22:
633:
512:
phone sellers and manufacturers. The administration blamed "money-stealing" services that used the cheap phones to steal services using customers' SIM cards. Industry commentator Liu Sheng said that it was more likely to be linked to the country's intellectual property rights protection campaigns.
265:
Once copycat cell phones had taken China by storm, copycat digital cameras, copycat MP3 players, copycat game consoles and other pirated and knockoff products came pouring forth. Copycat brands have rapidly expanded to include instant noodles, sodas, milk, medications, laundry detergent and sports
318:
products within China. Although some groups and individuals do still make replica or fake versions of popular products, the growth of well-established domestic companies producing low-cost and/or high-quality electronic goods has eclipsed much of the market for counterfeit goods. Groups that do
338:
mobile phones used MediaTek chips, since they were inexpensive and were widely available. This transition has made it more difficult for small groups to produce smartphones and other popular electronic products to the same extent that was possible from 2003.
704:
products are characterized in particular by a high degree of flexibility. For example, they can adapt very quickly to particular needs and situations, which is not possible for products made by large companies because of their long production cycles. The
492:
manufacturers have registered their trademarks and until such marks are challenged in court by the more well-known brand, their legal status is arguable. In some cases brought by foreign brand owners like New
Balance, Air Jordan, Brooks, and Muji, the
656:
products are often viewed as humorous fakes due to their common use of misspelled or comical names imitating those of real companies. Generally, shanzhai products are viewed in the West as low-quality, cheap, and fake. The influence of this view of
542:
Law makes platform companies jointly liable for counterfeit goods sold through their platforms if they have prior knowledge of such sales. These liability risks have caused platforms to be stricter in their view of
141:
goods are often regarded as rebelling against the established commercial market, adopting the spirit of opposition and individuality that the term was originally associated with during the Song dynasty. Some
146:
products are created with the intent to deceive buyers, although others are created with features not included in their respective authentic counterparts, or are created out of jest or parody (such as the
672:
have faced issues of smaller companies and groups counterfeiting of their goods. Although electronics companies are most prone to this kind of counterfeiting, other industries have faced competition from
1654:
117:
was first used for its literal meaning, which referred to defensible mountain forts and strongholds, usually in areas on the outer reaches of imperial government control. During the
420:
websites had been shut down, alongside 16,000 online groups, and 20,000 accounts. Some of these were said to include deceptive wording in their names, with terms such as "Central" (
1727:
616:. It imitates the multi-angle shooting, rapid cutting and stunts that are usually used in Hollywood action movies, yet it retains a grass-roots set up. With only a $ 3 million
319:
counterfeit domestic companies are also often subject to legal repercussions for their actions, while the counterfeiting of foreign goods is much more difficult to prosecute.
584:). One thing these events have in common is that they all imitate high-end, popular yet authoritative events in which grass-roots power usually has no participating role.
350:
manufacturers are often attuned to the local market and add features to their products consistent with local needs. The addition of these grassroots features has helped
766:
in China, discourages foreign companies from marketing copyable products there, and deters them from using
Chinese services and technologies that might result in their
1379:
717:
version of one of
Jinhongye's products, which was regarded as an improvement in commercial protections. Jinhongye produces high quality paper marketed as Qingfeng (
700:
and function they are hardly inferior to the original. Technological or aesthetic modifications give them their own identity. They are multifunctional and stylish.
664:
Shanzhai products are negatively perceived by many companies whose products have been counterfeited, both in China and abroad. Within China, companies such as
1532:[Public Security Organs Crack Down on the Impersonation of Central institutions to Commit Crimes and Shut Down More Than 5,000 "Shanzhai" Websites.].
125:
came to describe groups of bandits who opposed and evaded the corrupt authorities to perform deeds they saw as justified. One of the most well known uses of
480:
products vary. Many products involve illegal forms of copying or design appropriation. Others exist in a grey area where it is unclear whether they violate
986:
Liao, Zhimin; Chen, Xiaofang (2011). "Why the Entry
Regulation of Mobile Phone Manufacturing in China Collapsed: The Impact of Technological Innovation".
266:
shoes, and so the word "copycat" has penetrated deep into every aspect of
Chinese people's lives. Copycat stars, TV programs, advertisements, pop songs,
1646:
94:
and electronic goods, which can involve the imitation and trademark infringement of brands and companies. The term's modern usage grew around 2008 when
1556:
1625:
412:
Due to the growth of internet access in China, websites have been created that attempt to spoof real ones, some with the intent to scam. In 2019, the
294:
mobile phone companies began to include Obama-based themes in their goods and advertisements. Also in 2008, some shanzhai products were based on the
1444:
1303:
82:) is a Chinese term literally meaning "mountain fortress" or "mountain camp", whose contemporary use usually encompasses counterfeit, imitation, or
286:
companies reflect politics and culture through their products, often alongside parody. One of the most well-publicized examples of this was during
501:
1507:
1474:
380:
cell phones sold at a fraction of the price of the originals during the 2G and 3G eras. At least one reseller was subject to legal demands from
505:
189:
In the mid-2000s, more advanced products such as smartphones were being created, with varying levels of skill and quality, leading to the term
563:
goods, such as in the Pearl River Delta, as well as a more generally-supported subculture based on parodying popular franchises and trends.
167:
products include imitators of high-end electronics and fashion products that imitate the visual appearance and function of leading brands.
1354:
532:
1703:[Malicious Infringement! Paper Company's Infringement of "Qingfeng" and "Jiefeng" Trademarks Pays 1 Million in Compensation].
886:
246:
phones is usually attributed to their low price, multi-functional performance, and imitations of trendy mobile phone design. Although
33:'s brand for phones in South Korea and Greater China. The addition of extra features not found in authentic products is indicative of
250:
companies do not use branding as a marketing strategy, they are known for their flexibility of design to meet specific market needs.
829:
Landsberger, Stefan (2019), de Kloet, Jeroen; Fai, Chow Yiu; Scheen, Lena (eds.), "Shanzhai = Creativity, Creativity = Shanzhai",
1387:
155:
goods typically do not conceal the nature of their product and purchasers are generally aware of the true nature of the goods.
1587:
1160:
1420:
1213:
1123:
661:
goods has led to the perception among some that all
Chinese-produced goods are low quality or are fakes of foreign goods.
1870:
413:
1816:
946:
Raustiala, Kal; Sprigman, Christopher (2013). "Fake It Till You Make It: The Good News About China's
Knockoff Economy".
1187:[How to Treat the "Shanzhai Phenomenon"] (in Chinese). Developments in Thinking Principle Trends. 6 August 2018
1184:
1684:
1279:
1937:
1564:
713:
In 2019, the
Jinhongye Paper Group successfully won a lawsuit against the Hangzhou Fuyang Paper Company for their
1932:
278:
have all made a splash on the
Internet, each revealing their own special flavor and gaining instant popularity.
481:
709:
fully exploits the situation's potential. For this reason alone it represents a genuinely
Chinese phenomenon.
1617:
763:
488:
registration system. Trademark registrants do not need to demonstrate their prior use of a trademark. Many
1448:
1295:
599:
1927:
1912:
1700:
789:
779:
91:
1728:"Copycat China Still A Problem For Brands & China's Future: Just Ask Apple, Hyatt & Starbucks"
1917:
1497:
1470:
1042:
Scheen, Lena (2019). "'Isn't that funny?'". In Scheen, Lena; de Kloet, Jeroen; Fai, Chow Yiu (eds.).
1087:
908:
Gamsa, Mark (2011). "Translation and Alleged Plagiarism of Russian Literature in Republican China".
535:
announced probes into the firm based on reports of counterfeit materials available on the platform.
568:
322:
Another reason involved in the decline in shanzhai electronics may be related to the transition of
295:
275:
148:
197:
mobile phone manufacturers accounted for around 30 percent of the domestic phone market in China.
1922:
1892:
1271:
745:
1888:
1346:
25:
An Anycool V876 mobile phone featuring a rotatable screen. The name "Anycool" was meant to copy
784:
485:
767:
878:
1837:
303:
205:
1529:
8:
1838:"Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: China's Shan-Zhai Mobile Phones"
729:), which Hangzhou Fuyang imitated in their sale of paper similarly marketed as Qingfeng (
539:
75:
1803:
1219:
1137:
1129:
1075:
1063:
1055:
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612:
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phenomenon. These movies usually have low budgets, yet achieve commercial success by
362:
183:
1156:
497:
manufacturers have prevailed because they registered their similar trademark first.
1849:
1824:
1787:
1595:
1111:
1047:
995:
842:
834:
755:
617:
267:
47:
174:
production began, mostly with simple counterfeiting of electronic goods including
1791:
227:
mobile phones was not only in China, but particularly in developing countries in
212:
26:
719:
484:
law. Part of this lack of clear legal status results from China's first-to-file
458:
446:
434:
422:
53:
1896:
1775:
1108:
Fashioning China: Precarious Creativity and Women Designers in Shanzhai Culture
697:
681:
1059:
1015:
856:
1906:
1861:
1799:
1430:
1007:
959:
921:
794:
649:
645:
395:, which in 2012 was reported to have filed a patent for the "Goophone i5", a
236:
193:
being applied to counterfeit goods. By the end of 2006, it is estimated that
1647:"China's copycat manufacturers are now pushing the boundaries of innovation"
21:
1498:"Wico and Goophone Beat Apple to Market with Android-Based iPhone 6 Clones"
1327:
1223:
1133:
1051:
838:
334:, rather than just for the general consumer market. During the 2000s, many
287:
131:
118:
1828:
1410:
1206:
Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times
1756:"China 'copycat' buildings: Government clamps down on foreign imitations"
799:
1115:
967:
929:
523:
has been significantly criticised in domestic Chinese media for selling
516:
381:
370:
271:
102:
98:
847:
734:
731:
101:
reached their greatest domestic use. Today, some relate the term with
1853:
1502:
640:
tennis shoe marketed under the name "Adibos" while using Adidas' logo
520:
354:
manufacturers increase the public's perception of their legitimacy.
1776:"China's Shanzhai Culture: 'Grabism' and the politics of hybridity"
999:
803:
749:
607:
400:
396:
392:
366:
323:
105:
innovation and creativity rather than with falsehood or imitation.
67:
1330:[History of the Demise of Chinese Shanzhai Smartphones].
831:
Boredom, Shanzhai, and Digitisation in the Time of Creative China
693:
632:
559:
both covers the subculture that developed among groups producing
30:
314:
Since the 2010s, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of
1268:
High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
1044:'Isn't that funny?': The Unsettling Effect of Shanzhai Products
669:
665:
637:
595:
528:
373:
327:
258:
232:
83:
59:
377:
752:
to Jinhongye and to stop marketing their paper as Qingfeng.
358:
331:
299:
228:
326:
to producing chips for more established companies such as
1889:
In the Next Industrial Revolution, Atoms Are the New Bits
1154:
179:
175:
86:
products and events and the subculture surrounding them.
1679:. Translated by Hurd, Philippa. MIT Press. p. 72.
1415:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. p. 185.
1157:"Imitation Is the Sincerest Form of Rebellion in China"
290:'s 2008 U.S. presidential election campaign, when some
220:
468:) used to imitate real government websites and users.
1445:"Hi-phone anyone? Fake mobiles threaten China brands"
204:
mobile phones could be sold for about $ 100 to $ 150
1588:"Robin-hood Chinese New Year's Gala challenges CCTV"
598:, making fun of or borrowing elements from high-end
219:
phones accounted for about 20 percent of the global
1471:"Apple threatens European iPhone knockoff reseller"
624:achieved a box office revenue of $ 22 million HKD.
1817:"Copycat papers flag continuing headache in China"
1618:"Crazy Stone makes audiences laugh, Hollywood cry"
945:
688:products as having their own value and benefits:
208:, while production costs were only about US$ 20.
1904:
1869:Tse, Edward; Ma, Kevin; Huang, Yu (2012-02-12).
1046:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 211–216.
833:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 217–224,
387:One company that earned notoriety for producing
1836:Lee, Chuan-Kai; Hung, Shih-Chang (2014-03-04).
1534:State Council of the People's Republic of China
566:Some of the most well-known events include the
502:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
748:, Hangzhou Fuyang was forced to pay 1 million
910:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
506:State Administration of Industry and Commerce
223:mobile phone market. Demand for these 2G-era
51:
282:Reflecting the interests of customers, some
1814:
1374:
1372:
828:
170:During the early-2000s, early instances of
16:Goods designed to imitate high-end products
1868:
1447:. Reuters UK. 23 June 2008. Archived from
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
758:Michael Zakkour believes the phenomena of
533:State Administration for Market Regulation
399:-powered clone marketed prior to the real
1347:"In China, Knockoff Cellphones Are a Hit"
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
879:"Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory"
846:
416:reported that since 2016 more than 5,000
1495:
1489:
1369:
1296:"Mountain village handsets storm market"
1155:Sky Canaves and Juliet Ye (2009-01-22).
985:
876:
631:
361:is a company which offered unauthorized
20:
1835:
1725:
1344:
182:players in cities such as those in the
151:). Unlike counterfeiters, producers of
37:electronics, particularly in the 2000s.
1905:
1554:
1477:from the original on 19 September 2008
1380:"Bandit phone king has the last laugh"
1357:from the original on 28 September 2017
1230:
1041:
1773:
1322:
1320:
1265:
907:
627:
602:blockbuster movies. One of the first
527:products. After it was listed on the
1408:
1208:. Hong Kong University Press. 2013.
1179:
1177:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1037:
1035:
1033:
981:
979:
977:
941:
939:
889:from the original on 3 November 2011
824:
822:
820:
257:is not limited to mobile phones. As
1677:Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese
1674:
1585:
13:
1842:Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal
1748:
1557:"Number's up for fake cell phones"
1317:
988:The Journal of Law & Economics
14:
1949:
1881:
1510:from the original on 2 April 2015
1386:. 17 October 2010. Archived from
1338:
1306:from the original on 3 March 2016
1174:
1094:
1030:
974:
936:
877:Schmidle, Nicholas (2010-08-19).
817:
590:movies are another profit-driven
576:), Shanzhai Olympic Torch Relay (
1815:Hvistendahl, Mara (2014-10-14).
1530:"公安机关严打假冒中央机构实施违法犯罪 关闭5千余"山寨"网站"
1496:Hodgkins, Kelly (16 July 2014).
692:are actually anything but crude
531:stock exchange in 2018, China's
1871:Shan Zhai: A Chinese Phenomenon
1726:Zakkour, Michael (2014-04-30).
1719:
1693:
1668:
1657:from the original on 2019-07-08
1639:
1628:from the original on 2019-11-02
1610:
1579:
1548:
1522:
1463:
1437:
1402:
1288:
1198:
1163:from the original on 2015-03-02
1148:
901:
870:
740:
730:
725:
718:
464:
457:
452:
445:
440:
433:
428:
200:In 2009, it was reported that
1:
1876:(Report). Booz & Company.
1780:Journal of Contemporary China
1345:Barboza, David (2009-04-27).
810:
580:), and Shanzhai Nobel Prize (
550:
500:In January 2011, the Chinese
482:Chinese intellectual property
471:
276:Bird's Nest national stadiums
1792:10.1080/10670564.2014.932159
1774:Chubb, Andrew (2014-09-17).
1701:"恶意侵权！纸企山寨商标"清凤""洁风"被判赔100万"
1266:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024).
129:in this way is in the story
7:
1159:. The Wall Street Journal.
773:
555:The subculture surrounding
414:Ministry of Public Security
407:
158:
10:
1954:
1707:(in Chinese). 19 July 2019
1586:Lee, Venus (12 Dec 2008).
1555:Xu Chi (14 January 2011).
790:Japanese Television Cartel
780:Counterfeit consumer goods
309:
1536:(in Chinese). 15 Nov 2019
744:). After a ruling by the
648:in countries such as the
581:
577:
573:
572:, Shanzhai Lecture Room (
508:announced a crackdown on
421:
342:
108:
52:
1675:Han, Byung-Chul (2017).
1651:South China Morning Post
1194:– via Baidu Wenku.
296:Beijing National Stadium
1938:Chinese popular culture
1272:Oxford University Press
746:Hangzhou Internet Court
1933:Copyright infringement
1052:10.2307/j.ctvqr1bnw.16
839:10.2307/j.ctvqr1bnw.17
806:term for Chinese goods
785:Trademark infringement
711:
641:
280:
79:
38:
1829:10.1126/article.22282
1622:www.chinadaily.com.cn
768:intellectual property
690:
680:However, philosopher
635:
569:CCSTV New Year's Gala
304:Beijing Olympic Games
263:
149:CCSTV New Year's Gala
90:products can include
24:
1895:. January 25, 2010,
1451:on 24 September 2008
1409:Yu, Hua; 余华 (2011).
403:'s official release.
92:counterfeit consumer
1384:The Financial Times
1116:10.2307/j.ctvx077vn
1106:Liao, Sara (2020).
677:companies as well.
274:space capsules and
1567:on 2 February 2013
1412:China in ten words
1390:on 20 October 2010
1351:The New York Times
1300:China Economic Net
764:foreign investment
642:
628:Critical reception
456:) and "National" (
242:The prevalence of
68:Cantonese Jyutping
39:
1928:Industry in China
1913:Commercial crimes
1422:978-0-307-37935-1
1215:978-988-8139-23-1
1125:978-0-7453-4070-8
184:Pearl River Delta
1945:
1918:Economy of China
1877:
1875:
1865:
1854:10.1002/sej.1174
1832:
1811:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:. Archived from
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1563:. Archived from
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1302:. 19 July 2008.
1292:
1286:
1285:
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1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
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1181:
1172:
1171:
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1152:
1146:
1145:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1039:
1028:
1027:
994:(4): S207–S228.
983:
972:
971:
943:
934:
933:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
874:
868:
867:
850:
826:
756:Business analyst
742:
737:
727:
722:
583:
579:
575:
476:The legality of
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
437:
430:
425:
302:in light of the
57:
56:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1903:
1902:
1884:
1873:
1786:(92): 260–279.
1765:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1749:Further reading
1746:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
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1673:
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1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1598:on 18 July 2011
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1580:
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1527:
1523:
1513:
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1216:
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1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1149:
1126:
1110:. Pluto Press.
1104:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1040:
1031:
984:
975:
948:Foreign Affairs
944:
937:
906:
902:
892:
890:
875:
871:
827:
818:
813:
776:
630:
553:
474:
410:
391:smartphones is
345:
312:
268:Spring Festival
215:estimated that
213:Financial Times
161:
111:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Crime in China
1920:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1897:Wired Magazine
1893:Chris Anderson
1883:
1882:External links
1880:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1833:
1812:
1771:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1718:
1692:
1685:
1667:
1653:. 2015-05-20.
1638:
1609:
1578:
1561:Shanghai Daily
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1060:j.ctvqr1bnw.16
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1016:10.1086/662991
1000:10.1086/662991
973:
935:
900:
883:New York Times
869:
857:j.ctvqr1bnw.17
815:
814:
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809:
808:
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770:being copied.
696:. In terms of
682:Byung-Chul Han
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622:Crazy Stone
613:Crazy Stone
432:) "China" (
306:that year.
99:smartphones
72:saan1 zaai6
1907:Categories
1766:2021-10-19
1737:2021-10-19
1661:2020-05-19
1632:2020-05-19
1571:19 January
1394:21 October
1310:2020-05-19
1191:2020-05-13
1167:2009-07-10
848:1887/80088
811:References
804:Zimbabwean
684:describes
606:movies is
551:Subculture
547:products.
540:E-Commerce
517:E-commerce
472:Regulation
272:Shenzhou 7
261:explains:
103:grassroots
76:Vietnamese
1862:1932-443X
1808:143978800
1800:1067-0564
1503:MacRumors
1473:. MacNN.
1431:701810348
1332:QQ Xinwen
1142:240683065
1086:ignored (
1076:cite book
1068:230432647
1024:154965373
1008:0022-2186
960:0015-7120
922:0161-9705
865:241979497
694:forgeries
600:Hollywood
596:parodying
521:Pinduoduo
519:platform
486:trademark
429:zhōngyāng
253:However,
239:as well.
113:The term
1899:Feb 2010
1760:BBC News
1655:Archived
1626:Archived
1508:Archived
1475:Archived
1355:Archived
1304:Archived
1161:Archived
968:23526905
930:41412924
887:Archived
774:See also
762:reduces
760:shanzhai
741:qīngfèng
726:qīngfēng
715:shanzhai
707:shanzhai
702:Shanzhai
686:shanzhai
675:shanzhai
659:shanzhai
654:shanzhai
620:budget,
608:Ning Hao
604:shanzhai
592:shanzhai
588:Shanzhai
578:山寨奥运火炬传递
561:shanzhai
557:shanzhai
545:shanzhai
525:shanzhai
510:shanzhai
504:and the
495:shanzhai
490:shanzhai
478:shanzhai
453:Zhōnghuá
441:Zhōngguó
418:shanzhai
408:Internet
401:iPhone 5
397:MediaTek
393:Goophone
389:shanzhai
367:replicas
352:shanzhai
348:Shanzhai
336:shanzhai
324:MediaTek
316:shanzhai
292:shanzhai
284:shanzhai
255:shanzhai
248:shanzhai
244:shanzhai
225:shanzhai
217:shanzhai
202:shanzhai
195:shanzhai
191:shanzhai
172:shanzhai
165:shanzhai
163:Typical
159:Products
153:shanzhai
144:shanzhai
139:Shanzhai
127:shanzhai
123:shanzhai
115:shanzhai
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88:Shanzhai
80:sơn trại
64:shānzhài
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1821:Science
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1481:22 July
1455:22 July
644:In the
636:A fake
465:quánguó
369:of the
310:Decline
270:galas,
48:Chinese
31:Samsung
27:Anycall
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670:Lenovo
666:Huawei
638:Adidas
582:山寨诺贝尔奖
574:山寨百家讲坛
529:Nasdaq
374:iPhone
363:clones
343:Brands
328:Xiaomi
259:Yu Hua
235:, and
233:Africa
109:Origin
84:parody
60:pinyin
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1804:S2CID
1220:JSTOR
1138:S2CID
1130:JSTOR
1064:S2CID
1056:JSTOR
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1012:JSTOR
964:JSTOR
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861:S2CID
853:JSTOR
382:Apple
378:Nokia
371:Apple
1858:ISSN
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1713:2020
1705:CCTV
1681:ISBN
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1573:2011
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1483:2008
1457:2008
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332:Oppo
330:and
300:Fuwa
298:and
229:Asia
178:and
1850:doi
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843:hdl
835:doi
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