Tudor period - Knowledge

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satisfactory. The heavy strain came from warfare, including building defences, building a Navy, suppressing insurrections, warring with Scotland, and engaging in very expensive continental warfare. Henry's Continental wars won him little glory or diplomatic influence, and no territory. Nevertheless, warfare 1511 to 1514 with three large expeditions and two smaller ones cost £912,000. The Boulogne campaign of 1544 cost £1,342,000 and the wars against Scotland £954,000; the naval wars cost £149,000 and large sums were spent to build and maintain inland and coastal fortifications. The total cost of war and defence between 1539 and 1547 was well over £2,000,000, although the accounting procedures were too primitive to give an accurate total. Adding it all up, approximately 35% came from taxes, 32% from selling land and monastery holdings, and 30% from debasing the coinage. The cost of war in the short reign of Edward VI was another £1,387,000.

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Vol. 7. 1534.- Vol. 8. 1535, Jan.–July.- Vol. 9. 1535, Aug.–Dec.- Vol. 10. 1536, Jan.–July.- Vol. 11. 1536, July–Dec.- Vol. 12, pt. 1. 1537, Jan.–May.- Vol. 12, pt. 2. 1537, June–Dec.- Vol. 13, pt. 1. 1538, Jan.–July.- Vol. 13, pt. 2. 1538, Aug.–Dec.- Vol. 14, pt . 1. 1539, Jan.–July.- Vol. 14, pt. 2. 1539, Aug.-Dec.- Vol. 15. 1540, Jan.–Aug.- Vol. 16. 1540, Sept.- 1541, Dec.- Vol. 17. 1542.- Vol. 18, pt. 1 1543, Jan.–July.- Vol. 18, pt. 2. 1543, Aug.–Dec.- Vol. 19, pt. 1. 1544, Jan.–July.- Vol. 19, pt. 2. 1544, Aug.–Dec.- Vol. 20, pt. 1. 1545, Jan.–July.- Vol. 20, pt. 2. 1545, Aug.–Dec.- Vol. 21, pt. 1. 1546, Jan.–Aug.- Vol. 21, pt. 2. 1546, Sept.-1547, Jan.- Addenda: Vol. 1, pt. 1. 1509–1537 and undated. Nos. 1–1293.- Addenda: Vol. 1, pt. 2. 1538–1547 and undated. Nos. 1294-end and index

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navigation, guarded the coastline with fortifications, set up a school for navigation and designated the roles of officers and sailors. He closely supervised the construction of all his warships and their guns, knowing their designs, speed, tonnage, armaments and battle tactics. He encouraged his naval architects, who perfected the Italian technique of mounting guns in the waist of the ship, thus lowering the centre of gravity and making it a better platform. He supervised the smallest details and enjoyed nothing more than presiding over the launching of a new ship. He drained his treasury on military and naval affairs, diverting the revenues from new taxes and the sales of monastery lands.

1132:, the new monarch. Northumberland wanted to keep control of the government, and promote Protestantism. Edward signed a devise to alter the succession, but that was not legal, for only Parliament could amend its own acts. Edward's Privy Council kept his death secret for three days to install Lady Jane, but Northumberland had neglected to take control of Princess Mary. She fled and organised a band of supporters, who proclaimed her Queen across the country. The Privy Council abandoned Northumberland, and proclaimed Mary to be the sovereign after nine days of the pretended Jane Grey. Queen Mary imprisoned Lady Jane and executed Northumberland. 674:—King Henry VIII had vigorously and publicly denounced Luther's heresies. More important, the Catholic Church was in a strong condition in 1500. England was devoutly Catholic, it was loyal to the pope, local parishes attracted strong local financial support, religious services were quite popular both at Sunday Mass and at family devotions. Complaints about the monasteries and the bishops were uncommon. The kings backed the popes and by the time Luther appeared on the scene, England was among the strongest supporters of orthodox Catholicism, and seemed a most unlikely place for a religious revolution. 761: 1434:. The power of the sheriff had declined since medieval days, but the position was still very prestigious. A sheriff was appointed for a one-year term, with no renewal, by the Privy Council. He was paid many small fees, but they probably did not meet the sheriff's expenses in terms of hospitality and hiring his under-sheriffs and bailiffs. The sheriff held court every month to deal with civil and criminal cases. He supervised elections, ran the local jail and meted out punishments. His subordinates provided staffing for the county's justices of the peace. 1443:

challenge was to overcome the reluctance of many militia men, the shortages of arms, training mishaps, and jealousy among the gentry as to who would command which unit. Despite Huntingdon's last-minute efforts, the mobilisation of 1588 revealed a reluctant society that only grudgingly answered the call to arms. The Armada never landed troops, and the militia were not actually used. During the civil wars of the mid-17th century, the Lord Lieutenant played an even more important role in mobilising his county either for King Charles I or for Parliament.

1308:. He was acquitted of murder; she quickly married Bothwell. Most people at the time thought she was deeply involved in adultery or murder; historians have argued at length and are undecided. However rebellion broke out and the Protestant nobles defeated the Queen's forces in 1567. She was forced to abdicate in favour of her infant son James VI; she fled to England, where Elizabeth confined her in house arrest for 19 years. Mary engaged in numerous complex plots to assassinate Elizabeth and become queen herself. Finally Elizabeth caught her plotting the 1735: 862:

and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, but in the end English government had not changed much. For all the promise, there was very little achievement of note. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry VIII needed a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was a disappointment. In the end, he conspired with Henry's enemies, and died of natural causes before he could be beheaded.

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Supporting rebels against the lawful ruler violated Elizabeth's deeply held claims to the legitimacy of all royalty. On the other hand, a French victory in Scotland would establish a Catholic state on the northern border supported by a powerful French enemy. Elizabeth first sent money, then sent artillery, then sent a fleet that destroyed the French fleet in Scotland. Finally she sent 8,000 troops north. The death of Mary of Guise allowed England, France and Scotland to come to terms in the

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England caused discontent among the aristocracy and gentry, as the new Protestant bishop tried to recover former church lands and alienated their new owners. Local Catholic elements were a large fraction of the population and resented the destruction of the rituals and practices. When the Royal army approached, the leadership disbanded their forces and fled to Scotland. A few leaders were executed, but many of the gentry saved their lives by handing over their lands to Queen Elizabeth.

819: 1704: 7668: 1719: 883:. This transition happened in the 1530s, Elton argued, and must be regarded as part of a planned revolution. Elton's point was that before Cromwell the realm could be viewed as the King's private estate writ large, where most administration was done by the King's household servants rather than separate state offices. By masterminding these reforms, Cromwell laid the foundations of England's future stability and success. Cromwell's luck ran out when he picked 7679: 7656: 7854: 1656: 6547: 1140:. However, a historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has to some degree improved her reputation among scholars. Christopher Haigh's bold reappraisal of the religious history of Mary's reign painted the revival of religious festivities and a general satisfaction, if not enthusiasm, at the return of the old Catholic practices. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her younger half-sister and successor 7689: 1271:(1515–1560) was a French woman close to the French throne. She ruled as the regent for her teenaged daughter Queen Mary, 1554–1560. The regent and her daughter were both strong proponents of Catholicism and attempted to suppress the rapid growth of Protestantism in Scotland. Mary of Guise was a strong opponent of Protestantism, and worked to maintain a close alliance between Scotland and France, called the 745:

aspects. First Henry rejected the Pope as the head of the Church in England, insisting that national sovereignty required the Absolute supremacy of the king. Henry worked closely with Parliament in passing a series of laws that implemented the break. Englishmen could no longer appeal to Rome. All the decisions were to be made in England, ultimately by the King himself, and in practice by top aides such as

47: 171: 1466:, Gilberts, Carews, Seymours, Courtenays, and other names prominent among the men who laid the foundations of the maritime greatness of England and of the existence of America. Of the fifty-five, twenty-eight were at one time or another high-sheriffs of the county, twenty more were then, or became afterwards, knights, six sat in the House of Commons, and three in the House of Lords. 158: 562:(1348) and the agricultural depression of the late 15th century, the population of England began to increase. In 1520, it was around 2.3 million. By 1600 it had almost doubled to 4 million. The growing population stimulated economic growth, accelerated the commercialisation of agriculture, increased the production and export of wool, encouraged trade, and promoted the growth of 911:, which previously went to the pope, now went to the king. Altogether, between 1536 and Henry's death, his government collected £1.3 million; this huge influx of money caused Cromwell to change the Crown's financial system to manage the money. He created a new department of state and a new official to collect the proceeds of the dissolution and the First Fruits and Tenths. The 811:

proudly watched his fleet sail down the Thames under command of Sir Edmund Howard. It was the most powerful naval force to date in English history: 24 ships led by the 1600 ton "Henry Imperial"; the fleet carried 5000 combat marines and 3000 sailors. It forced the outnumbered French fleet back to its ports, took control of the English Channel, and blockaded Brest.

1179:, argued Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them. In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries; Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits in England. Spain was widely seen as the enemy, and her marriage to King 1068:, Protestantism declared, was a Catholic superstition that falsified the Scriptures. Prayers for the dead were useless because no one was actually in Purgatory. It followed that prayers to saints, veneration of relics, and adoration of statues were all useless superstitions that had to end. For centuries devout Englishman had created endowments called 1348:(1552–1618) was a new face on the scene. The three new men formed a triangle of interlocking and opposing forces that was hard to break into. The first vacancy came in 1601, when Devereux was executed for attempting to take the Queen prisoner and seize power. After Elizabeth died the new king kept on Cecil as his chief advisor, and beheaded Raleigh. 710:. Henry engaged in a number of administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. He paid very close attention to detail and, instead of spending lavishly, concentrated on raising new revenues. His new taxes were unpopular, and when Henry VIII succeeded him, he executed Henry VII's two most hated tax collectors. 786:

off, and the valuable lands were sold to friends of the King, thereby producing a large, wealthy, gentry class that supported Henry. In terms of theology and ritual there was little change, as Henry wanted to keep most elements of Catholicism and detested the "heresies" of Martin Luther and the other reformers.

933:, produced further reforms to simplify the arrangements, reforms which united most of the crown's finance under the exchequer. The courts of general surveyors and augmentations were fused into a new Court of Augmentations, and this was later absorbed into the exchequer along with the First Fruits and Tenths. 1437:

The Lord Lieutenant was a new office created by Henry VIII to represent the royal power in each county. He was a person with good enough connections at court to be selected by the sovereign and served at the monarch's pleasure, often for decades. He had limited powers of direct control, so successful

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the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final

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was deeply unpopular, even though he had practically no role in English government and they had no children. The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent. Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, her

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To Catholic opinion, the problem set by these legal confiscations ... the disappearance of a large clerical society from their midst, the silencing of masses, the rupture of both visible and spiritual ties, which over so many centuries have linked rude provincial man with a great world of the Faith.

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had been established that supported thousands of priests who celebrated masses for the dead, or operated schools or hospitals in order to earn grace for the soul in purgatory. The endowments were seized (by the king? Somerset?) in 1547. Historians have contrasted the efficiency of Somerset's takeover

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Operating with the firm support of the king, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope, Wolsey dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign-policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. In terms of achievements, he built a great fortune for himself,

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who was in exile in continental Europe. Henry destroyed the rest of the family, executing its leaders, and seizing all its property. The second stage involved the seizure of the monasteries. The monasteries operating religious and charitable institutions were closed, the monks and nuns were pensioned

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Henry VIII, flamboyant, energetic, militaristic and headstrong, remains one of the most visible kings of England, primarily because of his six marriages, all of which were designed to produce a male heir, and his heavy retribution in executing many top officials and aristocrats. In foreign-policy, he

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in 1588, the Lord Lieutenant was the Earl of Huntington, who urgently needed to prepare defences in the face of the threatened invasion from the Spanish Armada. The Queen's Privy Council urgently called upon him to mobilise the militia, and report on the availability of men and horses. Huntington's

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or "Northern Rebellion" of 1569–70 was a failed attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. It originated from bitter political factionalism in the royal Privy Council. The extension of Tudor authority in northern

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in 1560, which had a far-reaching impact. France permanently withdrew all its forces from Scotland. It ensured the success of the Reformation in Scotland; it began a century of peace with France; it ended any threat of a Scottish invasion; and it paved the way for a union of the two kingdoms in 1603

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The existing situation proved untenable because the laity feared, resented, and despised much about the Church, its officers, its courts and its wealth. ... A poverty-stricken and ignorant lower clergy, wealthy bishops and abbots, a wide ramification of jurisdiction, a mixture of high claims and low

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Vol. 1. 1509–1514 and Index.- Vol. 2., pt. 1. 1515–1516.- Vol. 2., pt. 2. 1517–1518.- Vol. 3, pt. 1–2. 1519–1523.- Vol. 4. Introduction and Appendix, 1524–1530.- Vol. 4, pt. 1. 1524–1526.- Vol. 4, pt. 2. 1526–1528.- Vol. 4, pt. 3. 1529–1530, with a general index.- Vol. 5. 1531–1532.- Vol. 6. 1533.-

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designed as good works that generated grace to help them get out of purgatory after they died. Many chantries were altars or chapels inside churches, or endowments that supported thousands of priests who said Masses for the dead. In addition there were many schools and hospitals established as good

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of the realm and in effect ruled England from 1547 to 1549. Seymour led expensive, inconclusive wars with Scotland. His religious policies angered Catholics. Purgatory was rejected so there was no more need for prayers to saints, relics, and statues, nor for masses for the dead. Some 2400 permanent

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that was oppose to religious reformation seemed to be in power, and was poised to take control of the regency of the nine-year-old boy who was heir to the throne. However, when the king died, the pro-reformation factions suddenly seized control of the new king, and of the Regency Council, under the

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cost £50,000, and the king's new palaces were expensive. Meanwhile, customs revenue was slipping. The Church had an annual revenue of about £300,000; a new tax of 10% was imposed which brought in about £30,000. To get even larger sums it was proposed to seize the lands owned by monasteries, some of

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Only in the broadest respects was he taking independent decisions....It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the available options and ranked them for royal consideration; who established the parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow of official information; who selected

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The main policy development was Henry's taking full control of the Church of England. This followed from his break from Rome, which was caused by the refusal of the Pope to annul his original marriage. Henry thereby introduced a very mild variation of the Protestant Reformation. There were two main

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Elizabeth's reign marks the decisive turning point in English religious history, as a predominantly Catholic nation at the beginning of her reign was predominantly Protestant by the end. Although Elizabeth executed 250 Catholic priests, she also executed some extreme Puritans, and on the whole she

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At the end of his reign, Henry VII's peacetime income was about £113,000, of which customs on imports amounted to about £40,000. There was little debt, and he left his son a large treasury. Henry VIII spent heavily on luxuries, such as tapestries and palaces, but his peacetime budget was generally

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and number of departments meant a growing number of officials, which made the management of revenue a major activity. Cromwell's new system was highly efficient with far less corruption or secret payoffs or bribery than before. Its drawback was the multiplication of departments whose sole unifying

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In dramatic contrast to his father, Henry VIII spent heavily, in terms of military operations in Britain and in France, and in building a great network of palaces. How to pay for it remained a serious issue. The growing number of departments meant many new salaried bureaucrats. There were further

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says that Henry deserved his traditional title of "Father of the English navy." It became his personal weapon. He inherited seven small warships from his father, and added two dozen more by 1514. In addition to those built in England, he bought up Italian and Hanseatic warships. By March 1513, he

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raised the rebellion to overthrow the Catholic Church and seize its lands. The Lords appealed to Elizabeth for English help, but she played a very cautious hand. The 1559 treaty with France called for peace and she was unwilling to violate it, especially since England had no allies at the time.

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After Henry imposed a heavy fine on the bishops, they nearly all complied. The laws of treason were greatly strengthened so that verbal dissent alone was treasonous. There were some short-lived popular rebellions that were quickly suppressed. The league level in terms of the aristocracy and the

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Historians agree that the great theme of Tudor history was the Reformation, the transformation of England from Catholicism to Protestantism. The main events, constitutional changes, and players at the national level have long been known, and the major controversies about them largely resolved.

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Mary is remembered for her vigorous efforts to restore Roman Catholicism after Edward's short-lived crusade to minimise Catholicism in England. Protestant historians have long denigrated her reign, emphasising that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake in the

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Henry was the first king to organise the navy as a permanent force, with a permanent administrative and logistical structure, funded by tax revenue. His personal attention was concentrated on land, where he founded the royal dockyards, planted trees for shipbuilding, enacted laws for in land

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which the monks farmed and most of which was leased to local gentry. Taking ownership meant the rents went to the king. Selling the land to the gentry at a bargain price brought in £1 million in one-time revenue and gave the gentry a stake in the administration. The clerical payments from

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The king had an annual income of about £100,000, but he needed much more in order to suppress rebellions and finance his foreign adventures. In 1533, for example, military expenditures on the northern border cost £25,000, while the 1534 rebellion in Ireland cost £38,000. Suppressing the

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from 1532 to 1540, not only removed control of the Church of England from the hands of the Pope, but transformed England with an unprecedented modern, bureaucratic government. Cromwell (1485–1540) replaced medieval government-as-household-management. Cromwell introduced reforms into the

628:, Edward imposing a very strict Protestantism, Mary attempting to reinstate Catholicism, and Elizabeth arriving at a compromise position that defined the not-quite-Protestant Church of England. It began with the insistent demands of Henry VIII for an annulment of his marriage that 965:

was used to generate revenue by debasing the coinage; the government's profit in 1547–51 was £1.2 million. However, under the direction of regent Northumberland, Edward's wars were brought to an end. The mint no longer generated extra revenue after debasement was stopped in 1551.

1450:(JPs) in each county. They handled routine police administrative functions, and were paid through a modest level of fees. A JP's duties involved a great deal of paperwork – primarily in Latin – and attracted a surprisingly strong cast of candidates. For example, The 55 JPs in 669:

Social historians after 1960 investigated English religion at the local level, and discovered the dissatisfaction had not been so widespread. The Lollardy movement had largely expired, and the pamphleteering of continental reformers hardly reached beyond a few scholars at the

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Elton argues that Henry indeed built up the organisation and infrastructure of the Navy, but it was not a useful weapon for his style of warfare. It lacked a useful strategy. It did serve for defence against invasion, and for enhancing England's international prestige.

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Lords Lieutenant worked with deputy lieutenants and dealt with the gentry through compromise, consensus, and the inclusion of opposing factions. He was in charge of mobilising the militia if necessary for defence, or to assist the monarch in military operations. In

1082:... The Edwardian dissolution exerted its profounder effects in the field of religion. In large part it proved destructive, for while it helped to debar a revival of Catholic devotion it clearly contain elements which injured the reputation of Protestantism. 729:

focused on fighting France—with minimal success—and had to deal with Scotland, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire, often with military mobilisation or actual highly expensive warfare that led to high taxes. The chief military success came over Scotland.

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Social England: a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day: Volume iii: From the accession of Henry VIII to the death of

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Until recent decades, Somerset's reputation with historians was high, in view of his many proclamations that appeared to back the common people against a rapacious landowning class. In the early 20th century this line was taken by the influential

1041:. A more critical approach was initiated by M. L. Bush and Dale Hoak in the mid-1970s. Since then, Somerset has often been portrayed as an arrogant ruler, devoid of the political and administrative skills necessary for governing the Tudor state. 1025:

of power in 1547 with the subsequent ineptitude of his rule. By autumn 1549, his costly wars had lost momentum, the crown faced financial ruin, and riots and rebellions had broken out around the country. He was overthrown by his former ally

1128:(the first wife); she closely identified with her Catholic, Spanish heritage. She was next in line for the throne. However, in 1553 as Edward VI lay dying, he and the Duke of Northumberland plotted to make his first cousin once removed, 1073:

works. In 1547 a new law closed down 2,374 chantries and seized their assets. Although the Act required the money to go to "charitable" ends and the "public good," most of it appears to have gone to friends of the Court. Historian

1389:, which was based on Protestant theology and the exclusive use of English. The change was widely unpopular – particularly in areas of still firmly Catholic religious loyalty, and in Cornwall where standard English was not popular. 1296:. When he died in 1561, she returned to Scotland as Queen of Scotland. However, when Elizabeth refused to recognise her as the heir to the English throne, Mary rejected the Treaty of Edinburgh. She made an unfortunate marriage to 1171:

attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian by writing more objectively, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler, partisan assessments of Mary with greater scepticism.

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Historians until the late 20th century thought that the causes were a widespread dissatisfaction or even disgust with the evils, corruptions, failures, and contradictions of the established religion, setting up an undertone of

1257:(1542–1587) was a devout Catholic and next in line for the throne of England after Elizabeth. Her status became a major domestic and international issue for England. especially after the death of King James IV at the 1094:

the new sovereign failed after only nine days of her reign. Queen Mary took over and had him beheaded and had Jane Grey beheaded after Thomas Wyatt's Protestant rebellion against the marriage of the queen and

1056:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dudley pursued an aggressively Protestant religious policy. They promoted radical reformers to high Church positions, with the Catholic bishops under attack. The use of the 569:

The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 15th and early 16th centuries were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to an influx of

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heritage, the majority of whom lived out their lives as free persons, living in England or otherwise a part of Tudor English society between 1500 and 1640, showing some of the first recorded evidence of

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administration that delineated the King's household from the state and created a modern administration. He injected Tudor power into the darker corners of the realm and radically altered the role of the

574:

gold and a rising population, set the stage for social upheaval, with the gap between the rich and poor widening. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, with

1048:, Dudley ended the costly wars with France and Scotland and tackled finances in ways that led to some economic recovery. To prevent further uprisings he introduced countrywide policing, appointed 1232:

starting in 1572, marked the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over the hated and feared Spanish.

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Haigh concluded that the "last years of Mary's reign were not a gruesome preparation for Protestant victory, but a continuing consolidation of Catholic strength." Catholic historians, such as

1153: 1275:. In 1559 the Regent became alarmed that widespread Scottish hostility against French rule was strengthening the partisan cause, so she banned unauthorised preaching. But the fiery preacher 1236:

sought a moderately conservative position that mixed Royal control of the church (with no people role), combined with predominantly Catholic ritual, and a predominantly Calvinist theology.

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financial and administrative difficulties in 1540–58, aggravated by war, debasement, corruption and inefficiency, which were mainly caused by Somerset. After Cromwell's fall,

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Elizabeth's final two decades saw mounting problems that were left for the Stuarts to solve after 1603. John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argues:

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became law in 1549; prayers were to be in English not Latin. The Mass was no longer to be celebrated, and preaching became the centerpiece of church services.

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produced five monarchs who ruled during this reign. Occasionally listed is Lady Jane Grey, sometimes known as the 'Nine Days' Queen' for the shortness of her

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agent was Cromwell; his fall caused confusion and uncertainty; the solution was even greater reliance on bureaucratic institutions and the new Privy Council.

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that indicated a rightness for reform. A secondary influence was the intellectual impact of certain English reformers, such as the long-term impact of

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The western rebellion of 1549: an account of the insurrections in Devonshire and Cornwall against religious innovations in the reign of Edward VI

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The cultural achievements of the Elizabethan era have long attracted scholars, and since the 1960s they have conducted intensive research on the

3096: 1633:, as a dark age of anarchy and bloodshed, and sees the Tudor period of the 16th century as a golden age of peace, law, order, and prosperity. 6826: 5987: 424: 887:

for the King; he was beheaded for treason. More recently historians have emphasised that the king and others played powerful roles as well.

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the king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, and JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, if not strictly taken.

7083: 7065: 546:(1988) argued that "England was economically healthier, more expensive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the 8160: 3041: 7718: 2072: 926: 6051: 2947:

Michael J. Braddick, "'Uppon This Instant Extraordinarie Occasion': Military Mobilization in Yorkshire before and after the Armada",

1015:(married to Henry VIII) and uncle to King Edward VI had a successful military career. When the boy king was crowned, Somerset became 995:

Although Henry was only in his mid-50s, his health deteriorated rapidly in 1546. At the time the conservative faction, led by Bishop

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innovations regarding fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments.

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The short reign of Edward VI marked the triumph of Protestantism in England. Somerset, the elder brother of the late Queen

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Dudley by contrast moved quickly after taking over an almost bankrupt administration in 1549. Working with his top aide

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sent Scotland aflame with his preaching, leading the coalition of powerful Scottish nobles, calling themselves the

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who were in close contact with London, and set up what amounted to a standing national army. Working closely with

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After 1540, the Privy Coffers were responsible for 'secret affairs', in particular for the financing of war. The

875: 270: 260: 161: 8028: 7984: 6649: 6453: 6071: 6066: 6036: 5863: 4883: 4538: 4322: 3575: 1545: 1371: 896: 247: 8134: 8038: 8033: 7793: 7751: 6483: 6200: 5692: 1687: 1495: 1167:. Foxe's book taught Protestants for centuries that Mary was a bloodthirsty tyrant. In the mid-20th century, 1325:

years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures.

781:; they were both executed. Among the senior aristocrats, trouble came from the Pole family, which supported 8254: 8102: 7954: 7761: 7742: 7734: 7613: 7450: 7367: 7335: 7015: 6330: 6220: 6061: 6026: 5551: 4868: 4685: 3522: 2842: 1008:. Bishop Gardiner was discredited, and the Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned for all of the new king's reign. 2442: 8001: 7812: 7371: 6905: 6888: 6260: 5829: 5798: 5747: 5707: 5672: 5594: 4824: 4707: 4533: 4494: 4264:

Zagora, Perez. "English History, 1558–1640: A Bibliographical Survey", in Elizabeth Chapin Furber (ed.),

4196:

Lewycky, Nadine. "Politics and religion in the reign of Henry VIII: A historiographical review." (2009).

477: 17: 6878: 8045: 7979: 7824: 7629: 7460: 7391: 7035: 6488: 6300: 6275: 6270: 6190: 6130: 5848: 5752: 5571: 5556: 4930: 4863: 4382: 4310:(Norton Critical Editions) (2009); 700pp; primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature 3772: 1853:

https://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor-population-figures-facts/ "Tudor Population Figures & Facts"

1789: 1426:

The main officials of the local government operated at the county level (also called "shire") were the

1385:

or "Western Rising" was a popular revolt in Devon and Cornwall in 1549. The Royal Court introduced the

1297: 1261:

in 1513. The upshot was years of struggle for control of the throne, nominally held by the infant King

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when the Scottish king James VI inherited the English throne as James I and launched the Stuart era.

1280: 1655: 8259: 8023: 7354: 7054: 6448: 6320: 6305: 6215: 6210: 6092: 5682: 5667: 5566: 4858: 4841: 4740: 2634:

Thomas F. Mayer, "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England", in

1852: 1703: 1406: 1357: 1090:

in 1553. But when the king suddenly died, Dudley's last-minute efforts to make his daughter-in-law

703: 7876: 7178: 4023:

Ponko, Vincent. "The Privy Council and the spirit of Elizabethan economic management, 1558–1603".

3257: 3243: 1224:

in English history in terms of political, social and cultural development, and in comparison with

8165: 7949: 7945: 7549: 7381: 7060: 7025: 6325: 6240: 6115: 5933: 5742: 5730: 5659: 5586: 4646: 4412:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Guy, Christopher Haigh and Christine Carpenter (Oct, 26, 2000) 3943: 3334: 3220: 1074: 1038: 671: 3359: 1370:. It disrupted the North of England in 1536 protesting the religious reforms of Henry VIII, his 1329:

Elizabeth remained a strong leader, but almost all of her earlier advisers had died or retired.

8244: 7940: 7598: 7415: 7410: 7348: 7108: 7030: 7005: 6995: 6503: 6373: 6335: 6280: 6180: 6056: 5897: 5604: 4888: 4770: 3502: 3474:(1991), 818pp; 300 short essays by experts emphasis on politics, religion, and historiography. 3073: 3046: 2279: 1740: 1718: 1141: 912: 7242: 2344: 2304: 2244: 7660: 7582: 7400: 7340: 6990: 6739: 6498: 6478: 6458: 6438: 6413: 6398: 6368: 6290: 6250: 6230: 6155: 5719: 5697: 5687: 4873: 4814: 4641: 2637: 1677: 1584: 1382: 1221: 1058: 880: 753:. Parliament proved highly supportive, with little dissent. The decisive moves came with the 719: 337: 4730: 2113: 1548:, but it was a new wave of migration and community development in England. Hector Nunez and 1362:

Numerous popular uprisings occurred; all suppressed by royal authorities. The largest were:

827: 757:

that made the king the protector and only supreme head of the church and clergy of England.

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Protestant writers at the time took a highly negative view, blasting her as "Bloody Mary".

849: 687: 620:, had entirely different approaches, with Henry VIII replacing the pope as the head of the 601: 543: 535: 80: 3787:

After the Armada : Elizabethan England and the struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595

1595:" is derived. Discriminatory laws were passed in response to their arrival, including the 1515: 760: 8: 7905: 7871: 7840: 7830: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7590: 7470: 7445: 7440: 7420: 7250: 7202: 7019: 6970: 6608: 6528: 6518: 6468: 6403: 6378: 6295: 6145: 6140: 6107: 5948: 5916: 5838: 5624: 5576: 5502: 5489: 4831: 4783: 4673: 4619: 4609: 4597: 1769: 1413: 1392: 1367: 1285: 1262: 1249: 1159: 1137: 1125: 950: 930: 903: 723: 597: 591: 206: 123: 2962:

Noble Government: the Stuart Lord Lieutenancy and the Transformation of English Politics

848:, "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king." Historian 8212: 7891: 7819: 7788: 7756: 7605: 7511: 7386: 7234: 7128: 7000: 6985: 6928: 6752: 6595: 6513: 6443: 6388: 6383: 6310: 6285: 6255: 6150: 6125: 6087: 6046: 5943: 5821: 5677: 5616: 4853: 4750: 4695: 4678: 4658: 4550: 4525: 4517: 4468: 4184: 4153: 3926: 3827: 3441: 3180: 2272: 1779: 1626: 1618: 1600: 1596: 1225: 1180: 1096: 350: 190: 2812:

Reviews and History: Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history

1470:

Other local officials included constables, church-wardens, mayors, and city aldermen.

1405:

in 1554 against Queen Mary I's determination to marry Philip of Spain and named after

648:" reform movement, together with a stream of Reformation treatises and pamphlets from 7959: 7898: 7835: 7783: 7504: 7396: 6635: 6463: 6428: 6315: 6245: 6170: 6165: 5928: 5858: 5629: 4735: 4634: 4587: 4318: 4301: 4076: 3991: 3949: 3886: 3865: 3837: 3731: 3685: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3614: 3583:

Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America

3571: 3539: 3465: 3403: 3366: 3340: 3261: 3128: 3020: 2858: 2719: 2643: 2350: 2310: 2283: 2250: 2205:

Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration

2119: 2078: 1724: 1630: 1463: 1340:(1567–1601) was her most prominent general, a role previously held by his stepfather 1258: 1198: 1168: 1119: 1106: 754: 707: 625: 621: 515: 233: 4212:

McCaffrey, Wallace. "Recent Writings on Tutor History", in Richard Schlatter (ed.),

8155: 7800: 7566: 7266: 7186: 6816: 6473: 6418: 6408: 6185: 6160: 5982: 5938: 5725: 5639: 4809: 4668: 4651: 3880: 3253: 3122: 2605: 2555:

Thomas S. Freeman, "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church'."

2527: 1502: 996: 807: 794: 637: 629: 414: 2907:

The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics and Protest in Elizabethan England

1591:, the people were first called "Egyptians" in literature and from which the word " 7558: 6692: 6533: 6225: 6031: 5911: 5880: 5735: 5715: 5634: 4765: 4725: 4602: 4555: 4478: 4389: 4290: 4150:

Modern Historians on British History 1485–1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945–1969

3939: 3658:

Studies in Tudor and Stuart politics and government: papers and reviews 1946–1972

3554: 3330: 3014: 2191: 1745: 1431: 1375: 1193: 1049: 871: 750: 695: 523: 290: 67: 4395: 3981: 7703: 7672: 7532: 7496: 7314: 6975: 6551: 6097: 5599: 5514: 4846: 4760: 4624: 4572: 4158:

Freeman, Thomas S. "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church

3721:

Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: queen and commonwealth 1558–1585

3625: 2923: 2609: 1709: 1642: 1622: 1549: 1345: 1309: 1129: 1091: 1053: 1016: 984: 884: 737: 691: 657: 539: 531: 128: 56: 7282: 3741: 2810: 2809:

John Cramsie, "The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I,"

1976: 1446:

The day-to-day business of local government was in the hands of several dozen

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When the treaty was signed, Mary was in Paris as the wife of the French King

1272: 1268: 1034: 845: 782: 746: 649: 641: 547: 394: 384: 302: 220: 186: 166: 4405: 4189:

Haigh, Christopher. "The recent historiography of the English Reformation."

4098:

Malevolent nurture: Witch-hunting and maternal power in early modern England

2531: 1579:

around 1513 or 1514. First believed to come from 'little Egypt', an English

1544:

during this time period. Notably, this was not the first written record of

1086:

The new Protestant orthodoxy for the Church of England was expressed in the

818: 7805: 7455: 7306: 7258: 7218: 6764: 6726: 6714: 5955: 5772: 5644: 5509: 4895: 4690: 4629: 4043: 3762:

Access to History: Henry VIII to Mary I: Government and Religion, 1509–1558

1301: 1176: 1012: 799: 600:

transformed English religion during the Tudor period. The five sovereigns,

563: 362: 324: 312: 7210: 4266:

Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

4117:

Anglo, Sydney. "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII,"

3307: 1333:(1563–1612) took over the role of leading advisor long held by his father 660:

in 1960 is representative of the orthodox interpretation. He argued that:

542:, art, architecture trade, exploration and commerce flourished. Historian 7524: 7516: 7359: 7170: 6774: 5960: 4804: 4788: 4663: 4565: 4464: 4441: 3945:

Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers

3851:

Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England

3336:

Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers

2759:

Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604

1946:

Sydney Anglo, "Ill of the dead: The posthumous reputation of Henry VII",

1557: 1553: 1537: 1344:, who was the love of Elizabeth's life; and the adventurer/historian Sir 1213: 778: 774: 699: 653: 617: 559: 527: 372: 100: 4214:

Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966

4122: 4011: 3930: 3918: 3904:. Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance. British Library 3184: 3172: 3152:. Discovering Literature: Shakespeare & Renaissance. British Library 2110:

Sara Nair James, "Cardinal Wolsey: The English Cardinal Italianate", in

1951: 7637: 7480: 7425: 7298: 7274: 7194: 7118: 5762: 5521: 4207: 4202:

Loades, David. "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research",

4028: 2302: 2242: 1794: 1784: 1612: 962: 765: 605: 85: 52: 27:

Historical era in England coinciding with the rule of the Tudor dynasty

3824:

A concise economic history of Britain: From the earliest times to 1750

2571:

David Loades, "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research",

1399:

of common land. The instigator, Robert Kett, was executed for treason.

1378:, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. 7853: 7488: 7290: 6897: 5790: 4543: 4486: 4400: 3677: 3247: 2623:

English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors

2589:

English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors

2437:

David Loades, "The reign of Edward VI: An historiographical survey",

1439: 1396: 1276: 1229: 1164: 1148: 1065: 988: 609: 579: 571: 90: 7162: 2371:

Edward VI: The Young King. The Protectorship of the Duke of Somerset

1102: 844:

Professor Sara Nair James says that between 1515 and 1529, Cardinal

4900: 4257:

Trimble, William Raleigh. "Early Tudor Historiography, 1485–1548".

4020:(2nd edn, 2014); wide-ranging survey of social and economic history 3802: 1646: 1572: 1529: 1525: 645: 575: 3780:

Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588

2639:

The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits

1505:

delves into the lives of 10 of the around 360 recorded persons of

1154:

First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women

773:

Church was supportive. The highly visible main refusals came from

7226: 7146: 4717: 2046:

The Tudor Navy: An administrative, political and military history

1774: 1576: 1427: 1069: 1021: 908: 823: 3925:. 31, 1988–1990. Jewish Historical Society of England: 137–152. 3179:. 31, 1988–1990. Jewish Historical Society of England: 137–152. 2071:

Dear, I. C. B.; Kemp, Peter, eds. (2007). "Henry Grâce à Dieu".

1395:

began in 1549 in Norfolk; it started as a demonstration against

530:(1558–1603). The Tudor period coincides with the dynasty of the 7154: 4330:

The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook

4018:

The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603

3964:

The economic history of England: vol 2: The Age of Mercantilism

1870:

The Age of Elizabeth: England under the later Tudors, 1547–1603

1588: 1580: 613: 116: 95: 2990:(New Oxford History of England, 1998), chapters 6, 10, 11, 12. 656:, and other reformers on the continent. The interpretation by 4799: 4219:

MacCulloch, Diarmaid. "The myth of the English Reformation",

3201:. Bitesize. History: Migration to Britain c1000 to c2010. BBC 2690:

The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry

2033:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649

1552:

were both Jews and leading physicians during 1570s and 1580s

1533: 1451: 46: 4313:

Marcus, Leah S.; Rose, Mary Beth; and Mueller, Janel (eds).

3978:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

3536:

The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain

2716:

The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain

1896:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

1629:

that presents the period of the 15th century, including the

890: 582:

of village lands that previously had been open to everyone.

4905: 4141:

Duffy, Eamon. "The English Reformation After Revisionism",

2837:

M.L. Bush, "The Tudor polity and the pilgrimage of grace."

1521: 170: 4204:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

3622:

New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603

3001:

The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain

2522:

Paulina Kewes, "The 1553 succession crisis reconsidered",

2342: 1556:

England. Lopez's believed involvement in a plot to poison

157: 5767: 4373: 768:

aged 21, on his way to open Parliament on 4 February 1512

3862:

How To Be a Tudor: A Dawn-to-Dusk Guide to Everyday Life

3542:; survey essays by leading scholars; heavily illustrated 4243:

Patterson, Annabel. "Rethinking Tudor Historiography".

2920:

The European Background of American History: 1300–1600

1265:(1512–1542, r. 1513–42), until he came of age in 1528. 665:

deeds did not make for respect or love among the laity.

6005:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

4298:

The Tudor constitution : documents and commentary

2413:

The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation

2059:

English sea power in the early Tudor period, 1485–1558

1300:

who mistreated her and murdered her Italian favourite

831:. In her day she was the largest warship in the world. 3097:"Tudor, English and black - and not a slave in sight" 1482:. Main subjects within Tudor social history includes 4350:

Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII

4008:

A history of witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718

3988:

English people on the eve of colonization, 1603–1630

3817:

English yeoman under Elizabeth and the early Stuarts

3563:(Access to History, 3rd. edn 2005), textbook, 176pp. 3042:"What Did Tudor England Look, Smell and Sound Like?" 1239: 6010:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

3755:

The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics

3482:

Henry VII's New Men and the Making of Tudor England

3448:

Early modern England 1485–1714: A narrative history

1964:

Henry VII's New Men and the Making of Tudor England

4285:Bland, A. E., P. A. Brown and R. H. Tawney (eds). 4025:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3457:(Short Oxford History of the British Isles) (2002) 2455:"Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland (1504–1553)" 2271: 1315: 949:and Henry VIII. In the background is depicted the 4268:(Harvard University Press, 1966), pp. 119–40 3998:The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women: A Social History 3990:(1954); scholarly study of occupations and roles 3902:"How were Jews regarded in 16th-century England?" 3826:(1916), pp. 185 to 305 covers 1500 to 1750. 3651:The Making of the Modern English State: 1460–1660 3472:Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603 3150:"How were Jews regarded in 16th-century England?" 1922:Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603 1228:. Calling her "Gloriana" and using the symbol of 1220:Historians often depict Elizabeth's reign as the 1037:, to be echoed by Edward VI's leading biographer 8236: 7733: 4216:(Rutgers University Press, 1984), pp. 71–98 3803:Religious, social, economic and cultural history 3244:"The Jewish Conspirators of Elizabethan England" 2635: 2542:Stanley T. Bindoff, "A Kingdom at Stake, 1553", 2303:John A. Wagner and Susan Walters Schmid (2011). 2243:John A. Wagner and Susan Walters Schmid (2011). 2111: 1909:The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary 3588:Wagner, John A. and Susan Walters Schmid, eds. 1374:and the policies of the King's chief minister, 945:Flemish painting showing the encounter between 6590: 4107:(The Penguin Social History of Britain) (1991) 3971:London in the Age of Shakespeare: an Anthology 1560:may have had a long-running effect on shaping 522:occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the 7719: 6913: 6576: 5806: 4502: 4418:"Romani Gypsies in sixteenth-century Britain" 4392:, learning resources from the British Library 4061:The agrarian problem in the sixteenth century 3782:(1966); a standard history of foreign policy 3283:"Romani Gypsies in sixteenth-century Britain" 3221:"The History of the Medieval Jews of England" 3199:"Reasons for immigration in the Medieval era" 1546:Jews in England which begins around the 1070s 495: 3252:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–106. 3249:The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850 2746:Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart 2274:The King's Council in the Reign of Edward VI 2203:Christoper Coleman and David Starkey, eds., 1617:The Tudor myth is a particular tradition in 1501:Award-winning research published in 2017 by 1157:(1558), and she was prominently vilified in 991:in the Queen's Drawing Room, Windsor Castle. 4278:Archer, Ian W. and F. Douglas Price (eds). 4127:Breen, Dan. "Early Modern Historiography". 3919:"A second Jewish community in Tudor London" 3771:(The New Oxford History of England) (1998) 3613:(2nd edn, 1958) survey by leading scholar; 3509:The Routledge Encyclopedia of Tudor England 3173:"A second Jewish community in Tudor London" 789: 7726: 7712: 6920: 6906: 6583: 6569: 5813: 5799: 4509: 4495: 4287:English economic history: select documents 3397: 2870:Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid Macculloch, 2703:Elizabeth I: Queen of England's Golden Age 2269: 2099:Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 927:William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester 534:in England, which began with the reign of 502: 488: 45: 6052:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3258:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206675.003.0003 2074:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea 1187: 891:Dissolution of the monasteries: 1536–1545 553: 7094:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 4238:The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age 3878: 3547:The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age 3120: 2642:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 21–38. 2381: 2379: 2070: 1197: 1101: 983: 940: 817: 793: 759: 731: 713: 8265:History of the United Kingdom by period 4376:, information page edited by historian 4346:(1957), a wide-ranging major collection 4344:English Historical Documents, 1485–1558 4282:(2011), a wide-ranging major collection 4280:English Historical Documents, 1558–1603 3899: 3879:Kaufmann, Miranda (6 September 2018) . 3859: 3619: 3429:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3147: 3121:Kaufmann, Miranda (6 September 2018) . 3094: 2602:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2459:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2077:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1981:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1935:The Oxford Companion to British history 1562:antisemitic views in the United Kingdom 1124:Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII by 1027:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 980:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 969: 682: 139:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 14: 8237: 7104:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 6927: 5820: 4516: 4415: 4335:Tawney, R. H., and Eileen Power, eds. 4134:Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. 4035:Henry VIII and the English Reformation 3937: 3842:Doran, Susan, and Norman Jones (eds). 3684:. Malden MA; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 3551:The Longman Companion to the Tudor Age 3531:(1952), comprehensive scholarly survey 3501:(1990) a leading comprehensive survey 3328: 3280: 3039: 3012: 2894:Historical Dictionary of Tudor England 2349:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. 2194:(1599–1658) who ruled a century later. 1994:Henry VIII and the English reformation 1542:developing a small community in London 1304:. Darnley in turn was murdered by the 585: 7707: 6901: 6564: 5794: 4490: 4317:(University of Chicago Press, 2002). 4228:The debate on the English Reformation 4070:Traill, H. D., and J. S. Mann (eds). 3489:The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction 3310:. Online Etymological Dictionary. n.d 2600:Ann Weikel, "Mary I (1516–1558)", in 2376: 2343:Robert Tittler; Norman Jones (2008). 1366:The largest and most serious was the 919: 870:Historian Geoffrey Elton argued that 4136:Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives 3769:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 3676: 3668:The Parliament of England, 1559–1581 3603: 3597:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 3559:Rogers, Caroline, and Roger Turvey. 3381: 3241: 2988:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 2826:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 1583:given to an area around part of the 1351: 1113: 976:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 134:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 8173:Post-war period (political history) 7688: 7099:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 4401:Tudor and Stuart Ireland Conference 3810:Music in Elizabethan Court Politics 3723:(Cambridge University Press, 1999). 3519:Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714 1421: 677: 24: 6062:History of the politics of England 4272: 4056:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2001). 3760:Turvey, Roger, and Keith Randell. 3702:(Cambridge University Press: 1968) 3566:Tittler, Robert and Norman Jones. 3511:(2000), 837 pp; also published as 3422: 3417: 3013:Ridley, Jasper (7 February 2013). 2179:The Tudor Revolution in Government 1815:"An Introduction to Tudor England" 1338:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1001:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 865: 839: 25: 8276: 6057:History of the economy of England 4367: 4174:Changing Views on British History 4164:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4111: 4100:(Cornell University Press, 1995). 4079:; 876 pp; short essays by experts 3916: 3746:Starkey, David, and Susan Doran. 3707:Tudor Dynastic Problems 1460–1571 3611:The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558–1603 3446:Bucholz, Robert, and Newton Key. 3170: 3040:Meilan, Solly (8 November 2021). 2733:The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558–1603 2557:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 1842:, Oxford University Press, p. 32. 1567:The first written records of the 1494:. Such research has debunked the 1473: 1454:holding office in 1592 included: 1240:Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots 8178:Post-war period (social history) 7852: 7687: 7678: 7677: 7666: 7654: 6877: 6864:Political history (1979–present) 6545: 4315:Elizabeth I: The Collected Works 4181:Tudor history and the historians 4172:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (ed.). 3900:Shapiro, James (15 March 2016). 3764:(Hodder, 2008), 240 pp; textbook 3455:The Sixteenth Century: 1485–1603 3440:(1950), short scholarly survey. 3242:Katz, David S. (December 1996). 3148:Shapiro, James (15 March 2016). 3016:A Brief History of the Tudor Age 2461:(2008). Retrieved 8 August 2017. 1983:(2009). Retrieved 8 August 2017. 1733: 1717: 1702: 1686: 1670: 1654: 1498:that Tudor elites were unclean. 947:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 936: 462:Political history (1979–present) 169: 156: 7041:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 6042:History of education in England 4578:England in the late Middle Ages 4259:Journal of the History of Ideas 3938:Taylor, Becky (15 April 2014). 3682:Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery 3513:Tudor England: An Encyclopedia 3391: 3375: 3353: 3329:Taylor, Becky (15 April 2014). 3322: 3300: 3274: 3235: 3213: 3191: 3164: 3141: 3114: 3088: 3061: 3033: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2912: 2899: 2886: 2877: 2864: 2847: 2831: 2818: 2803: 2790: 2777: 2764: 2751: 2738: 2725: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2628: 2615: 2594: 2581: 2565: 2549: 2536: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2477: 2464: 2447: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2392: 2363: 2336: 2323: 2296: 2263: 2236: 2223: 2210: 2197: 2184: 2171: 2158: 2145: 2132: 2104: 2091: 2064: 2051: 2048:(1992) is the standard history. 2038: 2025: 2012: 1999: 1986: 1969: 1956: 1940: 1316:Troubled later years: 1585–1603 798:Henry VIII embarking at Dover. 578:lords beginning the process of 6953:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 6948:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 6037:Government in medieval England 4254:(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996) 3882:Black Tudors: The Untold Story 3728:Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography 3570:. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 3124:Black Tudors: The Untold Story 2636:Thomas M. McCoog, ed. (1996). 2112:Christopher Cobb, ed. (2009). 1927: 1914: 1901: 1898:(Yale University Press, 2017). 1888: 1875: 1862: 1845: 1832: 1807: 1372:dissolution of the monasteries 1312:and had her executed in 1587. 897:Dissolution of the monasteries 13: 1: 6869:Social history (1979–present) 6654: 6641: 6627: 6614: 3740:(1968); scholarly biography; 3590:Encyclopedia of Tudor England 3529:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 3365:. Chatto & Windus (1944) 3223:. Oxford Jewish Heritage. n.d 2857:, London: Smith, Elder, 1913 2306:Encyclopedia of Tudor England 2246:Encyclopedia of Tudor England 2190:He was a distant relative of 1800: 1606: 1536:fleeing persecution from the 1206: 1109:- Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain 467:Social history (1979–present) 252: 239: 225: 212: 152: 7735:History of the British Isles 7336:Dublin Castle administration 6837:Post-war Britain (political) 6027:English overseas possessions 4355:most volumes are online here 4293:733pp; covers 1086 to 1840s. 3730:(1934); scholarly biography 3568:A Companion to Tudor Britain 3019:. Little, Brown Book Group. 2949:Huntington Library Quarterly 2815:(review no. 334, June 2003). 2346:A Companion to Tudor Britain 2218:The Earlier Tudors 1485–1558 2166:The Earlier Tudors 1485–1558 2035:(1997), pp. 184, 221 236–37. 1216:borne along by her courtiers 953:against Louis XII of France. 435:Post-war Britain (political) 7: 4138:(Palgrave MacMillan, 2011). 3748:Henry VIII: Man and Monarch 3716:(1993); scholarly biography 3450:(2009); University textbook 3363:Shakespeare’s History Plays 3095:Bidisha (29 October 2017). 2883:Fletcher (2004), pp. 90–95. 2874:(5th edn, 2004), pp. 69–83. 2828:(1998), pp. 325–28, 370–73. 2800:(2003), pp. 175–78, 220–33. 2118:. Camden House. p. 1. 1996:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). 1753: 1636: 1088:Forty-Two Articles of Faith 852:explains Wolsey's methods: 10: 8281: 7036:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 5854:Economy in the Middle Ages 4583:Economy in the Middle Ages 4416:Taylor, Dr. Becky (n.d.). 4396:BBC History – Tudor Period 4247:(1993), 92#2, pp: 185–208. 3846:(2010); essays by scholars 3549:(2010); also published as 3453:Collinson, Patrick (ed.), 3398:Harrington, Peter (2007). 3281:Taylor, Dr. Becky (n.d.). 2735:(1959), pp. 1–33, 166–205. 1790:Tudor Revival architecture 1610: 1587:in what is now modern-day 1355: 1243: 1191: 1117: 973: 894: 717: 589: 8199: 8124: 8077: 7969: 7920: 7861: 7850: 7741: 7661:British Empire portal 7649: 7469: 7326: 7137: 7089:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 7074: 6981:Tudor conquest of Ireland 6961: 6943:Timeline of Irish history 6935: 6886: 6875: 6847:Post-war Britain (social) 6773: 6751: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6691: 6602: 6542: 6359: 6106: 6080: 6019: 5828: 5706: 5658: 5615: 5585: 5542: 5488: 4779: 4716: 4524: 4475: 4462: 4454: 4438: 4252:Shakespeare the historian 4105:Sixteenth Century England 3923:Jewish Historical Studies 3885:. Oneworld Publications. 3709:(Allen & Unwin: 1973) 3507:Kinney, Arthur F. et al. 3470:Fritze, Ronald H. (ed.), 3400:The Castles of Henry VIII 3177:Jewish Historical Studies 3127:. Oneworld Publications. 3069:"Life at the Tudor Court" 2309:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847. 2278:. Cambridge UP. pp. 2249:. ABC-CLIO. p. 947. 2061:(1965) is an older study. 1480:social history of England 1281:Lords of the Congregation 706:, the culmination of the 445:Post-war Britain (social) 371: 349: 335: 323: 311: 289: 165: 155: 147: 109: 73: 63: 44: 39: 34: 7355:Privy Council of Ireland 6176:East Riding of Yorkshire 6093:Kingdom of Great Britain 4337:Tudor Economic Documents 4245:South Atlantic Quarterly 4047:The England of Elizabeth 3969:Manley, Lawrence (ed.), 3785:Wernham, Richard Bruce. 3778:Wernham, Richard Bruce. 3521:(3rd edn, 2004), 576 pp 3462:England Under the Tudors 3003:(1995) chapters 5 to 10. 1977:"Henry VIII (1491–1547)" 1358:List of Tudor rebellions 1099:less than a year later. 802:is depicted at top left. 790:Father of the Royal Navy 755:Act of Supremacy in 1534 704:Battle of Bosworth Field 8007:Early medieval Scotland 7382:Court of Castle Chamber 7061:Irish Rebellion of 1798 7051:Williamite–Jacobite War 7026:Irish Rebellion of 1641 4647:Commonwealth of England 4342:Williams, C. H. (ed.), 4308:Elizabeth I and Her Age 4306:Felch, Susan M. (ed.), 4236:O'Day, Rosemary (ed.), 3834:The English Reformation 3773:excerpt and text search 3700:Tudor England 1485–1603 3620:Bridgen, Susan (2001). 3503:excerpt and text search 3493:excerpt and text search 2975:The European Background 2936:The European Background 2679:(2nd edn, 1991), p. 80. 2532:10.1111/1468-2281.12178 2511:The English Reformation 2485:The English Reformation 2472:The English Reformation 2400:The English Reformation 2389:(1960) pp. 372, 382–85. 2115:Renaissance Papers 2008 2022:(1902), pp. 50, 100–02. 909:First Fruits and Tenths 874:, who was Henry VIII's 672:University of Cambridge 8051:Early medieval Ireland 8017:Late medieval Scotland 8012:High medieval Scotland 7985:Early medieval England 7416:Trinity College Dublin 7411:Grand Lodge of Ireland 7349:Irish House of Commons 7307:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 7109:Act of Settlement 1662 7031:Irish Confederate Wars 7006:Plantations of Ireland 6996:Reformation in Ireland 5898:Black Death in England 4388:16 August 2010 at the 4328:Stater, Victor (ed.), 4193:25.4 (1982): 995–1007. 3860:Goodman, Ruth (2016). 3712:MacCaffrey Wallace T. 3644:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 3642:MacCulloch, Diarmaid. 3074:Historic Royal Palaces 2951:61#3/4 (1998): 429–55. 2918:Edward Potts Cheyney, 2841:80.207 (2007): 47–72. 2787:, pp. 63–118,, 372–89. 2785:The Reign of Elizabeth 2610:10.1093/ref:odnb/18245 2426:Reform and Reformation 2387:The Tudor Constitution 1516:after the Roman period 1484:courtship and marriage 1217: 1203:The Procession Picture 1188:Elizabeth I: 1558–1603 1110: 992: 954: 913:Court of Augmentations 832: 803: 769: 741: 554:Population and economy 8098:Early modern Scotland 8061:Late medieval Ireland 8056:High medieval Ireland 7995:Late medieval England 7990:High medieval England 7946:Protohistoric Ireland 7341:Parliament of Ireland 6991:Surrender and regrant 4352:(21 vols, 1862–1932) 4143:Renaissance Quarterly 4089:Williamson, James A. 4084:Life in Tudor England 3844:The Elizabethan World 3534:Morrill, John (ed.), 2575:21.4 (1989): 547–58. 2411:Diarmaid MacCulloch, 1585:Peloponnese peninsula 1575:begin in 1505 and in 1448:justices of the peace 1409:, one of its leaders. 1387:Book of Common Prayer 1383:Prayer Book Rebellion 1244:Further information: 1201: 1105: 1059:Book of Common Prayer 987: 974:Further information: 944: 881:Parliament of England 821: 797: 763: 735: 720:Henry VIII of England 718:Further information: 714:Henry VIII: 1509–1547 683:Henry VII: 1485–1509 644:(1328–1384) and his " 8208:House of Plantagenet 8110:Early modern Ireland 8093:Early modern England 8088:Early modern Britain 8029:Early medieval Wales 7887:Prehistoric Shetland 7882:Prehistoric Scotland 7345:Irish House of Lords 7124:Constitution of 1782 5498:Anglo-Saxon military 4686:Overseas possessions 4296:Elton, G. R. (ed.), 4145:59.3 (2006): 720–31. 4006:Notestein, Wallace. 3986:Notestein, Wallace. 3656:Elton, G. R. (ed.). 3466:online complete copy 2999:John Morrill (ed.), 2853:Frances Rose-Troup, 2714:John Morrill (ed.), 2168:(1952), pp. 286–334. 1760:Early modern Britain 1496:common misconception 1255:Mary, Queen of Scots 1246:Mary, Queen of Scots 1151:attacked her in his 989:Edward VI of England 970:Edward VI: 1547–1553 526:during the reign of 8255:English Renaissance 8185:Late modern Ireland 8079:Early modern period 8039:Late medieval Wales 8034:High medieval Wales 7906:Prehistoric Ireland 7877:Prehistoric England 7872:Prehistoric Britain 7421:Order of St Patrick 7243:Mac William Íochtar 7020:Flight of the Earls 6971:Lordship of Ireland 6609:Prehistoric Britain 5949:Glorious Revolution 5917:English Renaissance 5869:English unification 5839:Prehistoric Britain 4912:Acts of Parliament: 4679:Union with Scotland 4674:Glorious Revolution 4620:Union of the Crowns 4610:English Renaissance 4598:English Reformation 4539:Anglo-Saxon England 4422:Our Migration Story 4179:Fussner, F. Smith. 4119:Renaissance Studies 4054:The Tudor Housewife 4027:58.4 (1968): 1–63. 3996:Norton, Elizabeth, 3815:Campbell, Mildred. 3736:Scarisbrick, J. J. 3361:Tillyard, E. M. W. 3287:Our Migration Story 2922:(1904) pp. 261–70. 2905:Krista Kesselring, 2839:Historical Research 2757:Paul E. J. Hammer, 2677:The Reign of Mary I 2666:(1989), pp. 340–43. 2587:Christopher Haigh, 2546:3.9 (1953): 642–28. 2524:Historical Research 2270:D. E. Hoak (1976). 2220:(1952), pp. 413–17. 2101:(1977), pp. 309–10. 2009:(1968), pp. 500–01. 2005:J. J. Scarisbrick, 1948:Renaissance Studies 1937:(1997), pp. 794–95. 1911:(1960), pp. 318–19. 1894:Peter H. Marshall, 1868:David M. Palliser, 1770:English Reformation 1414:Rising of the North 1368:Pilgrimage of Grace 1286:Treaty of Edinburgh 1250:Anglo-Scottish Wars 1160:Actes and Monuments 1138:Marian persecutions 1126:Catherine of Aragon 951:Battle of the Spurs 904:Pilgrimage of Grace 736:An allegory of the 724:Anglo-Scottish Wars 592:English Reformation 586:English Reformation 207:Prehistoric Britain 124:Catherine of Aragon 8213:House of Lancaster 8166:World Wars (Wales) 8126:Late modern period 8103:Early modern Wales 7892:Prehistoric Orkney 7863:Prehistoric period 7673:Ireland portal 7451:Catholic Committee 7387:Peerage of Ireland 7195:Clann Aodha Buidhe 7129:Acts of Union 1800 7001:Desmond Rebellions 6929:Kingdom of Ireland 6552:England portal 6201:Greater Manchester 6088:Kingdom of England 6047:History of English 5864:Anglo-Saxon period 5822:History of England 4869:Secretary of State 4551:Kingdom of England 4518:Kingdom of England 4469:Kingdom of England 4250:Pugliatti, Paola. 4191:Historical Journal 4129:Literature Compass 3948:. Reaktion Books. 3808:Butler, Katherine. 3705:Levine, Mortimer. 3698:Levine, Mortimer. 3402:. Oxford: Osprey. 3339:. Reaktion Books. 2960:Victor L. Stater, 2938:(1904) pp. 270–73. 2664:Mary Tudor: A Life 2498:The Earlier Tudors 2474:(1964) pp. 205–17. 2428:(1977) pp. 333–50. 2333:(1979), pp. 55–69. 2231:The Earlier Tudors 2057:Elaine W. Fowler, 1920:Ronald H. Fritze, 1859:, February 8, 2015 1780:Tudor architecture 1601:Egyptians Act 1554 1597:Egyptians Act 1530 1488:food they consumed 1226:Continental Europe 1218: 1181:Philip II of Spain 1111: 1097:Philip II of Spain 1020:endowments called 993: 955: 920:Role of Winchester 833: 828:Henry Grace à Dieu 804: 770: 742: 698:by defeating King 632:refused to grant. 626:Catholic doctrines 53:red and white rose 8232: 8231: 8115:Early modern Mann 8002:Medieval Scotland 7960:Sub-Roman Britain 7955:End of Roman rule 7899:Prehistoric Wales 7701: 7700: 7397:Church of Ireland 7259:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 6895: 6894: 6855: 6854: 6636:Sub-Roman Britain 6558: 6557: 5929:English Civil War 5859:Sub-Roman Britain 5788: 5787: 5630:Church of England 4588:Wars of the Roses 4485: 4484: 4476:Succeeded by 4406:"The Tudor State" 4332:(Routledge, 2002) 4230:(2nd edn, 2015). 4226:O'Day, Rosemary. 4206:(1989): 547–558. 4121:1 (1987): 27–47. 4096:Willis, Deborah. 4082:Williams, Penry. 3976:Marshall, Peter. 3962:Lipson, Ephraim. 3794:Williams, Penry. 3767:Williams, Penry. 3719:McLaren, Anne N. 3649:Edwards, Philip. 3604:Political history 3595:Williams, Penry. 3545:O'Day, Rosemary. 3026:978-1-4721-0795-4 2909:(Springer, 2007). 2774:, chapters 13–27. 2662:David M. Loades, 2441:67#1 (2000): 22+ 2031:N. A. M. Rodger, 1950:1 (1987): 27–47. 1883:The Tudor century 1851:Hanson, Marilee. 1838:John Guy (1988), 1766:from 1603 to 1714 1631:Wars of the Roses 1492:clothes they wore 1464:Ferdinando Gorges 1403:Wyatt's rebellion 1352:Popular uprisings 1259:Battle of Flodden 1169:H. F. M. Prescott 1120:Mary I of England 1114:Mary I: 1553–1558 1107:Mary I of England 1050:Lords Lieutenants 708:Wars of the Roses 690:, founder of the 622:Church of England 516:England and Wales 512: 511: 453: 452: 234:Sub-Roman Britain 181: 180: 177: 176: 16:(Redirected from 8272: 8250:Tudor rebellions 8190:Late modern Mann 8161:Second World War 8146:Edwardian period 8141:Victorian period 8046:Medieval Ireland 7980:Medieval England 7922:Classical period 7911:Prehistoric Mann 7856: 7813:Northern Ireland 7728: 7721: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7691: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7567:Richard Cromwell 7563: 7555: 7545: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7509: 7501: 7500:(1553; disputed) 7493: 7485: 7319: 7311: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7263: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6899: 6898: 6881: 6827:Second World War 6817:Interwar Britain 6656: 6643: 6629: 6616: 6605: 6604: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6261:Northamptonshire 5988:Second World War 5893:Late Middle Ages 5876:High Middle Ages 5815: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5748:Royal supporters 5595:English language 4842:Council of State 4832:King's Secretary 4825:House of Commons 4810:Magnum Concilium 4708:Maritime history 4669:Exclusion Crisis 4652:The Protectorate 4511: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4455:Preceded by 4436: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4223:(July 1991) 41#7 4161: 4103:Youings, Joyce. 4037:(2nd edn, 2006) 4016:Palliser, D. M. 3966:(7th edn, 1964). 3959: 3934: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3896: 3875: 3796:The Tudor Regime 3753:Starkey, David. 3695: 3639: 3581:Wagner, John A. 3517:Lockyer, Roger. 3413: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2986:Penry Williams, 2984: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872:Tudor Rebellions 2868: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2835: 2829: 2824:Penry Williams, 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2675:Robert Tittler, 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2598: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2445: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2340: 2334: 2331:The Tudor Regime 2329:Penry Williams, 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2277: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1819:English Heritage 1811: 1737: 1721: 1706: 1690: 1674: 1658: 1503:Miranda Kaufmann 1422:Local government 1393:Kett's Rebellion 1306:Earl of Bothwell 1211: 1208: 997:Stephen Gardiner 808:J.J. Scarisbrick 738:Tudor succession 678:Tudor government 638:anti-clericalism 630:Pope Clement VII 624:but maintaining 548:Roman occupation 504: 497: 490: 425:Second World War 415:Interwar Britain 254: 241: 227: 214: 203: 202: 183: 182: 173: 162:Late Middle Ages 160: 153: 49: 32: 31: 21: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8260:Historical eras 8235: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8195: 8194: 8156:Interwar period 8151:First World War 8120: 8119: 8073: 8072: 7971:Medieval period 7965: 7964: 7916: 7915: 7857: 7848: 7847: 7831:Channel Islands 7767:Isles of Scilly 7737: 7732: 7702: 7697: 7667: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7645: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7585: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7559:Oliver Cromwell 7553: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7473: 7465: 7461:United Irishmen 7328: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7301: 7293: 7285: 7277: 7269: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7139: 7133: 7076: 7070: 7016:Nine Years' War 6963: 6957: 6931: 6926: 6896: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6860: 6807:First World War 6598: 6596:English history 6589: 6559: 6554: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6361:By city or town 6355: 6301:South Yorkshire 6276:Nottinghamshire 6271:North Yorkshire 6191:Gloucestershire 6131:Buckinghamshire 6126:City of Bristol 6102: 6076: 6032:English society 6015: 6014: 5993:Postwar Britain 5983:Interwar period 5978:First World War 5912:Elizabethan era 5881:Norman Conquest 5849:Medieval period 5824: 5819: 5789: 5784: 5778:St George's Day 5753:Royal standards 5736:College of Arms 5702: 5654: 5611: 5581: 5538: 5484: 4793: 4775: 4712: 4659:The Restoration 4603:Elizabethan era 4556:Norman Conquest 4520: 4515: 4481: 4479:House of Stuart 4472: 4460: 4450: 4448:House of Tudor 4445: 4426: 4424: 4390:Wayback Machine 4370: 4339:(3 vols, 1924). 4275: 4273:Primary sources 4159: 4114: 3956: 3907: 3905: 3893: 3872: 3832:Dickens, A. G. 3822:Clapham, John. 3805: 3692: 3636: 3606: 3592:(3 vols, 2011). 3436:Bindoff, S. T. 3425: 3423:Reference books 3420: 3418:Further reading 3410: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2852: 2848: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2772:Queen of Scots 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2599: 2595: 2591:(1992), 203–34. 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2487:(1964), p. 217. 2483:A. G. Dickens, 2482: 2478: 2470:A. G. Dickens, 2469: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2415:(2002), p. 104. 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2192:Oliver Cromwell 2189: 2185: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2151:S. T. Bindoff, 2150: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1987: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1924:(1991), 419–20. 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1885:(1993), p. 214. 1880: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1857:English History 1850: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1639: 1619:English history 1615: 1609: 1476: 1432:Lord Lieutenant 1424: 1376:Thomas Cromwell 1360: 1354: 1318: 1252: 1242: 1209: 1196: 1194:Elizabethan era 1190: 1122: 1116: 1077:has concluded: 982: 972: 939: 922: 899: 893: 885:the wrong bride 872:Thomas Cromwell 868: 866:Thomas Cromwell 842: 840:Cardinal Wolsey 822:The Tudor navy 792: 777:and Chancellor 751:Thomas Cromwell 747:Cardinal Wolsey 726: 716: 696:King of England 685: 680: 594: 588: 556: 524:Elizabethan era 508: 472: 471: 458: 405:First World War 200: 191:English history 151: 143: 120: 119: 105: 68:Elizabethan era 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8278: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8135:United Kingdom 8131: 8130: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8024:Medieval Wales 8021: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7943: 7938: 7936:Roman Scotland 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7879: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7828: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7794:Outer Hebrides 7791: 7789:Inner Hebrides 7786: 7781: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7752:United Kingdom 7748: 7747: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7685: 7675: 7663: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7619: 7611: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7502: 7497:Lady Jane Grey 7494: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7441:Irish Patriots 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7357: 7352: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7304: 7296: 7288: 7280: 7272: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7152: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7066:United Kingdom 7063: 7058: 7048: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:British Empire 6973: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6925: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6663:Norman/Angevin 6659: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6556: 6555: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6351:Worcestershire 6348: 6343: 6341:West Yorkshire 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266:Northumberland 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:City of London 6243: 6238: 6236:Leicestershire 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Greater London 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6136:Cambridgeshire 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6098:United Kingdom 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5998:Social history 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5723: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5673:English Gothic 5670: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5600:English people 5597: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515:New Model Army 5507: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4847:Lord Protector 4844: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4820:House of Lords 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:Gunpowder Plot 4622: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573:Angevin Empire 4570: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4380: 4369: 4368:External links 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4311: 4304: 4294: 4283: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4113: 4112:Historiography 4110: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4068: 4057: 4050: 4041: 4033:Rex, Richard. 4031: 4021: 4014: 4004: 3994: 3984: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3935: 3917:Prior, Roger. 3914: 3897: 3891: 3876: 3871:978-0241973714 3870: 3857: 3849:Duffy, Eamon. 3847: 3840: 3830: 3820: 3813: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3776: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3734: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3691:978-1405194136 3690: 3674: 3664: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3635:978-0670899852 3634: 3626:Viking Penguin 3617: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3564: 3557: 3543: 3532: 3527:Mackie, J. D. 3525: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3485: 3480:Gunn, Steven. 3478: 3468: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3409:978-1846031304 3408: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3371:978-0701111571 3352: 3345: 3321: 3299: 3273: 3266: 3234: 3212: 3190: 3171:Prior, Roger. 3163: 3140: 3133: 3113: 3087: 3060: 3032: 3025: 3005: 2992: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2911: 2898: 2885: 2876: 2863: 2846: 2830: 2817: 2802: 2796:David Loades, 2789: 2776: 2763: 2750: 2737: 2724: 2722:, pp. 44, 325. 2707: 2701:Paul Hilliam, 2694: 2681: 2668: 2655: 2649:978-0851155906 2648: 2627: 2614: 2593: 2580: 2564: 2548: 2535: 2515: 2502: 2489: 2476: 2463: 2453:David Loades, 2446: 2430: 2417: 2404: 2402:, pp. 197–229. 2391: 2375: 2369:W. K. Jordan, 2362: 2356:978-1405137409 2355: 2335: 2322: 2316:978-1598842999 2315: 2295: 2289:978-0521208666 2288: 2262: 2256:978-1598842999 2255: 2235: 2222: 2209: 2196: 2183: 2170: 2164:J. D. Mackie, 2157: 2155:(1950), p. 78. 2144: 2142:(1988), p. 87. 2131: 2125:978-1571133977 2124: 2103: 2090: 2084:978-0191727504 2083: 2063: 2050: 2044:David Loades, 2037: 2024: 2018:A.F. Pollard, 2011: 1998: 1985: 1968: 1955: 1939: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1887: 1874: 1861: 1844: 1831: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762:including the 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1710:Lady Jane Grey 1708: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1643:House of Tudor 1638: 1635: 1623:historiography 1608: 1605: 1550:Roderigo Lopez 1475: 1474:Social history 1472: 1468: 1467: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1400: 1390: 1379: 1353: 1350: 1346:Walter Raleigh 1335:Lord Burghley. 1327: 1326: 1317: 1314: 1310:Babington Plot 1241: 1238: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1130:Lady Jane Grey 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1092:Lady Jane Grey 1084: 1083: 1054:Thomas Cramner 1017:Lord Protector 1006:Edward Seymour 1004:leadership of 971: 968: 938: 935: 931:Lord Treasurer 921: 918: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 876:chief minister 867: 864: 859: 858: 841: 838: 791: 788: 715: 712: 692:House of Tudor 684: 681: 679: 676: 667: 666: 658:Geoffrey Elton 590:Main article: 587: 584: 558:Following the 555: 552: 532:House of Tudor 510: 509: 507: 506: 499: 492: 484: 481: 480: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 454: 451: 450: 447: 441: 440: 437: 431: 430: 427: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 397: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 375: 369: 368: 365: 359: 358: 353: 347: 346: 341: 333: 332: 327: 321: 320: 315: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 293: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 263: 261:Norman/Angevin 257: 256: 250: 244: 243: 236: 230: 229: 223: 217: 216: 209: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 179: 178: 175: 174: 164: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 129:Catherine Parr 126: 115: 114: 113: 111: 107: 106: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 57:House of Tudor 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8277: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Tudor England 8243: 8242: 8240: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8218:House of York 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137:(since 1707) 8136: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8068:Medieval Mann 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7950:Roman Ireland 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Roman Britain 7929: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762:Isle of Wight 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7148: 7147:Tuadhmhumhain 7145: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084:Poynings' Law 7082: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6797:Edwardian era 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6787:Victorian era 6785: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6690: 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6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Isle of Wight 6219: 6217: 6216:Hertfordshire 6214: 6212: 6211:Herefordshire 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Edwardian era 5971: 5969: 5968:Victorian era 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924:Stuart period 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5886:Norman period 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Roman Britain 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5716:National flag 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5650:Country dance 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4932:Temp. incert. 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Privy Council 4857: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4771:Orange-Nassau 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615:Stuart period 4613: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561:Anglo-Normans 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4458:House of York 4453: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4261:(1950): 30–41 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221:History Today 4218: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4176:(1966), ch. 3 4175: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093:(1961) 500 pp 4092: 4091:The Tudor Age 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059:Tawney, R.H. 4058: 4055: 4052:Sim, Alison. 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3955:9781780232577 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3892:9781786073969 3888: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3757:(2002); 176pp 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3726:Neale, J. E. 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3666:Elton, G. R. 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3609:Black, J. B. 3608: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3499:Tudor England 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460:Elton, G. R. 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438:Tudor England 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3346:9781780232577 3342: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3267:9780198206675 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3134:9781786073969 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2896:, pp. 351–53. 2895: 2889: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2731:J. B. Black, 2728: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2544:History Today 2539: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2500:, pp. 508–22. 2499: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2385:G. R. Elton, 2382: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2233:, pp. 370–79. 2232: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2177:G. R. Elton, 2174: 2167: 2161: 2154: 2153:Tudor England 2148: 2141: 2140:Tudor England 2135: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2100: 2097:G. R. Elton, 2094: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2002: 1995: 1992:Richard Rex, 1989: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1962:Steven Gunn, 1959: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1936: 1933:John Cannon, 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1907:G. R. Elton, 1904: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1840:Tudor England 1835: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764:Stuart period 1761: 1758: 1757: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Romani people 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1512:Black British 1508: 1507:Black African 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1460:Francis Drake 1457: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:Robert Dudley 1339: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Auld Alliance 1270: 1269:Mary of Guise 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075:A. G. Dickens 1071: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:William Cecil 1042: 1040: 1036: 1035:A. F. Pollard 1030: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 998: 990: 986: 981: 977: 967: 964: 959: 952: 948: 943: 937:Impact of war 934: 932: 928: 917: 914: 910: 905: 898: 888: 886: 882: 877: 873: 863: 855: 854: 853: 851: 847: 846:Thomas Wolsey 837: 830: 829: 825: 820: 816: 812: 809: 801: 796: 787: 784: 783:Reginald Pole 780: 776: 775:Bishop Fisher 767: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 739: 734: 730: 725: 721: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 675: 673: 663: 662: 661: 659: 655: 651: 650:Martin Luther 647: 643: 642:John Wycliffe 639: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 567: 565: 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 540:Tudor dynasty 538:. Under the 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 505: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 485: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 457: 448: 446: 443: 442: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 426: 423: 422: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 396: 395:Edwardian era 393: 392: 388: 386: 385:Victorian era 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 370: 366: 364: 361: 360: 357: 354: 352: 348: 345: 342: 339: 334: 331: 328: 326: 322: 319: 316: 314: 310: 306: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 292: 288: 284: 282: 279: 278: 274: 272: 269: 268: 264: 262: 259: 258: 251: 249: 246: 245: 237: 235: 232: 231: 224: 222: 221:Roman Britain 219: 218: 210: 208: 205: 204: 196: 195: 192: 188: 185: 184: 172: 168: 167:Stuart period 163: 159: 154: 150: 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 112: 108: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8092: 7575:Commonwealth 7574: 7550:Commonwealth 7548: 7515: 7456:Orange Order 7376:Common Pleas 7364:King's Bench 7275:Tír Chonaill 7235:Deasmhumhain 7219:Iar Connacht 6857: 6779: 6765:Georgian era 6757: 6745: 6731: 6719: 6697: 6682: 6394:Christchurch 6326:Warwickshire 6241:Lincolnshire 6116:Bedfordshire 5956:Georgian era 5939:Protectorate 5934:Commonwealth 5907:Tudor period 5906: 5758:Crown Jewels 5743:Royal badges 5731:Coat of arms 5660:Architecture 5645:Morris dance 5587:Demographics 5510:English Army 5307: 4931: 4896:Star Chamber 4718:Royal Houses 4701:Protectorate 4630:Jacobean era 4593:Tudor period 4592: 4463: 4447: 4440: 4427:15 September 4425:. Retrieved 4421: 4409: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4314: 4307: 4297: 4286: 4279: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4203: 4198:online paper 4190: 4180: 4173: 4163: 4149: 4148:Elton, G.R. 4142: 4135: 4128: 4118: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4071: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4044:Rowse, A. L. 4034: 4024: 4017: 4007: 3997: 3987: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3944: 3922: 3908:15 September 3906:. Retrieved 3881: 3861: 3850: 3843: 3833: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3795: 3786: 3779: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3737: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3681: 3667: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3624:. New York: 3621: 3610: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3567: 3560: 3550: 3546: 3535: 3528: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3488: 3481: 3471: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3399: 3392:Book sources 3377: 3362: 3355: 3335: 3324: 3314:15 September 3312:. Retrieved 3308:"Gypsy (n.)" 3302: 3292:15 September 3290:. Retrieved 3286: 3276: 3248: 3237: 3227:15 September 3225:. Retrieved 3215: 3205:15 September 3203:. Retrieved 3193: 3176: 3166: 3156:15 September 3154:. Retrieved 3143: 3123: 3116: 3106:15 September 3104:. Retrieved 3101:The Guardian 3100: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3072: 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3045: 3035: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2919: 2914: 2906: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2797: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2732: 2727: 2715: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2688:Roy Strong, 2684: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2638: 2630: 2625:(1992), 234. 2622: 2617: 2601: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2572: 2567: 2556: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2523: 2518: 2510: 2505: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2458: 2449: 2438: 2433: 2425: 2424:G.R. Elton, 2420: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2370: 2365: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2305: 2298: 2273: 2265: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2217: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2186: 2178: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2114: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1980: 1975:E. W. Ives, 1971: 1963: 1958: 1947: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1881:Ian Dawson, 1877: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1822:. Retrieved 1818: 1809: 1640: 1616: 1566: 1520: 1500: 1477: 1469: 1445: 1436: 1425: 1407:Thomas Wyatt 1386: 1361: 1331:Robert Cecil 1328: 1319: 1302:David Rizzio 1298:Lord Darnley 1291: 1267: 1253: 1234: 1219: 1202: 1177:John Lingard 1174: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1134: 1123: 1085: 1064: 1057: 1043: 1039:W. K. Jordan 1031: 1013:Jane Seymour 1010: 994: 960: 956: 923: 900: 869: 860: 843: 834: 826: 813: 805: 800:Dover Castle 771: 743: 727: 686: 668: 634: 595: 568: 557: 520:Tudor period 519: 513: 455: 377: 363:Georgian era 355: 343: 329: 317: 295: 280: 148: 35:Tudor period 29: 7941:Roman Wales 7825:Isle of Man 7693:WikiProject 7641:(1760–1800) 7633:(1727–1760) 7625:(1714–1727) 7617:(1702–1714) 7609:(1689–1694) 7602:(1689–1702) 7599:William III 7594:(1685–1691) 7586:(1660–1685) 7578:(1659–1660) 7570:(1658–1659) 7562:(1653–1658) 7554:(1649–1653) 7544:(1625–1649) 7536:(1603–1625) 7528:(1558–1603) 7525:Elizabeth I 7520:(1554–1558) 7517:jure uxoris 7508:(1553–1558) 7492:(1547–1553) 7484:(1542–1547) 7360:Four Courts 7329:and society 7291:Fear Manach 7283:Tír Eoghain 7187:Uí Díarmata 7171:Clanricarde 6986:New English 6775:Regency era 6753:Restoration 6740:Interregnum 6693:Elizabethan 6673:Plantagenet 6650:Anglo-Saxon 6644:7th century 6504:Southampton 6374:Bournemouth 6336:West Sussex 6281:Oxfordshire 6181:East Sussex 5961:Regency era 5944:Restoration 5683:Elizabethan 5668:Anglo-Saxon 4889:Elizabethan 4879:Anglo-Saxon 4805:Curia regis 4746:Plantagenet 4696:Proprietary 4664:Popish Plot 4642:Interregnum 4566:The Anarchy 4465:Royal house 4442:Royal house 4410:In Our Time 4131:(2005), 2#1 3714:Elizabeth I 3497:Guy, J. A. 3487:Guy, J. 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