship-breaking activities stimulate infrastructure development in the surrounding areas, including the construction of ports, roads, and storage facilities.

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2. **Economic Impact:** The ship-breaking industry contributes significantly to Bangladesh's economy by providing employment opportunities for many laborers, technicians, and support staff.

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in Alang. Any usable oil is sent to government authorized refineries where used oil is chemically treated. The next steps entail recovering unused and partially spent materials, disposal of

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7. **Contribution to Trade Balance:** Revenue generated from the sale of scrap metal and salvaged materials contributes to Bangladesh's trade balance by reducing imports of raw materials.

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Analysis of the economics of shipbreaking, the status of worldwide reform efforts, and occupational health and safety of shipbreaking including results of interviewing Alang shipbreakers.

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to the Hong Kong Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and became the only South Asian country and major ship recycling destination so far to take such a step.

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3. *"Every ship that is dismantled here tells a story of its past glory and eventual demise. It's a poignant reminder of the transient nature of industrial progress."* - Shipyard Worker

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the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships;

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and lower demand for goods led to an increase in the supply of ships for decommissioning. The rate of scrapping is inversely correlated to the freight price, which collapsed in 2009.

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As the cruise ship industry continues to be battered by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, boats once considered to be opulent, top-of-the-line vessels are now being sold for scraps.

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Valuable metals, such as copper or aluminum in electric cable, that are mixed with other materials may be recovered by the use of shredders and separators in the same fashion as

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Sustainable Ship and Offshore Recycling Program team conducting safety inspections as part of safe recycling of offshore assets in Hong Kong Convention complaint yards in India

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4. **Safety Issues:** The work in ship breaking yards is hazardous, with workers facing risks of injury and even death due to accidents and exposure to dangerous substances.

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6. **Environmental Remediation:** Ship-breaking yards often undertake environmental cleanup and remediation efforts, improving the condition of coastal areas and waterways.

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Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the value of the scrap metal itself. In the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of

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the hull. These sections are transported to an electric arc furnace to be melted down into new ferrous products, though toxic paint must be stripped prior to heating.

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5. **Skills Development:** Ship breaking offers opportunities for skill development and technical training for workers involved in ship dismantling and recycling.

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Seventy percent of ships are simply run ashore in developing countries for disassembly, where (particularly in older vessels) potentially toxic materials such as

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3. **Raw Material Supply:** Ship breaking provides a source of raw materials such as steel, copper, and aluminum for recycling and reuse in various industries.

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1. **Number of Ship Breaking Yards:** There are around 80 active ship-breaking yards in Bangladesh, primarily concentrated in the coastal region of Chittagong.

521:, found in the engine room, is isolated and stored in custom-made plastic wrapping prior to being placed in secure steel containers, which are then landfilled. 217:, the Netherlands and Japan. The Italian industry started in 1892, and the Japanese industry after the passing of an 1896 law to subsidise native shipbuilding. 2546: 524:

Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is

5772:- Statistics: Investments in environmental management and pollution control measures help mitigate the impact of ship-breaking activities on the environment. 5739:

1. **Employment Opportunities:** Ship breaking provides jobs for a significant number of people, including laborers, technicians, welders, and support staff.

3256:"COMMENT OF TOXICSWATCH ALLIANCE (TWA) ON "CHANGES PROPOSED IN THE SHIP BREAKING CODE 2013 | ToxicsWatch, Journal of Earth, Science, Economy and Justice" 1613: 206:(1485–1603), ships were dismantled and the timber re-used. This procedure was no longer applicable with the advent of metal-hulled boats in the 19th century. 4772: 2185: 761:

The problem is caused by negligence from national governments, shipyard operators and former ship owners disregarding the Basel Convention. According to the

3069: 4708: 3177: 3910: 5754:- Statistics: Bangladesh recovers thousands of tons of scrap metal from dismantled ships each year, reducing the need for importing these materials. 4020: 5760:- Statistics: Investment in port facilities and related infrastructure supports the growth of the ship-breaking industry and associated businesses. 3924: 2788: 513:

Workers must completely strip the ship down to a bare hull, with objects cut free using saws, grinders, abrasive cutting wheels, hand-held shears,

1370: 2243: 2840: 841:

substances to less-developed countries and mandate the use of regulated facilities. Furthermore, the decision to scrap a ship is often made in

3939: 3213: 2508: 2040: 4693: 1720: 955:

As of January 2020, India has a 30% share of ship breaking. Once India passes the planned "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" which ratifies the

3495: 3038: 1871: 790: 762: 3778:

poverty-stricken ship cutters, and from the economic benefits for Bangladesh to the pollution of its once pristine beaches and shorelines.

1421: 3856:

Siddiquee, N.A. 2004. Impact of ship breaking on marine fish diversity of the Bay of Bengal.DFID SUFER Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 46 pp.

1904: 1661: 541:

it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using

1394: 4540: 3804: 3397: 1783: 656:

the fleet of the States that have ratified or acceded to represent at least 40 percent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and

1637: 474:. Each of these materials are inspected and sent to regulated waste treatment facilities or to buyers for further use and processing. 2814: 510:

secured to ensure its stability. Often the propeller is removed beforehand to allow the watercraft to be moved into shallower water.

2108: 5778:- Statistics: Ship-breaking industry exports significant quantities of scrap metal, contributing to the country's export earnings. 1685: 101:

and a lack of parts render them uneconomical to operate. Ship-breaking allows the materials from the ship, especially steel, to be

2174: 4802: 3344: 1601: 1589: 1553: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1433: 2445: 5623:

1. **Location:** Ship breaking yards are primarily located in Sitakunda Upazila, near the port city of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

1939: 1457: 5766:- Statistics: Training programs and on-the-job experience enhance the skills and expertise of workers in ship-breaking yards. 3095: 1840: 4703: 4550: 3301: 2927: 5745:

2. **Economic Contribution:** Ship breaking generates revenue through the sale of scrap metal and other salvaged materials.

224:

of their passenger services. Many Victorian ships made their final voyages with the final letter of their name chipped off.

5232: 5202: 4817: 557:. Plastic almost always contains regulated hazardous waste (e.g., asbestos, PCBs, hydrocarbons) and cannot be melted down. 1409: 4926: 3529: 3450:"A novel approach to estimating resource consumption rates and emission factors for ship recycling yards in Alang, India" 1728: 4560: 1822: 4883: 4878: 3982: 1788: 372: 3754:

Ships scrapped include Mauretania and much of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow. Ships listed with owners and dates sold.

4535: 4138: 3770: 3729: 2977: 830: 498:

Prior to dismantling, an inventory of dangerous substances is compiled. All hazardous materials and liquids, such as

280: 2604:"Ecological Engineering, Industrial Ecology and Eco-Industrial Networking Aspects of Ship Recycling Sector in India" 644:

the establishment of an appropriate enforcement mechanism for ship recycling (certification/reporting requirements).

303:. As of 2020 those dismantlers that still remain in the United States work primarily on government-surplus vessels. 5579: 5300: 4797: 4053: 3121: 2762: 2571: 698: 529: 3366: 852:

However, nearly 96 of the 120 ship recycling yards in India have achieved Statements of Compliance (SoC) with the

5242: 4600: 4590: 4505: 4355: 4105: 3255: 826: 389:—despite protests over improper disposal capabilities and facilities for the toxic wastes. On 6 January 2006 the 2643: 667:

Nearly 96 of India's 120 operational ship recycling yards have achieved Statements of Compliance (SoC) with the

5569: 5254: 4698: 4575: 4530: 2656: 3783: 546:

pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

5574: 5564: 5466: 5247: 4595: 4555: 4520: 3242: 2928:"5 things to know about Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009" 2687:"Significant steps in ship recycling vis-a-vis wastes generated in a cluster of yards in Alang: a case study" 1747: 1078: 907: 805:

beyond the health of the yard workers. Many ship breaking yards operate in developing nations with lax or no

782: 244:

torches were used. The technique of the time closely resembles that used in developing countries as of 2020.

127: 3902: 3188: 1940:"Technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of the full and partial dismantling of ships" 1625: 5275: 5227: 4893: 4888: 4683: 4620: 4610: 3907: 772: 502:, are removed before disassembly. Holes are bored for ventilation and all flammable vapours are extracted. 17: 5798:

Solutions Safety sessions that are already happening credit to ypsa Remove beaching and employ drydocking

3706:

Solutions Safety sessions that are already happening credit to ypsa Remove beaching and employ drydocking

220:

After suffering damage or disaster, liner operators did not want the name of a broken ship to tarnish the

5748:- Statistics: The industry contributes hundreds of millions of dollars annually to Bangladesh's economy. 5586: 5161: 4807: 4777: 4630: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4360: 4178: 3948: 3929: 861: 718: 676: 5719:

safety, environmental sustainability, and community development can also contribute to positive change.

2792: 5840: 5597: 5182: 5085: 4661: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4585: 4565: 4395: 3888: 3496:"Why the Beaching Method of Ship Recycling Should Not Be Criticized | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide" 2906: 267: 3552: 3449: 3448:

Deshpande, Paritosh C.; Kalbar, Pradip P.; Tilwankar, Atit K.; Asolekar, Shyam R. (15 November 2013).

2686: 2254: 2142: 1451:

Cleaning of oil-stained sections at Hong Kong Convention-compliant ship recycling yard in Alang, India

625: 466:

water, recovering and obtaining reusable materials, and safe disposal of bio-hazardous materials like

5723:

capacity-building, and financial assistance to address the challenges associated with ship breaking.

5146: 4678: 4605: 4570: 4545: 4003: 1175: 1142: 992: 980: 394: 352: 135: 2279: 486:

Plans (as per IMO's guidelines in Resolutions MEPC.210(63) and MEPC.196(62)) have been implemented.

477: 291:

Until the late 20th century the majority of ship breaking activity took place in the port cities of

5053: 3936: 2516: 2048: 1401: 1110: 963: 755: 735: 438: 292: 119: 44: 1475:

Slicing of recycled vessel's hull using gas cutter in Hong Kong Convention compliant yard in India

170: 5742:- Statistics: The industry directly employs an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 workers in Bangladesh. 5491: 5001: 4919: 4720: 3680: 3648: 2865: 1211: 1012: 604:

The "Ban Amendment" to the Basel Convention was adopted in March 1994, prohibiting the export of

3598: 433: 5835: 5825: 5531: 5375: 5330: 5187: 5095: 4430: 4008: 3975: 3919: 1794: 459: 390: 3178:"Adopted on 1 December 2005 (Agenda item 11) NEW LEGALLY BINDING INSTRUMENT ON SHIP RECYCLING" 2941: 2602:

Hiremath, Anand M.; Pandey, Sachin Kumar; Kumar, Dinesh; Asolekar, Shyam R. (1 January 2014).

2095: 1912: 323: 5320: 5315: 5222: 5217: 4956: 4943: 4230: 4210: 1152: 825:

in anti-fouling paints, polychlorinated organic compounds, by-products of combustion such as

249: 82: 3840: 3551:

Neşer, Gökdeniz; Ünsalan, Deniz; Tekoğul, Nermin; Stuer-Lauridsen, Frank (1 February 2008).

2892: 2732: 2078: 957:

Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships

5526: 5516: 5068: 5040: 4832: 4580: 4425: 4330: 3763:

Breaking Ships: How supertankers and cargo ships are dismantled on the shores of Bangladesh

3564: 3461: 3310: 3096:"NGO Shipbreaking Platform » Video: The Wire Nest…life In Mumbai's Shipbreaking Yards" 2698: 1773: 1752: 842: 598: 159: 2822: 1991: 641:

the operation of ship recycling facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner; and

8: 5830: 5476: 5340: 5290: 5237: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5156: 5048: 4951: 4792: 4380: 4300: 4245: 4143: 4130: 4098: 4083: 2373:

The dismantling of the former Clemenceau is a positive and pioneering operation in Europe

1093: 873: 865: 818: 693: 680: 328: 233: 3568: 3465: 3314: 2702: 481:

Cleaning of oil-stained sections of recycled ship on an impervious floor in Alang, India

5559: 5549: 5420: 5399: 5365: 5310: 5212: 5075: 4961: 4912: 4862: 4837: 4782: 4688: 4477: 4447: 4163: 4015: 3832: 3221: 1978:

India eyes 60 per cent share of global ship recycling business; higher GDP contribution

1268: 1029: 886: 98: 3522:"NGO Shipbreaking Platform » Tradewinds – Galloo Gent joins green-recycling body" 2610:. 5th International Conference on Environmental Science and Development – ICESD 2014. 2385: 2362: 5545: 5360: 5350: 5295: 5120: 5110: 5058: 4996: 4741: 4671: 4666: 4651: 4442: 4410: 4405: 4385: 4325: 4250: 3968: 3824: 3766: 3745: 3725: 3580: 3477: 3326: 2714: 2625: 2419: 1950: 1778: 806: 743: 739: 571: 550: 317: 313: 277: 262: 180: 3836: 2893:"The Ship Recycling Regulations: Where we stand today and Which standard to follow?" 2866:"The Ship Recycling Regulations: Where we stand today and Which standard to follow?" 2306: 5521: 5511: 5395: 5370: 5270: 5090: 5063: 5011: 4986: 4976: 4971: 4725: 4656: 4497: 4467: 4457: 4415: 4390: 4370: 4365: 4205: 4173: 4168: 4148: 4122: 4048: 3816: 3736:

Contains an extensive section on the shipbreaking industry in India and Bangladesh.

3718: 3572: 3469: 3318: 2706: 2615: 1848: 1801: 1763: 1738: 802: 364: 174: 3576: 3473: 2710: 5506: 5471: 5415: 5410: 5390: 5151: 5100: 5021: 4991: 4981: 4827: 4751: 4487: 4482: 4452: 4350: 4335: 4240: 4235: 4195: 3943: 3914: 2620: 2603: 2367: 1547:

Beached end-of-the-life vessel cut in zig-zag for stability during ship recycling

1388:

Ground view of Hong Kong Convention compliant ship recycling yard in Alang, india

751: 605: 451: 413: 187: 154: 2331: 1703:

Indian second-hand shop selling used spare parts recovered during ship recycling

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recycled steel covers 20% of the country's needs and in India it is almost 10%.

5792: 5451: 5345: 5325: 5115: 5080: 4873: 4746: 4420: 4400: 4310: 4270: 4158: 4091: 3059:"Child Labour in the Ship Recycling Industry in Bangladesh Childbreaking Yards" 1216: 514: 296: 3955: 3882: 3820: 3553:"The shipbreaking industry in Turkey: environmental, safety and health issues" 3398:"Our response to BBC misrepresenting ship recycling in India | GMS Leadership" 3033: 2685:

Hiremath, Anand M.; Tilwankar, Atit K.; Asolekar, Shyam R. (15 January 2015).

2216: 1743: 283:, cruise vessels began to appear more frequently in ship breaking facilities. 5819: 5715:

ship-breaking activities and ensure compliance with environmental standards.

5496: 5486: 5355: 5305: 5166: 5136: 5105: 5016: 4857: 4812: 4472: 4220: 4038: 3584: 3481: 2718: 2644:

http://onthethames.net/2014/02/01/video-shows-dramatic-beaching-pride-calais/

2629: 2423: 1954: 1733: 1317: 1295: 1273: 348: 300: 245: 241: 237: 78: 3960: 3749: 968: 5456: 5425: 5285: 4756: 4462: 4340: 4320: 4265: 4058: 3828: 3758: 3330: 2982: 2478: 1758: 554: 538: 184: 86: 31: 5711:

cooperatives can empower workers to advocate for their rights and safety.

3273: 1872:"Ship breaking: Newfoundland's legacy with one of the most hazardous jobs" 664:

and third conditions yet to be fulfilled for the HKC to enter into force.

5430: 5380: 5280: 4966: 4787: 4437: 4275: 4190: 4153: 4072: 4067: 3122:"The unsaid truth of the ship recycling industry by BBC | GMS Leadership" 1583:

Window cut for ventilation and illumination of hull during ship recycling

822: 533: 499: 203: 191: 110: 793:

and ToxicsWatch Alliance are lobbying for improvements in the industry.

5481: 5435: 5335: 4842: 4200: 4185: 3897: 2189: 1823:"Safe Accesses to the ships at HKC compliant Ship Recycling Facilities" 1715: 1088: 1083: 911: 810: 722:

Safe removal of hazardous materials from recycled ships in Alang, India

471: 344: 202:

Wooden-hulled ships were simply set on fire or "conveniently sunk". In

131: 3322: 3187:. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. 6 February 2006. Archived from 2021: 30:"Ship breaker" redirects here. For the novel by Paolo Bacigalupi, see 5405: 4935: 4822: 4375: 4114: 4063: 3681:"GMS Leadership | World's Largest Buyer of Ships and Offshore Assets" 3649:"GMS Leadership | World's Largest Buyer of Ships and Offshore Assets" 2733:"Where we stand today and Which standard to follow? | GMS Leadership" 2547:"Booming Scrap Business: Ship-Breaking Lessons from the Exxon Valdez" 2545:

Hülsen, Isabell; Wagner, Wieland; Zand, Bernhard (14 February 2013).

542: 340: 308: 150: 94: 39: 5808: 3068:. International Platform on Shipbreaking, FIDH, YSPA. Archived from 2280:"AMERICAN SHIP BREAKING IT ALL COMES APART AT THE BOTTOM OF AMERICA" 2109:"Luxury cruise ships being scrapped for metal amid ongoing pandemic" 1185: 996: 5141: 5031: 4345: 4305: 4225: 3148:"Ship recycling: The IMO develops a new legally binding instrument" 2572:"The Graveyard of Giants: A history of ship breaking in Bangladesh" 2041:"Shipbreaking in Asia | GRID-Arendal – Maps & Graphics library" 1346: 1226: 1221: 1147: 1016: 938: 898:

The following are some of the world's largest ship breaking yards:

882: 727: 518: 506: 467: 356: 139: 106: 102: 3550: 2959: 1571:

Safe removal of Hazardous material in Ship Recycling yard in India

1190: 5461: 4315: 3042: 2175:"SHIP BREAKING AND RECYCLING INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN" 1798:, a video game based on the ship breaking profession set in space 1487:

Window cut for ventilation and illumination during ship recycling

1248: 1207: 1125: 1008: 857: 672: 455: 404: 210: 5691:

gear, and inadequate medical facilities in ship-breaking yards.

4285: 3884:

Scrapped: the deadly business of dismantling ships in Bangladesh

3447: 3245:. Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2 December 2015. 408:

States have had a resurgence in ship scrapping since the 1990s.

4260: 4215: 1655:

Fire fighting mock drill at ship recycling yard in Alang, India

1180: 1157: 837:

are found in ships and pose a great danger to the environment.

769:

2005. They hope to expand all along the South Asian coastline.

525: 378: 3809:

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

3805:"Shipbreaking in the Developing World: Problems and Prospects" 3624:"Stability of vessel's hull during recycling | GMS Leadership" 3015:. Greenpeace International & FIDH IN COOPERATION WITH YPSA 2253:. The Basel Convention Secretariat. p. 31. Archived from 5501: 5385: 5006: 4255: 4118: 3422: 1768: 1341: 1242: 1120: 1115: 942: 924: 834: 463: 386: 382: 221: 214: 123: 105:

and made into new products. This lowers the demand for mined

90: 48: 5782:

challenges to ensure sustainable and responsible practices.

4904: 2446:"Ship Breaking Industry: Key Trends and Credit Implications" 5703:

implementing measures to minimize environmental pollution.

2601: 731: 609: 229: 4113: 3298: 813:

have made the issue a high priority for their activities.

2684: 2455:. ICRA Limited, An Associate of Moody's Investors Service 1905:"NGO Shipbreaking Platform » Problems and Solutions" 85:, which can be sold for re-use, or for the extraction of 81:

involving the breaking up of ships either as a source of

3742:

Metal Industries: shipbreaking at Rosyth and Charlestown

93:. Modern ships have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years before 3367:"NGO Shipbreaking Platform » Why ships are toxic" 3274:"UK cruise ships scrapped in India's 'ship graveyard'" 2841:"Getting Rid of Old Ships – The World of Shipbreaking" 801:

In recent years, ship breaking has become an issue of

3720:

The Outlaw Sea: Chaos and Crime on the World's Oceans

2286:. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Spring 2010 2186:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

3006:"END OF LIFE SHIPS THE HUMAN COST OF BREAKING SHIPS" 2978:

Bangladeshi workers risk lives in shipbreaking yards

2001:. United Nations Conference on trade and development 687: 629:

Hong Kong Convention compliant yard in Alang, india

393:temporarily denied access to Alang, and the French 4773:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 3717: 43:Removing steel plates from a ship using cranes at 776:Safety mock drill at ship recycling yard in India 359:was the largest ship breaking yard in the world. 149:As an alternative to ship breaking, ships may be 126:has the largest global share at 30%, followed by 5817: 2544: 335:In 1960, after a severe cyclone, the Greek ship 3345:"End of Life: The Human Cost of Breaking Ships" 2942:"Portugal accedes to ship recycling convention" 2412:"Ship breaking in Bangladesh: Hard to break up" 1292:International Shipbreaking, Brownsville, Texas 1046:This is a list of notable ship breaking yards: 232:and close proximity to a steel-works. Electric 5683:the global average for industrial fatalities. 3154:. DNV Corporate Communications. Archived from 1041: 1034:International Shipbreaking, Brownsville, Texas 893: 582: 4920: 4099: 3990: 3976: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3429:. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. 17 December 2012 2515:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1870:Lord, Ross; Logan, Nick (12 September 2013). 3715: 3039:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights 2960:"가비아 호스팅 서비스:웹호스팅,웹메일호스팅,쇼핑몰호스팅,단독서버,동영상호스팅" 2443: 2304: 845:, where the convention has no jurisdiction. 791:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights 763:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights 601:, where the convention has no jurisdiction. 5727:mitigating environmental and social risks. 3802: 3528:. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Archived from 2578:. Unofficial Networks LLC. 28 February 2012 1973: 1971: 1911:. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Archived from 1376:Safe accesses to the ships during recycling 1314:Mare Island Dry Docks, Vallejo, California 620: 4927: 4913: 4106: 4092: 3983: 3969: 3784:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?" 3666: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2063: 2038: 1784:List of the largest shipbuilding companies 1037:Mare Island Dry Docks, Vallejo, California 937:Changjiang Ship Breaking Yard, located in 856:by various IACS class societies—including 849:with few countries signing the agreement. 671:by various IACS class societies—including 3520:Boonzaier, Johnothan (27 February 2013). 3519: 3056: 3003: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2619: 2241: 2106: 2039:Rekacewicz, Philippe (25 February 2012). 1869: 3908:Regulatory information on Ship recycling 3392: 3390: 3388: 2922: 2920: 2680: 2678: 2654: 2597: 2595: 2593: 1983: 1968: 1463:Impermeable floor in ship recycling yard 771: 717: 624: 564: 476: 437:Steel plate cutting using gas cutter at 432: 322: 261: 169: 38: 4803:High-level radioactive waste management 3004:Schuiling, Jacqueline (December 2005). 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2789:"FedCenter – Hazardous Waste Landfills" 2130: 653:ratification or accession by 15 States, 587: 428: 14: 5818: 3781: 3739: 3302:Environmental Science & Technology 3145: 2829: 2476: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2172: 2019: 1989: 1679:Safe access to beached vessel in Alang 796: 489: 371:On 31 December 2005 the French Navy's 320:180 (torch operator) per day in 1973. 27:Disposal process to get parts or scrap 4908: 4087: 3964: 3765:. Chamberlain brothers. p. 192. 3757: 3385: 3373:. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. May 2014 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2917: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2675: 2590: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2502: 2500: 2472: 2470: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2107:Frishberg, Hannah (12 October 2020). 2076: 1643:Shipbreaking Yard Bhatiari, Sitakunda 5592: 4818:Sewage regulation and administration 3094:Rane, Prathamesh (24 January 2013). 3093: 2952: 2872: 2506: 2242:Heberlein, Claudia (November 2006). 2215:Rane, Prathamesh V. (17 July 2014). 2214: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 3790:. International Labour Organization 3744:. World Ship Society. p. 104. 2946:International Maritime Organization 2911:International Maritime Organization 2564: 2444:Ravichandran, K. (September 2012). 2363:"Praise for 'toxic' ship scrapping" 2235: 2203: 2077:Bowen, Frank C (10 November 1936). 1992:"Review of Maritime Transport 2014" 1980:, Economic Times, 30 December 2019. 1729:Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict 24: 3709: 2990: 2763:"Able UK's TERRC yard on Teesside" 2750: 2655:Dasgupta, Soumyajit (1 May 2013). 2531: 2497: 2467: 2386:"Ghost ship arrives in north-east" 2350: 2307:"Stay out, India tells toxic ship" 2161: 1789:List of shipbuilders and shipyards 692:Most recently, in March 2012, the 286: 25: 5852: 5809:https://shipbreakingplatform.org/ 3864: 3034:Where Ships and Workers Go to Die 2642:"On the Thames", 1 February 2014 2332:"Chirac orders 'toxic' ship home" 2020:Ashkar, Hisham H. (4 June 2015). 1990:Miroux, Anne (20 November 2014). 1927: 1890: 1847:. 21 January 2011. Archived from 1667:Dhaka shipyard on Buriganga River 1607:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1595:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1559:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1535:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1523:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1511:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1439:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1427:Cutter-man in ship recycling yard 1415:Jafrabad Chittagong ship breaking 1245:, formerly Van Heyghen Recycling 1002: 505:Vessels are initially taken to a 5591: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5301:Extended producer responsibility 5030: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4798:Extended producer responsibility 4284: 4054:Ship-Submarine Recycling Program 3877: 3243:Murder in the Shipbreaking Yards 3146:Haugen, Eivind (13 March 2006). 3057:Belhassen, Souhayr (June 2008). 2477:Chanev, Chavdar (31 July 2015). 1696: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1393: 1381: 1369: 1022: 969:Steel Industrials Kerala Limited 927:, formerly Van Heyghen Recycling 827:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 688:The EU Ship Recycling Regulation 530:solidification and stabilization 5802: 4356:Mechanical biological treatment 3920:Bangladesh ship breaking photos 3641: 3616: 3591: 3544: 3513: 3488: 3441: 3415: 3359: 3337: 3292: 3266: 3248: 3236: 3206: 3170: 3139: 3114: 3087: 3050: 3027: 2970: 2934: 2899: 2858: 2807: 2781: 2725: 2657:"How Ship Dismantling is Done?" 2648: 2636: 2437: 2404: 2378: 2324: 2305:Zubair Ahmed (6 January 2006). 2298: 2272: 2173:Sarraf, Maria (December 2010). 2100: 713: 5707:systems to prevent pollution. 3903:OSHA Fact Sheet – Shipbreaking 3716:Langewiesche, William (2004). 3347:. Greenpeace. 12 December 2005 2047:. GRID-Arendal. Archived from 2032: 2013: 1863: 1833: 1815: 339:was stranded on the shores of 281:crippled the cruise ship trade 109:and reduces energy use in the 13: 1: 5467:Container-deposit legislation 4934: 3788:Sectoral Activities Programme 3577:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.018 3557:Journal of Cleaner Production 3474:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.026 3454:Journal of Cleaner Production 2711:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.031 2691:Journal of Cleaner Production 2576:recyclingships.blogspot.co.uk 2083:Shipping Wonders of the World 1808: 1748:National Film Board of Canada 1691:Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard 1619:Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard 1337:Changjiang Ship Breaking Yard 1079:Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard 908:Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard 901: 783:personal protective equipment 195: 128:Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard 3956:Ship breaking by Drachinifel 3898:NGO Platform on Shipbreaking 3526:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 3500:www.hellenicshippingnews.com 3371:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 3100:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 3066:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 3013:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 2621:10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.035 1909:www.shipbreakingplatform.org 419: 403:to return to French waters. 7: 5162:Materials recovery facility 4808:History of waste management 3803:Rousmaniere, Peter (2007). 2182:siteresources.worldbank.org 2079:"The Shipbreaking Industry" 1947:Basel Convention Series/SBC 1708: 1042:List of ship breaking yards 974: 894:List of ship-breaking yards 583:Conventions and regulations 368:former shipbuilding yards. 10: 5857: 4396:fluorescent lamp recycling 2976:Vidal, John (5 May 2012). 2839:Shaw, Jim (1 March 2018). 2513:ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2143:"Shipbreaker to the world" 1631:Ship-breaking in Sitakunda 1362: 917: 708: 165: 29: 5617:Background Information:** 5540: 5444: 5263: 5175: 5129: 5039: 5028: 4942: 4851: 4765: 4734: 4644: 4496: 4293: 4282: 4129: 4031: 4004:Ceremonial ship launching 3996: 3991:Life cycle of a Navy ship 3876: 3871: 3821:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.4.359 3603:NGO Shipbreaking Platform 3047:Retrieved 21 August 2018. 2845:Pacific Maritime Magazine 2217:"Echoes of Ship Breaking" 1762:, a young-adult novel by 1176:Aliaga Ship Breaking Yard 1143:Gadani Ship Breaking Yard 993:Aliaga Ship Breaking Yard 986: 981:Gadani Ship Breaking Yard 736:polychlorinated biphenyls 353:Gadani Ship Breaking Yard 136:Gadani Ship Breaking Yard 4778:China's waste import ban 3782:Bailey, Paul J. (2000). 3724:. London: Granta Books. 2987:Retrieved 16 March 2014. 2507:Gwin, Peter (May 2014). 2244:"Vital Waste Graphics 2" 1111:Alang Ship Breaking Yard 964:Alang Ship Breaking Yard 948: 931: 621:The Hong Kong Convention 439:Alang Ship Breaking Yard 293:industrialized countries 120:Alang Ship Breaking Yard 45:Alang Ship Breaking Yard 5786:) SHIP BREAKING SUMMARY 5492:Reverse vending machine 4139:Agricultural wastewater 3913:4 November 2009 at the 3740:Buxton, Ian L. (1992). 2085:. www.naval-history.net 5532:Water recycling shower 5376:Reuse of human excreta 5346:Recycling (ecological) 5331:Material flow analysis 4863:Environment portal 4541:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4431:water recycling shower 2022:"Shipbreaking in 2014" 1841:"Life Cycle of a Ship" 1795:Hardspace: Shipbreaker 777: 756:workers' health claims 723: 630: 482: 460:Gujarat Maritime Board 442: 391:Supreme Court of India 332: 273: 199: 51: 5321:Interchangeable parts 5316:Industrial metabolism 4231:Municipal solid waste 4211:Industrial wastewater 4032:After decommissioning 3942:10 March 2018 at the 2815:"Land Disposal Units" 2661:www.marineinsight.com 803:environmental concern 775: 721: 628: 565:Historical techniques 480: 436: 326: 316:40 (day labourer) to 265: 173: 42: 5527:Water heat recycling 5517:Waste management law 4426:water heat recycling 4331:Garden waste dumping 3194:on 24 September 2015 3158:on 23 September 2015 2907:"Recycling of ships" 2453:www.moneycontrol.com 1774:Wrecking (shipwreck) 1753:Ship decommissioning 1724:disposal controversy 854:Hong Kong Convention 843:international waters 669:Hong Kong Convention 599:international waters 588:The Basel Convention 429:Developing countries 381:to be dismantled in 255:, sold as scrap for 5477:Ethical consumerism 5411:Urban lumberjacking 5341:Product stewardship 5291:Eco-industrial park 4793:Eco-industrial park 4381:appliance recycling 4301:Anaerobic digestion 4246:Post-consumer waste 4144:Biodegradable waste 3949:National Geographic 3930:National Geographic 3569:2008JCPro..16..350N 3466:2013JCPro..59..251D 3427:www.offthebeach.org 3315:2011EnST...45.1349G 3260:www.toxicswatch.org 2703:2015JCPro..87..520H 2509:"The Ship-Breakers" 2418:. 27 October 2012. 2115:. NYP Holdings, Inc 2051:on 6 September 2015 1052:Ship breaking yard 890:58%, respectively. 874:European Commission 797:Environmental risks 694:European Commission 490:Developed countries 5550:Environment portal 5421:Waste minimisation 5366:Reusable packaging 5311:Industrial ecology 4838:Waste minimisation 4783:Cleaner production 4448:Reusable packaging 4361:Mechanical sorting 4164:Construction waste 4016:Ship commissioning 3102:. Vega Productions 2769:. 23 November 2010 2483:www.shipcruise.org 2371:. 4 January 2010. 2223:. Vega Productions 1915:on 9 November 2015 1400:Ship recycling in 1269:Brownsville, Texas 1030:Brownsville, Texas 885:, 0.6–0.7 tons of 872:In March 2012 the 778: 724: 631: 483: 443: 333: 274: 200: 52: 5841:Vehicle recycling 5611:rights concerns. 5607: 5606: 5361:Resource recovery 5351:Refill (campaign) 5296:Ecological design 5276:Dematerialization 5086:Fluorescent lamps 4902: 4901: 4833:Waste legislation 4742:Sanitation worker 4716:London Convention 4652:Bamako Convention 4443:Resource recovery 4411:textile recycling 4406:plastic recycling 4386:battery recycling 4326:Ecological design 4251:Radioactive waste 4081: 4080: 3937:The Ship-Breakers 3925:The Ship-Breakers 3894: 3893: 3323:10.1021/es1025239 2825:on 15 March 2012. 2392:. 8 February 2009 2338:. 16 January 2006 1779:List of dry docks 1360: 1359: 807:environmental law 744:industrial safety 551:e-waste recycling 327:Ship recycled in 278:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 5848: 5811: 5806: 5595: 5594: 5558: 5557: 5548: 5522:Waste management 5512:Waste collection 5371:Reuse of bottles 5271:Circular economy 5248:Northern Ireland 5034: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4871: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4726:OSPAR Convention 4657:Basel Convention 4468:Waste collection 4458:Sewage treatment 4416:timber recycling 4391:bottle recycling 4371:Reclaimed lumber 4366:Photodegradation 4288: 4206:Industrial waste 4174:Electronic waste 4169:Demolition waste 4149:Biomedical waste 4123:waste management 4108: 4101: 4094: 4085: 4084: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3839:. Archived from 3799: 3797: 3795: 3776: 3753: 3735: 3723: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3309:(4): 1349–1355. 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3224:on 10 March 2018 3220:. Archived from 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3193: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3001: 2988: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2948:. 30 March 2023. 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2821:. 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Shaw Media Inc 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1851:on 24 March 2019 1837: 1831: 1830: 1819: 1802:Israel Shipyards 1764:Paolo Bacigalupi 1739:Marine pollution 1700: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1049: 1048: 866:Lloyd's Register 681:Lloyd's Register 606:hazardous wastes 414:global recession 365:Basel Convention 276:In 2020, as the 258: 197: 155:artificial reefs 71:ship dismantling 21: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5803: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5738: 5667: 5608: 5603: 5536: 5507:Waste-to-energy 5472:Dumpster diving 5440: 5416:Waste hierarchy 5391:Right to repair 5259: 5228:The Netherlands 5183:Rate by country 5171: 5125: 5035: 5026: 4938: 4933: 4903: 4898: 4874:Category: Waste 4855: 4847: 4828:Waste hierarchy 4761: 4752:Waste collector 4730: 4721:Oslo Convention 4640: 4492: 4488:Waste-to-energy 4483:Waste treatment 4453:Right to repair 4351:Landfill mining 4336:Illegal dumping 4289: 4280: 4241:Packaging waste 4236:Open defecation 4196:Hazardous waste 4125: 4112: 4082: 4077: 4027: 3992: 3989: 3944:Wayback Machine 3915:Wayback Machine 3883: 3878: 3872:External videos 3867: 3846: 3844: 3843:on 3 March 2012 3793: 3791: 3773: 3732: 3712: 3710:Further reading 3700: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3532:on 26 July 2021 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3423:"Off the beach" 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2975: 2971: 2964:errdoc.gabia.io 2958: 2957: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2830: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2663:. MarineInsight 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2608:APCBEE Procedia 2600: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2543: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2479:"Ship Breaking" 2475: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2368:BBC News Online 2361: 2360: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2260:on 4 March 2016 2257: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2221:www.youtube.com 2213: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2131: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2101: 2088: 2086: 2075: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2037: 2033: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1903: 1902: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1845:shippipedia.com 1839: 1838: 1834: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1746:(film), by the 1711: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1689: 1680: 1677: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1548: 1545: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1428: 1425: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1365: 1212:Graythorpe Dock 1044: 1025: 1013:Graythorpe Dock 1005: 989: 977: 951: 934: 920: 904: 896: 799: 752:personal injury 742:along with lax 716: 711: 690: 623: 590: 585: 567: 492: 452:hydraulic fluid 431: 422: 289: 287:Location trends 272:in Toulon, 1912 266:Dismantling of 256: 168: 77:) is a type of 63:ship demolition 57:(also known as 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5854: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5813: 5812: 5800: 5793:sulfur dioxide 5788: 5787: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5552: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Bottle cutting 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Land recycling 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5243:United Kingdom 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5056: 5054:Automotive oil 5051: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4865: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4747:Street sweeper 4744: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631:United Kingdom 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4421:tire recycling 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4401:land recycling 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311:Biodegradation 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4271:Surface runoff 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4159:Chemical waste 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4111: 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1926: 1889: 1862: 1832: 1827:GMS Leadership 1813: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1755: 1750: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1267:SA Recycling, 1264: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217:United Kingdom 1214: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028:SA Recycling, 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1004: 1003:United Kingdom 1001: 1000: 999: 988: 985: 984: 983: 976: 973: 972: 971: 966: 950: 947: 946: 945: 933: 930: 929: 928: 919: 916: 915: 914: 903: 900: 895: 892: 798: 795: 715: 712: 710: 707: 689: 686: 661: 660: 657: 654: 646: 645: 642: 639: 622: 619: 589: 586: 584: 581: 566: 563: 491: 488: 430: 427: 421: 418: 396:Conseil d'État 347:(then part of 297:United Kingdom 288: 285: 167: 164: 67:ship scrapping 59:ship recycling 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5853: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836:Ship disposal 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Ship breaking 5824: 5823: 5821: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 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5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:Green economy 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5255:United States 5253: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5167:Waste sorting 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Mobile phones 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4895: 4894:Organizations 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Landfill fire 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662:EU directives 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4636:United States 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Waste sorting 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221:Marine debris 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4044:Ship breaking 4042: 4040: 4039:Reserve fleet 4037: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4021:lists by year 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4009:lists by year 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3875: 3870: 3858: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815:(4): 359–68. 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3772:1-59609-036-7 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Buerk, Roland 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731:0-86547-581-4 3727: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3372: 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Ship Cruise 2484: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:The Economist 2413: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2148: 2147:Taiwan Review 2144: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2114: 2113:New York Post 2110: 2103: 2097: 2096:alternate URL 2084: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1877: 1876:globalnews.ca 1873: 1866: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1734:Marine debris 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1318:United States 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1296:United States 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1274:United States 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023:United States 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 998: 994: 991: 990: 982: 979: 978: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 960: 958: 953: 944: 940: 936: 935: 926: 922: 921: 913: 909: 906: 905: 899: 891: 888: 884: 878: 875: 870: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 846: 844: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 814: 812: 808: 804: 794: 792: 786: 784: 774: 770: 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 720: 706: 702: 700: 695: 685: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 658: 655: 652: 651: 650: 643: 640: 637: 636: 635: 627: 618: 614: 611: 607: 602: 600: 594: 580: 576: 573: 562: 558: 556: 555:eddy currents 552: 547: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 511: 508: 503: 501: 496: 487: 479: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 447: 440: 435: 426: 417: 415: 409: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375: 369: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 349:East Pakistan 346: 342: 338: 330: 325: 321: 319: 315: 310: 304: 302: 301:United States 298: 294: 284: 282: 279: 271: 270: 264: 260: 254: 253: 247: 246:Thos. W. Ward 243: 242:oxy-acetylene 239: 238:wrecking ball 235: 231: 225: 223: 218: 216: 212: 207: 205: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 172: 163: 161: 156: 152: 147: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99:metal fatigue 96: 92: 88: 87:raw materials 84: 80: 79:ship disposal 76: 75:ship cracking 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:Ship breaking 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5609: 5596: 5457:Cogeneration 5286:Durable good 4766:Other topics 4757:Waste picker 4684:incineration 4463:Urban mining 4341:Incineration 4321:Durable good 4266:Sharps waste 4226:Mining waste 4059:Retrofitting 4043: 3997:Service life 3947: 3928: 3845:. Retrieved 3841:the original 3812: 3808: 3792:. Retrieved 3787: 3762: 3741: 3719: 3705: 3701: 3688:. Retrieved 3684: 3656:. 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Retrieved 1849:the original 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1793: 1759:Ship Breaker 1757: 1744:Shipbreakers 1721: 1045: 954: 952: 897: 879: 871: 851: 847: 839: 815: 800: 787: 779: 767: 760: 754:lawsuits or 749: 740:heavy metals 725: 714:Health risks 703: 691: 666: 662: 647: 632: 615: 603: 595: 591: 577: 568: 559: 548: 539:incinerating 534:Cement kilns 523: 512: 504: 497: 493: 484: 448: 444: 423: 410: 400: 395: 373: 370: 361: 336: 334: 305: 295:such as the 290: 275: 268: 251: 226: 219: 208: 201: 176: 148: 144: 116: 114:industries. 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53: 36: 32:Ship Breaker 18:Ship breaker 5570:by material 5431:Wishcycling 5381:Repurposing 5281:Downcycling 5233:Switzerland 5069:PET bottles 5017:Cooking oil 5002:Refrigerant 4788:Downcycling 4735:Occupations 4704:waste water 4601:Switzerland 4591:South Korea 4581:New Zealand 4506:Afghanistan 4478:Waste trade 4438:Repurposing 4276:Toxic waste 4256:Scrap metal 4191:Green waste 4154:Brown waste 4131:Major types 4073:Museum ship 4068:Target ship 3460:: 251–259. 2697:: 520–532. 2614:: 159–163. 1153:Balochistan 887:coking coal 823:tributyltin 500:bilge water 204:Tudor times 192:Rotherhithe 181:heeled over 111:steelmaking 5831:Demolition 5820:Categories 5575:by product 5565:by country 5482:Freeganism 5462:Composting 5436:Zero waste 5336:Precycling 5157:Collection 5147:Blue boxes 5049:Appliances 4843:Zero waste 4645:Agreements 4576:Kazakhstan 4531:Bangladesh 4316:Composting 4201:Heat waste 4186:Food waste 4179:by country 3505:15 October 3407:15 October 3214:"May 2014" 3152:www.dnv.no 3131:15 October 2850:9 December 2742:15 October 2190:World Bank 2153:9 December 2119:23 October 1999:unctad.org 1809:References 1722:Clemenceau 1094:Chittagong 1089:Chittagong 1084:Bangladesh 912:Chittagong 902:Bangladesh 819:organotins 811:Greenpeace 472:glass wool 401:Clemenceau 374:Clemenceau 345:Chittagong 337:M D Alpine 269:Redoutable 252:Mauretania 153:to create 132:Bangladesh 89:, chiefly 5687:managed. 5643:Quotes:** 5406:Upcycling 5400:Green 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