20:
146:
Shamals normally last three to five days. The dust and sandstorm is several thousand feet deep. Wind speeds can reach up to 70 km/h (43 mph). Such events can impact health and transport, as visibility becomes limited, and some flights get cancelled. Sand dunes build up on roads and require
138:. They persist from 24–36 hours during the winter and occur as frequently as two to three times per month in December–February. A persistent three-to five-day event occurs only once or twice a winter, and is accompanied by very high winds and seas.
488:
Vinoj, V.; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Ma, Po-Lun; Landu, Kiranmayi; Singh, Balwinder (2014). "Short-term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust". Vol. 7. Nature
Geoscience.
59:), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs from once to several times a year, mostly in summer, but sometimes in winter. The resulting wind typically creates large
427:
Watanabe, Takaaki K.; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi; Yamazaki, Atsuko; Pfeiffer, Miriam (2019). "Oman corals suggest that a stronger winter shamal season caused the
Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia) collapse".
119:
maintains itself over areas east of the
Persian Gulf. This leads to strong northerly wind over the Persian Gulf for periods up to five days. They are associated with cold temperatures.
182:
Some investigations have also reported that dust storms generated over west Asian regions during summer can alter regional circulation features, even affecting the Indian summer
394:
500:
470:
364:
866:
213:, India. Dust from this storm received press from the sports media as it swept across the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament, where
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with sand on 8 August 2005, resulting in a closing of nearly all shops and public activity. The storm also overwhelmed
Baghdad's
774:
317:
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991:
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96:, sending it aloft. Maximum temperatures nevertheless average more than 105 °F (41 °C)) during the period.
1026:
251:, an Arabic word meaning "north", is a male name in Afghanistan and Kurdistan, and means both "wind" and "north".
104:
In Iraq, where winter storms can bring heavy snow to the terrain, a layer of dust can settle onto the snowpack.
508:
949:
701:
628:
372:
201:
distress. From 1–4 February 2008, a massive dust storm was associated with a shamal wind advected over the
255:
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considerable effort to remove. Some infrastructure, such as street signs, become damaged by the shamals.
530:
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In May 2022, one person died and 5,000 people were admitted to hospitals with breathing problems in
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205:. The leading edge of the dust storm moved at an estimated 20 km/h, and at one point extended from
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provides an evidence that prolonged winter shamal seasons around 2200 BCE led to the
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Governorates, due to shamal blowing which turned the skies orange in those regions.
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339:
897:
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32:
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A sandstorm caused by shamal winds tore apart a U.S. Marine encampment on HBO's
1021:
871:
471:"Strong winter dust storms may have caused the collapse of the Akkadian Empire"
1015:
650:
164:
306:
El-Baz, Farouk; R.M. Makharita (1994). Gordon and Breach
Publishers (ed.).
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127:
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When a passing storm with a strong cold front passes over the mountains of
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over the peninsula after the passage of a cold front while a deep
19:
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549:"Tiger Woods battles sand storm to lead at Dubai Desert Classic"
426:
210:
172:
88:, the leading edge of a mass of relatively cooler air kicks up
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56:
16:
Northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the
Persian Gulf state
68:
305:
688:
160:
93:
89:
85:
44:
40:
107:
A winter shamal is associated with the strengthening of a
340:"Desert wind pattern in Iraq to shift in next two months"
197:
Hospital, which treated more than a thousand people with
395:"Appendix C: Wind climatology of the Winter Shamal"
567:"Iraq dust storm leaves 5,000 people needing treatment"
167:
of the irrigated fields; hence, a dramatic decrease in
63:
that impact Iraq, most sand having been picked up from
487:
585:"Interview with National Geographic bee champion"
1013:
241:A question about this wind was part of the 2003
867:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
126:most likely to see the winter variety lie near
629:
367:. Natural Hazards >> Dust & Smoke.
312:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 31–54, 178.
365:"Shamal winds drive Middle East dust storm"
189:A notable storm caused by a shamal covered
175:and eventually the collapse of the ancient
636:
622:
260:TV series about the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
643:
301:
299:
297:
18:
922:2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
1014:
775:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
74:
617:
531:"Arabian Sea dust storm AVHRR images"
294:
587:. American Morning. CNN. 22 May 2003
36:
13:
945:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
435:(12). GeoScienceWorld: 1141–1145.
14:
1038:
940:2016 Vietnam marine life disaster
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309:The Gulf War and the Environment
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914:Water radioactive contamination
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39:, 'north') is a northwesterly
1:
767:Air radioactive contamination
501:"New Images: Iraq Dust Storm"
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235:
950:Pollution of the Pasig River
702:1997 Indonesian forest fires
7:
264:
150:
23:A shamal overspreading Iraq
10:
1043:
141:
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877:Pollutant Standards Index
859:
828:
787:
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757:2019 Vietnam forest fires
683:
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658:
649:
884:Great Green Wall (China)
1027:Natural history of Iraq
243:National Geographic Bee
171:triggered a widespread
675:2010 China dust storms
505:NASA Earth Observatory
369:NASA Earth Observatory
122:The places around the
24:
644:Asia pollution topics
22:
851:Southeast Asian haze
408:. United States Navy
159:on fossil corals in
737:2016 Malaysian haze
707:2005 Malaysian haze
475:Hokkaido University
441:2019Geo....47.1141W
157:Hokkaido University
75:Synoptic conditions
535:Amato Evan website
511:on 10 October 2006
477:. 24 October 2019.
375:on 28 October 2008
342:. Weather Corner.
109:high-pressure area
51:states (including
25:
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1008:
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958:
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906:Notable incidents
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836:Asian brown cloud
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659:Notable incidents
489:pp. 308–313.
319:978-2-88449-100-6
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932:Marine pollution
910:
909:
903:
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860:Counter-measures
829:Recurrent issues
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507:. Archived from
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371:. Archived from
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169:crop production
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872:Operation Haze
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609:Names of Winds
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603:External links
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752:2019 SEA haze
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747:2017 SEA haze
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742:2016 SEA haze
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732:2015 SEA haze
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727:2013 SEA haze
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722:2010 SEA haze
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717:2009 SEA haze
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712:2006 SEA haze
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697:1997 SEA haze
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651:Air pollution
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573:. 5 May 2022.
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80:Summer shamal
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43:blowing over
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975:Water crisis
963:By countries
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788:By countries
685:Forest fires
589:. Retrieved
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513:. Retrieved
509:the original
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410:. Retrieved
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377:. Retrieved
373:the original
368:
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347:. Retrieved
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323:. Retrieved
308:
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248:
219:
188:
181:
165:salinization
154:
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132:Halul Island
128:Lavan Island
121:
117:low pressure
106:
103:
83:
53:Saudi Arabia
49:Persian Gulf
28:
26:
992:Philippines
215:Tiger Woods
203:Arabian Sea
199:respiratory
155:A study by
124:Middle East
1016:Categories
841:Asian Dust
667:Dust storm
591:9 December
515:9 December
412:9 December
379:9 December
349:9 December
325:2009-06-03
289:References
276:Dust storm
271:Asian dust
236:Miscellany
186:rainfall.
61:sandstorms
800:Hong Kong
457:204781389
136:Ras Rakan
815:Malaysia
406:Monterey
265:See also
226:Al Anbar
207:Muqdisho
151:Examples
47:and the
997:Vietnam
437:Bibcode
429:Geology
282:N'aschi
222:Baghdad
191:Baghdad
184:monsoon
142:Effects
846:Shamal
820:Taiwan
455:
316:
249:Shamal
211:Mumbai
195:Yarmuk
173:famine
134:, and
113:trough
65:Jordan
57:Kuwait
33:Arabic
29:shamal
1022:Winds
987:Japan
982:India
970:China
810:Macau
805:India
795:China
453:S2CID
398:(PDF)
230:Najaf
69:Syria
689:haze
687:and
593:2006
517:2006
414:2006
381:2006
351:2006
314:ISBN
228:and
161:Oman
94:sand
92:and
90:dust
86:Iran
67:and
55:and
45:Iraq
41:wind
37:شمال
571:BBC
445:doi
402:NRL
115:of
1018::
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551:.
533:.
503:.
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443:.
433:47
431:.
400:.
296:^
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27:A
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623:v
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537:.
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459:.
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416:.
404:–
383:.
353:.
328:.
245:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
