25:
92:
69:
103:
81:
39:
834:
1263:
2986:
766:
661:
2996:
1251:
52:
532:(see Table below). About 85 to 90% of the fatty acid composition is stearic and oleic acids. The relative proportion of these two fatty acids affects shea butter consistency. The stearic acid gives it a solid consistency, while the oleic acid influences how soft or hard the shea butter is, depending on ambient temperature.
778:, and higher amounts result in a softer soap that has less cleaning ability. Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25% – with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28%, but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or olive oil.
647:. This study also found that the overall concentration and relative percentages of different phenolic content in shea kernels varied from region to region. The authors hypothesized that the overall concentration of phenols in shea kernels is linked to the level of environmental stress that the trees endure.
773:
Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin- and hair-related products (lip gloss, lip stick, skin moisturizer creams and emulsions, and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair). It is also used by soap makers and massage oil manufacturers, typically in small amounts, because it
535:
The proportions of stearic and oleic acids in the shea kernels and butter differ across the distribution range of the species. Ugandan shea butter has consistently high oleic acid content, and is liquid at warm ambient temperatures. It fractionizes into liquid and solid phases, and is the source of
843:
Commercial grades are A, B, and C. The color of raw (grade A) butter ranges from cream (like whipped butter) to grayish yellow. It has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades. Grade C is pure white. While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining, up to 95% of vitamin
536:
liquid shea oil. The fatty acid proportion of West
African shea butter is much more variable than Ugandan shea butter, with an oleic content of 37 to 55%. Variability can be high even locally, and a tree that produces hard butter can grow with one that produces soft butter.
55:
231:. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer or lotion. It is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries. It is occasionally mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different.
54:
60:
58:
53:
59:
539:
Nuts are gathered from a wide area for local production, so shea butter consistency is determined by the average fatty acid profile of the population. Within West Africa, shea butter from the Mossi
Plateau region of
57:
1188:
Honfo, Fernande G.; Akissoe, Noel; Linnemann, Anita R.; Soumanou, Mohamed; Van Boekel, Martinus A. J. S. (2014). "Nutritional
Composition of Shea Products and Chemical Properties of Shea Butter: A Review".
785:, shea butter is used for cooking oil, as a waterproofing wax, for hairdressing, for candle-making, and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments. It is used by makers of traditional African
56:
499:
found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century. The butter was being imported into
Britain by 1846.
1903:
806:
1012:
859:
24:
3000:
347:(lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, one pronunciation of which rhymes with "tea"
844:
content can be removed from refined grades (i.e., grade C) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels.
643:
A 2014 review characterized and quantified phenolic compounds in shea butter, identifying 10 phenolic compounds, eight of which are
1896:
1297:
1080:
3027:
404:
in the east, and onto the foothills of the
Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 21 countries across the African continent, namely
959:
733:
2989:
1889:
705:
932:
1267:
544:
has a higher average stearic acid content, and so is usually harder than shea butter from other West
African regions.
3022:
1232:
1064:
752:
187:
162:
134:
690:
712:
481:
3032:
2413:
686:
809:
and other companies have suggested a classification system for shea butter, separating it into five grades:
719:
1255:
682:
1290:
992:"A matter of good taste? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate in the European Union.
701:
2800:
2095:
1912:
387:
in the Wolof language of
Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter,
91:
1104:*Neumann, K., et al. 1998. "Remains of woody plants from Saouga, a medieval west African village".
1052:
671:
417:
68:
3042:
2520:
2068:
1136:
Maranz, Steven; Wiesman, Zeev; Bisgaard, Johan; Bianchi, Giorgio (2004). "Germplasm resources of
949:
675:
2946:
2403:
1615:
1283:
381:(rhyming with "day") is common, and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called
2891:
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2455:
2038:
1518:
1026:
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786:
261:
991:
102:
2627:
2485:
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2018:
1149:
8:
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2240:
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1161:
726:
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1214:
1165:
853:
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2214:
2159:
1423:
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955:
928:
868:
976:
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2199:
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2149:
2105:
1983:
1811:
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1169:
1157:
920:
496:
367:
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251:
241:
193:
173:
142:
120:
1490:
1057:
Shea Butter: The
Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret
80:
2901:
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2154:
2144:
2058:
1945:
1920:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1140:
based on variations in fat composition across the species distribution range".
529:
317:
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38:
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1528:
1464:
1428:
1210:
541:
517:
461:
409:
214:
206:
977:"Reinforcing sound management through trade: shea tree products in Africa"
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2023:
1865:
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84:
73:
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2003:
1998:
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1993:
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1978:
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2008:
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2440:
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2013:
1973:
1495:
1408:
1384:
1351:
1250:
820:
790:
489:
477:
223:). It is ivory in color when raw and commonly dyed yellow with
1126:
856:, a West African soap traditionally prepared with shea butter.
356:
151:
126:
2852:
2727:
2647:
2632:
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176:
148:
123:
2667:
2372:
1928:
1567:
1312:
947:
271:
512:
Shea butter is composed of five principal fatty acids:
819:
C (highly refined and extracted with solvents such as
975:
E. T. Masters, J. A. Yidana and P. N. Lovett (2004).
396:
The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry
188:
163:
135:
44:
Seeds of a shea tree—raw materials for oil production
941:
789:to increase the durability of wood (such as carved
217:) extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (
145:
951:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables (2006)
807:United States Agency for International Development
507:
255:
871:that trains women-owned shea butter cooperatives.
3014:
400:belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to
968:
1911:
1191:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
989:
917:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
860:Shea nut and butter production in Burkina Faso
200:
1897:
1291:
915:Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".
914:
502:
342:
337:
245:
235:
388:
301:
1011:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
813:A (raw or unrefined, extracted using water)
689:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
382:
311:
281:
275:
244:. It is known by many local names, such as
72:Children transporting crushed shea nuts in
30:A container of shea butter as sold in Benin
1904:
1890:
1298:
1284:
291:
95:Traditional preparation of shea butter in
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:
16:Fat from the nut of the African shea tree
1305:
994:Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales
948:National Research Council (2006-10-31).
832:
764:
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101:
90:
79:
67:
50:
3015:
1050:
908:
1885:
1279:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1044:
324:. It is also known as Moo-yaa in the
106:A young woman selling shea butter in
2995:
1106:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
1029:Manding (Bambara/Dioula) Dictionary.
687:adding citations to reliable sources
654:
201:
894:Manding (Bambara/Dioula) Dictionary
797:gourds, and leather tuning straps.
343:
234:The English word "shea" comes from
13:
1176:
1162:10.1023/B:AGFO.0000009406.19593.90
1098:
1031:An ka taa. Retrieved May 15, 2022"
781:In some African countries such as
87:women selling shea butter in Ghana
14:
3054:
1243:
1233:"Better Cooking with Shea Butter"
800:
2994:
2985:
2984:
1261:
1249:
1059:. TNC International. p. 5.
659:
482:Democratic Republic of the Congo
366:
349:
172:
141:
119:
37:
23:
1225:
1111:
826:D (lowest uncontaminated grade)
508:Shea butter fatty acid profiles
1073:
1019:
983:
882:
1:
3028:Crops originating from Africa
1266:The dictionary definition of
1081:"The wonder oil of the North"
990:Fold, N. 2000. (2013-01-14).
875:
364:, although the pronunciation
1203:10.1080/10408398.2011.604142
1122:. 28 August 1846. p. 2.
954:. National Academies Press.
7:
847:
10:
3059:
1913:Non-timber forest products
503:Composition and properties
331:
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2578:
2363:
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2180:
2067:
1954:
1919:
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1653:
1624:
1608:
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1511:
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1449:
1398:
1360:
1320:
1311:
3023:Anti-inflammatory agents
925:10.1002/14356007.a10_173
418:Central African Republic
919:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
650:
256:
246:
3033:Shea butter production
2927:(Iberian agroforestry)
2165:Pacific mountain onion
1767:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
1051:Goreja, W. G. (2004).
840:
787:percussion instruments
770:
389:
383:
338:
312:
302:
292:
282:
276:
266:
236:
197:
111:
99:
88:
77:
65:
2947:Indian forest produce
2418:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1802:Rapeseed (canola) oil
836:
829:E (with contaminants)
768:
639:Shea butter phenolics
548:Fatty acid variation
240:, the tree's name in
105:
94:
83:
71:
63:
2190:Bare-toothed russula
1554:Vegetable shortening
1306:Edible fats and oils
1258:at Wikimedia Commons
1142:Agroforestry Systems
683:improve this section
2801:musical instruments
2059:Woodland strawberry
1837:Watermelon seed oil
1154:2004AgrSy..60...71M
1138:Vitellaria paradoxa
838:Whipped Shea butter
549:
336:The common name is
220:Vitellaria paradoxa
854:African black soap
841:
771:
547:
112:
100:
89:
78:
66:
3010:
3009:
1879:
1878:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1562:
1561:
1484:Other animal fats
1424:Manteiga-da-terra
1254:Media related to
961:978-0-309-10333-6
869:social enterprise
763:
762:
755:
737:
636:
635:
61:
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2998:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2962:Resin extraction
2952:Mushroom hunting
2928:
2674: / etc.
2528:
2421:
2256:Saffron milk cap
2246:Parasol mushroom
2086:Fiddlehead ferns
1906:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1797:Pumpkin seed oil
1694:Mongongo nut oil
1622:
1621:
1573:
1572:
1414:Clarified butter
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1300:
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1120:Stamford Mercury
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996:, 55/56: 92–110"
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769:Shea butter soap
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2902:Vegetable ivory
2774:
2662:
2574:
2522:
2415:
2377:
2359:
2293:
2275:
2241:Oyster mushroom
2231:Meadow mushroom
2176:
2160:Twincrest onion
2063:
1967:
1950:
1921:Animal products
1915:
1910:
1880:
1875:
1841:
1732:Ambadi seed oil
1718:
1649:
1611:
1604:
1600:Shark liver oil
1558:
1544:Palm kernel oil
1507:
1479:
1445:
1394:
1356:
1307:
1304:
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1241:
1240:
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1230:
1226:
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1118:"Shea Butter".
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793:shells), dried
776:unsaponifiables
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308:Yoruba language
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5:
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3043:Vegetable oils
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3005:
3004:
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2981:
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2977:
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2967:Rubber tapping
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2569:Vateria indica
2565:
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2525:Shorea robusta
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2215:Honey mushroom
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2096:Mahuwa flowers
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1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Grape seed oil
1754:
1749:
1747:Cottonseed oil
1744:
1739:
1737:Apple seed oil
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703:
702:"Shea butter"
699:
698:Find sources:
692:
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684:
678:
677:
673:
668:This section
666:
662:
657:
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648:
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631:
628:
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621:
617:
614:
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609:18:2 Linoleic
608:
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569:
567:16:0 Palmitic
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438:Guinea Bissau
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298:Igbo language
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262:Wali language
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64:The Shea Nut.
40:
26:
2999:
2972:Wildcrafting
2957:Naval stores
2935: /
2923:
2892:Tendu leaves
2848:Natural dyes
2718:Gutta-percha
2670: /
2608:Frankincense
2568:
2537:
2524:
2481:Mango butter
2426:Cocoa butter
2417:
2414:Chaulmoogra
2384:Allanblackia
2315:Black pepper
2200:Birch bolete
2150:Canada onion
2135:Wild ginseng
2130:Saw palmetto
2071: /
1961: /
1832:Tea seed oil
1704:Pine nut oil
1679:Hazelnut oil
1548:
1534:Mango butter
1529:Cocoa butter
1429:Niter kibbeh
1268:
1227:
1194:
1190:
1148:(1): 71–76.
1145:
1141:
1137:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1087:. 2020-09-14
1084:
1075:
1056:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1028:
1021:
993:
985:
970:
950:
943:
916:
910:
898:. Retrieved
893:
884:
842:
837:
804:
780:
772:
749:
740:
730:
723:
716:
709:
697:
681:Please help
669:
642:
581:18:0 Stearic
542:Burkina Faso
538:
534:
511:
494:
462:Sierra Leone
410:Burkina Faso
395:
335:
233:
218:
215:stearic acid
207:triglyceride
205:) is a fat (
114:
113:
2907:Willow bark
2738:Maple syrup
2733:Maple sugar
2708:Fruit syrup
2691:chewing gum
2681:Birch syrup
2538:Shea butter
2210:Chanterelle
2155:Crow garlic
2145:Bear garlic
2140:Wild onions
2118:filé powder
2039:Lingonberry
2024:Huckleberry
1866:Cooking oil
1827:Soybean oil
1782:Perilla oil
1772:Mustard oil
1635:Avocado oil
1595:Seaweed oil
1577:Marine oils
1549:Shea butter
1524:Coconut oil
1460:Chicken fat
1439:Urfa butter
1269:shea butter
1256:Shea butter
896:. An ka taa
865:Shea Yeleen
816:B (refined)
466:South Sudan
442:Ivory Coast
328:language.
115:Shea butter
74:Jisonaayili
3017:Categories
2818:Birch beer
2813:Birch bark
2770:Spruce gum
2753:akpeteshie
2743:Palm sugar
2713:Gum arabic
2703:Date sugar
2653:Turpentine
2533:Sandalwood
2436:Eucalyptus
2431:Eucalyptol
2320:Brazil nut
2195:Bay bolete
2049:Strawberry
2004:Cocoa bean
1999:Breadfruit
1989:Blackberry
1963:tree fruit
1861:Plant oils
1817:Sesame oil
1777:Peanut oil
1742:Castor oil
1714:Walnut oil
1689:Marula oil
1674:Cashew oil
1664:Almond oil
1610:Vegetable
1108:, 7:57–77.
1091:2024-02-20
876:References
713:newspapers
595:18:1 Oleic
553:Fatty Acid
211:oleic acid
3038:Skin care
2937:gardening
2897:Thatching
2748:Palm wine
2593:Birch tar
2521:Sal-seed
2446:Japan wax
2399:Candlenut
2340:Malva nut
2305:Areca nut
2226:Matsutake
2182:Mushrooms
2123:root beer
2113:Sassafras
2101:Sago palm
2044:Raspberry
2029:Jackfruit
1994:Blueberry
1946:Wild game
1787:Pequi oil
1724:Seed oils
1699:Pecan oil
1669:Argan oil
1640:Olive oil
1590:Krill oil
1539:Margarine
1501:Whale oil
1470:Goose fat
1322:Pork fats
743:June 2023
670:does not
645:catechins
530:arachidic
247:kpakahili
209:; mainly
2990:Category
2806:textiles
2638:Pine tar
2603:Creosote
2553:Tea-tree
2548:Tea-seed
2516:Pongamia
2506:Phulwara
2491:Nagkesar
2486:Murumuru
2461:Kpangnan
2409:Carnauba
2350:Pine nut
2335:Hazelnut
2325:Cinnamon
2310:Bay leaf
2300:Allspice
2222:(reishi)
2054:Tamarind
2019:Gambooge
1979:Bilberry
1857:See also
1762:Hemp oil
1752:Corn oil
1645:Palm oil
1475:Schmaltz
1465:Duck fat
1390:Tail fat
1375:Dripping
1211:24261539
1007:cite web
848:See also
795:calabash
526:linoleic
514:palmitic
426:Ethiopia
414:Cameroon
398:savannah
229:palm oil
227:root or
225:borututu
3001:Commons
2916:Related
2880:Tanbark
2875:Shellac
2865:Quinine
2838:Gambier
2758:ogogoro
2658:Varnish
2623:Lacquer
2613:Gamboge
2598:Camphor
2588:Benzoin
2498: (
2404:Capuacu
2389:Babassu
2355:Vanilla
2266:Truffle
2251:Red cap
2220:Lingzhi
2009:Coconut
1984:Binukaw
1959:Berries
1491:Blubber
1451:Poultry
1330:Fatback
1219:6345738
1170:2510852
1150:Bibcode
1085:Monitor
900:May 15,
727:scholar
691:removed
676:sources
518:stearic
458:Senegal
454:Nigeria
430:Eritrea
384:ghariti
332:History
322:Senegal
316:in the
306:in the
296:in the
283:kaɗanya
260:in the
250:in the
242:Bambara
202:ߛߌ߮ߕߎߟߎ
194:Bambara
76:, Ghana
2924:Dehesa
2885:tannin
2870:Rattan
2833:Forage
2796:edible
2791:Bamboo
2786:Amadou
2765:Rubber
2686:Chicle
2628:Mastic
2580:Resins
2563:Ucuuba
2558:Tucuma
2543:Tamanu
2500:kernel
2471:Mafura
2441:Illipe
2394:Bacuri
2345:Nutmeg
2289:spices
2014:Durian
1974:Banana
1496:Muktuk
1409:Butter
1385:Tallow
1366:mutton
1352:Lardon
1217:
1209:
1168:
1063:
1036:15 May
958:
931:
821:hexane
791:djembe
729:
722:
715:
708:
700:
528:, and
490:Guinea
478:Uganda
390:karité
344:ߛ߭ߌ߭ߛߎ
326:Acholi
313:karité
310:, and
293:òkwùmá
198:sìtulu
2853:henna
2828:Ferns
2779:Other
2728:Latex
2648:Rosin
2643:Pitch
2633:Myrrh
2618:Kauri
2476:Mahua
2466:Kusum
2456:Kombo
2451:Kokum
2373:waxes
2330:Clove
2236:Morel
2170:Ramps
2106:queen
2081:Betel
2073:roots
1934:Honey
1626:Fruit
1400:Dairy
1335:Lardo
1215:S2CID
1166:S2CID
999:(PDF)
783:Benin
734:JSTOR
720:books
618:10.8
604:62.1
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1939:pine
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1657:oils
1628:oils
1616:List
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