2216:
1801:
the
Erythraean sea. (But Alexander Polyhistor anticipating the event, has said that he appeared in the first year; but Apollodorus says that it was after forty sari; Abydenus, however, makes the second Annedotus appear after twenty-six sari.) Then succeeded Megalarus from the city of Pantibiblon; and he reigned eighteen sari: and after him Daonus the shepherd from Pantibiblon reigned ten sari; in his time (he says) appeared again from the Erythraean sea a fourth Annedotus, having the same form with those above, the shape of a fish blended with that of a man. Then reigned Euedoreschus from Pantibiblon, for the term of eighteen sari; in his days there appeared another personage from the Erythraean sea like the former, having the same complicated form between a fish and a man, whose name was Odacon. (All these, says Apollodorus, related particularly and circumstantially whatever Oannes had informed them of: concerning these Abydenus has made no mention.) Then reigned Amempsinus, a Chaldaean from Laranchae; and he being the eighth in order reigned ten sari. Then reigned Otiartes, a Chaldaean, from Laranchae; and he reigned eight sari. And upon the death of Otiartes, his son Xisuthrus reigned eighteen sari: in his time happened the great deluge. So that the sum of all the kings is ten; and the term which they collectively reigned an hundred and twenty sari.
2228:
2180:
1081:
2192:
1187:), and the myth of Adapa who also visited heaven. Both Adapa and the Apkallu have legends that place them halfway between the world of men and gods; but additionally just as Oannes in the Greek version passes all the knowledge of civilization to humans, so Adapa is described as having been " perfect with broad understanding to reveal the plans of the land." However, despite some clear parallels between Adapa stories and both the first and last Apkallu, Kvanvig finally notes that the name used for the first Apkallu is given in both Berossus, and in the Uruk King list—that is
2081:, which was said to have been recounted by the Oannes. Though Berossus' history contains obvious historical errors, parts of it have convincing matches with ancient cuneiform texts, suggest he was recreating accounts known from ancient Mesopotamian texts. Mayer Burstein considers that the text was not well written in a "Greek style", but was essentially a transliteration of Mesopotamian myths into Greek. Helpfully for future historians, Berossus does not seem to have altered the myths or narratives to suit a Greek audience.
100:
1827:
then
Megalarus of the same place eighteen sari: then Daos, the shepherd, governed for the space of ten sari; he was of Pantibiblon; in his time four double-shaped personages came out of the sea to land, whose names were Euedocus, Eneugamus, Eneuboulus, and Anementus: after these things was Anodaphus, in the time of Euedoreschus. There were afterwards other kings, and last of all Sisithrus: so that in the whole, the number amounted to ten kings, and the term of their reigns to an hundred and twenty sari.
2204:
904:
32:
2227:
2215:
1855:
made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and shewed them how to collect fruits (...). From that time, so universal were his instructions, nothing has been added material by way of improvement. When the sun set, it was the custom of this being to plunge again into the sea, and abide all night in the deep; for he was amphibious.
1854:
This being in the day-time used to converse with men; but took no food at that season; and he gave them an insight into letters and sciences, and every kind of art. He taught them to construct houses, to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles of geometrical knowledge. He
1178:
considers the case for Adapa being one of or a name of one of the
Apkallu. They note that while some texts contain plays on words between the terms "adapa" and "uan" and posit that "adapa" may be an epithet, though in the Adapa myth itself it is likely a proper name. In terms of the name of the first
1171:
The first of these legendary fish-man sages is known as Oan/Oannes, Sumerian Uanna/U-An; on a few cuneiform inscriptions this first sage has "adapa" appended to his name. Borger notes, however, that it is difficult to believe that the half-man half-fish Adapa is the same as the fisherman of the Adapa
1095:
has multiple uses, but usually refers to some form of wisdom; translations of the term generally equate to
English language uses of the terms "the wise", "sage" or "expert". Additionally, the term is used when referring to human "priests" (also "exorcists", "diviners"). However, Mesopotamian human
2084:
In terms of his relevance to the
Apkallu: his lists match fairly well with the Uruk King/Apkallu list, though there are differences and variations. Oannes is paired with the king Alorus, and by comparison can be considered equivalent to Adapa . Matches between Berossus and the kings and apkallu in
1866:
In the second book was the history of the ten kings of the
Chaldeans, and the periods of each reign, which consisted collectively of an hundred and twenty sari, or four hundred and thirty-two thousand years; reaching to the time of the Deluge. For Alexander, as from the writings of the Chaldteans,
1850:
In the first year there made his appearance, from a part of the
Erythraean sea which bordered upon Babylonia, an animal (...) who was called Oannes. (According to the account of Apollodorus) the whole body of the animal was like that of a fish, and had under a fish head another head, and also feet
1800:
This is the history which
Berossus has transmitted to us. He tells us that the first king was Alorus of Babylon, a Chaldaean; he reigned ten sari: and afterwards Alaparus, and Amelon who came from Pantibiblon: then Ammenon the Chaldaean, in whose time appeared the Musarus Oannes the Annedotus from
1659:
This text appears to have a completely different role for the apkallu from that given in the lists of sages and kings—essentially, Kvanvig proposes that the pre-deluge king-sage list was retroactively inserted onto a
Sumerian king list, so to combine the historical record with the flood legend. In
1826:
After him
Alaparus reigned three sari: to him succeeded Amillarus from the city of Pantibiblon, who reigned thirteen sari; in his time a semidaemon called Annedotus, very like to Oannes, came up a second time from the sea: after him Ammenon reigned twelve sari, who was of the city of Pantibiblon:
1371:
Lenzi notes that the list is clearly intended to be taken in chronological order. It is an attempt to connect real (historic) kings directly to mythologic (divine) kingship and also does the same connecting those real king's sages (ummanu) with the demi-godly mythic seven sages (apkallu).
1647:
Finally Erra persuades Marduk to leave his temple and fetch back the apkallu from their banishment, reassuring that he will keep order whilst Marduk is away. However, chaos breaks out; though some of the text is missing it seems that the subsequent outcome was that instead, earthly
1375:
Though the list is taken to be chronological, the texts do not portray the Sages (nor the kings) as genealogically related to each other or their kings. There is some similarity between the sages' and kings' names in the list, but not enough to draw any solid conclusions.
1822:
It is said that the first king of the country was Alorus, who gave out a report that he was appointed by God to be the Shepherd of the people: he reigned ten sari: now a sarus is esteemed to be three thousand six hundred years; a neros six hundred; and a sossus sixty.
2074:
In summary, Berossus' Babylonian history recounts ten kings before a deluge (followed by the reigns of later kings), with a record or myth of prehistoric man receiving civilization via the Oannes; it also contains a paraphrasing of the myth the
2179:
1652:
are given the task of cleansing Marduk's shrine. Kvanvig infers from this text that the mythological role of the apkallu was to aid the god (Marduk) in keeping creation stable by maintenance of Marduk's idol.
1775:. His work gives a description of the wise men, their names, and their associated kings. Berossus' original book is now lost, but parts have survived via the abridgment and copying of historians including
1062:, the Apkallu appear again, also described as fish-men who are sent by the gods to impart knowledge to humans. In Berossus, the first one, Oannes (a variant of Uanna), is said to have taught humans the
1552:
text the seven sages (of Eridu) are entrusted with the reading "tablets of destiny." Additionally the sage Anenlilda is the maker of the 'twenty-one poultices' -- these items are then given to
1440:
Piriggalabzu, who was born in Adab/Utab, who hung his seal on a "goat-fish"† and thereby angered the god Enki/Ea in the fresh water Sea, so that a fuller struck him dead with his own seal,
1179:
Apkallu they consider that both terms "adapa" ("wise") and "ummanu" ("craftsman") together form the whole proper name. Additionally, they note closer similarities between the 7th Apkallu
2259:("seventh from Adam") and his ascension to heaven has also been proposed to be a variant or influenced by the seventh apkallu Utuabzu who is also said to have ascended to heaven in the
1791:. Mayer Burstein suggests that Berossus' work was partly metaphorical, intended to convey wisdoms concerning the development of man—a nuance lost or uncommented on by later copyists.
1794:
What remains of Berossos' account via Apollodorus begins with a description on Babylonia, followed by the appearance of a learned fish-man creature named Oannes. Truncated account:
3359:
1032:
are seven demigods, sometimes described as part man and part fish or bird, associated with human wisdom; these creatures are often referred to in scholarly literature as the
2134:
rituals; in addition to fish-headed ones (similar to descriptions of the seven sages), other hybrids were used as 'apkallu' in this context (generally bird-headed humans).
2145:
of the 9th century BC. They appear in one of three forms, bird-headed, human-headed or dressed in fish-skin cloaks. They have also been found on reliefs from the reign of
1861:
Moreover Oannes wrote concerning the generation of humans; of their different ways of life, and of their civil polity; and the following is the purport of what he said:
2191:
2458:
2233:
Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged eagle-headed Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
1851:
below, similar to those of a man, subjoined to the fish tail. His (...) language was (...) human; and a representation of him is preserved even to this day.
2985:
1138:
figures, which are often figurines of the 'seven sages' themselves. A collation of the names and "titles" of theses seven sages in order can be given as:
1437:
Piriggalnungal, who was born in Kish, who angered the god Ishkur/Adad in heaven, so that he allowed neither rain nor growth in the land for three years,
2243:
The spread of the 'seven sage' legend westwards during the 1st and 2nd millennia has been speculated to have led to the creation of the tale of the
2221:
Detail of the embroidered dress of a male Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
1172:
myth, the son of the god Ea. A potential solution was given by W. G. Lambert—evidence that "adapa" was also used as an appellative meaning "wise".
1054:
rituals; these figurines include fish-man hybrids representing the seven sages, but also include bird-headed and other figures. In a later work by
1046:), further sages and kings are listed. Post-deluge, the sages are considered human, and in some texts are distinguished by being referred to as
1656:
According to Scott B. Noegel this epic also contains several clever etymological wordplays on the names of apkallu, both textual and phonetic.
1386:
A list (similar to the Uruk list) of the seven sages followed by four human sages is also given in an apotropaic incantation the tablet series
3363:
1858:
After this there appeared other animals like Oannes, of whom Berossus promises to give an account when he comes to the history of the kings.
1443:
fourth Lu-Nanna, who was two-thirds a sage, who drove a dragon out of the temple E-Ninkiagnunna, the Innin/Ishtar Temple of (King) Schulgi,
1392:. The ritual involved hanging or placing statues of the sages on the walls of a house. A translation of the cuneiform was given by Borger:
885:
1281:, the king, Nungalpirigal was sage, whom Istar brought down from heaven to Eana. He made the bronze lyre according to the technique of
2093:
Various other cuneiform texts have references to these seven sages. There are texts that associates a set of seven sages with the city
3393:
1708:
3383:
1080:
3304:
3227:
3099:
2446:
2354:
3018:
The Ancient Fragments; containing what remains of the writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho
2410:
2946:
1434:
Nungalpiriggaldim, the wise (King) of Enmerkars, who had the goddess Innin/Ishtar descend from heaven into the sanctuary,
1219:
in Bit Res; The text consisted of list of seven kings and their associated sages, followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see
3388:
1215:
These Sages are found in the "Uruk List of Kings and Sages" (165 BC) discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid era temple of
113:
3091:
Perspectives on language and text: essays and poems in honor of Francis I. Andersen's sixtieth birthday, July 28, 1985
1533:
A text giving the story known as the Twenty-One "Poultices" (ref. no. LKA No.76) contains duplications of much of the
968:
3270:
3252:
3079:
3066:
987:
940:
2551:(1898), "Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians",
878:
819:
761:
81:
2975:
2973:
42:
3037:
947:
925:
160:
123:
2733:
Noegel, Scott B. (2011), Heimpel, Wolfgang; Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella (eds.), ""Wordplay" in the Song of Erra",
2116:
Several of named apkulla are listed on inscriptions as authors, notably Lu-Nanna is recorded as author of the
99:
3378:
2970:
2771:
2422:
133:
89:
1446:(altogether) four Sages of human descent, whom Enki/Ea, the Lord, endowed with comprehensive understanding.
2434:
2374:
3240:
954:
2321:
1602:
banished them back to Abzu. Once the apkallu are banished, Marduk's phrasing becomes rhetorical (left):
871:
479:
2559:
128:
936:
2529:
2256:
921:
155:
150:
2362:
2109:. Another list of seven sages used in a ritual differs from the description and names give in the
1879:
Berossus from Alexander Polyhistor recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).
914:
2898:
1743:
799:
20:
2344:
1431:
the seven sages, who have originated in the river, who control the plans of heaven and earth.
1115:, simply interpreted as "wise one amongst gods" or similar forms. It has also been applied to
2958:
736:
3211:
1776:
1220:
1107:, prefix, or adjective it can mean "the wise"; it has been used as an epithet for the gods
746:
3108:
Lenzi, Alan (2008), "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship",
8:
3236:
3025:
3016:
1195:
1108:
138:
2203:
1809:
Berossus via Apollodorus recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).
1009:
3341:
3333:
3313:
3196:
3184:
3164:
3156:
3012:
2304:
1752:
1194:
Oannes was once conjectured to be a form or another name of the ancient Babylonian god
165:
2922:
2283:, Mesopotamian vocation of scholar/doctor/magician, sometimes referred to as exorcists
1050:, not Apkallu. Another use of the term Apkallu is when referring to figurines used in
3345:
3300:
3266:
3248:
3223:
3168:
3125:
3095:
3075:
3054:
3033:
2350:
2154:
2102:
1837:
Berossus via Abydenus recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).
1772:
1724:
1545:
was later found that duplicated and further completed the coverage of Reiner's text.
1042:
1018:
1014:
961:
833:
726:
143:
3325:
3148:
3117:
3058:
2760:
2252:
2142:
1320:
771:
721:
2289:, Mesopotamian and Canaanite fish-like deity, associated with clouds and fertility
2255:(Prov 9:1): "Wisdom built her house. She set out its seven pillars." The story of
3215:
3089:
2910:
2548:
1756:
1388:
1068:
826:
711:
394:
266:
49:
3136:
3121:
2162:
1327:
1271:
1254:
469:
464:
2149:. The form taken of a man covered with the 'pelt' of a fish is first seen the
1695:
The seven sages were also associated with the founding of the seven cities of
1036:. Sometimes the sages are associated with a specific primeval king. After the
3372:
3129:
2248:
2094:
1680:
1594:(aka 'Song of Erra', or 'Erra and Ishum'); here again they are referenced as
1247:
1063:
3297:
Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading
3263:
An Illustrated Dictionary of Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia
3279:
3207:
3062:
3046:
2185:
Wall relief depicting an eagle-headed and winged man, Apkallu, from Nimrud.
2158:
2138:
2118:
1712:
1591:
1491:
Nudimmud became angry and summoned the seven sages of Eridu in high tones,
579:
316:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
1355:-ga) ie the translation to Adapa is interpretive, not literally 'phonetic'
741:
3220:
Ancient Near Eastern, literary, and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1-11
3050:
2277:, meaning "very wise": in the eponymous legend he is survivor of a deluge
2146:
1670:
The Seven Sages have enlarged it for you from the south to the uplands .
449:
399:
331:
326:
3200:
3139:(1974), "Die Beschwörungsserie Bīt mēseri und die Himmelfahrt Henochs",
2886:
1285:. The lyre was placed before Anu , the dwelling of (his) personal god.
3337:
3074:, vol. A part 2, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,
2807:
2783:
2298:
2274:
2261:
2131:
2077:
1337:, the king, Aba-Enlil-dari was scholar, whom the Arameans call Ahiqar.
1334:
1303:
1135:
1051:
1037:
812:
805:
662:
647:
589:
504:
424:
409:
311:
306:
3160:
2292:
1198:. It is now thought that the name is the Greek form of the Babylonian
1727:(Gilg. I 9; XI 305) they are credited with laying the foundations of
1720:
1660:
doing so it creates a pre-flood origin story for the Sumerian kings.
1397:
Incantation. U-Anna, who accomplishes the plans of heaven and earth,
1310:
1289:
1087:(probably) of an Apkallu figure from the temple of Ninurta at Nimrud.
1059:
1022:
642:
564:
559:
529:
524:
379:
249:
3329:
1933:
An account of Oannes, and a claim he was followed by others similar
903:
599:
594:
554:
351:
3152:
2244:
2150:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1748:
1676:
1553:
1513:
1452:
1296:
1278:
1260:
During the reign of Enmeusumgalana, the king, Enmebuluga was sage.
1240:
1055:
766:
667:
637:
584:
539:
444:
404:
374:
2280:
731:
3235:
2979:
2952:
2777:
2565:
2327:
1503:
They brought and read the tablet of destinies of the great gods,
1494:"Bring the document of my Anuship that it may be read before me,
1282:
1264:
1120:
1104:
751:
696:
652:
604:
534:
499:
454:
414:
369:
346:
301:
296:
2555:(5th ed.), Williams & Norgate, pp. 232, 368–9, 391
2517:
716:
1760:
1716:
1704:
1599:
1400:
U-Anne-dugga, who is endowed with comprehensive understanding,
1233:
1130:
The term also refers to the "seven sages", especially the sage
1112:
857:
852:
781:
776:
706:
657:
632:
569:
549:
544:
519:
514:
509:
494:
489:
474:
434:
384:
341:
336:
261:
206:
202:
193:
184:
2649:
2583:
2349:(1. publ. ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 150,
1145:
Uannedugga, "who was endowed with comprehensive intelligence",
3045:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2380:
2368:
2286:
2098:
1696:
1316:
During the reign of , the king, Esagil-kin-apli was scholar.
1166:
1131:
1116:
756:
627:
574:
459:
439:
429:
419:
389:
321:
291:
239:
211:
197:
2625:
2505:
1755:. According to his own account, he was a Chaldean priest of
2106:
1867:
enumerating the kings from the ninth Ardates to Xisuthrus,
1728:
1542:
1124:
1025:
inscriptions that in general mean either "wise" or "sage".
701:
691:
609:
484:
244:
188:
2795:
2741:
2690:
2673:
2637:
2493:
2826:
2386:
1313:, the king, Gimil-Gula and Taqis-Gula were the scholars.
1216:
271:
234:
57:
2702:
2600:
2598:
2571:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2105:
there is a reference to seven counselors as founders of
1751:
wrote a history of Babylon in around 281 BC, during the
53:
2615:
2613:
1700:
1688:
A Sumerian temple hymn states the seven sages (here as
1500:
The son who makes me happy, and grant him his desire."
1482:
3282:(1961), "The Etiologicial Myth of the "Seven Sages"",
2934:
2714:
1618:
who are perfect in lofty wisdom like Ea's their lord,
1598:-Fish. In this text is described how after the Flood,
1008:
3187:(1959), "Three Literary Prayers of the Babylonians",
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2661:
2595:
2474:
1537:
text concerning the seven sages - it was analyzed by
1403:
Enmedugga, for whom a good destiny has been decreed,
1143:
Uanna, "who finished the plans for heaven and earth",
2996:
The Mespotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim
2610:
2469:
The Mespotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim
2295:, a different type of Mesopotamian fish-human hybrid
2538:, § 3.2 Bīt Mēseri and the Adapa Myth, pp. 117–129.
2398:
2197:
A pair of protective spirits, Apkallu, from Nimrud.
928:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3088:Conrad, Edgar W.; Newing, Edward G., eds. (1987),
2068:All accounts give ten kings, followed by a deluge
1306:, the king, Sidu, a.k.a. Enlil-ibni, was scholar.
2765:The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1183:, who is said to have ascended to heaven (in the
3370:
1819:So much concerning the wisdom of the Chaldeans.
1466:, pp. 230–231, original german translation
1153:An-Enlilda, "the conjurer of the city of Eridu",
1075:
3147:(2), The University of Chicago Press: 183–196,
2980:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999
2953:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999
2778:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999
2566:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999
2328:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999
2003:Euedocus, Eneugamus, Eneuboulus, and Anementus
1506:He decreed the destiny for him and gave him ..
1412:An-Enlilda, the conjurer of the city of Eridu,
1210:
3216:"I studied inscriptions from before the flood"
3024:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2820:
2789:
2238:
1347:-60) as that for the following sage Uanduga (u
1267:, the shepherd, the king, Anenlilda was sage.
3364:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
3245:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
2455:, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 2 – p. 173, col. 1.
2419:, "apkallu", p. 171, col. 2 – p. 172, col. 1.
2346:The mythology of kingship in Neo-Assyrian art
1556:to bring to the "upper world" to gain merit.
1509:Anenlildam the purification priest of Eridu,
879:
52:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
3087:
2991:
2464:
2392:
2153:period, continuing is used to the period of
2125:
1842:Truncated account via Alexander Polyhistor:
19:"Abgal" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Seven demi-gods associated with human wisdom
3206:
3175:
3174:also reproduced in English translation in (
2801:
2684:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2589:
2511:
2499:
1463:
1223:), followed by eight more king/sage pairs.
1160:
1151:Enmebulugga, "who grew up on pasture land",
3260:
2964:
2251:, and may have an echo in the text of the
2130:Representations of 'apkallu' were used in
1590:The seven sages are also mentioned in the
1497:That I may decree the destiny for Mu'ait,
1409:Enmebulugga, who grew up in pasture land,
1343:Note the root for this word is the same (u
1299:, the king, Kabti-ili-Marduk was scholar.
1147:Enmedugga, "who was allotted a good fate",
886:
872:
3110:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
3030:Sources from the ancient near east (SANE)
2907:, § A.4, pp.8-10; § C.1, p.18, Notes 26-.
2338:
2336:
1576:and I said they were not to come back up
1330:, the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar.
1323:, the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar.
1292:, the king, Sin-leqi-unnini was scholar.
988:Learn how and when to remove this message
2371:, pp. 171–173, apkallatu / apkallu.
1734:
1079:
3312:
3294:
3183:
3028:(1978), "The babyloniaca of berossus",
2955:, "Apkallu", p.73, col.2 - p.74, col.1.
2940:
2747:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2667:
2535:
2523:
2085:the Uruk King List have been proposed.
1767:was written in Greek, probably for the
1639:
1582:
1525:
1428:-fishes of the sea, the seven of them,
1175:
1149:Enmegalamma, "who was born in a house",
3371:
3316:(1980), "The Twenty-One "Poultices"",
3278:
3265:(2nd ed.), British Museum Press,
3261:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1998),
3135:
2732:
2604:
2487:
2333:
2141:palaces, notably the constructions of
2137:Apkallu reliefs appear prominently in
1538:
1467:
1406:Enmegalamma, who was born in a house,
3107:
2619:
2577:
2547:
2404:
1363:
1277:After the flood, during the reign of
43:too many or overly lengthy quotations
3011:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2342:
2247:(Genesis 6:1-4) as recounted in the
1205:
926:adding citations to reliable sources
897:
25:
2088:
1663:
1559:
1155:Utuabzu, "who ascended to heaven".
1021:, respectively) are terms found in
13:
2157:– the form was popular during the
1638:Poem of Erra; Tablet 2, line 162 (
1581:Poem of Erra; Tablet 1, line 147.(
114:Religions of the ancient Near East
98:
14:
3405:
3353:
2301:, seven sages of Vedic literature
1257:, the king, Enmegalama was sage.
3032:, vol. 1, no. fasc.5,
2967:, "fish-garbed figure", pp.82-3.
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
1814:Truncated account via Abydenus:
1416:Utuabzu, who ascended to heaven,
902:
30:
3394:Piscine and amphibian humanoids
3141:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2931:, § C.1, pp.18-19, Notes 26-47.
2761:"The temple hymns: translation"
2753:
2726:
2541:
2173:Probable depictions of Apkallu
1250:, the king, Enmeduga was sage.
1226:A tentative translation reads:
913:needs additional citations for
820:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
3384:Mythological aquatic creatures
2431:, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 1–2.
1524:LKA 146 Obverse, Lines 5-12. (
1274:, the king, Utuabzu was sage.
1243:, the king, Uanduga was sage.
1:
2471:A. Draffkorn Kilner, pp. 39–.
2310:
1455:were associated with Enki/Ea
1379:
1076:Etymology, names, and meaning
3222:, vol. 4, Eisenbrauns,
2998:A. Draffkorn Kilner, pp.39-.
2443:, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 2.
2383:, "apkallu", p. 173, col. 1.
2315:
1627:Usually translated as "pure
1211:Uruk List of Kings and Sages
7:
2268:
2239:Possible Biblical influence
1675:(Temple hymn) The house of
1621:who can make my body holy?
10:
3410:
3389:Mythological human hybrids
3189:Archiv für Orientforschung
3122:10.1163/156921208786611764
3004:
2919:, § B.1, p.13, Notes 6, 8.
2168:
1932:
1741:
1484:The Twenty-One "Poultices"
1479:lists to be in agreement.
1475:Borger found the Uruk and
1164:
18:
2982:, "Apkallu", p.74, col.1.
2780:, "Apkallu", p.73, col.1.
2343:Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2010),
2126:Depictions in ancient art
2067:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1462:Translated to English in
1096:sages also used the term
103:Chaos Monster and Sun God
3241:van der Horst, Pieter W.
2992:Conrad & Newing 1987
2465:Conrad & Newing 1987
2393:Conrad & Newing 1987
1550:the twenty-one poultices
1236:, the king, † was sage.
1161:Uanna (Oannes) or Adapa?
1028:In several contexts the
50:summarize the quotations
3295:Kvanvig, Helge (2011),
3247:(2nd ed.), Brill,
3176:Hess & Tsumura 1994
3068:The Assyrian Dictionary
3026:Mayer Burstein, Stanley
2802:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2685:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2656:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2644:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2632:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2590:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2512:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2500:Hess & Tsumura 1994
1516:" and gave them to him
1464:Hess & Tsumura 1994
2965:Black & Green 1998
1876:
1834:
1806:
1744:Babyloniaca (Berossus)
1672:
1635:
1578:
1521:
1459:
1359:
1158:
1088:
104:
21:Abgal (disambiguation)
3212:Tsumura, David Toshio
2835:, pp. viii–xiii.
2330:, "Apkallu", page 72.
1845:
1817:
1797:
1692:) enlarged a temple.
1668:
1605:
1564:
1489:
1395:
1229:
1140:
1083:
224:Seven gods who decree
102:
92:Mesopotamian religion
3379:Mesopotamian deities
3237:van der Toorn, Karel
2553:The Hibbert Lectures
1995:Daonus the Shepherd
1777:Alexander Polyhistor
1607:Where are the seven
1541:. Another text from
1333:During the reign of
1326:During the reign of
1319:During the reign of
1309:During the reign of
1302:During the reign of
1295:During the reign of
1288:During the reign of
1270:During the reign of
1263:During the reign of
1253:During the reign of
1246:During the reign of
1239:During the reign of
1232:During the reign of
1221:Gilgamesh flood myth
922:improve this article
747:Seven-headed serpent
686:Spirits and monsters
3178:, pp. 224–233)
2929:Mayer Burstein 1978
2917:Mayer Burstein 1978
2905:Mayer Burstein 1978
2893:Mayer Burstein 1978
2821:Mayer Burstein 1978
2790:Mayer Burstein 1978
2735:Strings and Threads
2699:, pp. 160–163.
2658:, pp. 229–230.
2592:, pp. 225–226.
2549:Sayce, Archibald H.
1886:
1366:, pp. 140–143)
1100:(ummânù) "expert".
622:Demigods and heroes
286:Other major deities
3055:Landsberger, Benno
2750:, p. 177-181.
2737:, pp. 161–194
2580:, p. 138-140.
2568:, "Apkallu", p.72.
2305:Sumerian king list
2000:Daos the Shepherd
1884:
1753:Hellenistic period
1615:, the holy carp†,
1089:
105:
3318:Anatolian Studies
3306:978-90-04-16380-5
3229:978-0-931464-88-1
3101:978-0-931464-26-3
3059:Oppenheim, A. Leo
2895:, § A.4, pp.8-10.
2883:, pp. 24–38.
2871:, pp. 21–23.
2859:, pp. 19–20.
2847:, pp. 24–26.
2711:, pp. 162–4.
2634:, pp. 63–64.
2514:, pp. 228–9.
2453:Civil et al. 1968
2441:Civil et al. 1968
2429:Civil et al. 1968
2417:Civil et al. 1968
2381:Civil et al. 1968
2369:Civil et al. 1968
2356:978-0-521-51790-4
2155:Persian Babylonia
2103:Epic of Gilgamesh
2072:
2071:
1725:Epic of Gilgamesh
1585:, pp. 161–2)
1512:Made twenty-one "
1206:Literary evidence
1043:Epic of Gilgamesh
998:
997:
990:
972:
896:
895:
834:Epic of Gilgamesh
179:Primordial beings
75:
74:
3401:
3348:
3309:
3291:
3275:
3257:
3239:; Becking, Bob;
3232:
3208:Hess, Richard S.
3203:
3171:
3132:
3104:
3084:
3073:
3042:
3021:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2977:
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2884:
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2866:
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2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2823:, § A.3, pp.6-8.
2818:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2792:, § A.2, pp.4-6.
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2757:
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2745:
2739:
2738:
2730:
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2581:
2575:
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2563:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:, p.64, note 72.
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
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2472:
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2450:
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2402:
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2360:
2359:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2253:Book of Proverbs
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2143:Ashurnasirpal II
2089:Other references
1890:via Apollodorus
1887:
1883:
1880:
1838:
1810:
1684:
1664:Building stories
1643:
1586:
1560:The Poem of Erra
1529:
1471:
1367:
1321:Adad-apla-iddina
1012:
993:
986:
982:
979:
973:
971:
930:
906:
898:
888:
881:
874:
727:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
116:
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70:
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34:
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26:
3409:
3408:
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3403:
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3369:
3368:
3356:
3351:
3330:10.2307/3642779
3307:
3273:
3255:
3243:, eds. (1999),
3230:
3214:, eds. (1994),
3102:
3094:, Eisenbrauns,
3082:
3071:
3065:, eds. (1968),
3051:Gelb, Ignace J.
3040:
3007:
3002:
2990:
2986:
2978:
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2800:
2796:
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2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:, Lines 135-146
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2198:
2195:
2186:
2183:
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2128:
2101:, while in the
2091:
1969:Musarus Oannes
1896:via Polyhistor
1882:
1878:
1874:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
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1740:
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1666:
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1588:
1580:
1570:go down to the
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3396:
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3366:
3360:"abgal" search
3355:
3354:External links
3352:
3350:
3349:
3310:
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3292:
3276:
3271:
3258:
3253:
3233:
3228:
3204:
3185:Lambert, W. G.
3181:
3180:
3179:
3153:10.1086/372352
3133:
3116:(2): 137–169,
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3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
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2969:
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2943:, p. 146.
2941:Kvanvig (2011)
2933:
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2873:
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2837:
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2804:, p. 226.
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2209:Nimrud Apkallu
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1642:, p. 162)
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1328:Nebuchadnezzar
1228:
1212:
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1202:, an Apkallu.
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1134:, and also to
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3143:(in German),
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3137:Borger, Rykle
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3063:Reiner, Erica
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3056:
3052:
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3047:Civil, Miguel
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2670:, p. 79.
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2249:Old Testament
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2119:Myth of Etana
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2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:Euedoreschus
2015:
2012:
2010:Euedoreschus
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1925:
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1893:via Abydenus
1888:
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1566:I made those
1557:
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1528:, p. 79)
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1424:-fishes, the
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1065:
1064:creation myth
1061:
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946:
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939: –
938:
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933:Find sources:
927:
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911:This article
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698:
697:Lamassu/Shedu
695:
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690:
689:
683:
682:
675:(seven sages)
674:
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364:Minor deities
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262:Inanna/Ishtar
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129:Ancient Egypt
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39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3321:
3317:
3296:
3287:
3283:
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3192:
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2924:
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2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2748:Kvanvig 2011
2743:
2734:
2728:
2721:Kvanvig 2011
2716:
2709:Kvanvig 2011
2704:
2697:Kvanvig 2011
2692:
2668:Lambert 1980
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2536:Kvanvig 2011
2531:
2524:Lambert 1959
2519:
2507:
2495:
2468:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2345:
2323:
2260:
2242:
2172:
2159:Neo-Assyrian
2139:Neo-Assyrian
2136:
2129:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2073:
1877:
1873:
1871:
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1857:
1853:
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1846:
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1825:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1807:
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1798:
1793:
1764:
1747:
1736:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:Kvanvig 2011
1636:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1592:Epic of Erra
1589:
1583:Kvanvig 2011
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1547:
1534:
1532:
1526:Lambert 1980
1522:
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1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
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1496:
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1483:
1476:
1474:
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1445:
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1436:
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1430:
1425:
1421:
1419:
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1414:
1411:
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1405:
1402:
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1396:
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1380:
1374:
1370:
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1318:
1315:
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1301:
1294:
1287:
1276:
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1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:Kvanvig 2011
1174:
1170:
1142:
1129:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1004:
1000:
999:
984:
975:
965:
958:
951:
944:
932:
920:Please help
915:verification
912:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
672:
580:Paniĝinĝarra
256:
230:Four primary
229:
63:
48:Please help
40:
2605:Borger 1974
2488:Borger 1974
2147:Sennacherib
2026:Amempsinus
1773:Antiochus I
1765:Babyloniaca
1737:Babyloniaca
1683:; line 193.
1539:Reiner 1961
1468:Borger 1974
1272:Enmeduranki
1058:describing
1038:Great Flood
1034:Seven Sages
978:August 2024
722:Ušum/Dragon
465:Lugala'abba
400:Dumuzi-abzu
327:Geshtinanna
272:Utu/Shamash
134:Mesopotamia
3373:Categories
3284:Orientalia
3039:0890030030
3013:Cory, I.P.
2620:Lenzi 2008
2578:Lenzi 2008
2405:Lenzi 2008
2311:References
2299:Saptarishi
2275:Atra-Hasis
2262:bit meseri
2132:apotropaic
2111:Bit meseri
2095:Kuar-Eridu
2078:Enuma Elis
2058:Sisithrus
2053:Xisuthrus
2019:Anadophus
1986:Megalarus
1957:Amillarus
1735:Berossus'
1681:Kuar-Eridu
1535:Bit meseir
1477:bit meseri
1389:Bit meseri
1381:Bit meseri
1364:Lenzi 2008
1335:Esarhaddon
1185:Bit Meseri
1165:See also:
1136:apotropaic
1085:Bas-relief
1069:Enūma Eliš
1052:apotropaic
948:newspapers
827:Enūma Eliš
813:Atra-Hasis
663:Atra-Hasis
648:Lugalbanda
590:Shul-utula
470:Mami/Nintu
425:Hendursaga
312:Ereshkigal
307:Enmesharra
58:Wikisource
3346:163242830
3324:: 77–83,
3299:, Brill,
3290:(1): 1–11
3195:: 47–66,
3169:161593842
3130:1569-2116
2881:Cory 1828
2869:Cory 1828
2857:Cory 1828
2845:Cory 1828
2833:Cory 1828
2316:Citations
2165:periods.
2063:Xisuthus
2039:Otiartes
1981:Maglarus
1943:Alaparus
1938:Alaparus
1916:Fish-Man
1910:Fish-Man
1904:Fish-Man
1771:court of
1721:Shuruppak
1514:poultices
1420:the pure
1304:Isbi-Erra
1290:Gilgamesh
1255:Amegalana
1091:The term
1060:Babylonia
1023:cuneiform
937:"Apkallu"
806:An = Anum
800:Mythology
742:Ušumgallu
643:Gilgamesh
560:Ninsikila
530:Ningirima
525:Ningirida
380:Asaruludu
267:Nanna/Sin
250:Ninhursag
139:Babylonia
54:Wikiquote
41:contains
3201:41637089
3015:(1828),
2269:See also
2245:Nephilim
2048:Ardates
1972:Ammenon
1966:Ammenon
1885:Summary
1789:Eusebius
1785:Abydenus
1781:Josephus
1769:Seleucid
1749:Berossus
1677:Asarluhi
1631:-fishes"
1554:Nudimmud
1453:Goatfish
1311:Abi-esuh
1297:Ibbi-Sin
1279:Enmerkar
1248:Ameluana
1056:Berossus
1019:Sumerian
1015:Akkadian
767:Lamashtu
737:Mušmaḫḫū
668:Ziusudra
638:Enmerkar
585:Sarpanit
565:Ninšubur
540:Ninkilim
505:Ninmarki
480:Maštabba
445:Kajamanu
405:Enbilulu
375:Anunnaki
124:Anatolia
82:a series
80:Part of
66:May 2018
3362:at the
3338:3642779
3005:Sources
2293:Kulullû
2169:Gallery
2151:Kassite
2013:Odacon
1952:Amelon
1926:Alorus
1921:Alorus
1763:). His
1650:ummanus
1611:of the
1609:apkallu
1568:ummanus
1283:Ninagal
1241:Alalgar
1181:Utuabzu
1121:Ninurta
1105:epithet
1098:ummianu
1093:apkallu
1030:Apkallu
1003:or and
1001:Apkallu
962:scholar
752:Humbaba
673:Apkallu
653:Shamhat
535:Ninkasi
500:Nindara
415:Erragal
370:Agasaya
347:Ninurta
302:Enkimdu
297:Dumuzid
156:Semitic
151:Iranian
90:Ancient
3344:
3336:
3303:
3269:
3251:
3226:
3199:
3167:
3161:544732
3159:
3128:
3098:
3078:
3036:
2353:
2113:text.
1787:, and
1761:Marduk
1719:, and
1717:Lagash
1709:Kullab
1705:Nippur
1629:puradu
1600:Marduk
1596:paradu
1426:puradu
1422:puradu
1351:-60-du
1265:Dumuzi
1123:, and
1113:Marduk
1103:As an
1066:, the
1048:Ummanu
964:
957:
950:
943:
935:
858:Sukkal
853:Dingir
782:Rabisu
777:Pazuzu
707:Edimmu
658:Siduri
633:Enkidu
605:Tišpak
600:Šulpae
595:Šubula
570:Ninsun
555:Ninšar
550:Ninmug
545:Ninlil
520:Ningal
515:Ninazu
510:Nisaba
495:Nanshe
490:Namtar
475:Mamitu
435:Isimud
385:Ashnan
352:Šulpae
342:Nergal
337:Marduk
207:Anshar
203:Kishar
194:Lahamu
185:Tiamat
166:Canaan
161:Arabia
3342:S2CID
3334:JSTOR
3197:JSTOR
3165:S2CID
3157:JSTOR
3072:(PDF)
2287:Dagon
2281:Ašipu
2257:Enoch
2099:Eridu
1913:King
1907:King
1901:King
1697:Eridu
1690:abgal
1234:Ayalu
1200:Uanna
1167:Adapa
1132:Adapa
1117:Enlil
1040:(see
1005:Abgal
969:JSTOR
955:books
847:Terms
794:Tales
757:Hanbi
732:Bašmu
712:Siris
628:Adapa
575:Nuska
460:Lisin
450:Lahar
430:Igigi
420:Gibil
390:Ashgi
332:Lahar
322:Kingu
240:Enlil
212:Mummu
198:Lahmu
144:Sumer
3301:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3249:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3126:ISSN
3096:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2161:and
2107:Uruk
1729:Uruk
1713:Kesh
1613:apsu
1572:apsu
1543:Uruk
1125:Adad
1111:and
1017:and
1010:𒉣𒈨
941:news
772:Lilu
717:Anzû
702:Asag
692:Udug
610:Uttu
485:Nabu
440:Išum
410:Erra
292:Adad
245:Enki
205:and
196:and
189:Abzu
187:and
3326:doi
3149:doi
3118:doi
2097:or
1757:Bel
1679:at
1548:In
1217:Anu
1189:Uan
924:by
762:Kur
455:Laṣ
395:Bel
235:Anu
3375::
3340:,
3332:,
3322:30
3320:,
3288:30
3286:,
3218:,
3210:;
3193:19
3191:,
3163:,
3155:,
3145:33
3124:,
3112:,
3061:;
3057:;
3053:;
3049:;
2994:,
2972:^
2809:^
2763:,
2675:^
2612:^
2597:^
2476:^
2467:,
2335:^
2265:.
2122:.
1783:,
1779:,
1731:.
1715:,
1711:,
1707:,
1703:,
1701:Ur
1699:,
1625:†
1450:†
1353:10
1341:†
1196:Ea
1191:.
1127:.
1119:,
1109:Ea
1072:.
1013:;
317:Ki
84:on
3328::
3151::
3120::
3114:8
1759:(
1362:(
1349:4
1345:4
1007:(
991:)
985:(
980:)
976:(
966:·
959:·
952:·
945:·
918:.
887:e
880:t
873:v
68:)
64:(
60:.
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
