434:, the parallel strings run across the top like a box zither, but end somewhere outside on the right side. The six shorter (highest) strings are snapped off at their ends. A second bundle of strings leading upwards at right angles to it is enclosed in a curved wooden frame resembling the yokes of a lyre or the frame of a harp. These strings also end outside the construction. One explanation for why both string systems protrude beyond the instrument could be that the draftsman continued to draw the string ends, which hang down after their point of attachment and were often provided with an appendage and left for decoration, as a straight line. The Madrid instrument has 40 strings, 27 of which run across the closed body and 13 perpendicular to the frame; the drawing from Cairo shows a
552:. The stringed instrument, depicted as a colored pen drawing in a decorative border between plant ornaments, is held in the hand of a standing musician. This instrument with a different body shape, but also with inwardly curved edges and without sound holes, as in the Arabic manuscripts, is shown in perspective in the playing position and thus allows an estimation of its size. On the other hand, the number of strings remains unclear here, since only as many strings were drawn in parallel as was possible in the 25 millimeter long illustration. In the Arabic drawings, the corpus has six edges, in the Brno depiction there is one more, which may be due to inaccuracy. Judging by the coloring,
1853:
1827:
396:
1841:
34:
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structurally, the two do not differ. The Cairo drawing, on the other hand, is carefully constructed with compass and ruler. It is unclear whether both drawings are based on the same or a different template, or whether the later Cairo drawing was copied from the earlier one in Madrid. From archaeologically excavated clay figures, Sassanid rock-reliefs or
Persian book
364:, but obviously not related in form. The extent to which this instrument was widespread in Arabic music is unclear. Miniatures of the 1582 Ottoman manuscript Surname-i Hümayun show court musicians playing alongside the şehrud, which according to its oversized depiction was probably a bass lute, playing the historical angle harp
427:) in a 13th-century drawing belong more to artistic license than to actual appearance. Harps are often depicted without any strings at all or with strings leading out into the void. Sometimes the musician might not be able to hold his instrument in the manner shown or he might not be able to grip the strings.
415:
comes from a 13th-century manuscript preserved in the
National Library in Cairo, the only other from what is believed to be a 12th-century manuscript in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid. The Madrid depiction is more closely surrounded by writing, executed less carefully and without compasses;
420:
often give a rough idea of the appearance of historical musical instruments, only the number of strings is usually adapted to artistic requirements and is rarely realistic. This also applies to the generally more reliable representations in musicological works. For example, the ornamental
481:, i.e. with the oriental lute instruments. This Farmers section was included unchanged in the 2000 reissue, as Farmer later reverted to his original view. Accordingly, one set of strings should be thought of as melody strings over a fretboard and the other set of strings as
862:
George
Dimitri Sawa: Classification of Musical Instruments in the Medieval Middle East. In: Virginia Danielson, Scott Marius, Dwight Reynolds (eds): The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Volume 6: The Middle East. Routledge, New York / London 2002, p.
238:(Persian for: purports of Music)(مقاصد الحان). al-Qadir was interested in the restoration and improvement of stringed musical instruments, and his work provides information about numerous musical instruments, including the shahrud.
676:
Henry George Farmer : Islam. ( Heinrich
Besseler , Max Schneider (eds.): History of Music in Pictures. Volume III. Music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Delivery 2). German music publisher, Leipzig 1966, pp. 96,
872:
Ellen
Hickmann: Musica instrumentalis. Studien zur Klassifikation des Musikinstrumentariums im Mittelalter. (Sammlung musikwissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen. Volume 55) Valentin Koerner, Baden-Baden 1971, p.
577:
465:(1929), adding that it was "certainly an archlute by the early 15th century," twice the length of a lute. Influenced by d'Erlanger, others wanted to see a harp or psaltery, which is why Farmer in
599:
developed into the form of the short-necked lute known today with a round body made of glued lathes of wood, which since then has been the most popular Arabic stringed instrument under the name
573:
352:
A stringed instrument called şehrud in the
Ottoman period, which frequently appears in 15th and 16th century Ottoman miniature paintings and Persian miniatures during the
1891:
623:, both named after their areas of distribution, Baghdad and Khorasan, respectively. In addition, there were the rarer plucked-stringed instruments, of which the
1460:
958:
900:
George
Dimitri Sawa: Music Performance Practice in the Early ʿAbbāsid Era 132–320 AH / 750–932 AD. The Institute of Mediaeval Music, Ottawa 2004, pp. 149-151
611:) with five double strings was the benchmark. During the rule of the Abbasids , as stated by al-Fārābī, there were two distinct long-necked lutes, the older
504:
485:
strings leading to separate pegs. This view is reinforced by al-Fārābī, who distinguished this particular instrument from the angular harps (Persian
652:
is documented up to the 15th century. For the 16th century its existence is no longer verifiable. A similarly complicated stringed instrument is an
1884:
680:
Henry George Farmer: A History of
Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century . Luzac, London 1973, p. 154, p. 209; archive.org (1st edition: 1929).
1210:
216:
931:
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built by
Wendelin Tieffenbrucker (German luthier, active 1570–1610) with parallel strings attached to the side of a harp-like frame (a
1453:
1256:
951:
2189:
1877:
660:). This exceptional, unique piece, made no later than 1590, had a pitch range of 6.5 octaves and could be a successor to the
333:
in several spelling variants has been used for much longer to describe lute instruments and generally stands for "music". In
310:, a nominal four-stringed instrument. The Arab historian al-Maqqari (c. 1577–1632) refers to a 13th-century source that the
2194:
2184:
1446:
944:
645:). Singers accompanied themselves on lute instruments, and no account is known of a singer playing a lyre or harp himself.
507:, on the other hand, speaks of a zither. Al-Fārābī gave a pitch range of four octaves in the 10th century. According to
2199:
417:
757:
55:
686:
Pavel Kurfürst: The Šáh-rúd. In: Archives for
Musicology . Volume 41, issue 4. Steiner, Stuttgart 1984, pp. 295-308.
790:
Adrian McNeil, Inventing the Sarod: A Cultural History . Seagull Books , London 2004, p. 27, ISBN 978-81-7046-213-2
736:
1900:
227:. The šāh-rūd was introduced to Samarkand in the early 10th century and spread to Middle Eastern Arabic music.
817:
Hans de Zeeuw: The Ottoman Tanbûr. The Long-Necked Lute of Ottoman Art Music. Archaeopress, Oxford 2022, p. 22
683:
Henry George Farmer: ʿŪd. In: The Encyclopedia of Islam. new edition . Volume 10. Brill, Leiden 2000, p. 769.
758:"5.4 - Piecing Together History, String By String - The Reconstruction of Azerbaijan's Medieval Instruments"
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Ersu Pekin, The Sounds of Istanbul: Music in Istanbul in the Ottoman Period. History of Istanbul, 2019
673:
Al-Fārābī : Kitāb al-Mūsīqi al-Kabīr. Translated into Persian by A. Azarnush, Tehran 1996, p. 55.
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Arabic instrumental music seems to have changed considerably around this time, according to the
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Owen Wright, Arab music. 7. Musical instruments. (i) Pre-1918. In: Grove Music Online , 2001
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is in the Ethnographic Museum in Brno kept in the Czech Republic and probably originated in
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321:, "the king of the lutes", may have given its name to the North Indian shell-necked
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Henry George Farmer, Henry George Farmer: Islam. Musikgeschichte in Bildern, p. 116
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497:). Pavel Kurfürst agreed with Farmer's interpretation as a “Harp Psaltery”. The
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Reproduced as a frontispiece in Henry George Farmer: A History of Arabian Music
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356:(1370–1507) as an oversized pot-bellied variant of the short-necked lute
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shahrud, from a 1582 A.D., from an illustration in the Surname-i Hümayun.
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had ten double strings in the 15th century and was twice as long as the
215:. That illustration has led scholars to speculate the instrument was a
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is a historical oriental lute instrument , while the long-necked lute
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with 48 strings, 29 strings across the body and 19 to the frame.
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is still played in Iranian music today. The Azerbaijani musician
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Henry George Farmer, Islam. Musikgeschichte in Bildern. p. 96
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The word also referred to a type of zither written about by
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Henry George Farmer, The Encyclopaedia of Islam , p. 769
607:, a lute half the size of the oud. The “perfect lute” (
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595:. In the 19th century the slender, solid form of the
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in 918/19 A.D. and traveled with it in Central Asian
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230:Another writer who referred to the instrument was
298:. Two centuries later, the Ottoman travel writer
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174:) was a short-necked lute, illustrated in the
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588:. It later spread to Iraq, Syria and Egypt.
399:Illustration from Al-Fārābī (about 870-950):
325:lute developed in the 1860s from the Afghan
445:(1872-1932), whose six-volume work edition
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403:Drawing of a musical instrument, called ""
524:In addition to the two depictions of the
453:in the first two volumes, classified the
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282:in northwestern Iran mentioned the lute
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302:(1611 – after 1683) described the lute
266:, contains the basic meaning "string".
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449:contains a translation of al-Fārābī's
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940:
580:), who introduced this instrument to
538:Quaestiones in librum II sententiarum
631:) was used more frequently than the
421:embellishments of an angular harp (
160:
13:
345:, which are similar to the Indian
14:
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639:), and the trapezoid box-zither (
473:(1934), Farmer had mentioned the
441:The musicologist and orientalist
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1:
1418:Azerbaijani traditional music
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493:) and from the lyres (Arabic
360:, is named with the medieval
1980:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
918:Pavel Kurfürst, 1984, p. 308
853:Pavel Kurfürst, 1984, p. 306
835:Pavel Kurfürst, 1984, p. 299
467:The Sources of Arabian Music
329:. However, the Persian word
241:
211:and illustrated in his book
7:
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503:player and music historian
430:In the illustration of the
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463:A History of Arabian Music
278:(Ibn Ghaybi; † 1435) from
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603:. Also developed was the
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578:Ḥakīm ibn Aḥwaṣ al-Suġdī
451:Kitāb al-Mūsīqā al-kabīr
401:Kitāb al-mūsīqī al kabīr
314:was found in Andalusia.
213:Kitāb al-mūsīqī al kabīr
21:Shahrud (disambiguation)
1801:Ottoman classical music
1430:Tajik traditional music
2056:Percussion instruments
536:from 1474 of the work
528:, a differently drawn
471:Encyclopaedia of Islam
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152:
1806:Ottoman military band
457:as a zither in 1935.
398:
2063:Auxiliary Percussion
2008:Woodwind instruments
1711:Auxiliary percussion
542:Johannes Duns Scotus
19:For other uses, see
1929:Plucked instruments
1515:Plucked instruments
621:ṭunbūr al-churasānī
574:Ḫulaiṣ ibn al-Aḥwaṣ
532:is depicted in the
505:George Dimitri Sawa
459:Henry George Farmer
443:Rodolphe d'Erlanger
383:and the frame drum
368:, the plucked lute
337:, the bowed sounds
85:Related instruments
28:
2205:Iranian inventions
1994:Struck instruments
1909:String instruments
1796:Turkish folk music
1588:Struck instruments
1506:Rebab/Kabak kemane
617:ṭunbūr al-baghdādī
409:
306:as similar to the
68:String instruments
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16:Musical instrument
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246:The Persian word
177:Surname-i Hümayun
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49:String instrument
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720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
565:
562:
392:
389:
354:Timurid Empire
262:, which, like
250:is made up of
243:
240:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
58:
56:Classification
52:
51:
45:
44:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:Qoltuq nagara
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Dāyereh Zangī
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
988:
985:
983:
981:
973:
969:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
939:
933:
930:
929:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
869:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
763:
759:
753:
738:
732:
728:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:Turkish music
700:
698:
695:
694:
685:
682:
679:
675:
672:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
576:(also called
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
425:
419:
414:
406:
402:
397:
388:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
349:, are known.
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Evliya Çelebi
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
166:
158:
154:
150:
146:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
35:
30:
22:
2072:Boyuk nagara
1964:
1856:
1837:
1823:
1568:
1501:Yaylı tanbur
1319:
1173:
1139:Experimental
1103:
1075:Yaylı tambur
979:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
868:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
765:. Retrieved
761:
752:
740:. Retrieved
731:
661:
649:
647:
640:
636:
628:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
592:
590:
569:
567:
564:Distribution
545:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
516:
512:
509:Abd al-Qadir
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
450:
446:
440:
435:
431:
429:
422:
412:
410:
404:
400:
376:
361:
351:
342:
338:
330:
318:
316:
311:
307:
303:
295:
291:
290:) alongside
287:
283:
276:Abd al-Qadir
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
245:
235:
234:in his work
232:Abd al-Qadir
229:
212:
206:
175:
171:
167:
144:
142:
2077:Cura nagara
1720:Cura nagara
1704:instruments
1687:Kargı Düdük
1682:Dilli düdük
1662:Dilli kaval
1647:Turkish ney
1604:instruments
1511:Sine kemanı
1480:instruments
1399:Zarbang Udu
742:26 November
540:written by
335:Balochistan
2174:Categories
1702:Percussion
1316:Percussion
1211:Narmeh-ney
723:References
668:Literature
619:) and the
558:soundboard
534:incunabula
418:miniatures
254:, "king" (
217:box-zither
1925:Kamancheh
1667:Dilli ney
1332:Auxiliary
1320:(Sāzhāy-e
1252:Nāy (Ney)
1247:Haft Band
1240:End-blown
1231:Ney anban
1151:Shurangiz
1002:Kamāncheh
658:harp lute
609:ʿūd kāmil
582:Samarkand
554:parchment
546:incunable
489:, Arabic
374:pan flute
362:šāh- rūd-
288:rūd chānī
284:rūd chātī
242:Etymology
209:Al Farabi
198:mandolone
194:mandobass
172:šāh-i-rūd
114:Mandobass
79:Antiquity
76:Developed
2147:See also
1858:Category
1784:See also
1770:Castanet
1677:Tárogató
1602:Woodwind
1170:Woodwind
1146:Sallāneh
976:Stringed
767:21 April
762:Azer.com
737:"ŞEHRUD"
691:See also
654:archlute
308:čahārtār
225:psaltery
134:Surbahar
94:Archlute
2117:Laggutu
2097:Naqareh
2026:Balaban
1985:Choghur
1965:Shahrud
1920:Chagane
1740:Naqareh
1735:Darbuka
1627:Dankiyo
1569:Shahrud
1559:Baglama
1364:Naqāreh
1295:Natural
1257:Sheypur
1221:Dozaleh
1201:Balaban
1184:Exposed
1104:Shahrud
1018:Plucked
997:Ghazhak
662:šāh-rūd
650:šāh-rūd
629:miʿzafa
570:šāh-rūd
530:šāh-rūd
513:šāh-rūd
495:miʿzafa
475:šāh-rūd
455:šāh-rūd
436:šāh-rūd
432:šāh-rūd
413:šāh-rūd
405:šāh-rūd
347:sarinda
319:šāh-rūd
280:Maragha
248:šāh-rūd
219:, or a
168:šāh-rūd
157:Persian
155:, from
149:Turkish
145:Shahrud
40:Ottoman
27:Shahrud
2159:Mugham
2138:Bülban
2107:Nagara
2092:Dümbek
2067:Bendir
2046:Miskal
1998:Santur
1755:Nagara
1715:Bendir
1692:Miskal
1592:Santur
1539:Cümbüş
1478:String
1384:Dammam
1272:Miskal
1216:Donali
1206:Karnay
1156:Sorāhi
1130:Santur
1123:Struck
1070:Tanbūr
1025:Barbat
615:(also
597:barbaṭ
586:Sogdia
544:. The
511:, the
391:Design
377:mıskal
286:(also
258:) and
186:barbat
161:شاهرود
153:Şehrud
99:Barbat
2112:Spoon
2087:Davul
2036:Tütek
2031:Kaval
2021:Tulum
2016:Zurna
1990:Nuzhe
1975:Mugni
1960:Komuz
1938:Chang
1933:Kanun
1775:Spoon
1750:Kudüm
1730:Davul
1657:Sipsi
1652:Kaval
1637:Çifte
1632:Gaida
1622:Karkm
1617:Tulum
1612:Zurna
1584:Mugni
1579:Lavta
1564:Komuz
1544:Ahenk
1519:Kanun
1354:Dāvūl
1349:Dohol
1339:Darāy
1302:Nafir
1286:Brass
1267:Pisha
1262:Zurna
1226:Kaval
1196:Zurna
1191:Sornā
1114:Mugni
1065:Setār
1060:Nuzhe
1050:Robāb
1045:Qānūn
1040:Dotār
1030:Chang
990:Bowed
712:Cobza
642:qānūn
500:kanun
483:drone
370:kopuz
343:sorud
339:surod
331:sarod
327:rubāb
323:sarod
292:rūdak
129:Sarod
1943:Çeng
1765:Zill
1554:Cura
1524:Çeng
1394:Zang
1389:Zarb
1379:Sanj
1035:Harp
769:2021
744:2022
677:116.
648:The
637:ǧank
633:harp
625:lyre
568:The
550:Brno
491:ǧank
487:čang
424:čang
366:çeng
341:and
317:The
312:rūḍa
304:rūḍa
296:rūḍa
294:and
256:shah
221:harp
190:bass
143:The
109:Lute
2102:Kus
2082:Daf
2041:Ney
1970:Rud
1955:Saz
1745:Kus
1725:Daf
1672:Mey
1642:Ney
1574:Rud
1549:Saz
1374:Kūs
1344:Daf
1109:Rud
1087:Tār
1055:Sāz
863:395
717:Rud
601:oud
518:oud
479:ʿŪd
407:"")
385:daf
381:ney
358:Oud
272:tār
268:Rūd
264:tār
260:rūd
252:šāh
200:or
184:or
182:oud
170:or
165:DMG
124:Rud
119:Oud
2176::
1950:Ud
1534:Ud
1099:Ūd
873:61
760:.
560:.
521:.
387:.
204:.
196:,
163:,
159::
151::
1893:e
1886:t
1879:v
1462:e
1455:t
1448:v
960:e
953:t
946:v
771:.
746:.
635:(
627:(
147:(
23:.
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