272:
214:
134:
319:
surveys are usually used to quantify the proportion of people or animals in a population positive for a specific antibody or the titre or concentrations of an antibody. These surveys are potentially the most direct and informative technique available to infer the dynamics of a population's susceptibility and level of immunity. The authors proposed a
236:. When the antibodies bind to red blood cells that express the corresponding antigen, they cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate), which can be identified visually. The person's blood group antibodies can also be identified by adding plasma to cells that express the corresponding antigen and observing the agglutination reactions.
189:(IgG). IgM is produced in high quantities shortly after a person is exposed to the pathogen, and production declines quickly thereafter. IgG is also produced on the first exposure, but not as quickly as IgM. On subsequent exposures, the antibodies produced are primarily IgG, and they remain in circulation for a prolonged period of time.
255:
to ensure that the donor blood is compatible. It involves adding the recipient's plasma to the donor blood cells and observing for agglutination reactions. The direct antiglobulin test is performed to detect if antibodies are bound to red blood cells inside the person's body, which is abnormal and
318:
to determine the prevalence of a disease in a population. Such surveys are sometimes performed by random, anonymous sampling from samples taken for other medical tests or to assess the prevalence of antibodies of a specific organism or protective titre of antibodies in a population. Serological
192:
This affects the interpretation of serology results: a positive result for IgM suggests that a person is currently or recently infected, while a positive result for IgG and negative result for IgM suggests that the person may have been infected or immunized in the past. Antibody testing for
197:) is compared, and a significantly higher amount of IgG in the convalescent specimen suggests infection as opposed to previous exposure. False negative results for antibody testing can occur in people who are
217:
O positive blood type: the patient's red cells are agglutinated by Anti-D (anti-Rh factor) antisera, but not by anti-A and anti-B antisera. The patient's plasma agglutinates type A and B red cells.
181:
The presence of antibodies against a pathogen in a person's blood indicates that they have been exposed to that pathogen. Most serologic tests measure one of two types of antibodies:
193:
infectious diseases is often done in two phases: during the initial illness (acute phase) and after recovery (convalescent phase). The amount of antibody in each specimen (
1725:
1476:
556:
320:
991:
359:
268:. The indirect antiglobulin test is used to screen for antibodies that could cause transfusion reactions and identify certain blood group antigens.
160:, or to detect antigens associated with a pathogen in a person's sample. Serologic tests are especially useful for organisms that are difficult to
1718:
383:
1469:
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Serologic tests can help to diagnose autoimmune disorders by identifying abnormal antibodies directed against a person's own tissues (
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723:
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666:
636:
591:
525:
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346:
In a helpful reply entitled "Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank", de
Lusignan and Correa observed that the
54:
2085:
2023:
1052:
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1363:
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271:
1331:
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is typically performed using serologic methods. The antigens on a person's red blood cells, which determine their
1493:
833:
307:
846:"Use of serological surveys to generate key insights into the changing global landscape of infectious disease"
96:
to investigate crime scene evidence. Several methods can be used to detect antibodies and antigens, including
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1980:
1510:
1555:
1535:
415:
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1916:
1878:
1665:
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282:
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Interpretation of antibody panel used in serology to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant
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113:
17:
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213:
1808:
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105:
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323:(or serum bank) and foresaw "associated major methodological developments in serological testing,
1953:
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101:
49:
in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given
2219:
2073:
1968:
1911:
1873:
1525:
488:
354:
and logistical challenges that need to be overcome are the methods of obtaining specimens, how
161:
893:
De
Lusignan, Simon; Correa, Ana (2017). "Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank".
769:
628:
Linne & Ringsrud's
Clinical Laboratory Science - E-Book: The Basics and Routine Techniques
2297:
2013:
1990:
1975:
1906:
1640:
1530:
1226:
1194:
418:, whose mandate is to carry out a serological survey in a scheme hatched in the midst of the
138:
992:"Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development"
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480:
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to certain diseases, and in many other situations, such as determining an individual's
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117:
93:
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42:
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978:"WHO set pandemic response back by 2-3 weeks, says doctor on new federal task force"
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Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and
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2003:
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311:
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50:
34:
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In another helpful reply on the World Serum Bank, the
Australian researcher
2190:
2159:
2062:
1751:
1645:
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1209:
1114:
1102:
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963:
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324:
221:
149:
2008:
1948:
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1617:
1547:
1401:
1267:
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1143:
1119:
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399:
375:
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201:, as they produce lower amounts of antibodies, and in people who receive
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1489:
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682:
Connie R. Mahon; Donald C. Lehman; George
Manuselis (18 January 2018).
225:
89:
38:
1484:
133:
76:
in a patient's sample. Serological tests may be performed to diagnose
2090:
2018:
1816:
1288:
1231:
1153:
1080:
1061:
767:
77:
156:
are used to determine if a person has antibodies against a specific
2180:
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resources to where they are needed most. A better understanding of
233:
171:
157:
142:
73:
46:
654:
53:), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a
2120:
1565:
1316:
1281:
1261:
1138:
1075:
451:
351:
229:
2125:
1692:
771:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
1560:
398:
should inform policy measures including where to concentrate
358:
is acquired in busy practices, and the filling in of gaps in
175:
97:
1030:
768:
Richard A. McPherson; Matthew R. Pincus (6 September 2011).
306:
A 2016 research paper by
Metcalf et al., amongst whom were
994:. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. 23 April 2020.
655:
Frank E. Berkowitz; Robert C. Jerris (15 February 2016).
823:
631:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 586–95, 543, 556.
1733:
650:
648:
938:"Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank"
314:, stated that serological surveys are often used by
624:
711:
645:
543:Practical crime scene processing and investigation
892:
27:Scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids
2274:
715:Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices
298:). All people have different immunology graphs.
707:
705:
675:
572:"Immunological Detection and Characterization"
520:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
374:Improved serological surveillance would allow
41:. In practice, the term usually refers to the
1719:
1470:
1046:
761:
658:Practical Medical Microbiology for Clinicians
620:
618:
616:
511:
60:), or to one's own proteins (in instances of
774:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 714–5.
702:
688:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 193–4.
685:Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology - E-Book
64:). In either case, the procedure is simple.
796:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
740:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
578:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 47–62,
557:"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)"
1726:
1712:
1477:
1463:
1053:
1039:
613:
1023:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
953:
869:
661:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 24–25.
474:
472:
828:; Cutts, Felicity T.; Basta, Nicole E.;
625:Mary Louise Turgeon (10 February 2015).
514:"Principles of Diagnosis: Serodiagnosis"
270:
212:
132:
92:. Serological tests may also be used in
1571:Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique
817:
712:Denise M Harmening (30 November 2018).
540:
478:
208:
14:
2275:
935:
929:
487:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
469:
301:
251:. Crossmatching is performed before a
205:early in the course of the infection.
1707:
1458:
1034:
970:
788:
732:
569:
984:
505:
164:by routine laboratory methods, like
67:
2024:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
886:
396:changing patterns of global weather
24:
1521:Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion
1364:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
516:. In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
25:
2314:
1001:
559:. British Society for Immunology.
1332:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
718:. F.A. Davis. pp. 65, 261.
262:hemolytic disease of the newborn
239:Other serologic methods used in
232:that contain antibodies, called
128:
123:
563:
549:
534:
479:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
13:
1:
1981:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1511:Chromatin immunoprecipitation
1060:
955:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30052-1
907:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30046-6
862:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30164-7
545:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
463:
289:
256:can occur in conditions like
1556:Chemiluminescent immunoassay
1536:Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
518:Baron's Medical Microbiology
483:Sherris Medical Microbiology
416:COVID-19 Immunity Task Force
247:and the direct and indirect
7:
1917:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
1879:Total iron-binding capacity
1666:Direct fluorescent antibody
584:10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_3
425:
283:Blood compatibility testing
258:autoimmune hemolytic anemia
84:, to check if a person has
33:is the scientific study of
10:
2319:
2258:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
744:"Direct Antiglobulin Test"
576:Viral Infections of Humans
280:
2250:
2210:
2203:
2173:
2150:
2141:
2111:
2032:
1989:
1927:
1897:
1854:
1807:
1742:
1688:Total complement activity
1633:
1599:
1546:
1501:
1372:
1297:
1068:
936:Coates, Karen M. (2017).
570:Atmar, Robert L. (2014),
541:Gardner, Ross M. (2011).
335:in our understanding and
277:human blood group systems
1651:Complement fixation test
1025:Medical Subject Headings
170:(the causative agent of
1787:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1439:Microbiological culture
1069:Principles of pathology
824:Metcalf, C Jessica E.;
228:, are identified using
2220:Elevated transaminases
1912:Thyroid function tests
1874:Transferrin saturation
1734:Clinical biochemistry
1526:Radial immunodiffusion
512:Washington JA (1996).
408:
364:
331:, which could drive a
286:
218:
145:
114:fluorescent antibodies
2014:Lactate dehydrogenase
1976:Basic metabolic panel
1907:ACTH stimulation test
1641:Diagnostic immunology
1531:Immunoelectrophoresis
1402:Diagnostic immunology
1227:Programmed cell death
1195:Liquefactive necrosis
980:. CBC. 23 April 2020.
372:
348:
329:quantitative analysis
281:Further information:
274:
266:transfusion reactions
216:
139:rapid diagnostic test
136:
2034:Liver function tests
1889:Transferrin receptor
1661:Immunohistochemistry
1397:Medical microbiology
1392:Transfusion medicine
1349:Immunohistochemistry
1299:Anatomical pathology
1190:Coagulative necrosis
1017:Medical Encyclopedia
798:(13 November 2019).
742:(24 December 2019).
442:Medical technologist
394:with respect to the
241:transfusion medicine
209:Transfusion medicine
82:autoimmune illnesses
2050:Serum total protein
2045:Human serum albumin
1656:Immunocytochemistry
1625:Latex fixation test
1503:Immunoprecipitation
1354:Electron microscopy
1322:Molecular pathology
1200:Gangrenous necrosis
1132:Cellular adaptation
832:; Lessler, Justin;
341:infectious diseases
321:World Serology Bank
302:Serological surveys
203:antimicrobial drugs
110:complement-fixation
2288:Clinical pathology
1822:Arterial blood gas
1591:Immunofluorescence
1586:Radiobinding assay
1382:Clinical chemistry
1374:Clinical pathology
1359:Immunofluorescence
1327:Forensic pathology
1307:Surgical pathology
1215:Fibrinoid necrosis
948:(10066): 251–252.
901:(10066): 250–251.
856:(10045): 728–730.
842:Grenfell, Bryan T.
459:, noted serologist
437:Medical laboratory
392:infection dynamics
287:
249:antiglobulin tests
219:
167:Treponema pallidum
146:
116:and more recently
62:autoimmune disease
45:identification of
2303:Immunologic tests
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2199:
2198:
2152:Blood sugar level
2131:Pancreatic lipase
1969:Total cholesterol
1799:Serum osmolal gap
1794:Plasma osmolality
1701:
1700:
1678:Skin allergy test
1452:
1451:
1419:Mass spectrometry
1012:
834:Ferguson, Neil M.
830:Graham, Andrea L.
781:978-1-4557-2684-4
725:978-0-8036-9462-0
695:978-0-323-48212-7
668:978-1-119-06674-3
638:978-0-323-37061-5
593:978-1-4899-7447-1
527:978-0-9631172-1-2
498:978-0-8385-8529-0
432:Forensic serology
420:COVID-19 pandemic
253:blood transfusion
118:chemiluminescence
94:forensic serology
68:Serological tests
58:blood transfusion
16:(Redirected from
2310:
2242:Hyperproteinemia
2208:
2207:
2148:
2147:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1609:Hemagglutination
1581:Radioimmunoassay
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1339:Gross processing
1205:Caseous necrosis
1055:
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1041:
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838:Burke, Donald S.
821:
815:
814:
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804:Lab Tests Online
800:"Autoantibodies"
792:
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758:
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748:Lab Tests Online
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502:
486:
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360:patient sampling
356:informed consent
199:immunosuppressed
187:immunoglobulin G
183:immunoglobulin M
21:
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2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
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2273:
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2235:Hypoalbuminemia
2230:Hypoproteinemia
2195:
2169:
2143:Small molecules
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2107:
2028:
1985:
1923:
1893:
1850:
1840:
1803:
1738:
1732:
1702:
1697:
1673:Epitope mapping
1629:
1595:
1542:
1516:Immunodiffusion
1497:
1483:
1453:
1448:
1407:Immunopathology
1387:Hematopathology
1368:
1293:
1064:
1059:
1021:Serologic+Tests
1004:
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410:In April 2020,
370:declared that:
337:optimum control
316:epidemiologists
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154:serologic tests
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1999:Cardiac marker
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1991:Cardiovascular
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1942:Hemoglobin A1c
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1429:Flow cytometry
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1424:Chromatography
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1384:
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1344:Histopathology
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1002:External links
1000:
998:
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969:
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826:Farrar, Jeremy
816:
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462:
461:
460:
457:Geoffrey Tovey
454:
449:
447:Seroconversion
444:
439:
434:
427:
424:
412:Justin Trudeau
404:insect control
384:policy writers
303:
300:
296:autoantibodies
291:
288:
210:
207:
195:antibody titer
130:
127:
125:
122:
69:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2315:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Hyperuricemia
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:Hyperglycemia
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:AST/ALT ratio
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:transaminases
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Troponin test
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Triglycerides
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:Blood glucose
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
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1867:
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1835:
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1800:
1797:
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1788:
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1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1737:
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1694:
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1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:Hemagglutinin
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1601:Agglutination
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
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1509:
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1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:Medical tests
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
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1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
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1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Cytopathology
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:Accumulations
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
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1201:
1198:
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1188:
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1162:
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1152:
1150:
1147:
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1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:Wound healing
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
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1036:
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1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1005:
993:
987:
979:
973:
965:
961:
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943:
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920:
916:
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904:
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881:
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839:
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820:
805:
801:
797:
791:
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764:
749:
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741:
735:
727:
721:
717:
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706:
697:
691:
687:
686:
678:
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664:
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629:
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589:
585:
581:
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573:
566:
558:
552:
544:
537:
529:
523:
519:
515:
508:
500:
494:
490:
485:
484:
475:
473:
468:
458:
455:
453:
450:
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445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
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430:
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:public health
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
363:
361:
357:
353:
347:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
312:Jeremy Farrar
309:
308:Neil Ferguson
299:
297:
284:
278:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
245:crossmatching
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
144:
140:
135:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:precipitation
103:
102:agglutination
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
51:microorganism
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2298:Epidemiology
2225:Elevated ALP
2191:Hypouricemia
2160:Hypoglycemia
2096:Unconjugated
2061:
1744:Electrolytes
1646:Nephelometry
1496:86000–86849)
1443:
1414:Enzyme assay
1260:
1255:
1244:Karyorrhexis
1220:Myocytolysis
1210:Fat necrosis
1115:Inflammation
1103:Hemodynamics
1096:Pathogenesis
986:
972:
945:
941:
931:
898:
894:
888:
853:
849:
819:
807:. Retrieved
803:
790:
770:
763:
751:. Retrieved
747:
734:
714:
684:
677:
657:
627:
605:, retrieved
575:
565:
551:
542:
536:
517:
507:
482:
409:
402:efforts and
380:aid agencies
373:
368:Karen Coates
365:
349:
345:
325:study design
305:
293:
238:
222:Blood typing
220:
191:
180:
165:
153:
150:microbiology
147:
137:IgG and IgM
129:Microbiology
124:Applications
71:
30:
29:
2293:Blood tests
2174:Nitrogenous
2009:CPK-MB test
1949:Lipid panel
1884:Transferrin
1832:Bicarbonate
1827:Base excess
1736:blood tests
1618:Coombs test
1548:Immunoassay
1268:Hemosiderin
1149:Hyperplasia
1144:Hypertrophy
1120:Cell damage
1015:MedlinePlus
414:formed the
400:vaccination
376:governments
333:step change
39:body fluids
18:Serological
2277:Categories
2101:Conjugated
1929:Metabolism
1869:Serum iron
1856:Iron tests
1777:Creatinine
1683:Patch test
1490:immunology
1434:Blood bank
1277:Lipofuscin
1273:Lipochrome
1249:Karyolysis
1178:Cell death
1159:Metaplasia
1011:(archived)
942:The Lancet
895:The Lancet
850:The Lancet
607:2021-06-13
464:References
386:to direct
350:principal
290:Immunology
226:blood type
185:(IgM) and
90:blood type
78:infections
55:mismatched
47:antibodies
43:diagnostic
37:and other
2091:Bilirubin
2041:Proteins
2019:Myoglobin
1817:Anion gap
1809:Acid-base
1757:Potassium
1576:RAST test
1289:Steatosis
1232:Apoptosis
1169:Glandular
1154:Dysplasia
1086:Neoplasia
1081:Infection
1062:Pathology
406:measures.
2283:Serology
2204:Proteins
2181:Azotemia
2113:Pancreas
1899:Hormones
1864:Ferritin
1762:Chloride
1488:used in
1444:Serology
1239:Pyknosis
1185:Necrosis
1164:Squamous
1108:Ischemia
1008:Serology
964:28118912
923:42914918
915:28118910
880:27059886
844:(2016).
809:24 April
753:24 April
602:68212270
426:See also
243:include
234:antisera
230:reagents
172:syphilis
158:pathogen
143:COVID-19
86:immunity
74:antigens
31:Serology
2121:Amylase
1846:Lactate
1841:content
1767:Calcium
1566:ELISpot
1317:Autopsy
1282:Melanin
1262:pigment
1139:Atrophy
1076:Disease
871:5678936
452:Serovar
352:ethical
176:viruses
162:culture
2126:Lipase
1752:Sodium
1693:MELISA
1027:(MeSH)
962:
921:
913:
878:
868:
778:
722:
692:
665:
635:
600:
590:
524:
495:
382:, and
327:, and
174:), or
112:, and
2251:Other
1634:Other
1561:ELISA
1091:Cause
919:S2CID
598:S2CID
98:ELISA
35:serum
1782:Urea
960:PMID
911:PMID
876:PMID
811:2020
776:ISBN
755:2020
720:ISBN
690:ISBN
663:ISBN
633:ISBN
588:ISBN
522:ISBN
493:ISBN
491:–9.
310:and
264:and
141:for
80:and
2212:LFT
2086:GGT
2074:AST
2069:ALT
2057:ALP
1959:HDL
1954:LDL
1494:CPT
950:doi
946:389
903:doi
899:389
866:PMC
858:doi
854:388
580:doi
489:247
343:."
339:of
148:In
2279::
1837:CO
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864:.
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848:.
840:;
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746:.
704:^
647:^
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905::
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362:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
