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492:, are believed to be the sacred seats of Shakti. At the altars in these shrines, Shakti is often worshipped in the form of a stone, which is painted red, considered the colour of Shakti, and is decorated with anthropomorphic features like eyes.
179:
Though the term Shakti has broad implications, it mostly denotes "power or energy". Metaphysically, Shakti refers to the "energetic principle" of the fundamental reality, ideated as "primordial power".
712:
tradition, which was based on elaborate rituals and rites. There has been a considerable overlap in the ideas and practices of the Smarta tradition with other denominations within
Hinduism, namely
113:('divine play') with the masculine (Shiva), who is considered a passive complementary to the all-powerful active feminine. The God Shiva being "nonactivated Eternity", while the Shakti "
1336:
1303:
536:
focus most or all worship on Shakti as the dynamic feminine aspect of the
Supreme Divine. According to this tradition, all Hindu goddesses are manifestations of the same goddess,
465:
Animated and inanimated objects like rivers, stones, trees, mountains are worshipped as embodiments of shakti. Women are believed to be inherently divine; coalescence of the
191:, who are seen as tangible expressions-visible personifications of the intangible Shakti. The formulation of such an idea for Shakti took place over many centuries.
1217:
1487:
144:. The concept of the Brahman in Hinduism is considered the same as Shakti, it is said "Brahman is static Shakti and Shakti is dynamic Brahman." The term
270:
688:. The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism, and is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal—
1702:
1567:
212:) is used for people and customs associated with Shakti worship. The term Shakta became popular from the ninth-century onwards, before that the term
1320:
1287:
1413:
Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Saiva Age: The Rise And
Dominance Of Saivism During The Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
406:" (divine play) with the masculine (shiva). Shakti and Shiva are considered complementary principles to each other. Shakti being "
1606:
1452:
4318:
2218:
1695:
1235:
1543:
262:, part of the team that excavated the stone, considered it is highly probable that the stone was associated with Shakti.
176:
feminine term meaning "energy, ability, strength, effort, power, might, capability", and "capacity for" or "power over".
3853:
1433:
1206:
2882:
4333:
1625:
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1363:
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word for "energy" or "power", is the "energizing material power" of the Hindu Gods. As the energy corresponding with
3714:
1688:
226:
of female ancestry, besides to the menstrual and sexual fluids of females, was used to describe Shakti followers.
3702:
3233:
339:, Shakti is "Universal Power". Shakti is generally personified as the wife of a specific Hindu god, particularly
3965:
3820:
3531:
1179:
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energy. Shakti is considered the "creative dynamic energy" that permeates and "animates" all existence. In the
438:
130:
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3709:
1559:
4251:
3997:
3724:
2039:
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525:
76:. Conceived of as feminine in essence, Shakti is generally personified as the wife of a particular Hindu
4343:
4308:
4246:
3751:
3243:
2820:
2276:
2249:
17:
1495:
Kenoyer, J.M.; Clark, J.D.; Pal, J.N.; Sharma, G.R. (1983). "An upper palaeolithic shrine in India?".
4328:
3771:
2697:
2211:
188:
117:". "Shiva without Shakti is but a corpse, it is said." The God Shiva says: "O Goddess I am the body (
2350:
4313:
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1995:
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41:
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114:
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281:
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126:
73:
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3729:
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2620:
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2204:
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1974:
392:" overseeing creation, preservation, and destruction; and identified Shakti with nature or
299:
8:
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3789:
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3635:
3526:
3461:
3311:
3170:
3050:
2922:
2750:
2687:
2640:
2089:
1844:
1450:
Biernacki, Loriliai (2006). "Sex Talk and Gender Rites: Women and the
Tantric Sex Rite".
1382:
1259:
489:
2439:
2299:
4269:
3591:
3550:
2842:
2655:
2600:
1648:
1512:
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400:) into existence. The feminine (shakti) is believed to come into being as part of the "
254:
was found. The representation of Shakti in a stone is considered an early example of a
2815:
2790:
148:
is used for the description of people and customs associated with Shakti worship. The
4348:
4338:
4241:
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4166:
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1185:
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519:
384:
293:
199:
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532:
In the details of its philosophy and practice, Shaktism resembles
Shaivism. However
481:
have replaced menstrual blood offerings, however female animals are not sacrificed.
4035:
3541:
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2937:
2902:
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2763:
2720:
2407:
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1959:
1504:
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1223:
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218:
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2185:
1914:
1899:
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677:
577:
561:
477:) is revered and is offered in rituals to propitiate the deities. In some cases,
466:
402:
109:
69:
2390:
1216:
Foulston, Lynn (2008). Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (eds.).
450:
considers the nature of Shakti as being made up of three existential qualities:
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2615:
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that animates all humans, is considered the "spiritual equivalent" of Shakti.
133:
that animates all humans, is considered the "spiritual equivalent" of Shakti.
2314:
1508:
1465:
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1711:
1189:
581:
513:. According to V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (Professor of Indian history), in
485:
389:
287:
149:
672:
genre of literature. It reflects a synthesis of four philosophical strands:
656:
tradition, Shakti is one of the five equal personal forms of God, as in the
514:
414:
4133:
4055:
3316:
3281:
3178:
2795:
1118:
743:
661:
396:. As prakriti (nature), Shakti is believed to had brought the primal male (
266:
247:
235:
1855:
1680:
1227:
207:
4193:
4093:
4075:
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3623:
3456:
3384:
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3276:
3251:
2892:
2887:
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2572:
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2499:
2434:
2370:
2143:
2118:
2059:
1833:
1715:
721:
239:
97:
68:, is the "Universal Power" that underlies and sustains all existence. In
1637:
Offering
Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal
1595:
1473:
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3521:
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3000:
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2810:
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2054:
1768:
717:
657:
541:
53:
1618:
Shakti: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives on Women's Empowerment in India
758: – Hindu goddess of enchantment, the only female avatar of Vishnu
355:. In Hindu custom, the wife of a man is considered his Shakti. In the
107:) into existence. The feminine Shakti comes into being as part of the
4128:
4123:
4118:
4108:
4085:
4060:
4022:
3926:
3896:
3640:
3429:
3379:
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3301:
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3256:
3208:
3107:
3075:
3020:
2917:
2872:
2546:
2113:
2044:
1934:
1877:
1793:
749:
540:, also referred to as Adi Parashakti, Adi Shakti, and Abhaya Shakti.
418:
243:
92:
1353:
1199:
The Rowman & Littlefield
Handbook of Women's Studies in Religion
709:
4282:
4050:
4012:
3982:
3974:
3933:
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3862:
3685:
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3137:
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2800:
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2582:
2577:
2551:
2476:
2360:
2232:
2180:
2136:
2108:
2078:
2064:
1984:
1944:
1929:
1788:
1731:
1650:
Shakti and Shâkta: Essays and
Addresses on the Shâkta Tantrashâstra
737:
725:
713:
569:
549:
537:
506:
501:
393:
376:
372:
324:
316:
184:
173:
137:
88:
65:
32:
2514:
1358:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing.
877:
152:
are shrines, which are believed to be the sacred seats of Shakti.
64:'energy, ability, strength, effort, power, might, capability') in
4070:
3992:
3906:
3901:
3586:
3439:
3357:
3347:
3122:
3112:
3085:
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3005:
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2707:
2674:
2541:
2444:
2419:
2395:
2294:
2284:
2130:
2103:
1964:
1939:
1919:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1798:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1758:
761:
689:
673:
668:
tradition, also called
Smartism, developed and expanded with the
653:
553:
545:
510:
397:
352:
332:
141:
103:
72:
view, Shakti is "pure consciousness" and the energizing power of
2380:
2236:
517:: "Brahman is static Shakti and Shakti is dynamic Brahman." The
4287:
4002:
3618:
3596:
3409:
3362:
3321:
3203:
3193:
3040:
2983:
2978:
2832:
2519:
2355:
2341:
2326:
2226:
2074:
2069:
2034:
2022:
2012:
1969:
1904:
1823:
1803:
1741:
1736:
951:
949:
755:
701:
685:
669:
650:
644:
451:
433:)". "Shiva without Shakti is but a corpse, it is said." In the
328:
255:
1673:
3943:
3921:
3514:
3509:
3213:
3183:
3117:
3097:
3035:
3015:
2988:
2827:
2529:
2429:
2375:
2331:
2309:
2098:
2017:
1949:
1909:
1894:
1818:
1783:
1746:
784:
782:
705:
693:
573:
557:
455:
344:
340:
304:
81:
77:
1172:
Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India
1130:
946:
934:
95:
principles that are complementary to each other. Shakti, as
4030:
3948:
3883:
3831:
3555:
3484:
3466:
3414:
3198:
3142:
3102:
3062:
3045:
3030:
2995:
2424:
2336:
2049:
1989:
1954:
1924:
1864:
1838:
1828:
1808:
1753:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
585:
565:
529:
equated Brahman with Shakti, and held them as inseparable.
470:
364:
360:
348:
336:
275:
223:
57:
28:
1049:
985:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
820:
818:
779:
2228:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
251:
250:, estimated to have been created around 9,000–8,000
101:('nature'), is believed to have brought the primal male (
1672:. Listing of usage in Puranic literature. Archived from
1611:. Madras: Ganesh & Co. – via Internet Archive.
1028:
1009:
997:
865:
2289:
1653:. London: Luzac & Co. – via Internet Archive.
1600:. London: Luzac & Co. – via Internet Archive.
1142:
961:
830:
815:
473:'s lunar cycle is held important. The menstrual blood (
1070:
973:
901:
889:
794:
1494:
1419:. Institute Of Oriental Culture, University Of Tokyo.
883:
922:
429:) and you are the conscious spirit within the body (
121:) and you are the conscious spirit within the body (
2490:
1094:
853:
1616:Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003).
1106:
1615:
1486:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1286:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2012).
708:. The Smarta tradition contrasted with the older
273:of Hinduism, during which she was personified as
4300:
425:, the God Shiva says: "O Goddess I am the body (
1530:
788:
410:", while shiva being "nonactivated Eternity".
764: – Trinity of chief goddesses in Hinduism
246:valley, where a triangular stone known as the
3847:
2212:
1696:
1536:"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary"
1590:
1372:
1088:
1710:
1285:
1244:
991:
871:
183:Shakti, is principally identified with the
61:
3854:
3840:
2219:
2205:
1703:
1689:
633:no condition superior to that of a woman.
229:
140:, Shakti is worshipped exclusively as the
1643:
1560:"What Is the Universalistic Smarta Sect?"
1449:
1412:
1352:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007).
1351:
1253:
1174:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1136:
1055:
1034:
1022:
1003:
955:
847:
824:
629:of all that lives and moves in the world.
310:
265:The worship of Shakti receded during the
1634:
1423:
1215:
1196:
1148:
1076:
809:
1389:(second ed.). New York: Springer.
1387:Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion
1381:
979:
967:
940:
916:
895:
238:. Shakti worship customs were found in
14:
4301:
1604:
1558:
1453:International Journal of Hindu Studies
1318:
1254:Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1999) .
1127:, pp. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168.
1112:
859:
279:, a goddess. Scriptural texts such as
234:The origins of the Shakti concept are
3835:
2200:
1684:
1403:
1266:
1124:
928:
622:woman is the foundation of the world,
618:Woman is the creator of the universe,
1169:
1100:
303:held Shakti as the supreme over all
3816:
1546:from the original on 25 August 2017
1416:Genesis And Development of Tantrism
1408:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
1245:Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005).
746: – Sanskrit term for willpower
631:There is no jewel rarer than woman,
627:In woman is the form of all things,
24:
1584:
1570:from the original on 13 March 2009
1249:. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.
37:Divine feminine energy in Hinduism
25:
4360:
1658:
1385:(2014). Leeming, David A. (ed.).
638:
624:she is the true form of the body.
604:Oh Devi, by you it is protected.
417:view, Shakti correlates with the
87:Shakti and Shiva are held as the
3964:
3815:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3784:
2489:
2235:
2227:
1854:
1197:Boursier, Helen T., ed. (2021).
1157:
752: – Hindu goddess of weather
269:, but became prominent from the
3785:
1426:Ninian Smart On World Religions
1373:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1989).
1339:from the original on 5 May 2022
1306:from the original on 5 May 2022
1061:
1040:
3710:Relations with other religions
1608:Hymn to Kali: Karpuradi Stotra
1322:Archaeology and World Religion
1271:. Cambridge University Press.
1091:, pp. 261, 473 footnote .
1067:Subramuniyaswami, p. 1211
1046:Subramuniyaswami, p. 1211
600:By you this universe is borne,
509:regards Shakti as the Supreme
13:
1:
1468:(inactive 2 September 2024).
1222:. UK, US, Canada: Routledge.
768:
602:By you this world is created,
458:(passionate and active), and
343:, for whom she took forms as
136:In the Hindu denomination of
4319:Hindu philosophical concepts
3861:
1542:. University of Washington.
1201:. Rowman & Littlefield.
773:
155:
7:
4252:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad
1524:
1443:
1377:. New York, NY: SUNY Press.
1269:An Introduction to Hinduism
731:
495:
437:psychology, the concept of
208:
10:
4365:
4247:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad
1639:. Oxford University Press.
1170:Bose, Mandakranta (2000).
642:
499:
462:(lethargic and inactive).
388:conceived Shakti as "pure
307:and promoted her worship.
39:
26:
4278:
4262:
4192:
4142:
4084:
4021:
3973:
3962:
3882:
3869:
3782:
3609:
3574:
3400:
3335:
3242:
3169:
3162:
3061:
2964:
2955:
2863:
2749:
2706:
2673:
2591:
2565:
2537:
2528:
2507:
2498:
2487:
2406:
2275:
2266:
2245:
2176:
2087:
2005:
1863:
1852:
1722:
1509:10.1017/S0003598X00055253
1466:10.1007/sll407-006-9022-4
620:the universe is her form;
203:
4334:Names of God in Hinduism
2854:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
2160:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1620:. New Delhi, IN: Rawat.
1605:Avalon, Arthur (1953) .
1594:; Avalon, Ellen (1913).
1355:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
1319:Insoll, Timothy (2002).
1219:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
1163:
187:, and with the numerous
4227:Tripuratapini Upanishad
2933:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1635:McDaniel, June (2004).
1532:Monier-Williams, Monier
1424:Shephard, John (2009).
992:Datta & Lowitz 2005
872:Harper & Brown 2012
367:was his Shakti; in the
230:Origins and development
42:Shakti (disambiguation)
2908:Eighteen Greater Texts
1540:faculty.washington.edu
1404:Rosen, Steven (2006).
636:
607:
375:was the Shakti of the
311:Beliefs and traditions
4207:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
3661:Hindu gurus and sants
2913:Eighteen Lesser Texts
1267:Flood, Gavin (1996).
1247:Sacred Sanskrit Words
1228:10.4324/9780203862032
1035:Jones & Ryan 2007
1023:Jones & Ryan 2007
956:Jones & Ryan 2007
848:Jones & Ryan 2007
825:Jones & Ryan 2007
740: – Hindu goddess
660:system, advocated by
615:
597:
488:, located across the
454:(calm and balanced),
447:Devi Bhagavata Purana
335:. As the Goddess, or
282:Devi Bhagavata Purana
222:, which referred to
129:view, the concept of
127:Jungian psychological
3651:Anti-Hindu sentiment
1597:Hymns to the Goddess
1375:A Survey of Hinduism
943:, p. 1646-1647.
789:Monier-Williams 2017
611:Shaktisangama Tantra
300:Mahabhagavata Purana
194:Relatedly, the term
40:For other uses, see
4263:Regional variations
3757:Hinduism by country
2923:Iraiyanar Akapporul
2883:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1289:The Roots of Tantra
1260:Motilal Banarsidass
1139:, pp. 276–277.
958:, pp. 398–399.
884:Kenoyer et al. 1983
552:consider her to be
544:consider her to be
490:Indian subcontinent
4270:Caribbean Shaktism
1406:Essential Hinduism
572:believe her to be
435:Jungian analytical
4344:Tantric practices
4309:Consorts of Shiva
4296:
4295:
4242:Bhavana Upanishad
4237:Tripura Upanishad
4217:Shakta Upanishads
3829:
3828:
3605:
3604:
3158:
3157:
2951:
2950:
2865:Sangam literature
2821:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
2669:
2668:
2485:
2484:
2194:
2193:
1676:on 15 April 2009.
1564:Himalayan Academy
1383:Leeming, David A.
1237:978-0-7007-1267-0
1089:Klostermaier 1989
1058:, pp. 77–78.
520:Shakta Upanishads
479:Animal sacrifices
423:Brihannila Tantra
385:Markandeya Purana
294:Markandeya Purana
160:According to the
70:Hindu theological
16:(Redirected from
4356:
4329:Mother goddesses
3968:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3698:Pilgrimage sites
3452:Ganesh Chaturthi
3167:
3166:
2962:
2961:
2943:Vedarthasamgraha
2938:Vinayagar Agaval
2903:Five Great Epics
2878:Divya Prabandham
2791:Minor Upanishads
2535:
2534:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2273:
2272:
2239:
2231:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
1858:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1654:
1640:
1631:
1612:
1601:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1520:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1439:
1420:
1409:
1400:
1378:
1369:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1282:
1263:
1250:
1241:
1212:
1193:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
828:
822:
813:
807:
792:
786:
271:classical period
211:
205:
80:, especially of
63:
21:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4314:Hindu goddesses
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4274:
4258:
4188:
4138:
4080:
4041:Tripura Sundari
4017:
3969:
3960:
3878:
3865:
3860:
3830:
3825:
3792:
3778:
3601:
3570:
3561:Vasant Panchami
3495:Pahela Baishakh
3477:Makar Sankranti
3396:
3331:
3238:
3154:
3057:
2947:
2928:Abhirami Antati
2898:Kamba Ramayanam
2859:
2745:
2702:
2665:
2587:
2561:
2524:
2494:
2481:
2465:Vishishtadvaita
2402:
2262:
2241:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2186:Hindu mythology
2172:
2083:
2001:
1859:
1850:
1718:
1709:
1664:
1661:
1645:Woodroffe, John
1628:
1587:
1585:Further reading
1582:
1573:
1571:
1549:
1547:
1527:
1479:
1478:
1446:
1436:
1397:
1366:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1279:
1256:The Lalita Cult
1238:
1209:
1182:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
970:, p. 1777.
966:
962:
954:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
919:, p. 1647.
915:
902:
898:, p. 1646.
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
831:
823:
816:
808:
795:
787:
780:
776:
771:
734:
647:
641:
635:
632:
630:
628:
626:
625:
623:
621:
619:
606:
603:
601:
578:Tripura Sundari
515:Shakta theology
504:
498:
467:menstrual cycle
313:
242:context in the
232:
189:Hindu goddesses
162:Monier-Williams
158:
45:
38:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4362:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Devi Upanishad
4229:
4224:
4222:Sita Upanishad
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3427:
3425:Raksha Bandhan
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Shvetashvatara
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Brihadaranyaka
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2508:Classification
2502:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1659:External links
1657:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1613:
1602:
1592:Avalon, Arthur
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1556:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1503:(220): 88-94.
1492:
1460:(2): 185–206.
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:978-0754666387
1434:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1349:
1331:
1316:
1298:
1292:. SUNY Press.
1283:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1213:
1208:978-1538154458
1207:
1194:
1180:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1151:, p. 186.
1141:
1137:Sanderson 2009
1129:
1117:
1105:
1103:, p. 115.
1093:
1081:
1069:
1060:
1056:Dikshitar 1999
1048:
1039:
1037:, p. 401.
1027:
1025:, p. 398.
1008:
1006:, p. 202.
1004:Biernacki 2006
996:
994:, p. 111.
984:
982:, p. 546.
972:
960:
945:
933:
931:, p. 166.
921:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
850:, p. 399.
829:
827:, p. 397.
814:
812:, p. 725.
793:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
733:
730:
698:Adi Parashakti
643:Main article:
640:
639:Smarta Advaita
637:
616:
598:
526:Shakta Tantras
500:Main article:
497:
494:
408:activated Time
363:, the wife of
312:
309:
231:
228:
157:
154:
115:activated Time
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4361:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Kalika Purana
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Devi Mahatmya
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Tulja Bhavani
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4144:Shakta pithas
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Chandraghanta
4102:
4100:
4099:Brahmacharini
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Bhuvaneshvari
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:Hindu temples
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Hindu studies
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Denominations
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:Vijayadashami
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Simantonayana
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
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2151:Bhagavad Gita
2148:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:Other deities
2004:
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1717:
1713:
1712:Hindu deities
1706:
1701:
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1663:
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1627:81-7033-793-3
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1402:
1398:
1396:9781461460855
1392:
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1371:
1367:
1365:9780816054589
1361:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1332:9781134597987
1328:
1325:. Routledge.
1324:
1323:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1299:9780791488904
1295:
1291:
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1278:9780521438780
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1187:
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1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1158:Sources cited
1150:
1149:Shephard 2009
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1079:, p. 30.
1078:
1077:Boursier 2021
1073:
1064:
1057:
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1043:
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1024:
1019:
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918:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
897:
892:
886:, p. 93.
885:
880:
874:, p. 39.
873:
868:
862:, p. 36.
861:
856:
849:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
826:
821:
819:
811:
810:Foulston 2008
806:
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634:
614:
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605:
596:
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593:Devi-Mahatmya
589:
587:
583:
582:Bhuvaneshvari
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
503:
493:
491:
487:
486:Shakta pithas
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Hindu tantric
411:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:consciousness
387:
386:
380:
378:
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366:
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338:
334:
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308:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
289:
288:Kalika Purana
284:
283:
278:
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210:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
153:
151:
150:Shakta pithas
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
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120:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:
100:
99:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
4324:Hindu tantra
4181:
4134:Siddhidhatri
4056:Chhinnamasta
3953:
3916:
3772:Architecture
3375:Brahmacharya
3317:Samavartanam
3282:Annaprashana
3148:
3132:
3051:
2852:
2806:Dharmaśāstra
2796:Arthashastra
2631:Maitrayaniya
2463:
2456:
2449:
2371:Brahmacharya
2165:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2060:Gramadevatas
1994:
1979:
1843:
1674:the original
1669:
1649:
1636:
1617:
1607:
1596:
1572:. Retrieved
1563:
1548:. Retrieved
1539:
1500:
1496:
1482:cite journal
1457:
1451:
1425:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1386:
1374:
1354:
1341:. Retrieved
1321:
1308:. Retrieved
1288:
1268:
1255:
1246:
1218:
1198:
1171:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1030:
999:
987:
980:Leeming 2014
975:
968:Leeming 2014
963:
941:Leeming 2014
936:
924:
917:Leeming 2014
896:Leeming 2014
891:
879:
867:
855:
744:Iccha-shakti
665:
662:Adi Shankara
648:
617:
610:
608:
599:
592:
590:
533:
531:
524:
518:
505:
483:
474:
464:
445:
443:
439:Anima/animus
430:
426:
422:
412:
401:
383:
381:
368:
356:
320:
314:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
267:Vedic period
264:
248:Baghor stone
233:
217:
213:
195:
193:
182:
178:
169:
165:
164:dictionary,
159:
145:
135:
131:Anima/animus
122:
118:
108:
102:
96:
86:
49:
48:
46:
4177:Mahalakshmi
4094:Shailaputri
4076:Kamalatmika
4066:Bagalamukhi
3821:WikiProject
3693:Persecution
3681:Nationalism
3671:Iconography
3551:Ratha Yatra
3462:Janmashtami
3457:Rama Navami
3385:Vanaprastha
3336:Varnashrama
3312:Ritushuddhi
3297:Vidyarambha
3287:Chudakarana
3277:Nishkramana
3252:Garbhadhana
2893:Thirukkural
2888:Thiruppugal
2816:Nāradasmṛti
2779:Mahabharata
2557:Atharvaveda
2435:Vaisheshika
2322:Puruṣārthas
2144:Mahabharata
2055:Kuladevatas
1834:Vishvakarma
1428:. Ashgate.
1113:Smarta 2008
860:Insoll 2002
722:Vaishnavism
369:Mahabharata
240:Paleolithic
4303:Categories
4167:Taratarini
4114:Skandamata
3988:Maheshvari
3939:Bhadrakali
3522:Kumbh Mela
3490:Gudi Padwa
3435:Durga Puja
3420:Shivaratri
3292:Karnavedha
3272:Namakarana
3234:Tirthatana
3001:Dattatreya
2838:Subhashita
2811:Manusmriti
2688:Dhanurveda
2621:Taittiriya
2606:Kaushitaki
2593:Upanishads
2366:Aparigraha
2268:Philosophy
2126:Upanishads
2045:Gandharvas
1769:Dattatreya
1181:0195352777
1125:Flood 1996
929:Rosen 2006
769:References
718:Brahmanism
658:panchadeva
548:; whereas
542:Vaishnavas
319:, Shakti (
74:Hindu Gods
54:Devanagari
27:See also:
18:Shaktipunj
4129:Mahagauri
4124:Kalaratri
4119:Katyayani
4109:Kushmanda
4086:Navadurga
4061:Dhumavati
4023:Mahavidya
3998:Vaishnavi
3927:Navadurga
3897:Saraswati
3745:Theosophy
3676:Mythology
3656:Criticism
3624:Etymology
3582:Svādhyāya
3481:New Year
3430:Navaratri
3402:Festivals
3380:Grihastha
3353:Kshatriya
3327:Antyeshti
3302:Upanayana
3267:Jatakarma
3257:Pumsavana
3244:Sanskaras
3209:Naivedhya
3163:Practices
3108:Mahavidya
3076:Saraswati
3063:Goddesses
3021:Kartikeya
2918:Athichudi
2873:Tirumurai
2726:Vyākaraṇa
2693:Natyaveda
2641:Chandogya
2566:Divisions
2547:Yajurveda
2065:Rakshasas
1935:Mahavidya
1878:Saraswati
1865:Goddesses
1794:Kartikeya
1550:8 October
1517:163969200
1497:Antiquity
1343:3 October
1310:3 October
1258:. Delhi:
1190:560196442
1101:Bose 2000
774:Citations
750:Mariamman
469:with the
419:Kundalini
331:, she is
244:Son River
172:) is the
156:Etymology
93:masculine
60:: Śakti;
56:: शक्ति,
4349:Vitalism
4339:Shaktism
4283:Hinduism
4162:Kamakhya
4157:Kalighat
4051:Bhairavi
4013:Chamunda
3983:Brahmani
3975:Matrikas
3934:Mahakali
3892:Mahadevi
3863:Shaktism
3801:Category
3752:Glossary
3720:Buddhism
3686:Hindutva
3646:Calendar
3527:Haridwar
3505:Vaisakhi
3500:Puthandu
3390:Sannyasa
3307:Keshanta
3138:Shashthi
2974:Trimurti
2801:Nitisara
2774:Ramayana
2769:Itihasas
2741:Jyotisha
2683:Ayurveda
2675:Upavedas
2656:Mandukya
2601:Aitareya
2583:Aranyaka
2578:Brahmana
2552:Samaveda
2477:Charvaka
2277:Concepts
2258:Timeline
2250:Glossary
2233:Hinduism
2181:Hinduism
2137:Ramayana
2079:Yakshini
1985:Shashthi
1945:Matrikas
1930:Mahadevi
1732:Trimurti
1670:VedaBase
1666:"Shakti"
1647:(1918).
1574:4 August
1568:Archived
1544:Archived
1525:Websites
1474:20106970
1444:Journals
1337:Archived
1304:Archived
738:Ammavaru
732:See also
726:Shaktism
714:Shaivism
568:; while
538:Mahadevi
523:and the
507:Shaktism
502:Shaktism
496:Shaktism
394:prakriti
377:Pandavas
373:Draupadi
357:Ramayana
325:Sanskrit
317:Hinduism
236:prevedic
200:Sanskrit
185:feminine
174:Sanskrit
138:Shaktism
98:prakriti
89:feminine
66:Hinduism
33:Mahadevi
4183:More...
4071:Matangi
4008:Indrani
3993:Kaumari
3907:Parvati
3902:Lakshmi
3874:History
3790:Outline
3740:Sikhism
3735:Judaism
3730:Jainism
3611:Related
3587:Namaste
3440:Ramlila
3370:Ashrama
3358:Vaishya
3348:Brahmin
3171:Worship
3123:Rukmini
3113:Matrika
3086:Parvati
3081:Lakshmi
3071:Tridevi
3026:Krishna
3011:Hanuman
3006:Ganesha
2957:Deities
2843:Tantras
2833:Stotras
2786:Puranas
2731:Nirukta
2721:Chandas
2716:Shiksha
2708:Vedanga
2661:Prashna
2651:Mundaka
2573:Samhita
2542:Rigveda
2473:Nāstika
2458:Advaita
2445:Vedanta
2440:Mīmāṃsā
2420:Samkhya
2408:Schools
2396:Akrodha
2315:Saṃsāra
2295:Ishvara
2285:Brahman
2131:Puranas
2119:Atharva
2088:Texts (
2075:Yakshas
2070:Vahanas
2040:Dikpāla
2013:Apsaras
1965:Rukmini
1940:Matangi
1888:Parvati
1883:Lakshmi
1873:Tridevi
1799:Krishna
1779:Hanuman
1774:Ganesha
1764:Chandra
1759:Ashvins
762:Tridevi
710:Shrauta
690:Ganesha
678:Advaita
674:Mimamsa
654:Advaita
649:In the
570:Shaktas
554:Parvati
550:Shaivas
546:Lakshmi
534:Shaktas
511:Brahman
413:In the
398:purusha
353:Parvati
333:Lakshmi
323:), the
305:deities
260:Kenoyer
142:Brahman
125:)". In
104:purusha
4288:Tantra
4152:Bimala
4003:Varahi
3917:Shakti
3811:Portal
3715:Baháʼí
3619:Hindus
3597:Tilaka
3566:Others
3542:Ujjain
3537:Prayag
3532:Nashik
3472:Pongal
3410:Diwali
3363:Shudra
3322:Vivaha
3229:Dhyāna
3204:Bhajan
3194:Bhakti
3179:Temple
3133:Shakti
3041:Varuna
2984:Vishnu
2979:Brahma
2828:Sutras
2764:Agamas
2520:Smriti
2451:Dvaita
2416:Āstika
2361:Asteya
2356:Ahimsa
2342:Moksha
2327:Dharma
2240:topics
2035:Devata
2028:Danava
2023:Daitya
2018:Asuras
1980:Shakti
1970:Sanjna
1960:Rohini
1920:Shachi
1905:Chhaya
1824:Varuna
1814:Shasta
1804:Kubera
1742:Vishnu
1737:Brahma
1624:
1515:
1472:
1432:
1393:
1362:
1329:
1296:
1275:
1234:
1205:
1188:
1178:
756:Mohini
724:, and
702:Vishnu
686:theism
684:, and
670:Purana
666:Smarta
664:. The
651:Smarta
645:Smarta
584:, and
562:Lalita
452:Sattva
351:, and
329:Vishnu
297:, and
256:yantra
196:Shakta
166:Shakti
146:Shakta
50:Shakti
4194:Texts
3944:Radha
3922:Durga
3725:Islam
3703:India
3592:Bindi
3575:Other
3515:Ugadi
3510:Vishu
3343:Varna
3224:Tapas
3214:Yajna
3184:Murti
3118:Radha
3098:Durga
3093:Bhumi
3036:Surya
3016:Indra
2989:Shiva
2751:Other
2736:Kalpa
2626:Katha
2530:Vedas
2515:Śruti
2500:Texts
2430:Nyaya
2386:Damah
2376:Satya
2332:Artha
2310:Karma
2300:Atman
2254:Index
2114:Yajur
2099:Vedas
1950:Radha
1915:Ganga
1910:Durga
1900:Bhumi
1895:Aditi
1819:Surya
1784:Indra
1747:Shiva
1716:texts
1513:S2CID
1470:JSTOR
1164:Books
706:Surya
694:Shiva
609:From
591:From
574:Durga
558:Durga
460:Tamas
456:Rajas
431:dehin
345:Durga
341:Shiva
321:Śakti
224:clans
219:Kaula
209:Śakta
170:Śakti
123:dehin
82:Shiva
78:deity
4036:Tara
4031:Kali
3955:More
3949:Sita
3912:Sati
3884:Devi
3767:List
3629:List
3556:Teej
3485:Bihu
3467:Onam
3415:Holi
3219:Homa
3199:Japa
3189:Puja
3149:more
3143:Sita
3128:Sati
3103:Kali
3052:more
3046:Vayu
3031:Rama
2996:Agni
2966:Gods
2646:Kena
2616:Isha
2425:Yoga
2391:Dayā
2381:Dāna
2351:Niti
2337:Kama
2305:Maya
2167:more
2109:Sama
2090:list
2050:Gana
1996:more
1990:Sita
1975:Sati
1955:Rati
1925:Kali
1845:more
1839:Yama
1829:Vayu
1809:Rama
1789:Kama
1754:Agni
1724:Gods
1714:and
1622:ISBN
1576:2008
1552:2017
1488:link
1430:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1345:2020
1327:ISBN
1312:2020
1294:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1186:OCLC
1176:ISBN
704:and
682:Yoga
586:Kali
566:Kali
564:and
484:The
475:Kula
471:moon
444:The
427:deha
403:lila
382:The
365:Rama
361:Sita
349:Kali
337:Devi
276:Devi
214:Kula
204:शक्त
119:deha
110:lila
91:and
62:lit.
58:IAST
31:and
29:Devi
3641:Law
2104:Rig
1505:doi
1462:doi
1224:doi
315:In
252:BCE
216:or
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