Shadow play - Knowledge

1713: 1686: 1794: 533:(1644–1911 A.D.). Older puppeteers estimate that there were at least seventy shadow puppet troupes in the Kaohsiung area alone in the closing years of the Qing. Traditionally, the eight to twelve-inch puppet figures, and the stage scenery and props such as furniture, natural scenery, pagodas, halls, and plants, are all cut from leather. As shadow puppetry is based on light penetrating through a translucent sheet of cloth, the "shadows" are actually silhouettes seen by the audience in profile or face on. Taiwan's shadow plays are accompanied by Chaochow melodies which are often called "priest's melodies" owing to their similarity with the music used by Taoist priests at funerals. A large repertoire of some 300 scripts of the southern school of drama used in shadow puppetry and dating back to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been preserved in Taiwan and is considered to be a priceless cultural asset. 808: 1659: 1767: 265: 1148: 1740: 390: 1055:, wherein a dramatic story is told through shadows thrown by puppets and sometimes combined with human characters. Wayang is an ancient form of storytelling that renowned for its elaborate puppets and complex musical styles. The earliest evidence is from the late 1st millennium CE, in medieval-era texts and archeological sites. Around 860 CE an Old Javanese charter issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure. Unlike India's shadow plays that incorporated little to no musical performance, Indonesia 1031: 1266: 606: 49: 2702:

in the interstices of time, their artform took root and gradually developed into an indispensable element of rural life in southern Taiwan. The early troupes of shadow puppeteers concentrated in the Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung areas. According to contemporary shadow-puppet master Chang Tien-pao, his grandfather once told him that in the waning years of the Ching Dynasty (1644–1911), there were forty-odd puppet troupes in Kangshan, and thirty-odd in the single village of Hsialiao, both in Kaohsiung County—an astounding popularity.

1817: 924:

be false as evidence emerged that shadow puppetry had remained a vigorous rural tradition in central Kerala mountains, most of Karnataka, northern Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and southern Maharashtra. The Marathi people, particularly of low caste, had preserved and vigorously performed the legends of Hindu epics as a folk tradition. The importance of Marathi artists is evidenced, states Blackburn, from the puppeteers speaking Marathi as their mother tongue in many non-Marathi speaking states of India.

931: 697: 1859: 3132:, South Asia Research, Volume 18, Issue 1, pages 1-11, Quote: "If performance is the cultural organisation of behaviour, it is interesting that these cultural forms vary so widely from area to area. To return to south India, tales are told and songs sung throughout the region, but the same is not true for long narrative singing (epic and the like), or for dance, or for drama; even masks, so widespread in Kerala and other parts of south India, are not significant in Tamil culture." 484: 1488: 574: 4837: 4847: 1835: 1403: 1890: 1371: 1390:

play for the audience. The show would start when the puppet master lit the oil lamp. The show could be introduced by a singer, accompanied by a tambourine player. The background and scenery would sometimes include moving ships, riders moving on horseback, swaying palm trees and even dragons. The sound effects included songs and various voices.

1386:: an unprincipled peasant and his fussy, educated companion. Together with other characters they represented all the major social groups in Ottoman culture. The theatres had an enormous following and would take place in coffee houses and in rich private houses and even performed before the sultan. Every quarter of the city had its own Karagöz. 947: 1406: 2968:"Theatre des Ombres : une compagnie spécialisée dans le théâtre d'ombreset les ombres chinoises, la réalisation de spectacles d'ombres, lesreprésentations de spectacles d'ombre chinoise, atelier et spectacle de théâtre d'ombre, stage de theatre d'ombres, shadow puppets, shadows show, shadowtheater" 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 2701:

The origins of Taiwan shadow puppetry trace back to the 17th or early 18th Centuries. When General Koxinga (1624–1662) expelled Dutch occupation forces from Taiwan, growing numbers of settlers crossed the Strait to the island. Among them were shadow puppeteers from Chaochow in Kwangtung Province. And

1393:

Puppets were made to be about 15 inches or 35–40 centimeters high and oiled to make them look translucent. The puppets were made of either horse, water buffalo or calf skin. They had movable limbs and were jointed with waxed thread at the neck, arms, waist and knees and manipulated from rods in their

923:

During the 19th century and early parts of the 20th century of the colonial era, Indologists believed that shadow puppet plays had become extinct in India, though mentioned in its ancient Sanskrit texts. In the 1930s and thereafter, states Stuart Blackburn, these fears of its extinction were found to

593:

described a kind of shadow play with figures made out of stone, wood, or other materials, presented to prisoners who in all of their life could see nothing more than the shadows on the wall in front of them. This was an imaginative illustration of ideas about (false or limited) the relations between

353:

Cambodian shadow puppets are made of cowhide, and their size are usually quite large, depicting a whole scene, including its background. Unlike their Javanese counterparts, Cambodian shadow puppets are usually not articulated, rendering the figure's hands unmovable, and are left uncolored, retaining

169:

Shadow play probably developed from "par" shows with narrative scenes painted on a large cloth and the story further related through song. As the shows were mostly performed at night the par was illuminated with an oil lamp or candles. Shadow puppet theatre likely originated in Central Asia-China or

985:

performance, states Phyllis Dircks, are "translucent, lusciously multicolored leather figures four to five feet tall, and feature one or two articulated arms". The process of making the puppets is an elaborate ritual, where the artist families in India pray, go into seclusion, produce the required

188:

While shadow play theatre is an Asian invention, hand puppets have a long history in Europe. As European merchant ships sailed in the search of sea routes to India and China, they helped diffuse popular entertainment arts and cultural practices into Europe. Shadow theatre became popular in France,

184:

According to Martin Banham, there is little mention of indigenous theatrical activity in the Middle East between the 3rd century CE and the 13th century, including the centuries that followed the Islamic conquest of the region. The shadow puppet play, states Banham, probably came into vogue in the

1411: 1389:

The Karagöz theatre consisted of a three sided booth covered with a curtain printed with branches and roses and a white cotton screen by about three feet by four which was inserted in the front. The performance had a three man orchestra who sat at the foot of a small raised stage where they would

209:. The common principle in these innovations were the creative use of light, images and a projection screen. According to Olive Cook, there are many parallels in the development of shadow play and modern cinema, such as their use of music, voice, attempts to introduce colors and mass popularity. 249:

was inspired by shadow puppetry and its art style replicates the traditional shadow play canvas using black props and sepia backgrounds. They visited Richard Bradshaw to gain more insight into shadow puppetry, to make their game more authentic and to get references for the game's shadow puppet

1873: 1126:

behind the cotton screen illuminated by oil lamp or modern halogen lamp, creating visual effects similar to animation. The flat puppet has moveable joints that are animated by hand, using rods connected to the puppet. The handle of the rod is made of carved buffalo horn. On November 7, 2003,

1011:

story. There are regional differences within India in the puppet arts. For example, women play a major role in shadow play theatre in most parts of India, except in Kerala and Maharashtra. Almost everywhere, except Odisha, the puppets are made from tanned deer skin, painted and articulated.

414:(156 BCE – 87 BCE) died and magician Shao-weng promised to raise her spirit. The emperor could see a shadow that looked like her move behind the curtains that the magician had placed around some lit torches. It is often told that the magician used a shadow puppet, but the original text in 176:

shows. These are performed behind a thin screen with flat, jointed puppets made of colorfully painted transparent leather. The puppets are held close to the screen and lit from behind, while hands and arms are manipulated with attached canes and lower legs swinging freely from the knee.

432:

There are two distinct styles of shadow play: Luanzhou (North China) and Sichuan (South China). Within Sichuan, there are two styles: Chuanbei piyingxi (Northern Sichuan) and Chengdu piyingxi. Cities that are included in the Northern Sichuan are Bazhong, Nanchong, and Guangyuan.

1408: 951: 950: 185:

Middle East after the Mongol invasions and thereafter it incorporated local innovations by the 16th century. Little mention of shadow play is found in Islamic literature of Iran, but much is found in Turkish and 19th-century Ottoman Empire-influenced territories.

952: 2939: 549:

is a shadow theatre that uses leather puppets. The figures are usually moved behind a thin screen. It is not entirely a show of shadows, as the shadow is more of a silhouette. This gives the figures some color on the screen; they are not 100% black and

779:

houses a collection of 70 French shadow puppets, similar to those used in the cabaret Le Chat Noir, together with an original theatre and painted backdrops, as well as two magic lanterns for projecting scenes. So far, the shadow plays identified are

1874: 424:

dynasty (960–1127). A 1235 book mentions that the puppets were initially cut out of paper, but later made of colored leather or parchment. The stories were mostly based on history and half fact half fiction, but comedies were also performed.

1876: 88:

There are four different types of performances in shadow play: the actors using their bodies as shadows, puppets where the actors hold them as shadows in the daytime, spatial viewing, and viewing the shadows from both sides of the screen.

949: 1793: 1685: 1412: 1712: 2998:

Lopes, Rui Oliveira. (2016) "A new light on the shadows of heavenly bodies. Indian shadow puppets: from still paintings to motion pictures". Religion and the Arts, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 160-196. DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008

1766: 1658: 1012:

Translucent leather puppets are typical in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, while opaque puppets are typical in Kerala and Odisha. The artist troupes typically carry over a hundred puppets for their performance in rural India.

92:

Shadow play is popular in various cultures, among both children and adults in many countries around the world. More than 20 countries are known to have shadow show troupes. Shadow play is an old tradition and is listed as a

1394:

back and held by the finger of the puppet master. The hide is worked until it is semi-transparent; then it is colored, resulting in colorful projections. Karagöz theatre was also adapted in Egypt and North Africa.

1877: 180:

The evidence of shadow puppet theatre is found in both old Chinese and Indian texts. The most significant historical centers of shadow play theatre have been China, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

2906: 616:

Shadow plays started spreading throughout Europe at the end of the 17th century, probably via Italy. It is known that several Italian showmen performed in Germany, France and England during this period.

238:

The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria (relocated to Australia from California) combines a mixture of reconstructed and original puppets with multiple sources of lights. The company is under the direction of

1739: 420:

gives no reason to believe in a relation to shadow puppetry. Although there are many earlier records of all kinds of puppetry in China, clear mention of Chinese shadow play does not occur until the

1407: 81:. The cut-out shapes of the puppets sometimes include translucent color or other types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by moving both the puppets and the light source. A talented 948: 799:

Nowadays, several theatre companies in France are developing the practice of shadow puppets: Le Théâtre des Ombres, Le Théâtre du Petit Miroir, Le Théâtre Les Chaises, and La Loupiote.

487:

Chinese shadow puppetry is a form of theater whereby colorful silhouette figures perform traditional plays against a back-lit cloth screen, accompanied by music.From Kaifeng Prefecture.

888:. Shadow puppet play is also found in pictorial traditions in India, such as temple mural painting, loose-leaf folio paintings, and the narrative paintings. Dance forms such as the 594:

knowledge, education and a truthful understanding of reality. Plato compared a wall that screens off the people who carry the figures to the kind of partitions used by puppet (

1875: 1619:

uses shadow puppetry to portray several African-American victims of racial violence throughout history, including Sherman Fields (who appears at the beginning of the film),

1204:

and morality tales. There is an educational moral to the plays, which usually portray a battle. Malay shadow plays are sometimes considered one of the earliest examples of

1136: 4886: 736:

to project backgrounds. Figures were originally cardboard cut-outs, but were replaced with zinc figures since 1887. Various artists took part in the creation, including

624:

imagined a kind of world exhibition that would show all kinds of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should include shadow theatre.

406:

There are several myths and legends about the origins of shadow puppetry in China. The most famous one has it that Chinese shadow puppetry originated when the favorite

2923: 908:. In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals. Legends from the Hindu epics 690:

mechanisms to automate the show. His nephew took over the show after Séraphin's death in 1800 and it was continued by his heirs until the theatre closed in 1870.

3314:""Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)" 993:

of Kerala uses leather puppets whose images are projected on a backlit screen. The shadows are used to creatively express characters and stories in the

225:

is an Australian shadow puppeteer known for his characters like "Super Kangaroo". Bradshaw's puppetry has been featured in television programs made by

2953: 1466: 1320:

shadow play usually occur at domestic rituals and ceremonies or at commercial and temple fairs but they are starting to occur on Thai television.

1458: 295:

It is performed during sacred temple ceremonies, at private functions, and for the public in Cambodia's villages. The popular plays include the

807: 999:. A complete performance of the epic can take forty-one nights, while an abridged performance lasts as few as seven days. One feature of the 3809: 2875: 1452:

has also been used to imitate the look of shadow play and silhouette animation. By the 1920s, shadow puppetry had breached the world of

170:

in India in the 1st millennium BCE. By at least around 200 BCE, the figures on cloth seem to have been replaced with puppetry in Indian

2714: 4881: 2377: 3630: 3751:

Fan Pen Chen tr., "Visions for the Masses; Chinese Shadow Plays from Shaanxi and Shanxi", Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, (2004)

394: 1180:

means "skin/leather" and refers to the puppets that are made out of leather. There are four types of shadow theaters in Malaysia:

77:

which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or

3987: 1816: 1465:

Traditional Chinese shadow puppetry was brought to audiences in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s through the efforts of

2927: 2535: 3756: 3746: 3640: 3593: 3565: 3375: 3294: 3264: 3237: 3207: 3180: 3153: 3086: 3046: 2518: 2486: 2450: 2420: 2324: 2297: 2270: 2240: 2210: 2183: 2153: 2062: 2035: 1539: 264: 2828: 2780: 1147: 3493: 708:

The art was a popular entertainment in Paris during the 19th century, especially in the famous Paris nightclub district of

517:

school of shadow puppet theatre. Commonly known as leather monkey shows or leather shows, the shadow plays were popular in

1339:. Moreover, there are specific types of performances in Thailand that are political than theatrical like which are called 1634: 678:

in front of royalty. In 1784 Séraphin moved to Paris, performing his shows at his permanent theatre in the newly opened

2859: 2812: 981:

shadow puppet theatre dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and has attracted patronage ever since. The puppets used in a

231: 205:

According to Stephen Herbert, the popular shadow theatre evolved nonlinearly into projected slides and ultimately into

1091:

means "skin", as the material from which the puppet is made is thin perforated leather sheets made from buffalo skin.

4896: 3770: 3732: 3535: 3113: 3019: 2981: 2655: 2545: 896:

literally mean "shadow". The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to

3802: 940: 663: 393:

This Chinese shadow puppet is illustrative of the ornate detail that goes into the figures. From the collection of

4805: 1417: 42: 2885: 1382:, possibly since the late 14th century. It was centered around the contrasting interaction between the figures 3313: 4382: 4201: 4055: 2984:. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from 1834: 31: 17: 2650:

Ewart, Franzeska G. (1998). Let the Shadows speak: developing children's language through shadow puppetry.

796:. The shadow puppets were presumably created for a tour in France or abroad at the end of the 19th century. 358:

near Siem Reap. Cambodian shadow puppetry is one of the cultural performances staged for tourists alongside

1858: 1620: 760:

has circa 40 original zinc figures in its collection. Other cabarets would produce their own versions; the

389: 222: 2054:

The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Malaysia: A Study of Wayang Kulit with Performance Scripts and Puppet Designs

4871: 3980: 3795: 35: 377:

shadow play involves many puppeteers dancing on the screen, each puppeteer playing one character of the

4921: 4916: 4891: 3078:

South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

1582: 1527: 1094:

Performances of shadow puppet theater in Bali are typically at night, lasting until dawn. The complete

725: 4636: 621: 456:. The storytellers generally used the art to tell events between various war kingdoms or stories of 373:, in contrast, are much smaller puppets with movable parts; their shows have been more popular. The 4135: 1562: 1346:

Performances in Thailand were temporarily suspended in 1960 due to a fire at the national theatre.

693:

In 1775, Ambrogio (also known as Ambroise and Ambrose) staged ambitious shows in Paris and London.

2684: 1444:. This technique has been kept alive by subsequent animators and is still practised today, though 342:. It is a sacred performance, embodying Khmer beliefs built on the foundations and mythologies of 4906: 4417: 4284: 3678: 2478: 1639: 1519: 2412: 1030: 464:

and moved on sticks are used to tell dramatic versions of traditional fairy tales and myths. In

4901: 4785: 4269: 4186: 3973: 3656: 3365: 3337:"P. L. Amin Sweeney and Akira Goto (ed.) An International Seminar on the Shadow Plays of Asia" 3284: 3227: 3170: 3143: 3103: 3076: 3036: 2287: 2230: 2173: 2025: 1889: 1864: 1383: 682:

from 8 September 1784. The performances would adapt to the political changes and survived the

4491: 4407: 4120: 1470: 1445: 1265: 4454: 598:) players to hide behind. Apparently, there was no existing form of shadow theatre known in 4876: 4770: 4466: 4264: 4176: 4125: 3939: 1615: 1570: 1453: 1437: 1331:

performers are more traditional. Performances are normally accompanied by a combination of

675: 586: 259: 4534: 4274: 2667: 1003:

show is that it is a team performance of puppeteers, while other shadow plays such as the

667: 605: 8: 4130: 772: 701: 497: 369:

figures are unlike puppets because they are large and heavy, with no moveable parts. The

189:

Italy, Britain and Germany by the 17th century. In France, shadow play was advertised as

2128: 986:

art work, then celebrate the "metaphorical birth of a puppet" with flowers and incense.

757: 48: 4746: 4705: 4449: 4444: 4279: 4206: 3818: 3501: 3473: 3423: 2633: 2586: 2578: 2471: 2405: 2003: 1449: 1359: 1351: 1228: 2874:

Thomas, Richard; Cate, Philip Dennis; Chapin, Mary Weaver; Coman, Florence E. (2005).

1200:

are traced back to Southern Thailand's shadow theaters. Stories presented are usually

832:

Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture, particularly regionally as the

4846: 4653: 4397: 4392: 3859: 3849: 3766: 3752: 3742: 3728: 3702:

Shadow Ace Shines on the AGT Stage with Unforgettable Audition | Auditions | AGT 2023

3636: 3589: 3561: 3531: 3477: 3465: 3427: 3415: 3371: 3290: 3260: 3233: 3203: 3176: 3149: 3109: 3082: 3075:

Stuart Blackburn (2003). Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond and Margaret Ann Mills (ed.).

3042: 3015: 2889: 2881: 2855: 2808: 2651: 2637: 2625: 2590: 2541: 2514: 2482: 2446: 2416: 2340: 2320: 2293: 2266: 2236: 2206: 2179: 2149: 2058: 2031: 1937: 1084: 848: 683: 671: 411: 359: 30:

This article is about shadows cast by puppet figures. For shadows cast by hands, see

4541: 3555: 1883:

Short video showing shadow play in Kota Bahru, Malaysia, including behind the scenes

307:

epics, as well as other Hindu myth and legends. The performance is accompanied by a

4911: 4725: 4720: 4402: 4191: 3616: 3457: 3407: 3344: 2617: 2570: 1995: 1929: 1242: 1225: 741: 78: 4581: 4571: 4529: 2954:"montmartre-secret.com - Montmartre: Le cabaret du Chat Noir (2) rue Victor Massé" 2880:. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, Princeton University Press. pp. 37-41. 1955: 4840: 4775: 4673: 4561: 4481: 4427: 4228: 4181: 4020: 3909: 3497: 3254: 3197: 3009: 2508: 2440: 2314: 2260: 2200: 2143: 2052: 1628: 1510: 1507: 1477: 977: 920:

dominate their repertoire. However, the details and the stories vary regionally.

838: 820: 749: 644: 440:, when holidays were marked by the presentation of many shadow plays. During the 172: 4566: 3514: 3490: 1917: 1473:

have perpetuated the medium, sometimes combining the form with Western theatre.

4812: 4697: 4663: 4626: 4486: 4476: 4300: 4242: 4218: 4156: 4015: 3904: 3889: 3869: 3839: 3101: 1933: 1624: 1589: 1573:, has an extensive variety of Chinese shadow puppets in their Asian collection. 1433: 1422: 1379: 1169: 876: 843: 825: 765: 721: 599: 477: 469: 354:

the original color of the leather. The main shadow puppet production center is

206: 102: 3700: 3674: 2574: 445: 4865: 4850: 4822: 4817: 4765: 4760: 4735: 4471: 4213: 4161: 4151: 4025: 3954: 3884: 3874: 3469: 3419: 2629: 1941: 1608: 1355: 866: 745: 733: 647:

for "Chinese shadows") with local modification and embellishment, became the

526: 421: 158: 74: 3528:

Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert

2922:. edited by Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Shaw (1996) , excerpted on line as 2563:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2262:

A Photographic Guide to the History of the Shadow Puppet Theatre in the West

609:

Stagehands moving zinc figures behind the screen of the Théatre d'Ombres in

4790: 4710: 4678: 4658: 4648: 4631: 4616: 4611: 4519: 4437: 4387: 4166: 4050: 4030: 3914: 3834: 3445: 3395: 2985: 2605: 1841: 1824: 1803: 1799: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1753: 1745: 1726: 1718: 1699: 1691: 1672: 1664: 1577: 1534: 1378:

A more bawdy comedy tradition of shadow play was widespread throughout the

1164: 1063: 1038: 1034: 1025: 897: 729: 713: 679: 610: 530: 441: 437: 70: 3783:

Greek Shadows, an interactive, educational website on Greek shadow-theater

3461: 3411: 2621: 764:

evolved into numerous theatrical productions and had a major influence on

483: 4795: 4780: 4751: 4683: 4643: 4621: 4576: 4551: 4546: 4496: 4223: 4171: 4105: 3934: 3929: 3879: 3844: 3829: 3349: 3336: 3130:

Looking Across the Contextual Divide: Studying Performance in South India

2920:

The Spirit of Montmartre: Cabarets, Humour and the Avant-Garde, 1875-1905

2893: 1500: 1441: 1300: 1278: 916: 889: 861: 696: 656: 518: 492: 416: 381:, while separate narrators recite the story accompanied by an orchestra. 303: 239: 3588:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124–126. 3560:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124–126. 1487: 573: 4755: 4556: 4501: 4422: 4412: 4315: 4305: 4196: 4085: 4075: 4070: 3949: 3919: 2111: 2007: 1895: 1695: 1668: 1597: 1316:

and are carried by people in front of the screen compared to behind it.

967: 885: 724:. Behind a screen on the second floor of the establishment, the artist 709: 636: 595: 453: 343: 226: 2606:"The Heritage of Wang Piying Troupe: Shadow Puppetry in North Sichuan" 2582: 2078: 4800: 4432: 4095: 3899: 3894: 3864: 3854: 3787: 3282: 2537:

Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors

2148:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 434, 526–531, 906, 1114–1115. 2079:"UNESCO - Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 13.COM 10.A.7" 1918:"Cultures, the Traditional Shadow Play, and Interactive Media Design" 1850: 1807: 1784: 1757: 1730: 1703: 1676: 1604: 1492: 1205: 1201: 1052: 853: 687: 522: 407: 331: 106: 82: 4340: 3007: 2285: 1999: 4715: 4586: 4360: 4040: 4010: 3944: 2967: 2365: 1722: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1270: 1246: 1213: 1159: 995: 910: 737: 590: 514: 457: 347: 297: 273: 118: 114: 110: 85:

can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.

2763: 1370: 1323:

There are different kind of performers in Thailand's shadow play.

4740: 4524: 3675:"Disney's "What A Life!" with the Seki Family and Shadow Puppets" 1566: 1429: 1309: 1254: 1238: 1107: 811: 461: 449: 335: 308: 150: 3526:

Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.).

2852:

Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen

1327:

performers are more modern in terms of music and dialogue while

4668: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4330: 4325: 4080: 4045: 3996: 3283:

Don Rubin; Chua Soo Pong; Ravi Chaturvedi; et al. (2001).

2782:

Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations

1554: 1545: 1313: 1250: 1216:

is influenced by and similar to Thai shadow puppets, while the

1128: 1047: 1021: 893: 881: 871: 815: 628: 510: 355: 339: 194: 154: 146: 142: 98: 54: 3782: 3259:. Harvard University Press. pp. 44–56, 143–145, 352–353. 2940:"Musée d'Orsay - Works in focus: Infantry mounting an assault" 2319:. Taylor & Francis. pp. iv–ix, Introduction chapter. 1558:

opens with a shadow puppet play setting the stage for the game

1007:

of Indonesia are performed by a single puppeteer for the same

4730: 4591: 4060: 4035: 3105:

Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions

1481: 1336: 1221: 776: 632: 582: 473: 465: 138: 134: 126: 122: 94: 3286:

The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific

3102:

Arjun Appadurai; Frank J. Korom; Margaret Ann Mills (1991).

1137:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

541:

A number of terms are used to describe the different forms.

121:. It has been an ancient art and a living folk tradition in 4065: 3008:

Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

1846: 1749: 1332: 1182:

wayang kulit Jawa, wayang kulit Gedek, wayang kulit Melayu,

1151: 1076: 1072: 327: 323: 130: 2561:

Dolby, William (1978). "The Origins of Chinese Puppetry".

2114:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 62, No. 1 (2003), pp. 25-64 752:

designed circa 50 cut-outs for the very popular 1888 show

627:

French missionaries brought the shadow show from China to

4090: 3965: 3343:(7). Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies: 142–146. 2778: 2378:"Projection: First Light – An Interview with Michael Chu" 1440:

as a format, whereby shadow-play-like puppets are filmed

3632:

Shadow Woman: The Extraordinary Career of Pauline Benton

3611:

Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play",

3530:(in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 193. 2228: 2129:"Observations on the historical development of puppetry" 1633:

In 2023, the performer known as Shadow Ace performed on

452:

alone. The earliest shadow theatre screens were made of

3172:

American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance

3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 1476:

Shadow theatre is still popular in many parts of Asia.

197:

helped build a shadow play theatre in Tiefurt in 1781.

3108:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 379–391. 2850:

Stafford, Barbara; Terpak, Frances (1 February 2002).

2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 1234:

with slight differences in the story and performance.

3549: 3547: 318:

is based on the Cambodian version of the Indian epic

229:

as well as the long-running ABC children's TV series

41:"Shadow puppets" redirects here. For other uses, see 3055: 2907:"Musée d'Orsay: Le Cabaret du Chat Noir (1881-1897)" 1484:

magician who incorporates it into his performances.

958:

Ramayana legend, with audience response (45 seconds)

732:

back-lit performance area and used a double optical

720:

shows between 1885 and 1896 under the management of

436:

Shadow theatre became quite popular as early as the

193:, while elsewhere they were called "magic lantern". 2731: 4887:Audiovisual introductions in the 1st millennium BC 3544: 2470: 2404: 651:and struck root in the country. The popularity of 245:Australian company Shadowplay Studios' debut game 3763:Dictionary of Traditional Southeast Asian Theatre 3168: 2167: 2165: 1503:shadow puppets and the use of laser-cut objects. 1253:cloth background. They are often associated with 4863: 3278: 3276: 3252: 3221: 3219: 3074: 2924:Henri Riviere: Le Chat noir and 'Shadow Theatre' 2205:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 887–888. 2178:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242. 1499:In the 2010s, performer Tom McDonagh introduced 2533: 2506: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2312: 2286:Evelyn K. Moore; Patricia Anne Simpson (2007). 1986:Orr, Inge C. (1974). "Puppet Theatre in Asia". 1220:in the southern Malay peninsula, especially in 480:music forms some of the basis of modern opera. 3628: 3162: 2849: 2289:The Enlightened Eye: Goethe and Visual Culture 2192: 2162: 322:, an epic story about good and evil involving 3981: 3803: 3579: 3577: 3446:"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand" 3396:"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand" 3363: 3273: 3216: 2854:. Getty Research Institute, U.S. p. 77. 2807:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2468: 2402: 2258: 2198: 2171: 2141: 2122: 2120: 1249:or, in modern times, a halogen light, onto a 1196:can be traced back to Javanese Shadows while 1083:literally means "shadow" or "imagination" in 491:Chinese shadow puppetry is shown in the 1994 3622: 3619:inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66–69. 3443: 3393: 3370:. University of Chicago Press. p. 162. 2464: 2462: 2429: 728:worked with up to 20 assistants in a large, 200: 3725:An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking 3357: 2445:. SEAP Publications. pp. iii–iv, 2–8. 2254: 2252: 2019: 2017: 1603:Music videos, notably "The Free Design" by 1298:; in the south there is a tradition called 1212:in the northern states of Malaysia such as 3988: 3974: 3810: 3796: 3635:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 158–159. 3574: 3515:Karagoz Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre 3289:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184–186. 3225: 3141: 3081:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 543–544. 3034: 3014:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 108–110. 2502: 2500: 2498: 2224: 2222: 2117: 2050: 2023: 674:in 1771. He would go on to perform at the 666:first presented his shadow spectacle in a 3525: 3348: 3308: 3306: 3195: 2459: 1118:also perform as male choral singers. The 3741:, Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company (2007) 3607: 3605: 3328: 2843: 2249: 2235:. Oxford University Press. p. 371. 2202:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre 2175:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre 2145:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre 2126: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2014: 1486: 1401: 1397: 1369: 1264: 1245:horn handles. Shadows are cast using an 1198:wayang kulit Gedek and wayang kulit Siam 1162:, shadow puppet plays are also known as 1146: 1071:shadow play, is particularly popular in 1029: 806: 695: 620:In 1675 German polymath and philosopher 604: 572: 513:'s shadow puppetry can be traced to the 482: 388: 263: 212: 47: 2821: 2803:Altick, Richard Daniel (January 1978). 2761: 2495: 2219: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1374:Shadow play Karagöz puppets from Turkey 1059:includes an assemble of gamelan music. 900:, and in some regions these are called 577:An example of shadow puppetry in Greece 14: 4864: 3817: 3303: 3199:Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects 2928:Australian Centre for the Moving Image 2802: 2796: 2660: 2477:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2411:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1543:opens with a scene from an Indonesian 1087:; it also connotes "spirit". The word 268:Cambodian shadow puppet depicting Sita 3969: 3791: 3602: 3583: 3553: 3439: 3437: 3389: 3387: 3334: 3229:Acting: An International Encyclopedia 3145:Acting: An International Encyclopedia 3038:Acting: An International Encyclopedia 3011:South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia 2644: 2560: 2095: 2027:Acting: An International Encyclopedia 1915: 1421:(1926), an animated film directed by 1296:(which used large and steady figures) 639:, causing quite a stir. In time, the 395:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis 2974: 1972: 1304:(which uses small, movable figures). 1114:(female choral singer). Some of the 1037:shadowplay performance in Semarang, 602:that Socrates/Plato could refer to. 3341:Southeast Asia: History and Culture 3041:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 152, 179–180. 2715:"Plato, Republic, book 7, page 514" 2603: 2513:. SEAP Publications. pp. 3–5. 2229:Annette Kuhn; Guy Westwell (2012). 1985: 631:in 1767 and put on performances in 401: 24: 3765:, Oxford University Press, (1994) 3717: 3434: 3384: 2829:"Full text of "Les pupazzi noirs"" 2779:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1675). 1237:The puppets are made primarily of 929: 284:(literally "large leather hide"), 58:, an Indonesian shadow puppet form 25: 4933: 3776: 1079:. The term derived from the word 824:, the shadow puppet tradition of 4882:1st-millennium BC establishments 4845: 4836: 4835: 1888: 1871: 1857: 1833: 1815: 1792: 1765: 1738: 1711: 1684: 1657: 1506:It also appears occasionally in 1045:Shadow puppet theatre is called 966:Problems playing this file? See 945: 788:(introduced by Amédée Vignola), 686:. Séraphin developed the use of 460:sources. Today, puppets made of 444:there were 40 to 50 shadow show 101:. It also has a long history in 97:intangible cultural heritage by 3727:, New Burlington Books, (1992) 3693: 3681:from the original on 2021-12-12 3667: 3649: 3586:Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey 3557:Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey 3519: 3507: 3484: 3246: 3202:. MIT Press. pp. 146–147. 3189: 3135: 3122: 3095: 3028: 3001: 2992: 2960: 2946: 2932: 2913: 2899: 2877:Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre 2868: 2772: 2755: 2707: 2677: 2597: 2554: 2540:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 2527: 2510:Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater 2442:Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater 2396: 2370: 2366:The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria 2359: 2346: 2333: 2306: 2279: 1994:(1). Nanzan University: 69–84. 1802:(Shadow Puppet) Princess Tari, 1525:The children's television show 1469:. Contemporary artists such as 1418:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 1241:and manipulated with sticks or 784:(introduced by Henri Rivière), 468:province, it is accompanied by 428:Shadow play in China is called 43:Shadow puppets (disambiguation) 3629:Hayter-Menzies, Grant (2013). 3232:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 335–336. 2473:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 2407:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 2135: 2071: 2044: 1948: 1909: 1596:features shadow puppetry from 1540:The Year of Living Dangerously 716:("The Black Cat") produced 45 700:Part of the collection of the 536: 13: 1: 2057:. McFarland. pp. 61–63. 1903: 1308:puppets are normally made of 1135:from Indonesia as one of the 1122:(puppet master) performs the 975:According to Beth Osnes, the 32:Shadowgraphy (performing art) 3677:. YouTube. 12 October 2009. 2292:. Rodopi. pp. 255–256. 2232:A Dictionary of Film Studies 2112:Shadow Theaters of the World 1916:Özcan, Oğuzhan (July 2002). 1354:, including filmmakers like 1350:drama has influenced modern 1015: 360:Cambodian traditional dances 276:, the shadow play is called 217: 27:Ancient form of storytelling 7: 3444:Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002). 3394:Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002). 1260: 1142: 775:collezione Minici Zotti in 664:François Dominique Séraphin 288:("small leather hide") and 253: 36:Shadowplay (disambiguation) 10: 4938: 3995: 3175:. McFarland. p. 110. 3169:Phyllis T. Dircks (2004). 2341:Movement in Two Dimensions 2265:. Read. pp. 352–355. 1934:10.1162/074793602320223262 1647: 1528:Bear in the Big Blue House 1456:, through the silent film 1276: 1019: 564:is Chinese shadow theatre. 292:("colored leather hide"). 257: 164: 40: 29: 4831: 4696: 4604: 4510: 4375: 4293: 4257: 4250: 4241: 4144: 4113: 4104: 4003: 3825: 3256:Theatre in Southeast Asia 3253:James R. Brandon (2009). 3148:. ABC-CLIO. p. 335. 3128:Stuart Blackburn (1998), 2575:10.1017/S0041977X00057803 2343:, Hutchinson, pages 47-58 2030:. ABC-CLIO. p. 302. 1748:(Shadow Puppet) Princess 1365: 622:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 568: 504: 201:Prelude to cinematography 4897:Performing arts in China 3584:Lewis, Raphaela (1988). 3554:Lewis, Raphaela (1988). 2674:Retrieved on 2007-05-26. 2534:Fan Pen Li Chen (2007). 2507:Pech Tum Kravel (1995). 2439:Pech Tum Kravel (1995). 2313:Stephen Herbert (2000). 2127:Rawlings, Keith (1999). 1563:Center for Puppetry Arts 1154:in Malaysian shadow play 802: 557:is paper shadow theatre. 384: 69:, is an ancient form of 4285:Theatre of ancient Rome 2982:"Puppet Forms of India" 2831:. Paris C. Mendel. 1896 2765:Leibniz and the Lantern 2316:A History of Pre-cinema 1828:as seen by the audience 1176:means "theater", while 941:A shadow play in Kerala 247:Projection: First Light 3761:Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof, 3364:Yves Bonnefoy (1993). 2762:Rossell, Deac (2002). 2469:Martin Banham (1995). 2403:Martin Banham (1995). 2259:Max von Boehn (2013). 2199:Martin Banham (1996). 2172:Martin Banham (1996). 2142:Martin Banham (1996). 1988:Asian Folklore Studies 1956:"UNESCO - Shadow play" 1643:to a standing ovation. 1496: 1425: 1375: 1274: 1155: 1042: 934: 829: 705: 613: 578: 488: 398: 269: 137:. It is also known in 59: 34:. For other uses, see 4492:Theatre of the Absurd 3462:10.1353/atj.2002.0002 3450:Asian Theatre Journal 3412:10.1353/atj.2002.0002 3400:Asian Theatre Journal 2719:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2622:10.1353/atj.2018.0012 2610:Asian Theatre Journal 2110:Fan Pen Chen (2003), 1517:The Broadway musical 1490: 1471:Annie Katsura Rollins 1415: 1398:Shadow puppetry today 1373: 1268: 1150: 1033: 933: 810: 794:Le Carneval de Venise 699: 659:fashion of the days. 608: 576: 486: 392: 267: 213:By country and region 51: 4467:Shakespearean comedy 4265:Ancient Greek comedy 3350:10.5512/sea.1977.142 1640:America's Got Talent 1552:The 2004 video game 1454:German Expressionism 1438:silhouette animation 782:La Marche a l'étoile 676:Palace of Versailles 587:allegory of the cave 260:Khmer shadow theatre 3226:Beth Osnes (2001). 3142:Beth Osnes (2001). 3035:Beth Osnes (2001). 2805:The Shows of London 2339:Olive Cook (1963), 2051:Beth Osnes (2010). 2024:Beth Osnes (2001). 1865:Karagöz and Hacivat 1384:Karagöz and Hacivat 1224:, is borrowed from 1194:wayang kulit Melayu 858:charma bahuli natya 773:Museum of Precinema 702:Museo del Precinema 4872:Precursors of film 4455:Comédie larmoyante 4450:Sentimental comedy 4445:Restoration comedy 4408:Commedia dell'arte 4280:Corral de comedias 3819:Precursors of film 3502:Mahidol University 3496:2002-12-25 at the 3335:Miyao, J. (1977). 3196:John Bell (1999). 2750:Light and Movement 2748:David Robinson in 2689:Free China Journal 2604:Rui, Tang (2018). 2384:. 13 February 2018 1497: 1450:computer animation 1428:In the 1910s, the 1426: 1376: 1360:Payut Ngaokrachang 1287:Shadow theatre in 1275: 1186:wayang kulit Siam. 1156: 1043: 935: 830: 706: 614: 579: 489: 399: 270: 60: 4922:Puppetry in India 4917:Arts in Indonesia 4892:Theatrical genres 4859: 4858: 4637:Musical comedians 4600: 4599: 4398:Comedy of manners 4393:Comedy of humours 4383:Boulevard theatre 4371: 4370: 4275:Comédie-Italienne 4270:Comédie-Française 4237: 4236: 3963: 3962: 3860:Electrotachyscope 3850:Chronophotography 3757:978-1-885445-21-6 3747:978-0-9804563-0-1 3642:978-0-7735-8909-4 3595:978-0-88029-175-0 3567:978-0-88029-175-0 3377:978-0-226-06456-7 3367:Asian Mythologies 3296:978-0-415-26087-9 3266:978-0-674-02874-6 3239:978-0-87436-795-9 3209:978-0-262-52293-9 3182:978-0-7864-1896-1 3155:978-0-87436-795-9 3088:978-0-415-93919-5 3048:978-0-87436-795-9 2752:, Chapter 1, 1995 2520:978-0-87727-620-3 2488:978-0-521-43437-9 2452:978-0-87727-620-3 2422:978-0-521-43437-9 2382:Puppet Place News 2326:978-0-415-21148-2 2299:978-90-420-2124-2 2272:978-1-4474-8098-3 2242:978-0-19-958726-1 2212:978-0-521-44654-9 2185:978-0-521-44654-9 2155:978-0-521-44654-9 2064:978-0-7864-5792-2 2037:978-0-87436-795-9 1878: 1413: 1102:(puppet master), 1001:tholu pava koothu 991:tholu pava koothu 953: 849:Togalu gombeyaata 684:French Revolution 668:hôtel particulier 649:ombres françaises 589:(circa 380 BCE), 412:Emperor Wu of Han 52:A performance of 16:(Redirected from 4929: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4786:Self-referential 4403:Comedy of menace 4255: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4111: 4110: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3723:Currell, David, 3712: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3617:Turkish Airlines 3609: 3600: 3599: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3072: 3053: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2956:. 19 March 2011. 2950: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2691:. 1 January 1986 2681: 2675: 2672:The Shadow show. 2664: 2658: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2504: 2493: 2492: 2476: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1913: 1892: 1880: 1879: 1861: 1837: 1819: 1796: 1775:(Shadow Puppet) 1769: 1742: 1721:(Shadow Puppet) 1715: 1694:(Shadow Puppet) 1688: 1667:(Shadow Puppet) 1661: 1621:Anthony Crawford 1414: 1190:ayang kulit Jawa 1098:troupes include 955: 954: 932: 742:Adolphe Willette 718:Théatre d'ombres 653:ombres chinoises 641:ombres chinoises 529:as early as the 472:music, while in 402:Chinese mainland 223:Richard Bradshaw 191:ombres chinoises 105:, especially in 65:, also known as 21: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4827: 4692: 4674:Animated sitcom 4596: 4562:Musical theatre 4512: 4506: 4482:Stand-up comedy 4428:One-person show 4418:Improvisational 4367: 4289: 4233: 4187:Science fiction 4140: 4100: 4021:Comedy festival 3999: 3994: 3964: 3959: 3940:Théâtre Optique 3910:Phenakistiscope 3821: 3816: 3779: 3720: 3718:Further reading 3715: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3613:Skylife - Şubat 3610: 3603: 3596: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3498:Wayback Machine 3489: 3485: 3442: 3435: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3073: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2649: 2645: 2602: 2598: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2505: 2496: 2489: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2125: 2118: 2109: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2022: 2015: 2000:10.2307/1177504 1984: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1797: 1788: 1770: 1761: 1743: 1734: 1716: 1707: 1689: 1680: 1662: 1650: 1629:James Byrd, Jr. 1607:and "Twice" by 1513:; for example: 1511:popular culture 1478:Prahlad Acharya 1459:Warning Shadows 1402: 1400: 1368: 1285: 1277:Main articles: 1263: 1145: 1028: 1020:Main articles: 1018: 983:tholu bommalata 978:tholu bommalata 973: 972: 964: 962: 961: 960: 959: 956: 946: 943: 936: 930: 839:Tholu bommalata 821:tholu bommalata 805: 662:French showman 571: 562:Zhōngguó yĭngxì 539: 509:The origins of 507: 476:, accompanying 448:in the city of 404: 387: 280:, or simply as 262: 256: 220: 215: 203: 173:tholu bommalata 167: 67:shadow puppetry 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4935: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907:Arts in Turkey 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4542:Comédie-ballet 4539: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4487:Street theatre 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4016:Comedic device 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905:Phantasmagoria 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Megalethoscope 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870:Kaiserpanorama 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3840:Camera obscura 3837: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3777:External links 3775: 3774: 3773: 3759: 3749: 3737:Logan, David, 3735: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3692: 3666: 3661:Science Friday 3648: 3641: 3621: 3601: 3594: 3573: 3566: 3543: 3536: 3518: 3506: 3483: 3456:(1): 184–211. 3433: 3406:(1): 184–211. 3383: 3376: 3356: 3327: 3302: 3295: 3272: 3265: 3245: 3238: 3215: 3208: 3188: 3181: 3161: 3154: 3134: 3121: 3114: 3094: 3087: 3054: 3047: 3027: 3020: 3000: 2991: 2988:on 2013-05-15. 2973: 2959: 2945: 2931: 2912: 2898: 2867: 2861:978-0892365906 2860: 2842: 2820: 2814:978-0674807310 2813: 2795: 2771: 2754: 2730: 2706: 2685:"Puppeteering" 2676: 2668:Chinavista.com 2659: 2643: 2596: 2553: 2546: 2526: 2519: 2494: 2487: 2458: 2451: 2428: 2421: 2395: 2369: 2358: 2345: 2332: 2325: 2305: 2298: 2278: 2271: 2248: 2241: 2218: 2211: 2191: 2184: 2161: 2154: 2134: 2116: 2094: 2083:ich.unesco.org 2070: 2063: 2043: 2036: 2013: 1971: 1960:ich.unesco.org 1947: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1625:George Stinney 1613:The 2021 film 1611: 1601: 1590:Disney Channel 1586: 1583:The Karate Kid 1574: 1559: 1550: 1531: 1523: 1480:is one famous 1467:Pauline Benton 1442:frame-by-frame 1434:Lotte Reiniger 1423:Lotte Reiniger 1399: 1396: 1380:Ottoman Empire 1367: 1364: 1341:nang kaanmuang 1262: 1259: 1144: 1141: 1110:players), and 1017: 1014: 963: 957: 944: 939: 938: 937: 928: 927: 926: 877:Tholpavakoothu 844:Andhra Pradesh 826:Andhra Pradesh 804: 801: 771:In Italy, the 766:phantasmagoria 722:Rodolphe Salis 712:. The cabaret 704:, Padua, Italy 655:reflected the 600:ancient Greece 570: 567: 566: 565: 558: 551: 538: 535: 506: 503: 454:mulberry paper 403: 400: 386: 383: 278:Nang Sbek Thom 258:Main article: 255: 252: 219: 216: 214: 211: 207:cinematography 202: 199: 166: 163: 103:Southeast Asia 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4934: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Arts in Syria 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Ventriloquism 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Observational 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Opéra comique 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572:Opéra bouffon 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:Café-chantant 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472:Sketch comedy 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Impressionist 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4026:Comedy troupe 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3956: 3955:Zoopraxiscope 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3885:Magic lantern 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875:Kinematoscope 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3771:967-65-3032-8 3768: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3733:1-85348-389-3 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3537:3-406-45957-9 3533: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3513:Emin Şenyer: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3117: 3115:0-8122-1337-8 3111: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3021:0-415-93919-4 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2666:Chinavista. " 2663: 2657: 2656:1-85856-099-3 2653: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569:(1): 97–120. 2568: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2547:9780773531970 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:Design Issues 1919: 1912: 1908: 1898:shadow puppet 1897: 1891: 1886: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1806:Collections, 1805: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1783:Collections, 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1756:Collections, 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1729:Collections, 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1706:, before 1914 1705: 1702:Collections, 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1679:, before 1914 1678: 1675:Collections, 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1609:Little Dragon 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1520:The Lion King 1516: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:cel animation 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356:Cherd Songsri 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:, a style of 1066: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 987: 984: 980: 979: 971: 969: 942: 925: 921: 919: 918: 913: 912: 907: 906:Koothambalams 903: 902:Koothu Madams 899: 898:Hindu temples 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878: 873: 869: 868: 867:Ravana chhaya 863: 859: 855: 851: 850: 845: 841: 840: 835: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 809: 800: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 758:Musée d'Orsay 755: 751: 747: 746:Albert Robida 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:Henri Rivière 723: 719: 715: 711: 703: 698: 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 618: 612: 607: 603: 601: 597: 592: 588: 584: 575: 563: 559: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543: 542: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 500: 499: 494: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 431: 426: 423: 422:Northern Song 419: 418: 413: 409: 396: 391: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 305: 300: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 266: 261: 251: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 233: 228: 224: 210: 208: 198: 196: 192: 186: 182: 178: 175: 174: 162: 160: 159:United States 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 75:entertainment 72: 68: 64: 57: 56: 50: 44: 37: 33: 19: 18:Shadow puppet 4679:Black sitcom 4659:Mockumentary 4567:Opéra bouffe 4535:Café-théâtre 4520:Ballad opera 4461: 4438:Harlequinade 4388:Comedy-drama 4167:Mockumentary 4051:Impersonator 4031:Comic timing 3924: 3915:Praxinoscope 3835:Anorthoscope 3762: 3738: 3724: 3706:, retrieved 3701: 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3669: 3660: 3651: 3631: 3624: 3612: 3585: 3556: 3527: 3521: 3509: 3486: 3453: 3449: 3403: 3399: 3366: 3359: 3340: 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3285: 3255: 3248: 3228: 3198: 3191: 3171: 3164: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3104: 3097: 3077: 3037: 3030: 3010: 3003: 2994: 2986:the original 2976: 2962: 2948: 2934: 2919: 2915: 2901: 2876: 2870: 2851: 2845: 2833:. Retrieved 2823: 2804: 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2781: 2774: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2722:. Retrieved 2718: 2709: 2700: 2693:. Retrieved 2688: 2679: 2671: 2662: 2646: 2616:(1): 53–69. 2613: 2609: 2599: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2536: 2529: 2509: 2472: 2441: 2406: 2398: 2386:. Retrieved 2381: 2372: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2335: 2315: 2308: 2288: 2281: 2261: 2231: 2201: 2194: 2174: 2144: 2137: 2086:. Retrieved 2082: 2073: 2053: 2046: 2026: 1991: 1987: 1963:. Retrieved 1959: 1950: 1928:(3): 18–26. 1925: 1921: 1911: 1842:Wayang kulit 1840: 1825:Wayang kulit 1822: 1804:Tropenmuseum 1800:Wayang Kulit 1781:Tropenmuseum 1777:Yudhishthira 1773:Wayang Kulit 1754:Tropenmuseum 1746:Wayang Kulit 1727:Tropenmuseum 1719:Wayang Kulit 1700:Tropenmuseum 1692:Wayang Kulit 1673:Tropenmuseum 1665:Wayang Kulit 1638: 1614: 1593: 1581: 1553: 1544: 1538: 1526: 1518: 1505: 1498: 1475: 1464: 1457: 1427: 1416: 1392: 1388: 1377: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1329:Nang booraan 1328: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1269: 1236: 1232:wayang kulit 1231: 1218:wayang kulit 1217: 1210:wayang kulit 1209: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165:wayang kulit 1163: 1157: 1133:wayang kulit 1132: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1096:wayang kulit 1095: 1093: 1088: 1080: 1068: 1064:Wayang kulit 1062: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1039:Central Java 1035:Wayang kulit 1026:Wayang kulit 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 990: 988: 982: 976: 974: 965: 922: 915: 909: 905: 901: 875: 865: 857: 847: 837: 833: 831: 819: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 770: 761: 753: 750:Caran d'Ache 730:oxy-hydrogen 717: 714:Le Chat noir 707: 692: 680:Palais-Royal 661: 652: 648: 640: 626: 619: 615: 611:Le Chat Noir 580: 561: 554: 546: 540: 531:Qing dynasty 508: 496: 490: 442:Ming dynasty 438:Song dynasty 435: 429: 427: 415: 405: 378: 374: 370: 366: 364: 352: 319: 315: 313: 302: 296: 294: 289: 285: 281: 277: 271: 250:characters. 246: 244: 237: 230: 221: 204: 190: 187: 183: 179: 171: 168: 91: 87: 71:storytelling 66: 62: 61: 53: 4877:Shadow play 4747:Documentary 4743:(dry humor) 4706:Alternative 4684:Teen sitcom 4577:Opera buffa 4552:Light music 4547:Comedy club 4497:Tragicomedy 4462:Shadow play 3935:Thaumatrope 3930:Stereoscope 3925:Shadow play 3880:Kinetoscope 3845:Chromatrope 3830:Alethoscope 2695:28 December 1823:Indonesian 1810:before 1934 1787:before 1914 1760:before 1983 1733:before 1933 1594:What a Life 1549:shadow play 1352:Thai cinema 1318:Nang talung 1301:nang talung 1279:Nang talung 1131:designated 917:Mahabharata 862:Maharashtra 834:keelu bomme 657:chinoiserie 537:Terminology 493:Zhang Yimou 417:Book of Han 311:orchestra. 304:Mahabharata 240:Kraig Grady 232:Play School 63:Shadow play 4866:Categories 4654:Television 4557:Music hall 4502:Vaudeville 4423:Macchietta 4413:Double act 4322:Indonesia 4316:Mo lei tau 4312:Hong Kong 4306:Xiangsheng 4177:Remarriage 4086:Visual gag 4076:Punch line 4071:Prank call 3950:Zograscope 3920:Raree show 3708:2023-06-11 3657:"Dark Art" 3320:10 October 2886:0691123373 2788:26 January 2724:2022-03-14 2352:Logan, D, 2088:2019-12-17 1965:2023-12-23 1904:References 1896:Karagiozis 1845:puppet in 1696:Gatot Kaca 1669:Kumbakarna 1598:Sunny Seki 1436:pioneered 1325:Nang samai 1291:is called 1229:Indonesian 968:media help 886:Tamil Nadu 790:L'Âge d'or 710:Montmartre 672:Versailles 637:Marseilles 596:marionette 371:Sbek Touch 344:Brahmanism 286:Sbek Touch 227:Jim Henson 157:, and the 4801:Slapstick 4726:Christian 4721:Character 4698:Subgenres 4513:and dance 4433:Pantomime 4219:Slapstick 4192:Screwball 4096:Word play 3900:Peep show 3895:Mutoscope 3865:Flip book 3855:Cosmorama 3685:1 January 3478:161444140 3470:1527-2109 3428:161444140 3420:1527-2109 2835:13 August 2638:165900356 2630:1527-2109 2591:194042455 1942:0747-9360 1851:Indonesia 1808:Indonesia 1785:Indonesia 1758:Indonesia 1731:Indonesia 1704:Indonesia 1677:Indonesia 1653:Galleries 1635:season 18 1605:Stereolab 1493:puppeteer 1432:animator 1206:animation 1053:Indonesia 1016:Indonesia 854:Karnataka 786:Le Sphinx 688:clockwork 555:zhĭyĭngxì 523:Kaohsiung 478:Huanglong 430:piyingxi. 408:concubine 375:Sbek Thom 367:Sbek Thom 332:Lakshmana 316:Sbek Thom 282:Sbek Thom 218:Australia 107:Indonesia 83:puppeteer 4841:Category 4776:Physical 4587:Operetta 4361:Sarugaku 4229:Thriller 4121:American 4041:Humorist 4011:Comedian 3945:Zoetrope 3739:Puppetry 3679:Archived 3494:Archived 3491:Nang Yai 3316:. UNESCO 2894:56632116 2388:16 April 2354:Puppetry 1723:Wibisana 1616:Candyman 1306:Nang yai 1294:nang yai 1289:Thailand 1283:Nang yai 1271:Nang yai 1261:Thailand 1247:oil lamp 1226:Javanese 1214:Kelantan 1202:mythical 1160:Malaysia 1143:Malaysia 1085:Javanese 1009:Ramayana 996:Ramayana 914:and the 911:Ramayana 754:L'Epopée 738:Steinlen 591:Socrates 547:píyĭngxì 527:Pingtung 515:Chaochow 458:Buddhist 379:Ramayana 348:Buddhism 320:Ramayana 298:Ramayana 290:Sbek Por 274:Cambodia 254:Cambodia 119:Cambodia 115:Thailand 111:Malaysia 4912:Shadows 4813:Surreal 4741:Deadpan 4627:Hip hop 4525:Cabaret 4251:Country 4243:Theatre 4207:Mexican 4202:Italian 4182:Romance 4157:Fantasy 4136:Italian 4126:British 4114:Country 2008:1177504 1648:Gallery 1571:Georgia 1567:Atlanta 1508:western 1491:Shadow 1310:cowhide 1257:music. 1255:gamelan 1243:buffalo 1239:leather 1108:gamelan 828:, India 812:Hanuman 734:lantern 498:To Live 470:Daoqing 462:leather 450:Beijing 446:troupes 336:Hanuman 309:pinpeat 165:History 151:Germany 4851:Portal 4823:Zombie 4806:Topics 4766:Insult 4761:Horror 4736:Cringe 4669:Sitcom 4632:Parody 4356:Rakugo 4351:Owarai 4346:Manzai 4341:Kyōgen 4337:Japan 4331:Ludruk 4326:Lenong 4258:Europe 4224:Stoner 4214:Silent 4172:Parody 4162:Horror 4152:Action 4131:French 4081:Satire 4046:Humour 4004:Topics 3997:Comedy 3769: 3755: 3745: 3731: 3639: 3592: 3564: 3534: 3476: 3468: 3426: 3418: 3374: 3293: 3263: 3236: 3206: 3179: 3152: 3112: 3085: 3045: 3018: 2892: 2884: 2858: 2811: 2654: 2636: 2628: 2589: 2583:615625 2581: 2544: 2517: 2485: 2449: 2419: 2356:, p.13 2323: 2296: 2269: 2239: 2209: 2182: 2152: 2061: 2034: 2006: 1940: 1750:Shinta 1627:, and 1555:Sudeki 1546:wayang 1495:, 2006 1482:Indian 1430:German 1366:Turkey 1337:chants 1314:rattan 1251:cotton 1208:. The 1174:wayang 1129:UNESCO 1124:wayang 1120:dalang 1116:nayaga 1112:sinden 1104:nayaga 1100:dalang 1081:wayang 1069:wayang 1057:wayang 1048:wayang 1022:Wayang 1005:wayang 894:Odisha 882:Kerala 874:, the 872:Odisha 864:, the 856:, the 846:, the 816:Ravana 762:ombres 645:French 629:France 569:Europe 560:中国影戏, 550:white. 525:, and 519:Tainan 511:Taiwan 505:Taiwan 356:Roluos 340:Ravana 195:Goethe 155:France 147:Greece 143:Turkey 117:, and 99:UNESCO 95:Syrian 55:wayang 4791:Shock 4731:Clown 4711:Black 4664:Roast 4649:Radio 4644:Novel 4617:Album 4612:Music 4605:Media 4592:Revue 4511:Music 4376:Genre 4301:China 4145:Genre 4061:Irony 4036:Farce 3500:from 3474:S2CID 3424:S2CID 2634:S2CID 2587:S2CID 2579:JSTOR 2004:JSTOR 1592:show 1580:film 1537:film 1333:songs 1222:Johor 1178:kulit 1170:Malay 1168:. In 1089:kulit 890:Chhau 803:India 777:Padua 633:Paris 583:Plato 553:纸影戏, 545:皮影戏, 495:film 474:Jilin 466:Gansu 385:China 139:Egypt 135:Nepal 127:India 123:China 79:scrim 4796:Sick 4781:Prop 4752:High 4716:Blue 4622:Rock 4477:Spex 4294:Asia 4106:Film 4066:Joke 3767:ISBN 3753:ISBN 3743:ISBN 3729:ISBN 3687:2014 3637:ISBN 3590:ISBN 3562:ISBN 3532:ISBN 3466:ISSN 3416:ISSN 3372:ISBN 3322:2014 3291:ISBN 3261:ISBN 3234:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3150:ISBN 3110:ISBN 3083:ISBN 3043:ISBN 3016:ISBN 2890:OCLC 2882:ISBN 2856:ISBN 2837:2012 2809:ISBN 2790:2017 2697:2021 2652:ISBN 2626:ISSN 2542:ISBN 2515:ISBN 2483:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2417:ISBN 2390:2018 2321:ISBN 2294:ISBN 2267:ISBN 2237:ISBN 2207:ISBN 2180:ISBN 2150:ISBN 2059:ISBN 2032:ISBN 1938:ISSN 1847:Bali 1588:The 1578:2010 1576:The 1561:The 1535:1983 1533:The 1448:and 1358:and 1348:Nang 1335:and 1312:and 1281:and 1192:and 1184:and 1152:Rama 1077:Bali 1075:and 1073:Java 1024:and 989:The 884:and 836:and 814:and 792:and 744:and 635:and 365:The 346:and 338:and 328:Sita 324:Rama 314:The 301:and 133:and 131:Iran 73:and 4756:low 4197:Sex 4091:Wit 3458:doi 3408:doi 3345:doi 2670:." 2618:doi 2571:doi 2479:155 2413:153 1996:doi 1930:doi 1637:of 1565:in 1501:3-D 1158:In 1051:in 904:or 892:of 880:in 870:in 860:in 852:in 842:of 818:in 670:in 585:'s 581:In 410:of 272:In 4868:: 4754:/ 3659:. 3604:^ 3576:^ 3546:^ 3472:. 3464:. 3454:19 3452:. 3448:. 3436:^ 3422:. 3414:. 3404:19 3402:. 3398:. 3386:^ 3339:. 3305:^ 3275:^ 3218:^ 3057:^ 2926:, 2888:. 2733:^ 2717:. 2699:. 2687:. 2632:. 2624:. 2614:35 2612:. 2608:. 2585:. 2577:. 2567:41 2565:. 2497:^ 2481:. 2461:^ 2431:^ 2415:. 2380:. 2251:^ 2221:^ 2164:^ 2119:^ 2097:^ 2081:. 2016:^ 2002:. 1992:10 1990:. 1974:^ 1958:. 1936:. 1926:18 1924:. 1920:. 1849:, 1779:, 1752:, 1725:, 1698:, 1671:, 1623:, 1569:, 1462:. 1362:. 1343:. 1172:, 1139:. 768:. 756:. 748:. 740:, 521:, 501:. 362:. 350:. 334:, 330:, 326:, 242:. 235:. 161:. 153:, 149:, 145:, 141:, 129:, 125:, 113:, 109:, 3989:e 3982:t 3975:v 3811:e 3804:t 3797:v 3689:. 3663:. 3645:. 3615:( 3598:. 3570:. 3540:. 3504:. 3480:. 3460:: 3430:. 3410:: 3380:. 3353:. 3347:: 3324:. 3299:. 3269:. 3242:. 3212:. 3185:. 3158:. 3118:. 3091:. 3051:. 3024:. 2970:. 2942:. 2909:. 2896:. 2864:. 2839:. 2817:. 2792:. 2768:. 2727:. 2640:. 2620:: 2593:. 2573:: 2550:. 2523:. 2491:. 2455:. 2425:. 2392:. 2329:. 2302:. 2275:. 2245:. 2215:. 2188:. 2158:. 2131:. 2091:. 2067:. 2040:. 2010:. 1998:: 1968:. 1944:. 1932:: 1600:. 1188:W 1106:( 1041:. 970:. 643:( 397:. 45:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index