1428:) calls to Shapshu (her 'mother', though this may be meant in an honorific sense) for assistance in a matter relating to snakebite, as her children are apparently in danger. Shapshu acts as an arbitrator between the mother and the gods, visiting ten different deities in their dwellings until arriving at the fortress of the god Ḥoranu, who is the first to take any action in response. Ḥoranu then gathers various plants and is able to defeat the serpents and prevent the death of the mother's offspring; the incantation ends with a marriage between Ḥoranu and the mother, apparently on the condition that he share this magical knowledge with her. Writing on the edge of the tablet describes this as a 'spell against the bite of a snake'. In KTU 1.82, another incantation against snakebite, Shapshu is one of three benign gods (along with Baal and Anat) invoked to protect the victim from the depredations of Tunnan,
1722:
1633:, but translations of the nature of this association vary wildly between authors. Many older translations include lines such as 'Kôṯaru, your companion', but Wyatt translates 'Kothar-and-Hasis, steer (the bark)! Pilot (the ship), Kothar-and-Hasis!', presuming the existence of a solar barque, and Rahmouni prefers 'Kôṯaru, your spellcaster/And Ḫasīsu, your expert (in magic)'. Coogan and Smith's translation is close to that of Rahmouni: 'Kothar is your magician, and Hasis your diviner'.
1708:
1621:
In KTU 1.6 column iii, El rejoices at his dream that Baal is still alive. Through Anat, he commands
Shapshu to search for the god. When Baal and Mot are locked in their final confrontation in column vi, neither is able to gain the upper hand over the other. Shapshu intervenes, warning Mot that El has
1590:
accession to the kingship by the will of El, and may warn him of the possible consequences if he opposes El's decision and attempts to claim the throne for himself. Page interprets her role in this scene as that of a voice of moderation who successfully prevents conflict between Aṯtar and Yam.
1622:
designated Baal as monarch. Mot is so frightened at the idea of going against the will of El or offending
Shapshu that he concedes the kingship to Baal, ending the conflict. The final lines of the Epic, KTU 1.6 iv 45-54, consist of a hymn to Shapshu. In this hymn, the gods and the
1613:
for burial. Shapshu's assistance to Anat here may reflect her compassionate personality or may be a result of Anat finding his body at the entrance to the underworld, a location which
Shapshu travels through on her daily journey. Anat may even ask Shapshu to burn bright
1432:, Mot, various serpents, and the creatures of Ḥoranu. A further incantation invoking Shapshu is KTU 1.107, where she and Ḥoranu appear early in the text. She inquires after a boy who has been bitten by a snake and the speaker calls upon her to remove the venom.
1388:' (Shapshu, the 'funerary offering', and the 'sovereigns'), and she receives a series of offerings during the ceremony of royal accession in KTU 1.161. She is also known from divinatory-oracular (KTU 1.78) and magical texts (e.g. KTU 1.100).
1626:(suggested to be a group of semi-divine ancestral figures) are 'under' Shapshu, likely referring to their position beneath the sun when Shapshu is illuminating the living world and the underworld respectively.
1439:. Azize favours an identification of the figure as Shapshu due to the absence of the Sun Goddess of Arinna's characteristic headgear and the presence of two mountain peaks he interprets as the twin peaks of
1665:, "sun of righteousness", fem.) on the event of God's Epiphany, and cases such as this have been used to suggest that Canaanite solar worship was incorporated into the worship of
1353:
mention
Shamshu, not necessarily as a female deity ("š-m-šw ì-p-ì-ìrì-m" (*šamšu-ʾab(u)-ʾilim) - Šamšu is father of the gods; "š-m-šu ìri-m" (*šamšu-ʾilima) - Šamšu is god).
1669:. However, Day notes that solar language being applied to Yahweh is not the same as Yahweh being equated with the sun, and there are no Hebrew names combining Yahweh and
1229:; this process is only attested at Middle Bronze Age Alalaḫ and at Late Bronze Age Ugarit. While name in Alalah show a mixture of the forms (Shamshu and Shapshu), in
2206:
1331:, the most common epithet of Shapshu. No theophoric names referring to Shapshu are known from Ebla; the individual whose name was translated by Pettinato as
1424:
Several incantation texts are known to invoke
Shapshu. In the incantation KTU 1.100, a character referred to as 'the mother of the stallion and the mare' (
1316:, whose names were written using Sumerograms: UTU and his consort UTU.SAL. The native Eblaite names for these deities remain unknown, though the Iron Age
1435:
The 17th-15th century BCE cylinder seal AO 20138 depicts a female deity radiating wave-like solar rays, thought to be either
Shapshu or the Hittite
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1867:
1380:. Evidence from offering lists suggests that Shapshu was one of the principal gods receiving sacrifices at Ugarit. She is given the divine epithet
1128:
1598:
in the netherworld by joining
Shapshu on her journey there. Here, she is shown to act as a bridge between the worlds of the living and the dead.
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1844:
A Handbook of Gods and
Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam
1609:
body in KTU 1.6 i 8-18, she begins to weep, at which point
Shapshu helps Anat lift his body onto her shoulder so that she can carry it to
17:
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1681:, and the similarity between Samson's seven locks of hair and the depictions of Helios with seven rays emerging from his head.
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may reflect a tradition of a solar hero, based on the etymology of his name, his birthplace near Beth-Shemesh, details of
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1673:, in contrast to those combining the names of Yahweh and El or Baal. He does consider it possible that the character of
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also appears nine times. Her name is the fourth most common seen in personal names, behind the names of
1175:("Shapshu, lamp of the gods", also translated as "torch" or "luminary" of the gods by various authors),
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Later in the Epic, KTU 1.4 viii 21-27, Baal instructs his emissaries to travel to deliver a message to
1503:
259:
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centred on a male deity. Azize suggests that cultural influence from
Mesopotamia or the Greek cult of
1236:
There is one attestation, from Alalah, of the form "Shamash" for the name of the Amorite solar deity.
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2045:
The earliest semitic pantheon: a study of the Semitic deities attested in Mesopotamia before Ur III.
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671:
92:
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Israel's Beneficent Dead: Ancestor Cult and Necromancy in Ancient Israelite Religion and Tradition
1300:) might indicate a female sun goddess tradition in 3rd millennium BCE Mesopotamia, derived from a
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relating to Shapshu are numerous at Ugarit, including 66 individual names; the Hurrian sun deity
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and the 'Phoenician Ivory of Shapash' both depict a female sun deity, though the sun cult at
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in Arabia, Shapshu was a female solar deity. In addition to attestations in Ugaritic texts,
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2370:
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
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543:
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Yahweh and the sun: biblical and archaeological evidence for sun worship in ancient Israel
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1541:, line 4-5 reads ' in the month of the sacrifice of the Sun, as a gift to her temple...'.
8:
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The Myth of Cosmic Rebellion: A Study of its Reflexes in Ugaritic and Biblical Literature
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1861:
1778:'father, sire' may be being used here in the honorific sense. See Rahmouni, 2007 pg 369
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1360:, their native name, gender, and affiliations to other Syrian deities remain unclear.
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Mémoires présentés par divers savants étrangers à l’Académie, 15(1), 197-349, pg 215
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Northwest Semitic ṣapānu in a Break-up of an Egyptian Stereotype Phrase in EA 147.
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Shapshu is not known to have a consort in the Ugaritic corpus, but the figure of
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there is not one attestation, syllabic or alphabetic, to the form "Shamshu".
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The closing lines (49-54) of the hymn suggest an association with the deity
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del Olmo Latte, Gregorio. (1999), "The Offering Lists and the God Lists"
1618:) in order to illuminate the underworld while they retrieve Baal's corpse.
1171:, her probable father. Her most common epithets in the Ugaritic corpus are
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Johns Hopkins University Press. Pg 52 and notes 425 & 426 on pg 114
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2021:. Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico, (6) 97-115
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religion. In a letter to the king of Ugarit (KTU 2.42), Shapshu (as
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Stieglitz, Robert R. (2002), "Divine Pairs in the Ebla Pantheon"
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8:16-18. Horses and chariots dedicated to the sun are mentioned in
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1812:, 'field of Mot's realm (?)' as discussed in Wiggins, 1996 pg 332
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theophoric names mentioning the goddess. In the Middle Bronze Age
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1658:
1517:("sacrifice for the sun/Šmš") is attested at 5th/6th century BCE
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414:
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304:
264:
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214:
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1339:, with Zikir being a deity unknown outside of theophoric names.
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1674:
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1649:, appearing in the Old Testament as both a masculine (e.g. in
1376:) is named second in a formulaic list of deities, behind only
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While at least one deity is known under the Sumerogram UTU at
1821:
See Wyatt, 2002 pg 143 note 117 for the latter interpretation
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while contrasting Greek and Phoenician notions of the gods.
1560:, and described them as being the father and sole parent of
2061:
Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language
1606:
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1399:
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it may refer to Shapshu. Similarly, the letter EA 155 from
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324:
159:
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99:
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https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h8121/kjv/wlc/0-1/
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
1249:
1167:. She also served as the royal messenger of the high god
1083:
904:
124:
2405:
Wiggins, Steve A. (1996), "Shapsh, lamp of the gods."
2073:*Les inscriptions arameennes de Sfire (Steles I et II).*
1292:, lines 6, 44). Old Akkadian names such as Tulid-Šamši (
2278:"Astrological Interpretations of Some Phoenician Bowls"
2224:
2211:
1798:
https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010144854
1307:
169:
2342:
2336:
1787:
From Ur III tablet that can be viewed at CDLI P416456
1335:
is now considered to be translated more accurately as
2019:
Le dieu solaire Shamash dans le monde phénico-punique
1483:
may have led to identification of the deity as male.
1703:
1417:in the incantation text KTU 1.100 addresses her as
1342:Shamshu (or Shapshu in the area of Alalah) was the
2227:Incantations and anti-witchcraft texts from Ugarit
2203:Divinities in Personal Names at Ugarit, Ras Shamra
1486:Funerary inscriptions such as the 6th century BCE
2176:
2170:
2101:Beckman, G. (2002). The Pantheon of Emar. Agade.
2526:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1886:Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts
1774:See Anat's address to Shapshu in KTU 1.6 iv 10;
2264:Cylindre hittite nouvellement acquis (AO 20138)
1661:4:2 uses the imagery of the שֶׁ֣מֶשׁ צְדָקָ֔ה (
1268:, line 19); given the letter's provenance with
1202:The original name of the goddess contained the
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2361:
1915:
1879:
1877:
2386:
2135:
2120:
1902:
1225:of the consonant /m/ made it, as a result, a
1187:1.118 and 1.148, Shapshu is equated with the
1122:
2477:
2471:
2448:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2424:Coogan, Michael, and Smith, Mark S. (2012).
2249:Spronk, Klass. (1999), "The Incantations"
1866:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1653:19:23) and, less frequently, feminine (e.g.
1384:, relating to her role during the 'night of
1264:for the sun deity, UTU, as a feminine noun (
1209:, and this consonant appears in some of the
2505:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan
2426:Stories from Ancient Canaan, Second Edition
2205:. Ougarit 24, études ougaritiques 4, 95ff.
1874:
1842:Frayne, D. R. & Stuckey, J. H. (2021).
1312:A pair of solar deities were worshipped at
1183:("eternal Shapshu"). In the pantheon lists
1129:
1115:
2502:
2496:
2392:Pitard, Wayne (1999), "The Rpum Texts"
1645:) is one of a few dual-gendered words in
2159:
2157:
2055:
2053:
1918:Religious Texts from Ugarit: 2nd Edition
1446:
1327:("luminary"), possibly corresponding to
2275:
2013:
2011:
1884:Rahmouni A., J. N. Ford trans. (2007).
1578:The first appearance of Shapshu in the
14:
2527:
2229:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2154:
2050:
2084:
2008:
1997:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1960:
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1939:
1937:
1582:is in KTU 1.2 iii, where she brings
1308:In Bronze Age Levant and Mesopotamia
1226:
1206:
1815:
1802:
1781:
1684:Worship of the Sun is condemned in
43:Goddess of the Sun, Messenger of El
24:
1768:
1692:23:11 where they are destroyed by
1105:Religions of the ancient Near East
25:
2581:
1971:
1934:
1323:refer to the consort of Samaš as
2266:. Syria, 28(Fasc. 3/4), 180-190.
2225:del Olmo Lete, Gregorio (2014).
2115:An Alashiyan Merchant at Ugarit.
1720:
1706:
2456:
2428:. Westminster/John Knox Press.
2399:
2343:Page, Hugh Rowland Jr. (1996).
2316:
2300:
2282:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2269:
2256:
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2195:
2107:
2095:
2078:
2065:
2037:
2024:
1790:
1636:
1991:
1954:
1548:reports a conversation with a
13:
1:
2201:van Soldt, Wilfred H. (2016)
2138:The Phoenician Solar Theology
2088:The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit
2001:The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit
1984:The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit
1964:The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit
1947:The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit
1828:
1368:Shapshu was a major deity in
2507:. Sheffield Academic Press.
2407:Ugarit, religion and culture
2394:Handbook of Ugaritic Studies
2251:Handbook of Ugaritic Studies
2165:Handbook of Ugaritic Studies
1920:. Sheffield Academic Press.
1488:Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
1363:
1179:("great lady Shapshu"), and
7:
2560:Deities in the Hebrew Bible
2372:. Oxford University Press.
2034:Orientalia, 51(2), 161-182.
1699:
1556:who referred to the sun as
1537:. In one of the Phoenician
18:Shapash (Canaanite goddess)
10:
2586:
2177:Schmidt, Brian B. (1996).
2071:Dupont-Sommer, A. (1960).
1967:. Brill. pp. 237–239.
1950:. Brill. pp. 237–238.
1571:
1567:
1544:In the second century CE,
1451:The sun deity in Iron Age
1288:includes a feminine UTU (
1252:in Mesopotamia, but like
66:
58:
48:
41:
32:
2555:Ancient Israel and Judah
1761:
1498:, recalling the epithet
2368:Smith, Mark S. (2003).
2276:Hopkins, Clark (1965).
2117:Tel Aviv, 10(1), 38-45.
2043:Roberts, J. J. (1972).
1916:Wyatt, Nicolas (2002).
1463:: 𐤔𐤌𐤔), rather than
1455:is consistently called
1239:
1197:
2570:Children of El (deity)
2545:West Semitic goddesses
2136:Azize, Joseph (2005).
2085:Buck, Mary E. (2020).
1998:Buck, Mary E. (2020).
1981:Buck, Mary E. (2020).
1961:Buck, Mary E. (2020).
1944:Buck, Mary E. (2020).
1529:, and 3rd century BCE
1504:Shipitbaal inscription
2478:Taylor, Glen (1993).
2347:. Brill. p. 82.
2325:Description of Greece
2113:Knapp, A. B. (1983).
2103:deepblue.lib.mich.edu
2091:. Brill. p. 229.
2004:. Brill. p. 238.
1987:. Brill. p. 239.
1756:List of solar deities
1531:Larnakas tis Lapithou
1447:In Iron Age Phoenicia
1437:Sun goddess of Arinna
1294:Šamaš-gave-(me-)birth
27:Canaanite solar deity
2550:Phoenician mythology
1258:Amarna letter EA 323
544:Hutena and Hutellura
2540:Levantine mythology
2262:Parrot, A. (1951).
2017:Bonnet, C. (1989).
1846:. US: Eisenbrauns.
1808:See KTU 1.6 ii 20,
1641:The word שֶׁ֣מֶשׁ (
597:Ninatta and Kulitta
2503:Day, John (2001).
2030:Grave, C. (1982).
1490:make reference to
1471:Bernadini tomb at
1349:Some names in the
1298:Šamaš-is-my-mother
1296:) and Umma-Šamaš (
576:dynastic deities (
2482:. A&C Black.
2188:978-1-57506-008-8
2140:. Gorgias Press.
1796:Musée de Louvre:
1302:Northwest Semitic
1290:LUGAL UTU darītum
1139:
1138:
84:ancient Near East
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
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2565:Ugaritic deities
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1714:Mythology portal
1711:
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1631:Kothar-wa-Khasis
1392:Theophoric names
1386:Šapšu pgr wṯrmnm
1351:Execration texts
1131:
1124:
1117:
785:Kothar-wa-Khasis
93:Ancient Egyptian
79:
78:
30:
29:
21:
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2535:Solar goddesses
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2412:At academia.edu
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2207:At academia.edu
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2181:. Eisenbrauns.
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2016:
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1663:shemesh sedaqah
1639:
1576:
1570:
1449:
1366:
1310:
1304:solar goddess.
1266:ša ti-ra-am UTU
1242:
1217:, a process of
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82:Deities of the
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15:
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2435:978-0664232429
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2288:(1/2): 28–36.
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2236:978-1614516279
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1895:978-9004157699
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1853:978-1575068374
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1638:
1635:
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1539:texts at Pyrgi
1513:A month named
1448:
1445:
1421:, ("mother").
1365:
1362:
1346:solar deilty.
1309:
1306:
1241:
1238:
1223:denasalization
1199:
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1137:
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26:
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4:
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2311:Pyrgi Tablets
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2246:
2238:
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2198:
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2184:
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2173:
2166:
2160:
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2126:
2124:
2116:
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2104:
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2074:
2068:
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1994:
1986:
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1977:
1975:
1966:
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1957:
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1793:
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1777:
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1741:Shams (deity)
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1723:
1718:
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1697:
1695:
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1660:
1657:19:14) noun.
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1321:Sefire steles
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750:Baʿalat Gebal
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2331:At theoi.com
2324:
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2018:
2000:
1993:
1983:
1963:
1956:
1946:
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1817:
1809:
1804:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1683:
1670:
1662:
1642:
1640:
1637:In the Bible
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1600:
1593:
1586:the news of
1577:
1543:
1514:
1512:
1502:) as on the
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1201:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1152:, "sun") or
1149:
1141:
1140:
888:Mesopotamian
849:
735:Baʿal Marqod
730:Baʿal Ḥammon
260:Dhul Khalasa
2409:: 327-350.
2322:Pausanias,
1728:Asia portal
1611:Mount Sapan
1441:Mount Sapan
1426:ủm.pḥl.pḥlt
1415:ủm.pḥl.pḥlt
1333:Ibbi-Sipish
1329:nrt ỉlm špš
1173:nrt ỉlm špš
1165:sun goddess
1156:, and also
1084:Utu/Shamash
1034:Ningishzida
925:Belet Nagar
895:Adad/Ishkur
745:Baʿalshamem
740:Baʿal Ṣapon
440:Inshushinak
2529:Categories
2514:0826468306
2489:1850752729
2379:0195167686
2354:9004105638
2147:1593332106
1927:0826460488
1829:References
1605:discovers
1580:Baal Cycle
1574:Baal Cycle
1525:, 300 BCE
1473:Palestrina
1461:Phoenician
1337:Ibbi-Zikir
1262:Sumerogram
945:Ereshkigal
445:Ishmekarab
320:Theandrios
250:Baalshamin
240:Atarsamain
2444:cite book
2294:0022-2968
2253:, 270-286
2167:, 305-352
1888:. Brill.
1862:cite book
1562:Asklepios
1546:Pausanias
1453:Phoenicia
1364:In Ugarit
1260:uses the
1219:devoicing
1204:consonant
1162:Canaanite
1148:: 𐎌𐎔𐎌
1064:Papsukkal
1054:Ninshubur
1039:Ninhursag
1009:Nanna/Sin
710:Atargatis
668:Canaanite
664:Levantine
495:Ruhurater
485:Napirisha
455:Kiririsha
405:Ninkarrak
73:(father)?
2463:Strong's
1751:Malakbel
1746:Yarhibol
1700:See also
1679:Psalm 19
1550:Sidonian
1469:Etruscan
1370:Ugaritic
1278:Abimilki
1274:Ashkelon
1189:Akkadian
1160:, was a
1146:Ugaritic
1069:Sarpanit
1059:Pabilsag
1044:Ninisina
969:Manungal
964:Ishtaran
910:Asarluhi
835:Shadrafa
780:Kotharat
672:Ugaritic
607:Pirengir
470:Nahhunte
390:Ḫalabatu
340:Yarhibol
280:Malakbel
235:al-‘Uzzá
145:Nephthys
33:Shapshu
2465:H8121;
2396:259-269
2329:.23.7 (
1810:šd mmt
1736:Shamash
1690:2 Kings
1686:Ezekiel
1671:shemesh
1659:Malachi
1651:Genesis
1643:shemesh
1568:In Myth
1515:zbḥ šmš
1500:špš ʿlm
1496:šmš ʿlm
1492:tḥt šmš
1477:Baalbek
1430:Resheph
1408:Resheph
1374:špš ʿlm
1344:Amorite
1318:Aramaic
1286:Pharaoh
1284:to the
1246:Shamash
1244:Unlike
1211:Amorite
1181:špš ʿlm
1177:rbt špš
1158:Shamshu
1142:Shapshu
1079:Tishpak
1074:Sebitti
1024:Ninegal
1004:Šumugan
935:Enki/Ea
850:Shapshu
825:Resheph
790:Melqart
755:Chemosh
705:Astarte
695:Asherah
642:Tašmišu
617:Šarruma
612:Shalash
602:Nupatik
592:Nabarbi
574:Mitanni
569:Lelluri
559:Kumarbi
517:Hittite
513:Hurrian
490:Pinikir
475:Narundi
460:Lagamar
428:Elamite
415:Shalash
380:Hadabal
370:Aštabil
358:Eblaite
335:Yaghūth
305:Orotalt
265:Dushara
230:al-Qaum
215:Aglibol
203:Arabian
67:Parents
37:Shamshu
2511:
2486:
2432:
2376:
2351:
2292:
2233:
2185:
2144:
1924:
1892:
1850:
1694:Josiah
1675:Samson
1667:Yahweh
1655:Judges
1647:Hebrew
1607:Baal's
1601:After
1558:Apollo
1554:Aegium
1535:Cyprus
1527:Kition
1523:Latium
1508:Byblos
1481:Helios
1406:, and
1396:Šimige
1325:Nur(u)
1231:Ugarit
1215:Alalah
1154:Shapsh
1094:Zababa
1049:Ninlil
1029:Ningal
1019:Ninazu
1014:Nergal
994:Nisaba
989:Nanaya
974:Marduk
959:Ishtar
955:Inanna
930:Dumuzi
905:An/Anu
900:Amurru
875:Yarikh
870:Yahweh
845:Shalim
840:Shahar
830:Sakkun
815:Qedesh
810:Nikkal
795:Milcom
770:Eshmun
720:Azizos
715:ʿAṯtar
700:Ashima
680:Adonis
647:Teshub
637:Takitu
632:Šuwala
627:Šimige
622:Šauška
586:Varuna
554:Kubaba
549:Išḫara
529:Aštabi
524:Allani
515:&
465:Manzat
435:Humban
410:Saggar
395:Išḫara
365:Adamma
245:ʿAṯtar
225:al-Lat
185:Tefnut
165:Qetesh
155:Osiris
120:Buchis
105:Anubis
62:female
59:Gender
50:Planet
2309:277 (
1762:Notes
1588:Yam's
1584:Aṯtar
1519:Pyrgi
1506:from
1270:Yidya
1254:Shams
1192:šamaš
999:Shala
984:Nammu
950:Gibil
940:Enlil
915:Ashur
860:Tanit
855:Sydyk
800:Misor
775:Haddu
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