Indian Rebellion of 1857

3995: 2420:. Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the company were removed by the mutineers and killed, either because of their loyalty or because "they had become Christian". A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys. After the British party had largely arrived at the dock, which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges, with clear lines of fire, firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew, and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red-hot charcoal. The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck. One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped, but later grounded, was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore. Towards the end, rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors. After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot. By the time the massacre was over, most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in the 3670: 1747: 2452:

about two weeks. In one week 25 were brought out, dead from dysentery and cholera. Meanwhile, a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed. After the sepoys refused to carry out this order, two Muslim butchers, two Hindu peasants and one of Nana's bodyguards went into the Bibigarh. Armed with knives and hatchets, they murdered the women and children. After the massacre, the walls were covered in bloody handprints, and the floor littered with parts of human limbs. The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well. When the 50-foot (15 m) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the top, the remainder were thrown into the Ganges.

3237:'s old fort. He quickly organised a meeting with the Assistant Commissioner (Captain Leigh), and Leigh agreed to ask the government to cancel his and his brother's imprisonment while Surendra dispersed his followers. This agreement was soon broken, however, when on 31 September escaped the town and make for Khinda, where his brother was located with a 1,400-man force. The British quickly moved to send two companies from the 40th Madras Native Infantry from Cuttack on 10 October, and after a forced march reached Khinda on 5 November, only to find the place abandoned as the rebels retreated to the jungle. Much of the country of Sambalpur was under the rebels' control, and they maintained a hit and run guerrilla war for quite some time. In December the British made further preparations to crush the uprising in Sambalpur, and it was temporarily transferred from the 4054: 1618:

bazaar and some buildings being set on fire. In the evening, most British officers were preparing to attend church, while many of the British soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut. The Indian troops, led by the 3rd Cavalry, broke into revolt. British junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels. British officers' and civilians' quarters were attacked, and four civilian men, eight women and eight children were killed. Crowds in the bazaar attacked off-duty soldiers there. About 50 Indian civilians, some of them officers' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers, were killed by the sepoys. While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous, some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by

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been set, with the creation of a new 'white collar' Indian elite, further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, a result of the Indian Universities Act. So, alongside the values of traditional and ancient India, a new professional middle class was starting to arise, in no way bound by the values of the past. Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria's Proclamation of November 1858, in which it is expressly stated, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects...it is our further will that... our subjects of whatever race or creed, be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity, duly to discharge."

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several miles. Fearing that the arsenal, which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition, would fall intact into rebel hands, the nine British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys, including the men of their own guard. When resistance appeared hopeless, they blew up the arsenal. Six of the nine officers survived, but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings. The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion. The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal, and a magazine two miles (3 km (1.9 mi)) outside Delhi, containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder, was captured without resistance.

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was torn with the hands and not bitten. This, however, merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified. Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges, which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper, was impregnated with grease. In February, a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours. Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper "being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing", said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease, and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds.

2561: 1436:) for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". The junior British officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers, in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors. In 1856, a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the company, which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas. Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits, the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well. A high-caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire, and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution. 1610: 1541:. At Ambala in particular, which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice, it was clear to General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army, that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent. Despite the objections of the civilian Governor-General's staff, he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth. However, he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and, rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble, he then proceeded to 4936:"When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858, she (Queen Victoria) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency. ... They ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain. Over time, this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as 'the Magna Carta of Indian liberties', a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law" 3789: 1054:'s first Governor-General, one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the company's army. Since the sepoys from Bengal – many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar – were now suspect in British eyes, Hastings recruited farther west from the high-caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar, a practice that continued for the next 75 years. However, in order to forestall any social friction, the company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals. Consequently, these soldiers dined in separate facilities; in addition, overseas service, considered 1654: 3287: 2288: 4262: 1310: 2619: 2210: 3853: 3051: 3883: 4088: 2487: 3358: 1291: 2499: 2979:, and took decisive action. They intercepted the sepoys' mail, thus preventing their coordinating an uprising, and formed a force known as the "Punjab Movable Column" to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred. When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt, the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment, backed by artillery, on 22 May. This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British. 3922:(1978). Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people. Instead, Stokes argues that 1) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule. Stokes also explores issues of economic development, the nature of privileged landholding, the role of moneylenders, the usefulness of classical rent theory, and, especially, the notion of the "rich peasant". 1039: 3685: 2242: 1066:(Awadh) by the East India Company in 1856, many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts, and from the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might bring about. Other historians have stressed that by 1857, some Indian soldiers, interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent, were convinced that the company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. Although earlier in the 1830s, evangelicals such as 4914:"Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century. ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation, and state non-interference in Indians' religious affairs. Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution, generations of Indians cited the Queen's proclamation in order to claim, and to defend, their right to religious freedom." 2796:. However, on 1 July, sepoys in Holkar's army revolted and opened fire on the cavalry pickets of the Bhopal Contingent (a locally raised force with British officers). When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge, the Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow. The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at British sergeants and officers. Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost, Durand decided to gather up all the British residents and escape, although 39 British residents of Indore were killed. 1739: 2983: 2864:, who was going up the river with his troops and guns, reached Buxar and heard about the siege. He immediately disembarked his guns and troops (the 5th Fusiliers) and started marching towards Arrah, disregarding direct orders not to do so. On 2 August, some 6 miles (9.7 km) short of Arrah, the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels. After an intense fight, the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully. On 3 August, Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege. 3245:. On the 30th a major battle was fought in which Surendra's brother was killed and the mutineers were routed. In January the British achieved minor successes, capturing a few major villages like Kolabira, and in February calm began to be restored. However, Surendra still held out, and the jungle hampered British parties from capturing him. Additionally, any native daring to collaborate with the British were terrorized along with their family. After a new policy that promised amnesty for mutineers, Surendra surrendered in May 1862. 2226: 3568: 1122: 3735: 2257: 1576: 3475:, far from the events of the rebellion, with no evidence to support his allegation. Individual incidents captured the public's interest and were heavily reported by the press. One such incident was that of General Wheeler's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor's concubine, though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself. Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her. 3962:, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'. Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a "struggle for liberty and independence as a people" in the text. Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not, although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include: 1178:. The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge, he had himself lost caste, although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum. There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people, and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour, as it apparently did. The company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled. 1782: 1272: 1562: 1238:

land-revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders, and providing ultimately a reason to rebel; money lenders, in addition to the company, were particular objects of the rebels' animosity. The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution, even in areas of north-central India that were no longer under British control. For example, the relatively prosperous

2366: 58: 3764: 1672: 330: 3435: 4945:"In purely legal terms, (the proclamation) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike. But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith, reality fell far short of theory, and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles." 2514: 1695: 2133: 822: 3496: 2674: 2603:(who in theory was his superior) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign, in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles. This became known as 'The First Relief of Lucknow', as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves, and so was forced to join the garrison. In October, another larger army under the new Commander-in-Chief, 830: 2358: 3322:", (an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India), in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired. A particular act of cruelty on behalf of the British troops at Cawnpore included forcing many Muslim or Hindu rebels to eat pork or beef, as well as licking buildings freshly stained with blood of the dead before subsequent public hangings. 4747: 1873: 1958: 3549: 2937: 699:

British; however, many also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule. Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides, on British officers, and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels, and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and

3947:. Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico-religious discord amongst the rebels. He did not discover much in the way of proto-nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion. Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism, militarism, and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions. 2125: 3353:.... All the city's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot, and the number was considerable, as you may suppose, when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding. These were not mutineers but residents of the city, who trusted to our well-known mild rule for pardon. I am glad to say they were disappointed. 1456:(BNI) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat, which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities. Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground, but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery, and cancelled the next morning's parade. 1793:

Regiments mutinied, but some were immediately destroyed or broke up, with their sepoys drifting away to their homes. A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny. Only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army. All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied.

1606:, and most were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment with hard labour. Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years' imprisonment. The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles. As they were marched off to jail, the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them. 1808:) supported the British. The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society. Some irregular units actively supported the company: three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units, and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force. 4954:"Ignoring ...the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858, Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs. Under these circumstances, it was not long before the seed-idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians." 2538:, a mob had attacked and murdered the local British population. On this pretext, Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be hanged. Neill's methods were "ruthless and horrible", and far from intimidating the population, may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt. 1109:, Dalhousie's successor as Governor-General, the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service. However, serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them, as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service. 1595:, a large military cantonment, 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British-manned guns. The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot. 2733:. The Bengal Army units in the area, having rebelled, marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore. The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves. In September and October 1857, the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of 3929:, who has conducted the most recent survey of the literature, modern Indian historiography is yet to move beyond responding to the "prejudice" of colonial accounts. Wagner sees no reason why atrocities committed by Indians should be understated or inflated merely because these things "offend our post-colonial sensibilities". 3453:

register", according to Christopher Herbert, especially in the often-repeated claim that the "Red Year" of 1857 marked "a terrible break" in British experience. Such was the atmosphere – a national "mood of retribution and despair" that led to "almost universal approval" of the measures taken to pacify the revolt.

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Muslims. The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal Army, whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments. Thus 75% of the cavalry regiments was composed of Indian Muslims, while 80% of the infantry was composed of Hindus. The

4850:"Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them. ... For all their talk of improvement, the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule." 2588:, had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound. The defenders, including loyal sepoys, numbered some 1700 men. The rebels' assaults were unsuccessful, so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound. Lawrence was one of the first casualties. He was succeeded by 2448:) nearby, was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it. Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot, the panic-stricken British opened fire, and it became impossible to stop the massacre. 8917:

The leaders of the revolt could never agree. They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another. ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat.Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Surendranath Sen: Eighteen Fifty-seven (Appx. X & Appx. XV).

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traditions, both Hindu and Muslim. On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and moneylenders. In consequence the new

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The scale of the punishments handed out by the British "Army of Retribution" was considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British troops and civilians by the rebels. Accounts of the time frequently reach the "hyperbolic

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The orders went out to shoot every soul.... It was literally murder... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again. The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered, were most painful... Heaven

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wrote, "Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy. British cannot retreat – Kabul would come again." In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held, and Dost Mohammad, whose relations with Britain had been

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with little water or food, suffering continuous casualties among men, women and children. On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad. With barely three days' food rations remaining, the British agreed, provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take

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began. The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September. However, the encirclement was hardly complete, and for much of the siege the besiegers were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege, as the rebels could easily receive resources and

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spread rapidly, provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts. In many cases, it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder. Learning of the fall of Delhi, many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves, their

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In the light of the available evidence, we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning, nor were there any master-minds behind it. As I read about the events of 1857, I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low.

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The next day, Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years. It was attended by many excited sepoys. The emperor was alarmed by the turn events had taken, but eventually accepted the sepoys' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion. On 16 May, up to 50 British who had

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There were three battalion-sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city. Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion, while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels. In the afternoon, a violent explosion in the city was heard for

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On 27 January, Colonel Richard Birch, the Military Secretary, ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease, and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture "they may prefer". A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge

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saw this as an anomaly, since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six "General Service" battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required. As a result, the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma, readily accessible only by sea,

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A number of dispossessed dynasts, both Hindu and Muslim, exploited the well-founded caste-suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones. The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa, can by no ingenuity be called

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Maulana Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehalvi was the most influential of the Ahl-Hadith ulema in Delhi at the time of the revolt. The rebels coerced him into issuing a fatwa declaring a jihad...he ruled out armed jihad in India, on the grounds that the relationship with the British government was a contract

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The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British. Where the countryside resisted, as in parts of Awadh, villages were burnt. Mutineers and their supporters were often

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Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures, though contemporary British sources lionised him and his "gallant blue caps". When the British retook Cawnpore, the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to

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The surviving women and children were taken to Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate's clerk (the Bibighar) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh. Overall, five men and 206 women and children were confined in the Bibigarh for

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from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May. It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away, it was the ancient capital and present seat of the nominal Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut. No effort was made to

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to their caste, was not required of them, and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals. "This encouragement of high caste ritual status, however, left the government vulnerable to protest, even mutiny, whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives." Stokes argues

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On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising. In consequence, Indians were drawn into government at a local level. Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had

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During the aftermath of the rebellion, a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been "dishonoured" at the Bibighar and elsewhere. One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning.

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Practices of torture included "searing with hot irons...dipping in wells and rivers till the victim is half suffocated... squeezing the testicles...putting pepper and red chillies in the eyes or introducing them into the private parts of men and women...prevention of sleep...nipping the flesh with

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place in daylight on the morning of the 27th (the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th). Early in the morning of 27 June, the British party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to

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The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments, whilst the Madras Army had none at all, although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal. Nonetheless, most of southern India remained passive, with only intermittent outbreaks of violence. Many parts of

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were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society. In the early years of Company rule, it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular infantry soldiers almost

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authorities. British-run schools were also a problem: according to recorded testimonies, anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction, stories were chosen that would "bring contempt" upon Indian religions, and because girl children were exposed to "moral

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The inefficiencies of the old organisation, which had estranged sepoys from their British officers, were addressed, and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the "irregular" system. From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857, each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British

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and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men. Mr. Boyle, a British railway engineer in Arrah, had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks. As the rebels approached Arrah, all British residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle's house. A siege soon ensued – eighteen

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crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank. Campbell drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting taking place on 21 March. There were few casualties to Campbell's own troops, but his cautious movements allowed large

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Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty. With Company forces approaching Cawnpore, some believed that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save. Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore. Other historians have suggested

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was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India. Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will. In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries,

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In 1857, the Bengal Army had 86,000 men, of which 12,000 were British, 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha. There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether, 40,160 British soldiers (including units of the British Army) and 5,362 officers. Fifty-four of the Bengal Army's 74 regular Native Infantry

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The next day was Sunday. Some Indian soldiers warned off-duty junior British officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force, but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action. There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself, with angry protests in the

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before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army. The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers. The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the

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Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained, though there was a major shift in attitudes. In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things: religion and the economy. On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous

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The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city. A large number of citizens were killed in retaliation for the British and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels. During the street fighting, artillery was set up in the city's main mosque. Neighbourhoods

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to acknowledge and lead them. He did nothing at this point, apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners, but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt. During the day, the revolt spread. British officials and dependents, Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were

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Each of the three "Presidencies" into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies. Of these, the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest. Unlike the other two, it recruited heavily from among high-caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy

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The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of "India's First War of Independence". Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra's "War of Civilizations", a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857, and

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denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms: the British had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure. That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle, which created disorder and in the ongoing

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Some British troops adopted a policy of "no prisoners". One officer, Thomas Lowe, remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners – they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest, he recalled. Later, after a quick trial, the prisoners were lined up with a British

2546:, the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny, the majority of the sepoy prisoners. Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves, they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time. 1237:

quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost, and paradoxically, in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty, did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers, many of whom joined the rebellion, to the great dismay of the British. It has also been suggested that heavy

4887:"... it was the support from the Sikhs, carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo-Sikh wars, and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt, that proved decisive in the course of the struggle. 698:

The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, and scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule. Many Indians rose against the

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The rebellion transformed both the native and British armies of British India. Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857, only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment. All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost. The old Bengal Army had

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their name still carried great prestige across northern India. Civilians, nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance. The emperor issued coins in his name, one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status. The adhesion of the Mughal emperor, however, turned the Sikhs of the

4859:"Many Indians took up arms against the British, if for very diverse reasons. On the other hand, a very large number actually fought for the British, while the majority remained apparently acquiescent. Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled." 3723:

The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India. From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units, except for a few mountain batteries. The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century.

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The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys. The British public was aghast, and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all of their support. Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict. Nana Sahib

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issued a proclamation to Indians, which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision, promised rights similar to those of other British subjects. In the following decades, when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen's

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it is commonly called the "Indian Mutiny", but terms such as "Great Indian Mutiny", the "Sepoy Mutiny", the "Sepoy Rebellion", the "Sepoy War", the "Great Mutiny", the "Rebellion of 1857", "the Uprising", the "Mahomedan Rebellion", and the "Revolt of 1857" have also been used. "The Indian

3118:. A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege. Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana, who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen. 4032:

The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions, instead they repeatedly proclaimed a "country-wide rule" of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from "India", as they knew it then. (The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over:

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After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion, Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life, by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe. He managed only to wound himself. He was court-martialled on 6 April and hanged two days later.

1512:

The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 21 April. The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill-feelings towards its superiors, particularly after this incident. Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of

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of the 34th BNI, angered by the recent actions of the East India Company, declared that he would rebel against his commanders. Informed about Pandey's behaviour Sergeant-Major James Hewson went to investigate, only to have Pandey shoot at him. Hewson raised the alarm. When his

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officers, who held every position of authority down to the second-in-command of each company. In irregular units there were fewer British officers, but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers, while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers.

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However, changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment. As the extent of the East India Company's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation, the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions, such as in

4208:(2017) – Queen Victoria embarrasses herself by recounting to the court the one-sided account of the Indian Mutiny that Abdul had told her, Victoria's faith and trust in him are shaken and she decides he must go home. But soon after, she changes her mind and asks him to stay. 1933:), had been won by British troops, while the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet the Sikhs in battle. These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit-making civil posts in the Punjab. 1112:

There were also grievances over the issue of promotions, based on seniority. This, as well as the increasing number of British officers in the battalions, made promotion slow, and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective.

4522:, first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India, is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani, itself a fictionalised version of the town of 9289:(Bombay: 1947 ). Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited, with one venturing so far as to say, 'It was neither first, nor national, nor a war of independence.' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements, not one movement. 9163:

Modern Indian historiography on 1857 still seems, at least in part, to be responding to the prejudice of colonial accounts ... I see no reason to downplay, or to exaggerate, the atrocities carried out by Indians simply because such events seem to offend our post-colonial

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In 2007, a group of retired British soldiers and civilians, some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict, attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow. However, fears of violence by Indian demonstrators, supported by the Hindu nationalist

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examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British, at that time, saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny.

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was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September. However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside. Other regions of Company-controlled

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rulers, who were British allies. This might have reinvigorated the rebellion, but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city. The Rani died on 17 June, the second day of the Battle of Gwalior, probably killed by a carbine shot from the

2106:. Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul (Nasibpur). After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857, Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested, and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother-in-law Abdur Rahman (alias Nabi Baksh) were arrested in 3337:

Most of the British press, outraged by the stories of alleged rape committed by the rebels against British women, as well as the killings of British civilians and wounded British soldiers, did not advocate clemency of any kind towards the Indian population.

4194:– During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace, Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in "the mutiny" and Chattar Lal complains, "It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857". 2966:

The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India, which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other. In some garrisons, notably

2963:(Orthodox Sikhs) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar (court). After two Anglo-Sikh Wars, the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849. In 1857, the region still contained the highest numbers of both British and Indian troops. 1520:

Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh. The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians. Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge.

3830:" is not without its critics in India. The use of the term "Indian Mutiny" is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude. Others dispute this interpretation. 2592:. The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via tunnels that led to underground close combat. After 90 days of siege, the defenders were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys, 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants. 1869:, resisted pressure from the mutineers to call for a jihad and instead declared in favour of British rule, viewing the Muslim-British relationship as a legal contract which could not be broken unless their religious rights were breached. 3333:

against Indian women as a form of retaliation against the rebellion. As towns and cities were captured from the sepoys, the British soldiers took their revenge on Indian civilians by committing atrocities and rapes against Indian women.

2389:) rebelled and besieged the British entrenchment. Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to an Indian woman. He had relied on his own prestige and his cordial relations with local landholder and hereditary 1552:

Although there was no open revolt at Ambala, there was widespread arson during late April. Barrack buildings (especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges) and British officers' bungalows were set on fire.

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1884. Note: This painting was allegedly bought by the British crown and possibly destroyed (current whereabouts unknown). It anachronistically depicts the events of 1857 with soldiers wearing (then current) uniforms of the late 19th

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In Oudh alone, some estimates put the toll at 150,000 Indians killed during the war, with 100,000 of them being civilians. The capture of Delhi, Allahabad, Kanpur and Lucknow by British forces were followed by general massacres.

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After receiving reinforcements, Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur; however, Singh had left by the time Eyre's forces arrived. Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh's brothers.

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An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force, and from 7 September, the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels' artillery. An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the

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were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the company's army. Just before the rebellion, there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army, compared to about 50,000 British. The East India Company's forces were divided into three

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Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi (1833–1879), the great Deobandi scholar, fought against the British...Along with Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1828–1905), he took up arms when he was presented with clear evidence of English

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is set between 1856 and 1858, and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters, who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore (a fictional town in north India). The early chapters of her novel

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In India and Pakistan, it has been termed as the "War of Independence of 1857" or "First War of Indian Independence" but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the "Revolt of 1857". The classification of the Rebellion being

2722:, and the Rani negotiated their evacuation. However, when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control; the British suspected the Rani of complicity, despite her repeated denials. 1717:

on the ridge north of Delhi, where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations. When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming, they made their way in carriages to

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was largely quiet throughout the entire period. The British, who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously, were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Bahadur Shah's call for war.

4120:– A 1954 film: at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny. A British officer, Captain Claybourne (Hudson), is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders, but finds that his duty to his men is far from over 2456:

that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib's relationship with the British. Perhaps it was due to fear, the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings.

2525:

Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June, two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar (but after those at both Meerut and Delhi), specifically by Lieutenant Colonel

3032:. After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island. Three days later, Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the 2011:. When British troops were reinforced and began to counterattack, the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control. Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as 1841:

from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops. However, most Muslims did not share the rebels' dislike of the British administration and their

1811:

On 1 April 1858, the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the company was 80,053. However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North-West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion.

1602:, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims, ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills. All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges. On 9 May, the remaining 85 men were 9344:

The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad, and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom."

4841:"The events of 1857–58 in India (are) known variously as a mutiny, a revolt, a rebellion and the first war of independence (the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become) ... " 4053: 1339:

were considered by many—especially the British themselves—to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being "interfered with", with the ultimate aim of conversion. Recent historians, including

1344:, have preferred to frame this as a "clash of knowledges", with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the "insults to women", the rise of " 8442: 2607:, was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November, they evacuated the defended enclave within the city, the women and children leaving first. They then conducted an orderly withdrawal, firstly to 1171:, following a British design. The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co. By January, rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. 3456:

Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against British women and girls appalled the British public. These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion. British

3630:, became colonies in their own right. The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at 1095:

of 25 July 1856. As noted above, men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service. Specifically, they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march. Governor-General

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In some regions, most notably in Awadh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against British oppression. However, the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new

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according to the account of three independent Indian representatives. The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days. In descriptions of the scene of her last battle, she was compared to

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were "more localized, caste-neutral armies" that "did not prefer high-caste men". The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion.

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belonged to this group; the latter, for example, was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband's heir. In other areas of central India, such as

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unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of religion, it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps.

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From the end of 1857, the British had begun to gain ground again. Lucknow was retaken in March 1858. On 8 July 1858, a peace treaty was signed, and the rebellion ended. The last rebels were defeated in

4150:, chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857. The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh, and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th-century India. 2718:, protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son. When war broke out, Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion. A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in 3657:. But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next, creating new elites and confirming old attitudes. The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a 1629:

Some sepoys (especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt. Some officers and their families escaped to

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accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle. These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under-utilised by the British and from the minority so-called "

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numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh. Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat, disease and guerrilla actions.

4823:

Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India, recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north."

4006:

A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above-mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India's independence. The reasons advanced are:

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reinforcements. For several weeks, it seemed likely that disease, exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the besiegers to withdraw, but the outbreaks of rebellion in the

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tribals who had been grabbing his land and were implicitly supported by the British authorities. The rebels in South Bihar asked him to lead them and he readily accepted this offer. He organised a

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communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units, and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the rebellion, 34,000 fresh levies eventually being pressed into service.

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1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels.

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in January 1858 who, by July 1859, controlled that region. In October 1859, a joint offensive by British, Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region.

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In March 1858, Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army, meeting up with the force at Alambagh, this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh. He was aided by a large

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proved ineffectual, for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes. Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders, but others were self-interested or inept.

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on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859.

660:, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a military threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in 7967: 794:

history. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the

9037: 2971:, indecision on the part of the senior British officers allowed the sepoys to rebel, but the sepoys then left the area, mostly heading for Delhi. At the most important garrison, that of 1722:. Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot. Some were helped by villagers on the way; others were killed. 13947: 2167:. They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought, killed, and hanged numerous Indians along the way. Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut, the two forces met near 3875:

analysis; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion; and intensive studies of local uprisings. Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati, ed.

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was content, as she believed her son was now Zafar's heir. Shortly after the fall of Delhi, the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in

495:, probably 800,000 Indians were killed, and very likely more, both in the rebellion and in the famines and epidemics of disease that were caused as a result in its immediate aftermath. 3969:

The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army, the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments; 80% of the East India Company forces were Indian;

4526:. Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time. 9487: 3994: 11290:

An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny, Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. Wilberforce, Late 52nd Infantry, Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot

4070:, prevented the British visitors from visiting the site. Despite the protests, Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor, General 2829:, whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board, instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar. His efforts were supported by his brother 1204:, which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs, felt that the company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance. Rebel leaders such as 3318:, and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers, left many British soldiers outraged and seeking revenge. Aside from hanging mutineers, the British had some " 1364:

during the sessions of 1856 and 1857, revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians.

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knows I feel no pity, but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes, hard must be that man's heart I think who can look on with indifference ...

2751:

In March 1858, the Central India Field Force, led by Sir Hugh Rose, advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi. The Company forces captured the city, but the Rani fled in disguise.

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4 miles (6.4 km) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort, then to Cawnpore, where they defeated an attempt by Tantia Tope to recapture the city in the

522: 9242:

Sabbaq Ahmed, "Ideology and Muslim militancy in India: Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion". (PhD Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), 2015).

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The British were slow to strike back at first. It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea, although some regiments moved overland through

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The Bengal Army also contained 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments. Of these, a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh mutinied

13875: 6425:

Memorandum from Lieutenant-Colonel W. St. L. Mitchell (CO of the 19th BNI) to Major A. H. Ross about his troop's refusal to accept the Enfield cartridges, 27 February 1857,

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Dutta, Sunasir; Rao, Hayagreeva (July 2015). "Infectious diseases, contamination rumours and ethnic violence: Regimental mutinies in the Bengal Native Army in 1857 India".

5676: 15654: 2241: 1746: 14992: 5968: 3950:

Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the

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of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship. The British agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified. Referring to the massacre of a retreating

2209: 1598:

Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known, on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael-Smyth, the unsympathetic commanding officer of the

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The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed, although numbers of British women and children had been killed outright.

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Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore". (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore

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on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." (p. 2)

2853:

under the command of Herwald Wake, the local magistrate, defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels.

2343:, which had also recently been retaken. This gave the Company forces a continuous, although still tenuous, line of communication from the east to the west of India. 2276:, the British commander, wished to withdraw, but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers. After a week of street fighting, the British reached the Red Fort. 1770:

The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner. Some officers trusted their sepoys, but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings. At

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from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.

5622: 4041:"). The objective of driving out "foreigners" from not only one's own area but from their conception of the entirety of "India", signifies a nationalist sentiment; 3342:

ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet "Clemency Canning" from the press and later parts of the British public.

3059: 1147:

that came pre-greased. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder. The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include

1975:, 15 August 1857, describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut. 1494:

came out to the parade ground to investigate, and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of "religious frenzy". He ordered the Indian commander of the

4832:"What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain." 4057:

The National Youth rally at the National Celebration to Commemorate 150th Anniversary of the First War of Independence, 1857 at Red Fort, in Delhi on 11 May 2007

3033: 2498: 2196: 11439: 4927:

on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects."

2054:

also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively. Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between

1221:, where such loss of privilege had not occurred, the princes remained loyal to the company, even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled. The second group, the 3114:

rivers. The rebels held the forests of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area, besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at

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Several of Nanautawi's fellow seminarians in Deoband and divines of the Ahl-i-Hadith reputed for their adherence to Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi rejected the jihad.

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to relieve Arrah, but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house, severely defeated, and driven back. On 30 July, Major

1501:

Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey, but the Jemadar refused. The quarter guard and other sepoys present, with the single exception of a soldier called

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The rebellion in Bihar was mainly concentrated in the Western regions of the state; however, there were also some outbreaks of plundering and looting in

8023: 7175: 3253:

The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population, sepoy or civilian, took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings. In the

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within range were bombarded; the homes of the Muslim nobility that housed innumerable cultural, artistic, literary and monetary riches were destroyed.

515: 3409:

soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them. On the order "fire", they were all simultaneously shot, "swept... from their earthly existence".

4162:, it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt. 2871:

In addition to Kunwar Singh's efforts, there were also rebellions carried out by Hussain Baksh Khan, Ghulam Ali Khan and Fateh Singh among others in

2272:

was launched on 14 September. The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties, including John Nicholson. Major General

1763:

families and servants to places of safety. At Agra, 160 miles (260 km) from Delhi, no fewer than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the

11221:

From Sepoy to Subedar, Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army, Written and Related by Himself

7546:

Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi, the Jeanne d'Arc of India (1901), White, Michael (Michael Alfred Edwin), 1866, New York: J.F. Taylor & Company, 1901.

6426: 6128:, p. 299: "Rajput Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership in Oudh, Kunwar Singh a Rajput Zamindar was the moving spirit of uprising in Bihar" 3984:

The revolt was largely limited to north and central India. Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature;

14545: 10802:(1), Cambridge University Press: 205–228 (Special Issue: How Social, Political and Cultural Information Is Collected, Defined, Used and Analyzed), 4905:"The events of 1857–58 in India, ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole." 12738: 8951: 5081:

Colonial-era sources most commonly referred to individuals whom scholars today often describe as 'white' or 'British' as 'European' or 'English'.

3887: 3755: 40: 13532: 8111: 7957: 14317: 11689: 9041: 5924:

Headrick, Daniel R. "The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century". Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 88.

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and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law. In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service.

2441: 1861:

took up arms against the colonial rule, but many Muslims, among them ulema from both the Sunni and Shia sects, sided with the British. Various

373: 6786: 2948:. It included not only the present-day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan. 12753: 9509: 8110:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I. Part II. GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES, 1857–1859. The Government Central Press. pp. 447–449. 7195: 3130:. The treasury remained under rebel control for several days. Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th 2369:

A memorial erected (circa 1860) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well. After India's Independence the statue was moved to the

1277: 1097: 508: 3387:, a 19-year-old officer whose parents, younger brothers, and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre, recorded his experience: 4973:

killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."

4869:

killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."

1896: 5951:

The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle, and hence the greased cartridges, were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut.

14987: 12723: 9477: 9369: 8985: 8233: 7801: 7563: 5549: 4760: 4378: 4182: 4010:

Even though the rebellion had various causes, most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so, made their way to Delhi to revive the old

3653:, viceroy from 1880 to 1885, extended the powers of local self-government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the 3600: 445: 235: 8780: 8557: 7997: 7619: 5520: 5465: 2046:(Kuddum Singh) their leader, and expelled Company police. Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force, estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000. 15639: 12733: 11947: 11432: 9015: 7719: 6079:

Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military department of the government of India, 1857–58

1059:

that "The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact."

958:

was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later. For practical purposes, the company was the government of much of India.

11351:

Detailed Map: The revolt of 1857–1859, Historical Atlas of South Asia, Digital South Asia Library, hosted by the University of Chicago

9246: 7062: 3987:

A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule, and against native rulers, often as a result of local internal politics;

3634:. The Viceroy stopped land grabs, decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service, albeit mainly as subordinates. 1831:

Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus, a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims. The proportion of

1233:

Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership and played an important role during 1857 in the region. As the rebellion gained ground, the

1174:

Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at

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derived from pork, which would be offensive to Muslims. At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this might cause:

895: 8350: 2256: 1318:, the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, by the Indian troops, he was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma 860:. After his defeat, the emperor granted the company the right to the "collection of Revenue" in the provinces of Bengal (modern day 15375: 13983: 13502: 13105: 12875: 12773: 11751: 6373: 4487: 6738: 3197:, Pathans and Arabs, unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India. Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission. The 2622:

The interior of the Secundra Bagh, several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow. Albumen silver print by

1613:

The death of Colonel John Finnis on the parade ground at Meerut. Finnis was the first European officer to be killed in the Mutiny.

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Nor did most Muslims share the rebels' hatred of the British, even as they deplored the more egregious excesses of colonial rule.

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In terms of sheer numbers, the casualties were much higher on the Indian side. A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the

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broke the 3-month siege of Saugor. Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator, freeing them from rebel occupation.

1726:

been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the emperor's servants under a

1452:

Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion. On 26 February 1857 the 19th

868:), known as "Diwani" to the company. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the 10840:(December 1969), "Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts", 14534: 14500: 14435: 13965: 12743: 12696: 9663: 9425: 9394: 9120:

Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality

8469: 8415: 3650: 3273:

the loss of a musket provoked a near riot, and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population.

2225: 2022: 1225:, had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of 967: 5962: 4510:

details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-British world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857.

1420:

The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after

14101: 13298: 11998: 11425: 11073: 10978: 10885: 10438: 10416: 10397: 10378: 10359: 10340: 10321: 10302: 10277: 10258: 10239: 10220: 10201: 10158: 10134: 10071: 10047: 10025: 10006: 9975: 9954: 9888: 9867: 9846: 9828: 9779: 9755: 9733: 9708: 9673: 9650: 9621: 9598: 9558: 9320: 9228: 9156: 9104: 8832: 8774: 8693: 8551: 8316: 8266: 8085: 7922: 7766: 7476: 7266: 7129: 7039: 7003: 6967: 6930: 6894: 6858: 6760: 6491: 6356: 6313: 6286: 6262: 6218: 5945: 5707: 5670: 5583: 5514: 5459: 5428: 5329: 5262: 5183: 5154: 4712: 3817: 3396: 3006: 2440:

bewilderment, the boatmen jumped off the boats. The rebels started shooting indiscriminately. Nana Sahib, who was staying in

1865:

scholars and colleagues of Nanautavi rejected the jihad. The most influential member of Ahl-i-Hadith ulema in Delhi, Maulana

668: 12972: 11456: 8518: 8052: 7772: 6330: 5004: 2424:. Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats: two private soldiers, a lieutenant, and Captain 1190:

Civilian rebellion was more multifarious. The rebels consisted of three groups: the feudal nobility, rural landlords called

14055: 13328: 13141: 9091:

It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes, Christopher Bayly, Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Tapti Roy, Rajat K. Ray and others.

8882: 7144: 6520: 4190: 972:

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time, rather than any single event.

17: 8381: 1379: 15599: 14539: 14515: 14352: 13971: 13905: 12868: 12824: 11469: 11237: 8291: 5882: 3614:, the company's ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown. A new British government department, the 2382: 1368: 873: 652:, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the 385: 11360: 5614: 1080:

and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows, there is little evidence that the sepoys' allegiance was affected by this.

15604: 14529: 13183: 10148: 10112: 10102: 8227: 7522: 4649:, originally an Indian prince, fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion (as stated in Verne's later novel 2976: 2396:

to thwart rebellion, and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition.

939: 764: 11355: 4605:

take place during the Rebellion, which leads to the protagonist, a child of British ancestry, being raised as a Hindu.

3070:

At one stage, faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi, the Commissioner of the Punjab (

1949: 1348:' under British tutelage", the "pollution" caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional 15594: 13784: 13129: 12978: 12718: 12713: 8665: 7897: 6669: 6038: 5868: 5837: 3998:

The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion, Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry. Albumen silver print by

3535: 3339: 3071: 2931: 2768: 2008: 1914: 1258: 1106: 369: 11340: 4062:"Recalcitrance" by Anurag Kumar, one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857. 3626:, and implemented the policies devised by the India Office. Some former East India Company territories, such as the 3314:

The rebels' murder of British women, children and wounded soldiers (including sepoys who sided with the British) at

3001:

saw a mutiny of native troops against the British. Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty's 24th Regiment of Foot (

2844:. Mutinying sepoys from the 7th, 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of 1823: 1505:, drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey. Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack. 15664: 14598: 14510: 14505: 14385: 14001: 13008: 12728: 11641: 4568: 4416: 4212: 3165:

The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim

2745: 395: 11356:

Development of Situation-January to July 1857 – Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin from Washington, DC defencejounal.com

11008:

Perusek, Darshan (Spring 1992). "Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857".

10551:

Blunt, Alison (July 2000), "Embodying war: British women and domestic defilement in the Indian "Mutiny", 1857–8",

7853:

Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar".

5045:

Buettner, Elizabeth (2000), "Problematic spaces, problematic races: defining 'Europeans' in late colonial India",

3852: 1837:

grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide

15385: 14827: 14730: 14049: 13634: 12966: 11881: 11871: 11836: 11316: 11223:, trans. Lt. Col. Norgate, (Lahore: Bengal Staff Corps, 1873), ed. James Lunt, (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1970). 10077: 5737:(February 1973). "The first century of British colonial rule in India: social revolution or social stagnation?". 4579: 3560: 3050: 2998: 2604: 2203:

to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August. On 30 August the rebels offered terms, which were refused.

2192: 2073: 1984: 1903:

rule in northern India because they had been persecuted by the Mughal Empire. They also felt disdain towards the

1892: 1425: 606: 389: 11330: 3020:

The final large-scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July, when most of a brigade of sepoys at

2159:

It took time to organise the British troops already in India into field forces, but eventually two columns left

849:

in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the

14440: 14362: 13989: 13346: 13261: 12930: 12844: 4506: 3517: 2324: 1444: 1092: 11350: 10908: 5861:

From Sepoy to Subedar – Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Army

3555:(the last Mughal emperor) in Delhi, awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising. Photograph by 3461:

printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls. One such account was published by

3412:

The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies. In

15674: 15669: 15634: 15365: 13442: 13430: 13418: 13388: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13334: 13310: 12814: 12783: 11136: 11037:

Wagner, Kim A. (October 2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857".

10515:

Baker, David (1991), "Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response: The Revolt of 1857–58 in Madhya Pradesh",

9694: 4363: 3940: 3933: 3808:. The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907. 3678: 3458: 3419: 2668: 2655: 2600: 2492:

Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found, 1858.

2312: 2296: 1987:

away from the rebellion, as they did not want to return to Islamic rule, having fought many wars against the

1609: 415: 31: 13382: 9447: 4784:"It has been roughly estimated that 6,000 of the approximately 40,000 Europeans then in India were killed." 2944:

What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division, centred on

1999:

Initially, the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces, and captured several important towns in

1899:

supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi. The Sikhs in particular feared reinstatement of

902:

between the company and local rulers or by direct military annexation. The subsidiary alliances created the

15624: 15569: 15553: 15523: 14178: 14160: 14151: 14142: 14134: 13700: 12912: 12892: 12834: 12490: 11841: 11448: 10181: 8019: 4480: 3619: 3611: 2560: 2331:(the bloody gate) near Delhi Gate. On hearing the news, Zafar reacted with shocked silence, while his wife 898:

began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories. This was achieved either by

795: 13370: 12860: 3788: 3642:

was constructed in part around a conservative agenda, based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy.

3134:

storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners. The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the

15629: 15533: 15309: 14277: 13887: 13839: 13424: 13225: 12680: 12067: 11716: 10455:

Alam Khan, Iqtidar (May–June 2013), "The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt: A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role",

9920:

Nanda, Krishan (September 1965), "'1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence?' by Ainslie T. Embree",

9902: 6233:

Rudolph, L. I.; Rudolph, S. H. (1997), "Occidentalism and Orientalism: Perspectives on Legal Pluralism",

3010: 2642:, the youngest brother of Jung Bahadur, also led the Nepalese forces in various parts of India including 1664: 471: 11876: 10934: 10117:

Fifty-Seven. Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army

9788:

Hasan, Farhat; Roy, Tapti (1998), "Review of Tapti Roy, The Politics of a Popular Uprising, OUP, 1994",

7083:

The Land of Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from Earliest Times to the Year of Grace 1890

6658: 6027: 3471:

criticized this story as false propaganda, and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in

3467:, regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi. 3311:

who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion.

3005:) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of 751:

princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states,

15619: 15614: 15289: 15117: 14796: 14741: 14625: 14347: 14312: 14187: 14169: 13448: 13376: 13316: 13165: 12415: 11967: 11684: 11679: 10935:"Re-writing as re-visioning: Modes of representing the 'Indian Mutiny' in British novels, 1857 to 2000" 6472:, The Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, May 1957. 4765: 4546: 4290: 4098:

depicting British soldiers saying farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India.

4029:. The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion, and it spanned more than one region; 3801: 2287: 1936:

The varied groups in the support and opposing of the uprising is seen as a major cause of its failure.

1067: 10409:

What really happened during the mutiny: a day-by-day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India

8955: 1653: 1487:

Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest, Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh's horse instead.

15488: 15453: 15181: 14686: 14492: 14357: 14173: 14094: 13706: 13093: 13020: 12936: 12390: 12087: 11962: 11801: 11741: 11150: 9189:

Wagner, Kim A. (2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857".

8105: 7823:

Sarvesh Kumar (2007). "The Revolt of 1857: 'Real Heroes of Bihar Who Have Been Dropped From Memory".

7464: 6459:"The Indian Mutiny of 1857", Col. G. B. Malleson, reprint 2005, Rupa & Co. Publishers, New Delhi. 4675: 4166: 3556: 3286: 3083: 2902: 2898: 2707: 2618: 2612: 2585: 1682:

Early on 11 May, the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi. From beneath the windows of the

1580: 1262: 1088:, but also to make do without the "foreign service" remuneration that had previously been their due. 772: 596: 420: 10876:

Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

10706:(August 1990), "'Satan Let Loose upon Earth': The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857", 9309: 8813:

Rajit K. Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab. (Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003), 11.

6427:

Archives of Project South Asia, South Dakota State University and Missouri Southern State University

3326:

pinners...suspension from the branches of a tree...imprisonment in a room used for storing lime..."

1299:, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the 14746: 14630: 14372: 14182: 14155: 13959: 13772: 13718: 13604: 13562: 13304: 13195: 12996: 12990: 12675: 12650: 12187: 11886: 11866: 11726: 11544: 11372: 11212: 10829:

Singh, Hira. (2013) "Class, Caste, Colonial Rule, and Resistance: The Revolt of 1857 in India", in

7167: 6790: 4805:"The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India." 4707: 3951: 3308: 3025: 2680:, which was taken over by rebel forces, and subsequently defended against British recapture by the 2635: 2527: 2200: 2180: 1750:

5th Bengal European Cavalry Winning the Victoria Cross at Khurkowdah, Indian Mutiny, 15 August 1857

1599: 1361: 1356:

The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians. The official Blue Books,

1130: 931: 556: 432: 9519: 3882: 3622:, was entrusted with formulating Indian policy. The Governor-General of India gained a new title, 2975:

close to the Afghan frontier, many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander,

15528: 15191: 15164: 15082: 14707: 13923: 13857: 13694: 13658: 13460: 13436: 13394: 13267: 13255: 13177: 13171: 12954: 12395: 12365: 12102: 12082: 11917: 11826: 11549: 11539: 11529: 11519: 11396: 11161: 4793: 4541: 4534: 4473: 3834: 3506: 3482:

The term 'Sepoy' or 'Sepoyism' became a derogatory term for nationalists, especially in Ireland.

3330: 2850: 2535: 1971: 1659: 1567: 1091:

A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the

719: 571: 13544: 13237: 10925:

Deshpande, Prachi. "The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857".

3150:

area were kept awake at night by the rebellion. Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in

706:

After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old

15649: 15644: 15340: 15112: 15002: 14477: 14425: 13899: 13508: 13490: 13484: 13273: 13207: 13075: 12960: 12942: 12620: 12530: 12525: 11766: 11705: 11597: 11524: 11514: 11335: 11120: 10035: 9607: 8101: 7885: 4518: 4261: 4091: 4067: 3357: 3158:. In January 1858, many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of 3131: 3055: 2959:

until his death in 1839. The empire had then fallen into disorder, with court factions and the

2370: 1926: 1854: 1702:, Delhi, where the British survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857; photographed by 1453: 842: 726:(Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, 9639: 9274:

The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India

8977: 8217: 8075: 7795: 7557: 7256: 7031: 6995: 6959: 6922: 6886: 6850: 5541: 5144: 4087: 2758:, on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of 15443: 15171: 15065: 14332: 14146: 13556: 13159: 13099: 13026: 12819: 12758: 12585: 12370: 12315: 12147: 12107: 11912: 11831: 11776: 11761: 11711: 11699: 11576: 11383: 10040:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, c 1780–1870

9548: 9218: 9146: 8764: 8685: 8541: 8256: 7989: 7613: 5935: 5502: 5447: 5418: 5317: 5250: 4963:

Units of the Army of the Madras Presidency wore blue rather than black shakoes or forage caps

4651: 4436: 4406: 3805: 3797: 3238: 3091: 3002: 2702:. When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853, it was annexed to the 2269: 2232: 1922: 1345: 1218: 1105:

had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies. As signed into effect by

1003: 927: 816: 625: 240: 10371:

The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India

10294: 10288: 9771: 9765: 7715: 5173: 3920:

The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India

491:

Based on a rough comparison of the sketchy pre-1857 regional demographic data and the first

15473: 15468: 14702: 14653: 14087: 13953: 13742: 13688: 13616: 13538: 13526: 13322: 13081: 13002: 12670: 12625: 12560: 12505: 12450: 12335: 12240: 12197: 12152: 12072: 11972: 11816: 11721: 11571: 10734: 10703: 9586: 9243: 9007: 8332: 7537:

Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 79.

7401:

Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 53.

7297:

Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 49.

7211:

essential histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 40.

7059: 6306:

Empire and information: intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870

4563: 3972:

Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British;

3743: 2085: 1930: 1918: 1858: 1413:. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in 1133: 492: 459: 10667:(June 2003), "Commemorating and Remembering 1857: The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife", 9366: 4044:

The mutineers, although some were recruited from outside Oudh, displayed a common purpose.

2186:

The company's army established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the

8: 15478: 15463: 15418: 15393: 15360: 15030: 14937: 14807: 14761: 14691: 14663: 14658: 14648: 14640: 14395: 13827: 13640: 13598: 13051: 12918: 12655: 12600: 12485: 12480: 12375: 12355: 12280: 12077: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12022: 11861: 10600:

English, Barbara (February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857",

9816: 7514:

Indo-Nepal trade relations: a historical analysis of Nepal's trade with the British India

4204: 4142: 3896: 3772: 3747: 3684: 3627: 3294: 3254: 2785: 2589: 2102:

against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of

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The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism

8258:

Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

6082: 3700:

Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict.

1038: 15558: 15483: 15458: 15428: 15129: 15010: 14947: 14872: 14717: 14668: 14524: 14287: 14262: 14191: 13995: 13863: 13845: 13796: 13760: 13748: 13736: 13682: 13454: 13412: 13243: 13219: 13189: 13117: 12839: 12685: 12605: 12535: 12520: 12430: 12420: 12330: 12320: 12305: 12290: 12270: 12245: 12117: 12062: 11786: 11756: 11651: 11631: 11581: 11479: 11146: 11025: 10996: 10957: 10865: 10857: 10837: 10819: 10811: 10782: 10754: 10723: 10692: 10684: 10653: 10645: 10617: 10588: 10540: 10532: 10504: 10496: 10464: 9929: 9876: 9805: 7962: 7862: 7832: 7650: 7594: 6746: 5754: 5734: 5072: 4663: 4618: 4554: 4456: 4396: 4154: 4037:– "the people belong to God, the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy and 3915: 3892: 3838:

Insurrection" was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time.

3607: 3584: 3552: 3401: 3319: 3075: 2880: 2834: 2639: 2596: 2543: 2320: 2292: 2277: 2000: 1866: 1315: 947: 919: 838: 711: 629: 601: 465: 348: 294: 11156: 6716: 6182:

Hoeber Rudolph, Susanne; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (2000). "Living with Difference in India".

5448:"The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George" 1074:

had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform, such as the abolition of

1026:

regions, and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855. In contrast, the

841:

had established a presence in India as far back as 1612, and earlier administered the

15609: 15513: 15503: 15403: 15015: 14912: 14813: 14801: 14780: 14769: 14736: 14482: 14455: 14337: 14272: 14267: 14242: 14237: 14207: 14013: 14007: 13917: 13778: 13724: 13580: 13231: 13153: 13123: 13014: 12829: 12660: 12645: 12545: 12440: 12400: 12325: 12230: 12202: 12162: 11987: 11771: 11731: 11694: 11656: 11636: 11626: 11509: 11499: 11254: 11069: 11050: 10974: 10961: 10881: 10869: 10823: 10794:

Roy, Tapti (February 1993), "Visions of the Rebels: A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand",

10786: 10765:

Rao, Parimala V. (3 March 2016). "Modern education and the revolt of 1857 in India".

10696: 10657: 10592: 10544: 10508: 10434: 10412: 10393: 10374: 10355: 10336: 10317: 10298: 10273: 10254: 10235: 10216: 10197: 10154: 10130: 10098: 10067: 10043: 10021: 10002: 9971: 9950: 9909: 9897: 9884: 9863: 9842: 9824: 9775: 9751: 9729: 9704: 9669: 9646: 9617: 9594: 9554: 9482: 9316: 9224: 9202: 9152: 9100: 8828: 8770: 8689: 8661: 8547: 8312: 8262: 8223: 8081: 7918: 7893: 7762: 7518: 7482: 7472: 7262: 7179: 7125: 7035: 7024: 6999: 6988: 6963: 6952: 6926: 6915: 6890: 6879: 6854: 6843: 6665: 6487: 6352: 6309: 6282: 6258: 6214: 6034: 5941: 5864: 5833: 5703: 5666: 5579: 5510: 5455: 5424: 5325: 5258: 5179: 5150: 5076: 5064: 4670: 4601: 4584: 4127: 3955: 3911: 3696: 3580: 3349:

and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties:

3315: 3242: 3206: 2982: 2914: 2826: 2711: 2580:), which had been annexed barely a year before. The British Commissioner resident at 2522:

disappeared near the end of the rebellion, and it is not known what happened to him.

2421: 2412: 2352: 2300: 2281: 2004: 1992: 1805: 1623: 1300: 1281: 1201: 1055: 995: 991: 987: 983: 869: 865: 846: 756: 740: 736: 566: 551: 177: 9679: 9417: 9386: 8465: 8407: 15355: 15234: 15144: 15139: 15124: 15060: 15040: 14917: 14786: 14751: 14725: 14620: 14615: 14607: 14578: 14322: 14257: 14037: 14025: 14019: 13977: 13881: 13851: 13766: 13586: 13568: 13550: 13520: 13135: 12984: 12924: 12849: 12763: 12640: 12610: 12590: 12565: 12555: 12495: 12405: 12350: 12345: 12235: 12157: 11982: 11937: 11922: 11846: 11821: 11791: 11554: 11494: 11367: 11046: 11017: 10949: 10849: 10803: 10774: 10746: 10715: 10676: 10637: 10609: 10580: 10560: 10524: 10488: 10057: 9797: 9220:

The Great Fear Of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising

9198: 9148:

The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising

8859:

Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859.

8198: 6484:

The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising

6191: 5746: 5054: 4896:"(they) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order." 4574: 4335: 4217: 3780: 3623: 3596: 3567: 3446: 3442: 3266: 3166: 2887: 2730: 2631: 2555: 2176: 1738: 1402: 1349: 1336: 1085: 1023: 943: 787: 783: 546: 449: 436: 424: 405: 377: 357: 339: 315: 277: 255: 245: 11092:

Parag Tope, "Tatya Tope's Operation Red Lotus", Publisher: Rupa Publications India

10987:

Pati, Biswamoy (12–18 May 2007). "Historians and Historiography: Situating 1857".

10778: 10628:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",

9616:, The New Cambridge History of India, vol. II.1, Cambridge University Press, 8492: 7047:

that Muslims could not legally break unless their religious rights were infringed.

6764: 4538:

details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion.

4353: 3966:

A united India did not exist at that time in political, cultural, or ethnic terms;

1657:

Wood-engraving depicting the massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi.

798:. India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new 15538: 15408: 15304: 15294: 15176: 15087: 15055: 14775: 14555: 13929: 13869: 13808: 13802: 13730: 13610: 13514: 13496: 13147: 13069: 12798: 12788: 12690: 12595: 12540: 12455: 12435: 12255: 12225: 12220: 12177: 12167: 12132: 12127: 12092: 12017: 11942: 11781: 11504: 11303: 11271: 11186: 10912: 10664: 10426: 9944: 9699: 9659: 9611: 9373: 9362: 9250: 9131:

Thomas R. Metcalf, "Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India".

9094: 8886: 8512: 8046: 7756: 7512: 7285: 7066: 6433: 6334: 6327: 5937:

The great fear of 1857: rumours, conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny

4998: 4631: 4558: 4200:(1908) – A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion. 3959: 3857: 3674: 3414: 2876: 2830: 2691: 2425: 2311:

The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah Zafar, and the next day the British Major

2273: 2043: 1979: 1714: 1699: 1687: 1332: 1144: 1076: 1047: 854: 850: 752: 311: 298: 161: 10680: 10584: 8879: 5420:

The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom

4616:

is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It is from this story that the film

1575: 15264: 15229: 15199: 15102: 14877: 14791: 14697: 14678: 14570: 14560: 14342: 14247: 14061: 13790: 13712: 13670: 13664: 13652: 13340: 12896: 12630: 12580: 12570: 12550: 12515: 12475: 12460: 12182: 12112: 12097: 12037: 12027: 11856: 11746: 11616: 11591: 11566: 11464: 11417: 11292:

London: John Murray 1884, facsimile reprint: Gurgaon: The Academic Press, 1976.

10737:(February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857: Reply", 10475:

Alavi, Seema (February 1993), "The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid

9963: 9855: 9346: 9078:

Michael Adas, "Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58",

8189:

Arnold, D (1983). "White colonization and labour in nineteenth-century India".

6901:

During the 1857 uprising, the ulema could not agree whether to declare a jihad.

6250: 4924: 4789: 4687: 4446: 4280: 4253: 4234: 4116: 4104: 4071: 3868: 3776: 3751: 3734: 3631: 3592: 3572: 3186: 2895: 2805: 2715: 2695: 2681: 2400: 2328: 2247: 2187: 2119: 1962: 1833: 1683: 1584: 1296: 1209: 1121: 955: 903: 880: 833:

India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink

825:

India in 1765 and 1805, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink

803: 791: 744: 586: 581: 576: 561: 476: 401: 212: 100: 10953: 10853: 10807: 10641: 10528: 10492: 8202: 8139: 7434:

Our bones are scattered – The Cawnpore massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857

6195: 5059: 3233:

jail by mutineers. In the middle of September Surendra established himself in

2070:, and the princely states, the British managed to regain control of the area. 1781: 15588: 15543: 15493: 15438: 15413: 15345: 15284: 15244: 15214: 14977: 14583: 14465: 14450: 14307: 14292: 14252: 14215: 14067: 14043: 13941: 13935: 13833: 13201: 13087: 13057: 12575: 12500: 12465: 12425: 12340: 12310: 12300: 12285: 12172: 12142: 12122: 11851: 11100: 10750: 10613: 9940: 9747: 9725: 8155: 7183: 5068: 4731: 4683: 4658: 4623: 4529: 4175: 4159: 4131: 4109: 4011: 3926: 3871:

with emphasis on the four major approaches: the Indian nationalist view; the

3860:

in Delhi, a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting.

3847: 3705: 3384: 3147: 2994: 2872: 2811: 2577: 2505: 2404: 2374: 2216: 2035: 1988: 1900: 1801: 1603: 1561: 1495: 1479: 1465: 1239: 1136: 935: 915: 707: 657: 329: 265: 250: 194: 188: 182: 150: 122: 11404: 10719: 9860:

The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c. 1750–1783

8306: 7797:

John Cassell's Illustrated history of England – William Howitt, John Cassell

7486: 6974:

Many Muslims, including Sunni and Shia ulema, collaborated with the British.

5750: 5146:

The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination

3013:

was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble

1140: 883:

was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both

15448: 15398: 15274: 15149: 14460: 14420: 14380: 14302: 14232: 13911: 13754: 13628: 13279: 13249: 13032: 12890: 12778: 12665: 12295: 12260: 12250: 12192: 11992: 11896: 11806: 11796: 11561: 11489: 11474: 11304:

Indian Mutiny | History, Causes, Effects, Summary, & Facts | Britannica

10564: 10164: 10144: 9634: 6255:

Religion and irreligion in Victorian society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb

5825: 5501:

Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988),

4814:"The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India." 4752: 4646: 4587:, as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce. 4513: 4320: 4310: 4147: 3999: 3864: 3689: 3658: 3615: 3226: 3210: 3159: 3111: 3103: 3079: 2956: 2861: 2815: 2793: 2687: 2623: 2316: 2250:'s house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting. 2103: 2016: 1862: 1703: 1637: 1630: 1546: 1517:

in the Bengal Army but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed.

1502: 1491: 1214: 857: 775: 653: 500: 353: 260: 165: 57: 13574: 9285:

V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence.

9276:

by Charles Ball, The London Printing and Publishing Company, London, 1860.

5960: 4923:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

3939:. Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui, who translated key Urdu and 3763: 3571:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

3434: 2365: 2132: 15548: 15518: 15508: 15498: 15254: 15249: 15219: 15107: 15075: 15050: 15020: 14957: 14882: 14405: 14227: 14164: 14111: 14031: 13676: 13472: 13406: 13213: 13063: 12385: 12265: 11957: 11736: 11484: 9630: 4642: 4636: 4609: 4426: 4300: 4238: 4171: 4022: 4018: 3654: 3639: 3194: 3115: 2952: 2773: 2726: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2677: 2573: 2564:

7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow

2332: 2153: 2145: 2047: 1727: 1671: 1471: 1341: 1324: 1242:

district, a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme, and next door to

1102: 1031: 1027: 1019: 999: 799: 270: 10468: 9478:"Ali Fazal goes from Bollywood to Hollywood with 'Victoria & Abdul'" 7866: 7836: 7654: 7598: 6375:

Uprising of 1857: Some Facts about Failure of Indian war of Independence

5830:

A Matter of Honour – an Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men

2913:(Liberation Regiment) with the assistance of nearby zamindars including 2513: 1694: 15433: 15423: 15314: 15269: 15224: 15159: 15092: 15025: 14907: 14887: 14847: 14415: 14410: 14079: 13478: 13400: 13111: 12948: 12635: 12410: 12360: 12275: 11927: 11811: 11646: 11029: 11000: 10861: 10688: 9933: 9809: 9717: 8658:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

4701: 4591: 4026: 3520: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3426:

Approximately 6,000 of the 40,000 British living in India were killed.

3378: 3374: 3230: 3198: 3177:

In central and north Gujarat, the rebellion was sustained by landowner

3155: 3151: 3127: 3107: 3029: 2968: 2906: 2436: 2393: 2141: 2015:, whom the Emperor later nominated as commander-in-chief after his son 2012: 1917:) in the Bengal Army. The Sikhs felt that the bloodiest battles of the 1676: 1421: 1406: 1328: 1226: 1205: 1163:

However, in August 1856, greased cartridge production was initiated at

1063: 760: 335: 324: 306: 171: 155: 10969:

Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

10902:

Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857

10815: 10758: 10727: 10649: 10621: 10536: 10500: 7461:

The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopaedia of British Military

7107:

The Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 34.

5758: 3591:

where he died in 1862, bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end. In 1877

1820:

or the Mysore royalty, and were thus not directly under British rule.

1587:

of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed

15097: 14952: 14927: 14922: 14867: 14852: 14430: 14297: 14220: 13893: 13646: 13466: 12615: 12510: 12470: 12445: 12380: 12042: 12032: 11932: 11265: 11249: 11196: 9514: 7199: 6253:(1992), Helmstadter, Richard J.; Webb, R. K.; Davis, Richard (eds.), 5571: 4501: 3990:"The revolt was fractured along religious, ethnic and regional lines. 3975:

Many rebel sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight;

3548: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3234: 3202: 3099: 2891: 2531: 2417: 2063: 2026:

Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, 30 July 1857

1775: 1764: 1675:

Police in Delhi during the nominal rule of Bahadur Shah II, 1842, by

1534: 768: 715: 633: 216: 11021: 9801: 3495: 2673: 2128:

Assault on Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate, 14 September 1857

1713:

Many fugitive British officers and civilians had congregated at the

821: 15330: 15299: 15279: 15259: 15204: 15154: 15045: 14972: 14942: 14892: 14327: 13622: 11977: 11621: 10905: 9264:

by Christopher Herbert, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2007.

7670:

Indian Mutiny. Brief Narrative of the Defence of the Arrah Garrison

7468: 5576:

The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company

4038: 3822:

There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period.

3618:, was created to handle the governance of India, and its head, the 3258: 3182: 3063: 2972: 2822: 2608: 2542:

lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor. They then hanged or

2445: 2340: 1966: 1953:

Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers.

1771: 1514: 1484: 1475: 1414: 1280:, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the 1200:. The nobility, many of whom had lost titles and domains under the 1192: 1168: 1015: 907: 645: 220: 208: 62:

A 1912 map of Northern India, showing the centres of the rebellion.

11066:

War of Civilisations: The Long Revolution (India AD 1857, 2 Vols.)

10973:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–213, 10880:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 395–421, 9550:

Writing the West, 1750–1947: Representations from Indian Languages

8748:

Bender, J. C., "Mutiny or freedom fight", in Potter, S. J. (ed.),

6211:

Plots of opportunity: representing conspiracy in Victorian England

3677:, who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee, 1858. Memorial at the 3362:

British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh, Lucknow, after its recapture

829: 15350: 15335: 14967: 14962: 14932: 14862: 14857: 14842: 14837: 14125: 12137: 11231: 9455: 8869:"Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837". p. 60. 5270: 3872: 3588: 3370: 3265:

processions were banned, riots broke out in penal settlements in

3139: 3044: 3021: 3014: 2987: 2857: 2841: 2763: 2759: 2725:

By the end of June 1857, the company had lost control of much of

2654:. Campbell's advance was slow and methodical, with a force under 2647: 2643: 2581: 2357: 2081: 2077: 1910: 1905: 1888: 1851: 1498: 1410: 1398: 1175: 1007: 951: 923: 700: 661: 39:"Indian War of Independence" redirects here. For other uses, see 11155:, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1892. Online at 10063:

Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde

9913: 8766:

Fiction as History: The Novel and the City in Modern North India

4186:(1936) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore. 4035:

Khalq Khuda Ki, Mulk Badshah Ka, Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka

3804:

in 1837, and was taken over by the Crown in 1858, following the

1872: 942:

and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between

786:. Even so, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in 15239: 15209: 15134: 14982: 14902: 14897: 14445: 14400: 11661: 10095:

Parallel Pathways: Essays On Hindu-Muslim Relations (1707–1857)

7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7641:

S. Purushottam Kumar (1983). "Kunwar Singh's Failure in 1857".

6337:. English.emory.edu (23 March 1998). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 4523: 4198:

The Last Cartridge, an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India

4130:

film by Sarbeswar Chakraborty, depicting the life and times of

4014:

that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them;

3914:

has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor

3713: 3270: 3214: 3146:, the former Mughal capital of Bengal. Residents in the city's 3135: 3095: 2960: 2945: 2819: 2789: 2738: 2569: 2390: 2386: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2107: 2095: 2084:

proved the "most irreconcilable enemies" of the British in the

2055: 2051: 2039: 2031: 1957: 1755: 1719: 1619: 1592: 1542: 1538: 1394: 1246:, where the upheaval began, stayed relatively calm throughout. 1243: 1230: 1148: 1011: 888: 861: 732: 727: 649: 637: 224: 145: 11086: 10180:

Majumdar, R.C.; Raychaudhuri, H.C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1967),

9999:

The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition 1770–1830

9862:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press., p. 400, 8543:

Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947

4734:, highlighting his role in the tea industry and the rebellion. 3024:

rebelled and began to move to Delhi. They were intercepted by

2936: 2066:, and it was not until late July that, with the help of local 1778:, the disarmings were bungled, also leading to local revolts. 946:

and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the

14472: 14390: 14197: 8978:"Indian History – British Period – First war of Independence" 5662:

The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857

5452:

Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires

4785: 4639:

takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

4583:

mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the

4550:

deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion.

4135: 3262: 3178: 3143: 2845: 2755: 2734: 2651: 2428:, who wrote a first-hand account of his experiences entitled 2408: 2124: 2099: 2091: 2059: 1884: 1847: 1843: 1817: 1759: 1641: 1389: 977: 911: 884: 723: 703:

were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation.

641: 204: 142: 10878:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

9546: 8160:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

7943: 7915:

The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857

6620: 6232: 5964:

Kaye's and Malleson's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857–8

4017:

There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as

2062:

participated in the revolt, in some cases with support from

125:. Other princely states retain their dominions and autonomy. 15070: 15035: 11228:

Notes on the Revolt in the North-Western Provinces of India

10018:

Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion

8044: 5038: 4878:"The south, Bengal, and the Punjab remained unscathed, ..." 3709: 3190: 3040: 2517:

A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat

2403:, Nana Sahib led the rebels at Kanpur rather than join the 2336: 1530: 1197: 1152: 1151:

derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus, and

1129:

The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new

748: 200: 10333:

White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India, 1825–1875

3587:

by a military commission assembled at Delhi and exiled to

3126:

In September 1857, sepoys took control of the treasury in

1448:

Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857

810: 771:, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the 11302:"Indian Mutiny". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Online. 11182:, Rupa & Co., Delhi, (1st edition 1890) reprint 2005. 10179: 9883:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 337, 8729: 8611: 8599: 8439:"Scottish historian reflects on horrors of 1857 uprising" 8158:(1970). "Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826–1827". 3981:

The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers;

3978:

Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals;

3796:

A military and civilian decoration of British India, the

2905:. He was motivated by disputes he had with the Christian 2175:

units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the

2067: 1640:

notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and

1428:

were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (

930:

in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the

632:, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the 10232:

Awadh in Revolt 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance

7958:"Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings – Times of India" 7890:

Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier

7166: 4270:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 2940:

Wood-engraving of the execution of mutineers at Peshawar

2504:

The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built.

1691:

killed, some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters.

10448: 7931: 7718:. No. 22050. 13 October 1857. pp. 3418–3422. 5915:

Third Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, p. 135.

5322:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire

4690:

is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

4571:", feature events that took place during the Rebellion. 3028:

with an equal British force as they tried to cross the

2534:, while moving towards Cawnpore. At the nearby town of 1143:, had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets, and used 10433:(7th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 530, 9668:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 480, 9641:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

9540: 8822: 8593:

War of No Pity: The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma

8100: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7170:(2008), "1857 ki Jung-e Azadi main Khandan ka hissa", 6583: 6581: 6518: 6308:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 331, 6276: 5507:

Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan

5441: 5439: 5282: 3673:

Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir. Hope Grant's Column,

2595:

On 25 September, a relief column under the command of

1565:"The Sepoy revolt at Meerut", wood-engraving from the 807:

proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.

636:. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a 15371:

List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

11097:

The Siege of Delhi. Mutiny memories of an old officer

9990: 9536:. Ballantine Books. 1975. pp. 272–275, 278, 280. 6213:, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, p. 82, 6181: 5961:

Sir John William Kaye; George Bruce Malleson (1888),

5115: 5113: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 3074:) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to 3039:

The British had been recruiting irregular units from

2262:

The Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire.

2219:

observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting

2076:

states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857,

2034:

uprising posed the largest threat to the British. In

1331:-inspired social reform", including the abolition of 894:

After the turn of the 19th century, Governor-General

845:

established for trading purposes, its victory in the

11126:, William Blackwood and Sons, London, 1904. (4 vols) 10971:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

10573:

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

10314:

The politics of a popular uprising: Bundelkhand 1857

9970:, vol. 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books, 9591:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

8827:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231 (at p. 63), 7716:"Supplement to The London Gazette, October 13, 1857" 7640: 4742: 718:. Soon, the rebels had captured large tracts of the 15655:

19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

11285:, Indus, Delhi, (first edition 1865), reprint 2002. 11216:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959. 10915:; With illustrations, maps, selected text and more. 10354:, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 432, 9613:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire

9335:

S&T magazine issue 121 (September 1988), p. 20.

9008:"Il y a cent cinquante ans, la révolte des cipayes" 7873: 7085:, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 216–217 6698:, W. Y. Carman, Morgan-Grampian Books 1969, p. 107. 6651: 6649: 6647: 6578: 6407: 6328:» Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 Postcolonial Studies @ Emory 5849:

Essential histories, The Indian Rebellion 1857–1858

5479: 5436: 3300:Both sides committed atrocities against civilians. 1877:

Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers

30:"Sepoy Mutiny" redirects here. For other uses, see 9901: 9638: 9308: 8769:. State University of New York Press. p. 22. 8307:Nikki Christie, Brendan Christie and Adam Kidson. 7373: 7371: 7351:Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny 7341:by G. W. Forrest, London, William Blackwood, 1904. 7334: 7332: 7305: 7303: 7176:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences 7023: 6987: 6951: 6914: 6878: 6842: 6657: 6026: 5110: 5019: 3937:The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857 2792:, had brushed away any possibility of uprising in 1229:. It is mentioned that throughout Oudh and Bihar 876:(1772–1818) led to control of even more of India. 11195:, Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt, 8463: 8222:. Vol. 3. Sterling Publishers. p. 118. 7410:S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 58. 7309:S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 56. 6696:Indian Army Uniforms under the British – Infantry 6486:. Dev Publishers & Distributors. p. 97. 6208: 5196: 5194: 4237:, set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at 4112:and filmed in Technicolor, depicts the rebellion. 1827:‘Conflict with the Ghazees before Bareilly’, 1857 624:was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against 15586: 11447: 9645:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, p. 253, 9315:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. n2, n166. 9295:Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857–1859 9118:For the latest research see Crispin Bates, ed., 8634: 8309:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914 8137: 7852: 7710: 7708: 7706: 6644: 5637: 5496: 5494: 5373: 5371: 4108:– A 1929 short American silent film directed by 3750:during the rebellion. The 182 recipients of the 10411:, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 323, 10316:, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 291, 10186:(3rd ed.), London: Macmillan, p. 1126 10124: 9665:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 8640: 8586: 8584: 8254: 7368: 7329: 7300: 7254: 6351:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. p. 54. 6279:The Indian Mutiny 1857–58 (Essential Histories) 6249: 5454:, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39, 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5175:The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire 3888:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English 3087:equivocal for over 20 years, remained neutral. 2840:On 25 July, mutiny erupted in the garrisons of 41:The Indian War of Independence (disambiguation) 14318:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 11213:The First Indian War of Independence 1857–1859 9875: 8801: 8752:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 105–106. 8144:. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta. 7734: 7699:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. 7559:A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857–1858 7319: 7317: 7315: 7232:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 7120:Stokes, Eric; Bayly, Christopher Alan (1986), 7076: 7074: 6575:, (Delhi: Rupa & Co.) reprint 2005, p. 49. 6137: 5842: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5721: 5450:, in Aldrish, Robert; McCreery, Cindy (eds.), 5276: 5229: 5191: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4704:are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857 3891:, which depicts the execution of mutineers by 2361:Wood-engraving depicting Tatya Tope's Soldiery 1804:also mutinied, even though that state's king ( 14095: 12876: 11433: 11409: 11175:(3 vols). London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1878. 10920:The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination 10129:(4th ed.), London: Routledge, xii, 448, 9585: 9216: 9144: 9092: 8643:The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination 8337:Spectre of Violence: The 1857 Kanpur Massacre 8289:Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914 8261:. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. 8215: 8073: 8038: 7848: 7846: 7822: 7703: 7282:The story of Cawnpore: The Indian Mutiny 1857 7230:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I 6824: 6822: 6820: 6709:"The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857–59 – A. H. AMIN" 6541: 6438: 6157: 6113: 6093: 5967:, London: W. H. Allen & Co, p. 381, 5933: 5851:, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 25. 5798: 5500: 5491: 5412: 5410: 5389: 5368: 5358: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5167: 5165: 4481: 2925: 2195:were forestalled or suppressed, allowing the 516: 10894: 10390:The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857 10125:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), 8823:Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (2007), 8750:Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain 8581: 8533: 8191:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7353:. Longman's, London, 1896. Footnote, p. 257. 7122:The peasant armed: the Indian revolt of 1857 7021: 6985: 6949: 6912: 6876: 6840: 6404:(Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1998, p. 5. 6303: 5700:The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab 5658: 5294: 5235: 5149:, Manchester University Press, p. 195, 3307:Another notable atrocity was carried out by 3281: 2199:of British, Sikh and Pashtun soldiers under 2030:In the countryside around Meerut, a general 1733: 1686:'s apartments in the palace, they called on 1549:where many high officials spent the summer. 1529:During April, there was unrest and fires at 1297:Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi 853:, when the East India Company army defeated 530: 14988:List of cities in West Bengal by population 11087:First person accounts and classic histories 10904:(5 vol. Sage Publications India, 2013–14). 10387: 10373:, Cambridge University Press, p. 316, 10253:, Cambridge University Press, p. 175, 10215:, Cambridge University Press, p. 256, 10042:, Cambridge University Press, p. 412, 8590: 8080:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 105–109. 8067: 7584: 7312: 7288:, Brighton, Tom Donovan, 1859, pp. 148–159. 7119: 7071: 6455: 6453: 6371: 6226: 5808: 5770: 5768: 5733: 5423:, Oxford University Press, pp. 23–25, 5125: 5086: 4992: 4990: 4761:Political warfare in British colonial India 4216:, a 2019 Hindi film chronicles the life of 3899: 1524: 1369:economic policies of the East India Company 236:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 14102: 14088: 12883: 12869: 11948:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 11440: 11426: 10968: 10848:(4), Cambridge University Press: 606–627, 10636:(3), Cambridge University Press: 545–580, 10487:(1), Cambridge University Press: 147–178, 9593:, New Delhi: Orient Longman, p. 523, 9293:(Oxford: 1980). See also S. B. Chaudhuri, 8682:Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism 8497:. London Printing and Publishing Company. 7855:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7843: 7825:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7688: 7661: 7643:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7587:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7578: 7115: 7113: 6817: 5407: 5324:, Cambridge University Press, p. 50, 5206: 5162: 4488: 4474: 3775:were awarded. Clasps were awarded for the 3664: 2990:in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum 2634:contingent advancing from the north under 2411:. The besieged endured three weeks of the 1633:, where they found refuge with the Nawab. 1042:Two sepoy officers; a private sepoy, 1820s 961: 523: 509: 489:6,000 British killed, including civilians 56: 10875: 10733: 10702: 10454: 10229: 10191: 10056: 9904:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 9693: 9629: 9306: 8932: 8920: 8649: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8466:"The Indian Mutiny and Civil War 1857–58" 8331: 7740: 7261:. Penguin Books India. pp. 175–176. 7248: 7242: 7080: 6828: 6626: 6281:, Reading: Osprey Publishing, p. 9, 6149: 6097: 5802: 5509:, Columbia University Press, p. 85, 5178:, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, 5119: 5058: 4716:(1909) describes incidents of the Mutiny. 4679:(1896) describes incidents of the Mutiny. 3536:Learn how and when to remove this message 3229:was one of the many people broken out of 3189:with the support of armed communities of 1439: 15376:Discrimination against Bengalis in India 14109: 10570: 10272:, Oxford University Press, p. 596, 10015: 10001:, Oxford University Press, p. 340, 9854: 9787: 9416:Tripathi, Ram Dutt (26 September 2007). 9415: 8926: 8379: 8339:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 175. 8302: 8300: 8209: 8154: 8020:"Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857" 7917:. Oxford University Press. p. 133. 7510: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7149:, Digital South Asia Library, p. 50 6655: 6450: 6024: 5765: 5702:, Delhi: Permanent Black, pp. 7–8, 5697: 5654: 5652: 5342: 5340: 5315: 5142: 5092: 5044: 4987: 4086: 4052: 3993: 3881: 3851: 3683: 3668: 3566: 3547: 3433: 3395: 3373:on 20 June 1858. By 1859, rebel leaders 3356: 3285: 3201:island, along with Okhamandal region of 3049: 2981: 2935: 2672: 2617: 2559: 2512: 2364: 2356: 2286: 2131: 2123: 2021: 1956: 1948: 1871: 1846:could not agree on whether to declare a 1822: 1780: 1745: 1737: 1693: 1670: 1652: 1608: 1574: 1560: 1443: 1378: 1120: 1037: 828: 820: 11133:, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1911. 11007: 10745:(1), Oxford University Press: 178–189, 10608:(1), Oxford University Press: 169–178, 10599: 10425: 10330: 10210: 10020:, New York: Anthem Press, p. 217, 9896: 9815: 9547:C. Vijayasree; Sāhitya Akādemī (2004). 8816: 8679: 8539: 8510: 7937: 7585:S. B. Singh (1966). "Gaya in 1857–58". 7498: 7323: 7110: 6638: 6614: 6602: 6559: 6506: 6153: 6125: 5988: 5786: 5745:(1). Oxford University Press: 136–160. 5665:. Oxford University Press. p. 18. 5503:"Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates" 3932:Wagner also stresses the importance of 2849:civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the 2530:of the Madras Fusiliers, commanding at 2110:. They were taken to Delhi and hanged. 811:East India Company's expansion in India 778:'s words, as "breakwaters in a storm". 671:, and it is variously described as the 299: 14: 15587: 11207:. New York: Scribner & Sons, 1891. 11178:Kaye, Sir John & Malleson, G. B.: 11036: 10836: 10714:(1), Oxford University Press: 92–116, 10663: 10406: 10368: 10248: 10143: 9836: 9763: 9262:The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma 9188: 9065:, Sydney, Australia, 11 July 1857, or 8783:from the original on 19 September 2023 8762: 8560:from the original on 19 September 2023 8521:from the original on 19 September 2023 8236:from the original on 19 September 2023 8188: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8114:from the original on 19 September 2018 8055:from the original on 19 September 2023 7912: 7804:from the original on 19 September 2023 7775:from the original on 19 September 2023 7758:The Sepoy Revolt. A Critical Narrative 7622:from the original on 19 September 2023 7566:from the original on 19 September 2023 7426: 7389: 7377: 7227: 7095: 6684: 6525:. University of Michigan. p. 37. 6522:Defence Journal: Volume 5, Issues 9–12 6481: 6382:from the original on 19 September 2023 6029:Red Year: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 5971:from the original on 19 September 2023 5927: 5679:from the original on 19 September 2023 5643: 5542:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project" 5523:from the original on 19 September 2023 5468:from the original on 19 September 2023 5445: 5416: 5171: 5007:from the original on 19 September 2023 4796:in the 19th-century Censuses of India. 3958:labelled it a 'national revolt' while 3742:Medals were awarded to members of the 3429: 2856:On 29 July 400 men were sent out from 1409:regions. These soldiers were known as 968:Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 425: 358: 14083: 12864: 11421: 11408: 11361:The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk 11262:My Diary in India in the years 1858–9 11168:, A.D. Innes & Co., London, 1897. 11141:12 Years of a Soldier's Life In India 11016:(3). Duke University Press: 286–301. 10627: 10550: 10514: 10474: 10349: 10251:The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857 10111: 10034: 9996: 9962: 9939: 9919: 9839:India And South Asia: A Short History 9770:, Ware: Wordsworth Editions, p. 9741: 9716: 9658: 9606: 9448:"Maniram Dewan (মণিৰাম দেৱান) (1964)" 9428:from the original on 27 December 2019 9397:from the original on 24 December 2019 8938: 8735: 8707: 8472:from the original on 1 September 2019 8418:from the original on 1 September 2019 8388:from the original on 26 December 2019 8361:from the original on 24 December 2019 8297: 8000:from the original on 30 November 2021 7884: 7793: 7722:from the original on 23 December 2019 7694: 7667: 7458: 7445:Ramson, Martin & Ramson, Edward, 7362: 7214: 7030:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6994:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6958:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6921:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6885:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6849:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6811: 6547: 6444: 6413: 6346: 6299: 6297: 6245: 6243: 6169: 6101: 6065: 6053: 6012: 6000: 5913:Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914 5774: 5649: 5598: 5485: 5401: 5377: 5362: 5346: 5337: 5288: 5257:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 63, 5248: 5225: 5200: 5104: 5032: 5003:. India: Concept Publishing Company. 4996: 4174:'s Hindi film chronicles the life of 4077: 3943:sources and published a selection in 3818:Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 3138:regiments. The mutiny also spread to 3121: 504: 27:Uprising against British Company rule 13142:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 11185: 10986: 10932: 10449:Articles in journals and collections 10286: 10092: 9946:India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 9490:from the original on 4 February 2022 9287:The Indian War of Independence: 1857 9018:from the original on 9 November 2019 8862: 8655: 8490: 8445:from the original on 7 December 2019 8045:Ramanlal Kakalbhai Dharaiya (1970). 7743:A turning point in the Indian mutiny 7611: 7555: 6571:Sir John Kaye & G. B. Malleson: 6257:, New York: Routledge, p. 152, 5880: 5601:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 5570: 5564: 5000:Indo-Nepalese Relations: (1858–1914) 4726:Various folk songs in Assam, called 4667:alludes several times to the Mutiny. 4191:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 4048: 3610:'s rule in India. In August, by the 3518:adding citations to reliable sources 3489: 2572:, rebellion erupted in the state of 2373:, Cawnpore. Albumen silver print by 2346: 2327:shot under his own authority at the 2171:. The combined force, including two 1371:were also resented by many Indians. 1185: 1116: 950:of 1814–16 and brought the defeated 14353:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) 11296: 11210:Marx, Karl & Freidrich Engels. 11173:A History of the Sepoy War In India 11143:. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860. 10942:European Journal of English Studies 10922:(Cambridge University Press, 2005). 10793: 10764: 10311: 10267: 10194:A History of Modern India 1480–1950 9823:, London: Allen Lane, p. 472, 9518:. India. 2 May 2008. Archived from 8126: 8051:. Gujarat University. p. 120. 7970:from the original on 5 January 2017 7421:Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny 7146:Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 9 6587: 6270: 6202: 5893:from the original on 4 January 2019 5625:from the original on 15 August 2016 5552:from the original on 18 August 2014 5255:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain 3381:had either been slain or had fled. 2754:After being driven from Jhansi and 2576:(also known as Oudh, in modern-day 1788:by George Francklin Atkinson, 1859. 1730:in a courtyard outside the palace. 1393:exclusively amongst the landowning 24: 15570:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons 11058: 10675:(1), Taylor & Francis: 35–60, 10392:, Oxford: Clarendon, p. 280, 10388:Stokes, Eric; Bayly, C.A. (1986), 10153:, London: W. Lawrie, p. 377, 10066:, UK: History Press, p. 496, 9991:Text-books and academic monographs 9985: 9418:"Briton visits India Mutiny grave" 9387:"UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked" 8747: 8351:"Constitutional Rights Foundation" 7741:Sieveking, Isabel Giberne (1910). 7511:Upadhyay, Shreeram Prasad (1992). 7228:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). 7202:Metro Plus Delhi. 28 October 2006. 6529:from the original on 11 April 2023 6378:. K.K. Publications. p. 158. 6294: 6240: 5615:"When the Vellore sepoys rebelled" 4698:In Times of Peril: A tale of India 3098:tribe, led an insurrection in the 2714:. His widow Rani Lakshmi Bai, the 2399:Advised by his trusted consultant 2179:, fought the rebels' main army at 2094:Nizamuddin, a renowned scholar of 1374: 1125:A Pensioned Sepoy, Moradabad, 1842 954:under British influence. In 1854, 121:Some princely states annexed into 25: 15686: 15640:Wars involving the United Kingdom 12891:Colonial conflicts involving the 11310: 11082:. New York: Holt & Co., 1996. 10293:, Basingstoke: Palgrave, p. 10119:, London: W.H. Allen, p. 145 9881:A Concise History of Modern India 9038:"National Geographic Deutschland" 8952:"The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha" 8436: 8026:from the original on 26 June 2018 6592:. Delhi: Ministry of Information. 4146:– A 1977 Indian film directed by 3841: 3606:The rebellion saw the end of the 3485: 3404:by the British, 8 September 1857. 3248: 2932:Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857) 2814:. One of the central figures was 2113: 1944: 1915:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 767:, as well as the smaller ones of 15660:Resistance to the British Empire 14386:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region 14183:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli) 11642:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 11373:The Revolt in India marxists.org 11278:, Richard Bentley, London, 1859. 11051:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x 10234:(2nd ed.), London: Anthem, 9526: 9502: 9470: 9440: 9409: 9379: 9376:. Hindustan Times. January 2006. 9356: 9338: 9329: 9300: 9279: 9267: 9255: 9236: 9209: 9203:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x 9182: 9177:Besieged: voices from Delhi 1857 9169: 9138: 9125: 9112: 9085: 9072: 9056: 9030: 9000: 8988:from the original on 9 June 2019 8970: 8944: 8910: 8901:Hindusthan Standard, Puja Annual 8892: 8880:First Indian War of Independence 8873: 8853: 8840: 8825:The Boxers, China, and the World 8807: 8795: 8756: 8741: 8713: 8701: 8673: 8623: 8572: 8504: 8494:The History of the Indian Mutiny 8484: 8457: 8430: 8400: 8373: 8343: 8325: 8282: 8248: 8219:A Comprehensive History of India 8182: 8170: 8148: 8094: 8012: 7982: 7906: 7816: 7787: 7749: 7683:John Sergeant's Tracks of Empire 7676: 7634: 7605: 7549: 7540: 7531: 7504: 7492: 7452: 7439: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7383: 7356: 7344: 7291: 7275: 7236: 7205: 7189: 7160: 7137: 7101: 7089: 7081:Trevaskis, Hugh Kennedy (1928), 7052: 7015: 6979: 6943: 6906: 6870: 6834: 6805: 6779: 6753: 6731: 6701: 6689: 6678: 6632: 6033:. London: Cardinal. p. 23. 5318:"1783–1870: An expanding empire" 4966: 4957: 4745: 4569:The Adventure of the Crooked Man 4417:British rule in Portuguese India 4260: 4213:Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi 3945:Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857 3918:(1924–1981), especially Stokes' 3787: 3762: 3733: 3599:on the advice of Prime Minister 3579:Bahadur Shah II was arrested at 3494: 3329:British soldiers also committed 3241:into the Orissa Division of the 2951:Much of the region had been the 2920: 2894:), a major rebellion was led by 2851:Bengal Military Police Battalion 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2255: 2240: 2224: 2208: 1969:) and accompanying story in the 1850:. Some Islamic scholars such as 1800:. Another large contingent from 1459: 1308: 1289: 1270: 1251: 328: 12967:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 11882:Provisional Government of India 11244:, Richard Bentley, London, 1897 11157:A Celebration of Women Writers. 11110:. London: George Vickers, 1858. 10553:Journal of Historical Geography 10196:, London: Anthem, p. 607, 10192:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004), 9922:The Western Political Quarterly 9553:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 20. 9351:Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 9082:1971, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp. 1–19. 8848:Indian Army Uniforms – Infantry 8680:Beckman, Karen Redrobe (2003), 7615:The revolt in Hindustan 1857–59 7556:Kaye, Sir John William (1876), 7174:(2nd ed.), Aligarh/India: 6608: 6596: 6565: 6553: 6519:Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal (2002). 6512: 6500: 6475: 6462: 6419: 6394: 6365: 6340: 6321: 6277:Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007), 6175: 6163: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6087: 6081:(1893), pp. 8–12, available at 6071: 6059: 6047: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5954: 5918: 5905: 5874: 5854: 5792: 5780: 5727: 5715: 5691: 5607: 5592: 5534: 5395: 5383: 5352: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4730:were composed in the memory of 4183:The Charge of the Light Brigade 3811: 3505:needs additional citations for 3276: 2788:, the then-Company resident at 2074:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 743:—remained largely calm. In the 669:name of the revolt is contested 91:(1 year and 6 months) 14436:Protected areas of West Bengal 14416:Western plateau and high lands 13070:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 11137:Hodson, William Stephen Raikes 11129:Fitchett, W. H., B.A., LL.D., 11124:A History of the Indian Mutiny 11108:Narrative of the Indian Revolt 10335:, London: Hurst, p. 314, 10230:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (2002), 9908:, Princeton University Press, 9841:, Oxford: Oneworld, xii, 306, 9151:. Peter Lang. pp. xxvi–. 9069:, New Zealand, 29 August 1857. 8903:, 195 p. 22 referenced in the 8850:, Morgan-Grampian London 1969. 7794:Smith, John Frederick (1864), 7672:. London: W. Thacker & Co. 7517:. India: Nirala Publications. 7339:A History of the Indian Mutiny 5098: 4799: 4778: 4713:The Indian War of Independence 4507:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 3895:by the British, a painting by 3695:The Bengal Army dominated the 3205:peninsula which was under the 3154:to take control of the city's 2769:8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 2568:Very soon after the events at 2381:In June, sepoys under General 2183:and drove them back to Delhi. 1358:East India (Torture) 1855–1857 1093:General Service Enlistment Act 714:, was declared the Emperor of 13: 1: 15366:Ethnic communities in Kolkata 13467:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 13311:Castle Hill convict rebellion 11152:The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary 10989:Economic and Political Weekly 10779:10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668 9879:; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), 8905:Truth about the Indian mutiny 7668:Boyle, Robert Vicars (1858). 4720: 4622:was later adapted in 1978 by 4364:Portuguese East India Company 4245: 3901: 3445:in a September 1857 issue of 3364:(steel engraving, late 1850s) 2669:Central India Campaign (1858) 2148:, and some regiments already 1939: 1816:the region were ruled by the 644:of the company's army in the 32:Sepoy Mutiny (disambiguation) 15554:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 15524:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury 14993:Cities and towns by district 14546:Parliamentary constituencies 14525:All India Trinamool Congress 12491:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 11767:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 11449:Indian independence movement 11341:Resources in other libraries 11281:Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, 10831:Marxism and Social Movements 10249:Palmer, Julian A.B. (1966), 10183:An Advanced History of India 9821:The Great Mutiny: India 1857 9510:"A little peek into history" 9040:. 3 May 2005. Archived from 8899:fighters for Indian freedom 8645:, Cambridge University Press 8595:, Princeton University Press 6787:"The Indian Army: 1765–1914" 6739:"BaseballCloud-Pocket Radar" 6660:Battles of the Indian Mutiny 5603:. Anthem Press. p. 271. 5253:, in Williams, Chris (ed.), 4980: 3800:was first introduced by the 3649:Acting on these sentiments, 3620:Secretary of State for India 3612:Government of India Act 1858 3009:. To commemorate this event 1897:North-West Frontier Province 1139:. These rifles, which fired 920:North-West Frontier Province 796:Government of India Act 1858 7: 15534:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 14278:Great Bengal famine of 1770 12681:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 12068:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 11238:Roberts, Field Marshal Lord 10681:10.1080/0043824032000078072 10585:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.10.004 10211:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), 9099:, Oxford University Press, 8724:South Australian Advertiser 8660:, Oxford University Press, 8408:"The Indian Mutiny 1857–58" 7697:Two months in Arrah in 1857 6656:Edwardes, Michael (1970) . 6588:Sen, Surendra Nath (1957). 5698:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003), 5320:, in P. J. Marshall (ed.), 4738: 3833:In the UK and parts of the 3781:Siege and relief of Lucknow 3060:24th Bombay Native Infantry 2833:and his commander-in-chief 1786:Troops of the Native Allies 1742:States during the rebellion 82:– 1 November 1858 10: 15691: 15600:British East India Company 15290:Santiniketan Leather Goods 14363:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 14348:Partition of Bengal (1947) 14313:Partition of Bengal (1905) 13984:Jewish revolt in Palestine 13629:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 13274:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 13166:American Revolutionary War 12416:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 11968:Indian Independence League 11685:Partition of Bengal (1947) 11680:Partition of Bengal (1905) 11131:A Tale of the Great Mutiny 9578: 9307:Spilsbury, Julian (2007). 9223:, Peter Lang, p. 26, 9175:M. Farooqui, trans (2010) 8907:article by Dr Ganda Singh. 8802:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 7695:Halls, John James (1860). 7258:Revenge and Reconciliation 6402:The Sepoys and the Company 6209:Pionke, Albert D. (2004), 6138:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6025:Edwardes, Michael (1975). 5722:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5277:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5249:Peers, Douglas M. (2006), 5230:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 4766:Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824 4547:Flashman in the Great Game 4224: 4158:(1978 film) – Directed by 3845: 3815: 3400:Execution of mutineers by 3172: 2929: 2926:Punjab and Afghan Frontier 2803: 2666: 2553: 2549: 2350: 2117: 1867:Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehlvi 1754:The news of the events at 1667:is seen in the background. 1463: 965: 839:British East India Company 814: 630:British East India Company 38: 29: 15605:Military of British India 15567: 15489:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 15454:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 15384: 15323: 15190: 15182:Ghosts in Bengali culture 15001: 14826: 14760: 14716: 14677: 14639: 14606: 14592: 14569: 14530:Communist Party (Marxist) 14491: 14431:Sandakphu (Highest point) 14371: 14358:Bangladesh Liberation War 14206: 14192:Devil's tree (Saptaparni) 14174:White-throated kingfisher 14133: 14118: 13818: 13755:Jameson Raid South Africa 13289: 13042: 12903: 12807: 12706: 12591:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 12391:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 12211: 12088:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 12008: 11963:Indian Home Rule movement 11905: 11802:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 11742:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 11670: 11607: 11455: 11415: 11410:Links to related articles 11393: 11388: 11380: 11336:Resources in your library 11288:Wilberforce, Reginald G, 11268:, London, 1860, (2 vols.) 11260:Russell, William Howard, 11205:The Indian Mutiny of 1857 11180:The Indian Mutiny of 1857 11162:Innes, Lt. General McLeod 11117:. New York: Dutton, 1964. 11010:Novel: A Forum on Fiction 10954:10.1080/13825570600753485 10895:Historiography and memory 10854:10.1017/s0018246x00010554 10808:10.1017/S0026749X00016115 10642:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 10529:10.1017/S0026749X00013913 10493:10.1017/S0026749X00016097 10268:Ray, Rajat Kanta (2002), 9080:Journal of Asian History, 8546:. Routledge. p. 92. 8203:10.1080/03086538308582635 8138:Omalley L. S. S. (1909). 8077:Shaping Of Modern Gujarat 7812:– via Google Boeken 7612:Wood, Sir Evelyn (1908), 7459:Raugh, Harold E. (2004), 7065:13 September 2007 at the 6573:The Indian Mutiny of 1857 6468:Durendra Nath Sen, p. 50 6196:10.1111/1467-923X.71.s1.4 5060:10.1080/09612020000200242 4686:'s science fiction novel 4676:On the Face of the Waters 4167:Mangal Pandey: The Rising 3828:First War of Independence 3727: 3679:St. Mary's Church, Madras 3282:Death toll and atrocities 3220: 2779: 2708:Governor-General of India 2662: 2640:Dhir Shamsher Kunwar Rana 2613:Second Battle of Cawnpore 2371:All Souls Memorial Church 2339:, and then pressed on to 1734:Supporters and opposition 1581:Robert Christopher Tytler 1556: 1383:The Bengal Native Cavalry 1263:Governor-General of India 693:First War of Independence 542: 487: 482: 285: 133: 66: 55: 50: 15595:Indian Rebellion of 1857 14535:Indian National Congress 14283:Indian Rebellion of 1857 14156:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol 13966:Arab revolt in Palestine 13563:Second Anglo-Burmese War 13305:Second Anglo-Maratha War 13196:Australian frontier wars 12830:Indian annexation of Goa 12676:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 12188:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11953:Indian National Congress 11752:Non-cooperation movement 11322:Indian Rebellion of 1857 11250:Forty-one years in India 11242:Forty-one Years in India 11203:Malleson, Colonel G. B. 11095:Barter, Captain Richard 10927:journal of Asian studies 10911:16 February 2016 at the 10093:Jain, Meenakshi (2010), 10016:Anderson, Clare (2007), 9133:Journal of Asian Studies 8885:25 December 2019 at the 8763:Dalmia, Vasudha (2019). 8641:Chakravarty, G. (2004), 8255:Heather Streets (2004). 7783:– via Google Books 7630:– via Google Books 7574:– via Google Books 7255:Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). 7168:Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman 5863:, edited by James Lunt, 5316:Marshall, P. J. (2001), 5172:Bender, Jill C. (2016), 4771: 4708:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 4082: 3340:Governor General Canning 3269:and the Settlements, in 3132:Bengal Infantry Regiment 3017:present in that church. 3011:St. John's Church Jhelum 2799: 2636:Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana 2528:James George Smith Neill 2156:were diverted to India. 1991:rulers. The province of 1855:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 1665:St. James' Church, Delhi 1648: 1600:3rd Bengal Light Cavalry 1525:Unrest during April 1857 1470:On 29 March 1857 at the 1335:and the legalisation of 1062:After the annexation of 622:Indian Rebellion of 1857 534:Indian Rebellion of 1857 51:Indian Rebellion of 1857 15665:19th-century rebellions 15529:Michael Madhusudan Dutt 15165:Pather Panchali (novel) 15083:Prostitution in Kolkata 14551:Assembly constituencies 14516:Human Rights Commission 13960:Second Mohmand campaign 13695:Third Anglo-Burmese War 13659:Second Anglo-Afghan War 13461:First Anglo-Burmese War 13437:Third Anglo-Maratha War 13268:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 13178:Second Anglo-Mysore War 13172:First Anglo-Maratha War 12835:Indian Independence Act 12421:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 12396:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 12366:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 12103:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 12083:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 11918:All-India Muslim League 11872:Royal Air Force strikes 11837:Round table conferences 11827:Chittagong armoury raid 11717:Hindu–German Conspiracy 11700:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 11470:Porto Grande de Bengala 11397:Hindu German Conspiracy 11390:Indo-British conflicts 11192:Asbab-e Baghawat-e Hind 11115:The Great Indian Mutiny 11080:Our Bones Are Scattered 11064:Mishra, Amaresh. 2007. 10833:(Brill, 2013). 299–316. 10407:Taylor, P.J.O. (1997), 10331:Stanley, Peter (1998), 10036:Bayly, Christopher Alan 9722:The Indian Mutiny: 1857 9608:Bayly, Christopher Alan 9534:The Great Train Robbery 9372:8 February 2007 at the 9367:The Empire Strikes Back 8578:Punch, 24 October 1857. 7913:Wagner, Kim A. (2018). 7447:The Indian Empire, 1858 6482:Wagner, Kim A. (2014). 6333:14 January 2013 at the 6235:Cultures of Scholarship 6184:The Political Quarterly 5546:Sourcebooks.fordham.edu 5143:Marriott, John (2013), 4997:Tyagi, Sushila (1974). 4580:The Great Train Robbery 4542:George MacDonald Fraser 4535:The Siege of Krishnapur 3665:Military Reorganisation 2890:of South Bihar (now in 1972:Illustrated London News 1660:Illustrated London News 1622:(chief police officer) 1568:Illustrated London News 962:Causes of the rebellion 932:1846 Treaty of Amritsar 926:were annexed after the 720:North-Western Provinces 15341:Economy of West Bengal 15113:Architecture of Bengal 14540:Bharatiya Janata Party 14478:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling 13900:Third Anglo-Afghan War 13785:First Mohmand campaign 13509:First Anglo-Afghan War 13208:Third Anglo-Mysore War 12621:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 12526:Purushottam Das Tandon 11892:Praja Mandala movement 11706:The Indian Sociologist 10842:The Historical Journal 10751:10.1093/past/142.1.178 10614:10.1093/past/142.1.169 10565:10.1006/jhge.2000.0236 10431:A New History of India 10350:Stein, Burton (2001), 9837:Ludden, David (2002), 9587:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhara 9249:3 October 2018 at the 9217:Kim A. Wagner (2010), 9145:Kim A. Wagner (2010). 9093:Biswamoy Pati (2010), 8540:Tickell, Alex (2013). 8491:Ball, Charles (1858). 8464:Shepherd, Kevin R. D. 8216:Chopra, P. N. (2003). 8102:James Macnabb Campbell 8074:Achyut Yagnik (2005). 6432:18 August 2010 at the 5934:Kim A. Wagner (2010), 5446:Taylor, Miles (2016), 5228:, pp. 85–87, and 5047:Women's History Review 4519:Nightrunners of Bengal 4134:who led the revolt in 4099: 4068:Bharatiya Janata Party 4058: 4003: 3908: 3900: 3861: 3692: 3681: 3576: 3564: 3449: 3405: 3394: 3365: 3355: 3297: 3225:During the rebellion, 3213:, saw a revolt by the 3102:district, between the 3067: 3056:William Alexander Kerr 3007:Colonel William Spring 2991: 2941: 2776:by some commentators. 2684: 2627: 2565: 2544:"blew from the cannon" 2518: 2378: 2362: 2304: 2137: 2136:Capture of Delhi 1857. 2129: 2027: 1976: 1954: 1880: 1828: 1789: 1751: 1743: 1706: 1679: 1668: 1636:The British historian 1614: 1588: 1579:An 1858 photograph by 1572: 1454:Bengal Native Infantry 1449: 1440:Onset of the rebellion 1384: 1353:danger" by education. 1161: 1126: 1043: 834: 826: 802:. On 1 November 1858, 286:Commanders and leaders 15444:Jagadish Chandra Bose 15066:Rabindra Nritya Natya 14441:Rivers of West Bengal 14333:Bengal famine of 1943 14147:Emblem of West Bengal 13557:Second Anglo-Sikh War 13214:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 13100:French and Indian War 12845:Political integration 12586:Shyamji Krishna Varma 12371:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 12316:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 12148:Rettamalai Srinivasan 12108:Mahadev Govind Ranade 11913:All India Kisan Sabha 11877:Coup d'état of Yanaon 11777:Qissa Khwani massacre 11762:Coolie-Begar movement 11577:Second Anglo-Sikh War 11384:Second Anglo-Sikh War 11276:The Story of Cawnpore 11106:Campbell, Sir Colin. 10933:Erll, Astrid (2006). 10929:67#3 (2008): 855–879. 10918:Chakravarty, Gautam. 10767:Paedagogica Historica 10735:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu 10720:10.1093/past/128.1.92 10704:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu 10369:Stokes, Eric (1980), 10213:Ideologies of the Raj 9997:Alavi, Seema (1996), 9764:Harris, John (2001), 9486:. 28 September 2017. 9393:. 24 September 2007. 9135:39#1 (1979): 111–119. 9012:Monde-diplomatique.fr 8846:W. Y. Carman, p. 107 8686:Duke University Press 8382:"Shahjahanabad, 1857" 8380:Bhattacharya, Bibek. 8333:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu 7745:. London: David Nutt. 7022:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6986:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6950:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6913:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6877:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6841:Ayesha Jalal (2008). 6347:Mollo, Boris (1981). 6304:Bayly, C. A. (1996), 6150:Bose & Jalal 2004 6098:Bose & Jalal 2004 5803:Bose & Jalal 2004 5751:10.1093/past/58.1.136 5659:Kim A Wagner (2018). 5417:Adcock, C.S. (2013), 5120:Bose & Jalal 2004 4652:The Mysterious Island 4612:'s fictional novella 4437:British rule in Burma 4407:Company rule in India 4090: 4056: 3997: 3885: 3855: 3806:Indian Mutiny of 1857 3798:Indian Order of Merit 3792:Indian Order of Merit 3687: 3672: 3570: 3551: 3437: 3399: 3389: 3360: 3351: 3291:The Relief of Lucknow 3289: 3239:Chota Nagpur Division 3092:Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal 3053: 3034:Battle of Trimmu Ghat 3003:South Wales Borderers 2985: 2939: 2676: 2621: 2563: 2516: 2430:The Story of Cawnpore 2368: 2360: 2290: 2197:Punjab Movable Column 2135: 2127: 2025: 1960: 1952: 1875: 1826: 1784: 1749: 1741: 1697: 1674: 1656: 1612: 1578: 1564: 1447: 1382: 1265:during the rebellion. 1157: 1124: 1041: 928:Second Anglo-Sikh War 832: 824: 817:Company rule in India 483:Casualties and losses 74:10 May 1857 15675:Wars of independence 15670:Wars involving Nepal 15635:Wars involving India 15474:Satyendranath Tagore 15469:Abanindranath Tagore 14511:Legislative Assembly 13719:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 13527:First Anglo-Sikh War 13503:Egyptian–Ottoman War 12671:Veeran Sundaralingam 12626:Tara Rani Srivastava 12561:Sahajanand Saraswati 12451:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 12336:Chandra Shekhar Azad 12241:Alluri Sitarama Raju 12198:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 12153:Sahajanand Saraswati 12073:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 11973:Indian National Army 11817:Dharasana Satyagraha 11722:Champaran Satyagraha 11572:First Anglo-Sikh War 11171:Kaye, John William. 11147:Inglis, Julia Selina 10900:Bates, Crispin, ed. 10796:Modern Asian Studies 10630:Modern Asian Studies 10517:Modern Asian Studies 10481:Modern Asian Studies 10287:Robb, Peter (2002), 9817:Hibbert, Christopher 9742:David, Saul (2007), 8927:Hasan & Roy 1998 8656:Judd, Denis (2004), 8591:Herbert, C. (2008), 7436:, John Murray, 1996. 7178:, pp. 253–258, 6590:Eighteen Fifty-Seven 6470:Eighteen Fifty-Seven 6372:Aijaz Ahmad (2021). 5251:"Britain and Empire" 5224:, pp. 169–172, 4728:Maniram Dewanor Geet 4645:'s famous character 4564:The Sign of the Four 4427:British Raj in India 4205:Victoria & Abdul 3867:(1971) examines the 3773:Indian Mutiny Medals 3744:British Armed Forces 3688:Memorial inside the 3514:improve this article 2917:and Nadir Ali Khan. 2901:who was part of the 2303:on 20 September 1857 2280:had already fled to 1965:of Nynee Tal (today 1859:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 1474:parade ground, near 900:subsidiary alliances 872:(1766–1799) and the 654:upper Gangetic plain 493:1871 Census of India 460:Surendra Bikram Shah 18:Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 15625:Rebellions in India 15479:Satyendranath Dutta 15464:Jnanadanandini Devi 15419:Subhas Chandra Bose 15394:Rabindranath Tagore 15361:Anglo-Indian people 15031:Arts of West Bengal 14762:Presidency division 14641:Jalpaiguri division 14396:North Bengal plains 13972:Waziristan campaign 13906:Waziristan campaign 13599:Revolt of Rajab Ali 13076:War of Jenkins' Ear 12656:V. K. Krishna Menon 12601:Subhas Chandra Bose 12486:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 12481:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 12376:Govind Ballabh Pant 12356:Dayananda Saraswati 12281:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 12078:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 12058:Dhondo Keshav Karve 12053:Dayananda Saraswati 12048:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 12023:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 11536:Anglo-Maratha Wars 11149:, Lady, 1833–1904, 10312:Roy, Tapti (1994), 10113:Keene, Henry George 10080:on 21 February 2016 9877:Metcalf, Barbara D. 9522:on 9 November 2012. 8982:Gatewayforindia.com 8738:, pp. 257–258. 8720:The Friend of India 8294:HarperCollins 2005. 7501:, pp. 358, 428 7124:, Clarendon Press, 6793:on 22 November 2007 6761:"Lessons from 1857" 5887:Britishempire.co.uk 5881:Luscombe, Stephen. 5599:Markovitz, Claude. 5279:, pp. 100–103. 5053:(2): 277–298, 278, 4614:A Flight of Pigeons 4143:Shatranj Ke Khilari 4092:Henry Nelson O'Neil 3934:William Dalrymple's 3897:Vasily Vereshchagin 3767:Indian Mutiny Medal 3748:British Indian Army 3628:Straits Settlements 3430:Reaction in Britain 3295:Thomas Jones Barker 3255:Straits Settlements 2786:Henry Marion Durand 2744:On 3 February, Sir 2599:and accompanied by 2590:John Eardley Inglis 2042:, Gurjars declared 1913:and those from the 1072:William Wilberforce 689:Indian Insurrection 15630:Rebellions in Asia 15559:Nihar Ranjan Gupta 15484:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 15459:Sarat Chandra Bose 15429:Bidhan Chandra Roy 15130:Bengali literature 15011:Bengal Renaissance 14718:Medinipur division 14288:Bengal Renaissance 14263:East India Company 13846:Bambatha Rebellion 13761:Anglo-Zanzibar War 13749:Chitral Expedition 13683:Anglo-Egyptian War 13455:Anglo-Ashanti wars 13160:Lord Dunmore's War 13118:Anglo-Cherokee War 13027:King William's War 12840:Partition of India 12686:Yashwantrao Holkar 12651:V. O. Chidamabaram 12606:Subramania Bharati 12536:Rahul Sankrityayan 12521:Pritilata Waddedar 12431:Shri Krishna Singh 12331:C. Rajagopalachari 12321:Bidhan Chandra Roy 12306:Bhavabhushan Mitra 12291:Begum Hazrat Mahal 12246:Annapurna Maharana 12118:Muthulakshmi Reddy 12063:G. Subramania Iyer 11757:Christmas Day Plot 11632:Indian nationalism 11582:Sannyasi rebellion 11480:East India Company 11219:Pandey, Sita Ram, 11121:Forrest, George W. 11113:Collier, Richard. 10739:Past & Present 10708:Past & Present 10602:Past & Present 10352:A History of India 10290:A History of India 10167:on 1 February 2020 10127:A History of India 9968:A History of India 9898:Metcalf, Thomas R. 9703:, Viking Penguin, 9695:Dalrymple, William 9458:on 25 October 2021 9096:The 1857 Rebellion 8710:, pp. 220–222 8688:, pp. 33–34, 8441:. Times of India. 8412:Citizenthought.net 8107:History of Gujarát 7963:The Times of India 7892:. London: Abacus. 7172:Hayat Karam Husain 7026:Partisans of Allah 6990:Partisans of Allah 6954:Partisans of Allah 6917:Partisans of Allah 6881:Partisans of Allah 6845:Partisans of Allah 6767:on 24 October 2007 6719:on 24 January 2008 6713:Defencejournal.com 6641:, pp. 152–163 6629:, p. 223–224. 6158:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6156:, pp. 63–64, 6114:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6100:, pp. 72–73, 6094:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5799:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5739:Past & Present 5404:, pp. 194–197 5390:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5359:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5349:, pp. 147–148 5232:, pp. 100–106 5222:Bandyopadhyay 2004 4694:Rujub, the juggler 4664:A Passage to India 4596:Shadow of the Moon 4555:Arthur Conan Doyle 4457:Partition of India 4231:1857: Ek Safarnama 4100: 4078:In popular culture 4059: 4004: 3909: 3893:blowing from a gun 3862: 3802:East India Company 3693: 3682: 3608:East India Company 3595:took the title of 3577: 3565: 3553:Bahadur Shah Zafar 3450: 3406: 3402:blowing from a gun 3366: 3298: 3122:Bengal and Tripura 3090:In September 1858 3076:Dost Mohammad Khan 3068: 2992: 2942: 2903:Nagavanshi dynasty 2899:Vishwanath Shahdeo 2835:Hare Krishna Singh 2818:, the 80-year-old 2685: 2628: 2605:Sir Colin Campbell 2597:Sir Henry Havelock 2586:Sir Henry Lawrence 2566: 2519: 2435:During his trial, 2379: 2363: 2321:Mirza Khizr Sultan 2305: 2293:Bahadur Shah Zafar 2278:Bahadur Shah Zafar 2138: 2130: 2028: 1977: 1955: 1881: 1829: 1790: 1752: 1744: 1707: 1680: 1669: 1615: 1589: 1573: 1450: 1385: 1360:, laid before the 1316:Bahadur Shah Zafar 1127: 1044: 1018:, mostly from the 948:Anglo-Nepalese War 874:Anglo-Maratha Wars 835: 827: 712:Bahadur Shah Zafar 477:Sir Yusef Ali Khan 466:Dhir Shamsher Rana 421:Sir Henry Lawrence 402:Sir Henry Havelock 390:Sir Colin Campbell 349:Begum Hazrat Mahal 241:East India Company 15620:Conflicts in 1858 15615:Conflicts in 1857 15582: 15581: 15576: 15575: 15514:Dwarkanath Tagore 15504:Swami Vivekananda 15404:Kazi Nazrul Islam 15220:Bengal Patachitra 15205:Banglar Rosogolla 15016:Bengali calendars 14913:Jaynagar Majilpur 14822: 14821: 14814:South 24 Parganas 14797:North 24 Parganas 14742:Paschim Medinipur 14626:Paschim Bardhaman 14521:Political parties 14483:Siliguri Corridor 14456:Brahmaputra River 14338:Direct Action Day 14273:Bengal Presidency 14268:Battle of Plassey 14243:Cooch Behar State 14238:Mallabhum kingdom 14077: 14076: 14008:Malayan Emergency 13918:Malabar rebellion 13779:Siege of Malakand 13725:Anglo-Manipur War 13581:Anglo-Persian War 13130:Anglo-Spanish War 13082:King George's War 13003:King Philip's War 12979:Anglo-Spanish War 12858: 12857: 12825:Republic of India 12661:Vallabhbhai Patel 12646:Ubaidullah Sindhi 12546:Ram Prasad Bismil 12441:M. Bhaktavatsalam 12401:Jatindra Nath Das 12326:Bipin Chandra Pal 12261:Babu Kunwar Singh 12231:Achyut Patwardhan 11988:Khudai Khidmatgar 11832:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 11772:Kakori conspiracy 11732:Rowlatt Committee 11695:Direct Action Day 11657:Swadeshi movement 11637:Khilafat Movement 11627:Hindu nationalism 11587:Rebellion of 1857 11510:Anglo-Mysore Wars 11500:Battle of Plassey 11403: 11402: 11394:Succeeded by 11317:Library resources 11255:Project Gutenberg 11226:Raikes, Charles: 11074:978-81-291-1282-8 10995:(19): 1686–1691. 10980:978-0-19-924680-9 10887:978-0-19-924678-6 10669:World Archaeology 10440:978-0-19-516678-1 10418:978-0-19-564182-0 10399:978-0-19-821570-7 10380:978-0-521-29770-7 10361:978-0-19-565446-2 10342:978-1-85065-330-1 10323:978-0-19-563612-3 10304:978-0-333-69129-8 10279:978-0-19-565863-7 10260:978-0-521-05901-5 10241:978-1-84331-075-4 10222:978-0-521-58937-6 10203:978-1-84331-152-2 10160:978-0-02-034200-7 10136:978-0-415-32920-0 10097:, Delhi: Konark, 10073:978-0-7509-5685-7 10058:Greenwood, Adrian 10049:978-0-521-57085-5 10027:978-1-84331-249-9 10008:978-0-19-563484-6 9977:978-0-14-013836-8 9956:978-1-317-88286-2 9941:Peers, Douglas M. 9890:978-0-521-68225-1 9869:978-0-19-922666-5 9848:978-1-85168-237-9 9830:978-0-14-004752-3 9781:978-1-84022-232-6 9767:The Indian Mutiny 9757:978-0-14-100555-3 9735:978-0-14-100554-6 9710:978-0-670-99925-5 9682:on 3 October 2008 9675:978-0-19-873113-9 9652:978-0-415-30787-1 9623:978-0-521-38650-0 9600:978-81-250-2596-2 9560:978-81-260-1944-1 9483:Los Angeles Times 9322:978-0-297-84651-2 9311:The Indian Mutiny 9297:(Calcutta: 1957). 9291:The Peasant Armed 9230:978-1-906165-27-7 9158:978-1-906165-27-7 9106:978-0-19-806913-3 9014:. 1 August 2007. 8834:978-0-7425-5395-8 8776:978-1-4384-7607-0 8726:, 2 October 1860. 8695:978-0-8223-3074-5 8553:978-1-136-61841-3 8514:Justice for India 8318:978-1-4479-8534-1 8268:978-0-7190-6962-8 8179:, 23 August 1857. 8087:978-81-8475-185-7 7990:"Chittagong City" 7924:978-0-19-087023-2 7768:978-1-4021-7306-6 7685:, BBC4 programme. 7478:978-1-57607-925-6 7268:978-0-14-029045-5 7131:978-0-19-821570-7 7041:978-0-674-02801-2 7005:978-0-674-02801-2 6969:978-0-674-02801-2 6932:978-0-674-02801-2 6896:978-0-674-02801-2 6860:978-0-674-02801-2 6605:, pp. 98–101 6493:978-93-81406-34-2 6358:978-0-7137-1074-8 6315:978-0-521-66360-1 6288:978-1-84603-209-7 6264:978-0-415-07625-8 6220:978-0-8142-0948-6 5947:978-1-906165-27-7 5709:978-81-7824-059-6 5672:978-0-19-087023-2 5621:. 6 August 2006. 5585:978-0-02-561169-6 5516:978-0-231-06414-9 5461:978-1-5261-0088-7 5430:978-0-19-999543-1 5331:978-0-521-00254-7 5291:, pp. 85–86. 5264:978-1-4051-5679-0 5185:978-1-316-48345-9 5156:978-1-84779-061-3 4671:Flora Annie Steel 4602:The Far Pavilions 4585:Siege of Cawnpore 4504:'s autobiography 4498: 4497: 4465: 4464: 4372: 4371: 4329: 4328: 4094:'s 1857 painting 4049:150th anniversary 3956:Benjamin Disraeli 3912:Thomas R. Metcalf 3697:Presidency armies 3601:Benjamin Disraeli 3585:tried for treason 3546: 3545: 3538: 3420:William Dalrymple 3320:blown from cannon 3243:Bengal Presidency 3072:Sir John Lawrence 2915:Pandey Ganpat Rai 2712:doctrine of lapse 2422:Bibighar massacre 2413:Siege of Cawnpore 2385:in Cawnpore (now 2353:Siege of Cawnpore 2347:Cawnpore (Kanpur) 2231:Mortar damage to 2005:Central Provinces 1925:Anglo-Sikh wars ( 1909:or 'Easterners' ( 1806:Jayajirao Scindia 1624:Dhan Singh Gurjar 1301:Doctrine of Lapse 1282:Doctrine of Lapse 1202:Doctrine of Lapse 1186:Civilian disquiet 1117:The Enfield rifle 1002:recruited higher 984:presidency armies 870:Anglo-Mysore Wars 847:Battle of Plassey 741:Madras Presidency 737:Bombay Presidency 615: 614: 499: 498: 386:Sir Patrick Grant 129: 128: 16:(Redirected from 15682: 15235:Dhaniakhali Sari 15145:Professor Shonku 15140:Lalmohan Ganguly 15125:Bengali language 15061:Rabindra Sangeet 14918:Jiaganj Azimganj 14687:Dakshin Dinajpur 14608:Burdwan division 14604: 14603: 14579:Matua Mahasangha 14323:Anushilan Samiti 14258:Nawabs of Bengal 14104: 14097: 14090: 14081: 14080: 14026:Cyprus Emergency 13852:Maritz rebellion 13840:Tibet expedition 13773:Benin Expedition 13593:Indian Rebellion 13587:Second Opium War 13569:Eureka Rebellion 13545:British Honduras 13521:New Zealand Wars 13106:Seven Years' War 13052:Queen Anne's War 12885: 12878: 12871: 12862: 12861: 12850:Simla Conference 12641:Tiruppur Kumaran 12611:Subramaniya Siva 12566:Sangolli Rayanna 12556:Rash Behari Bose 12496:Nagnath Naikwadi 12406:Jawaharlal Nehru 12351:Dadabhai Naoroji 12346:Chittaranjan Das 12236:A. K. Fazlul Huq 12158:Savitribai Phule 11983:Khaksar movement 11938:Berlin Committee 11923:Anushilan Samiti 11887:Independence Day 11847:Aundh Experiment 11822:Vedaranyam March 11727:Kheda Satyagraha 11712:Singapore Mutiny 11495:Portuguese India 11442: 11435: 11428: 11419: 11418: 11406: 11405: 11381:Preceded by 11378: 11377: 11368:New York Tribune 11306:. 23 March 1998. 11297:Tertiary sources 11272:Thomson, Mowbray 11257: 11200: 11187:Khan, Syed Ahmed 11166:The Sepoy Revolt 11054: 11033: 11004: 10983: 10965: 10939: 10890: 10872: 10826: 10790: 10761: 10730: 10699: 10665:Lahiri, Nayanjot 10660: 10624: 10596: 10567: 10547: 10511: 10471: 10457:Social Scientist 10443: 10427:Wolpert, Stanley 10421: 10402: 10383: 10364: 10345: 10326: 10307: 10282: 10263: 10244: 10225: 10206: 10187: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10163:, archived from 10139: 10120: 10107: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10076:, archived from 10052: 10030: 10011: 9980: 9959: 9936: 9916: 9907: 9893: 9872: 9851: 9833: 9812: 9790:Social Scientist 9784: 9760: 9738: 9713: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9678:, archived from 9660:Brown, Judith M. 9655: 9644: 9626: 9603: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9454:. 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Venkataraman 12476:Mithuben Petit‎ 12456:Mahadaji Shinde 12436:Lala Lajpat Rai 12271:Bahadur Shah II 12256:Ashfaqulla Khan 12226:Accamma Cherian 12221:Abul Kalam Azad 12213: 12207: 12178:Syed Ahmad Khan 12168:Sister Nivedita 12133:Pandita Ramabai 12128:Niralamba Swami 12093:J. B. Kripalani 12018:Ashfaqulla Khan 12010: 12004: 11943:Ghadar Movement 11901: 11782:Flag Satyagraha 11690:Revolutionaries 11672: 11666: 11609: 11603: 11505:Battle of Buxar 11451: 11446: 11411: 11399: 11386: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11313: 11299: 11247: 11234:, London, 1858. 11089: 11061: 11059:Other histories 11045:(10): 760–766. 11039:History Compass 11022:10.2307/1345889 10981: 10937: 10913:Wayback Machine 10897: 10888: 10451: 10441: 10419: 10400: 10381: 10362: 10343: 10324: 10305: 10280: 10261: 10242: 10223: 10204: 10170: 10168: 10161: 10137: 10105: 10083: 10081: 10074: 10050: 10028: 10009: 9993: 9988: 9986:Further reading 9983: 9978: 9964:Spear, Percival 9957: 9891: 9870: 9856:Marshall, P. J. 9849: 9831: 9802:10.2307/3517586 9782: 9758: 9744:Victoria's Wars 9736: 9728:, p. 528, 9711: 9700:The Last Mughal 9685: 9683: 9676: 9653: 9624: 9601: 9581: 9576: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9398: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9374:Wayback Machine 9363:Sitaram Yechury 9361: 9357: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9305: 9301: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9260: 9256: 9251:Wayback Machine 9241: 9237: 9231: 9214: 9210: 9191:History Compass 9187: 9183: 9174: 9170: 9159: 9143: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9090: 9086: 9077: 9073: 9067:Taranaki Herald 9061: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8950: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8897: 8893: 8889:8 January 1998. 8887:Wayback Machine 8878: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8654: 8650: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8524: 8522: 8509: 8505: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8311:. p. 150. 8305: 8298: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8156:Turnbull, C. M. 8153: 8149: 8136: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8048:Gujarat in 1857 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8003: 8001: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7955: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7883: 7874: 7851: 7844: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7769: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7666: 7662: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7610: 7606: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7479: 7457: 7453: 7444: 7440: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7286:Mowbray Thomson 7280: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7226: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7194: 7190: 7165: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7079: 7072: 7067:Wayback Machine 7060:The British Raj 7057: 7053: 7042: 7020: 7016: 7006: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6948: 6944: 6933: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6654: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6586: 6579: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434:Wayback Machine 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6349:The Indian Army 6345: 6341: 6335:Wayback Machine 6326: 6322: 6316: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6251:Embree, Ainslie 6248: 6241: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6207: 6203: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6096:, p. 172, 6092: 6088: 6077:G. W. Forrest, 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5911:Hyam, R (2002) 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5883:"Indian Mutiny" 5879: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5824: 5809: 5801:, p. 171, 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5766: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5673: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5524: 5517: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5469: 5462: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5369: 5361:, p. 177, 5357: 5353: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5314: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5247: 5236: 5220: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4723: 4632:The Steam House 4629:The 1880 novel 4559:Sherlock Holmes 4494: 4447:Princely states 4387: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4271: 4248: 4227: 4085: 4080: 4051: 3960:Lord Palmerston 3858:Mutiny Memorial 3850: 3844: 3820: 3814: 3730: 3708:", such as the 3675:Madras Regiment 3667: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3511: 3499: 3488: 3432: 3415:The Last Mughal 3331:sexual violence 3284: 3279: 3251: 3223: 3175: 3124: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2831:Babu Amar Singh 2808: 2802: 2782: 2671: 2665: 2558: 2552: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2478: 2469: 2466: 2426:Mowbray Thomson 2355: 2349: 2274:Archdale Wilson 2263: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2229: 2220: 2213: 2122: 2116: 2044:Rao Kadam Singh 1980:Bahadur Shah II 1947: 1942: 1736: 1715:Flagstaff Tower 1700:Flagstaff Tower 1688:Bahadur Shah II 1651: 1559: 1527: 1468: 1462: 1442: 1377: 1375:The Bengal Army 1319: 1313: 1304: 1294: 1285: 1275: 1266: 1259:Charles Canning 1256: 1188: 1119: 1048:Warren Hastings 970: 964: 910:and the Muslim 904:princely states 851:Battle of Buxar 819: 813: 681:Great Rebellion 618: 617: 616: 611: 538: 533: 531: 529: 474: 450: 437: 433:Sir James Neill 406: 388: 384: 378: 372: 365: 340: 316: 312:Rani Lakshmibai 295:Bahadur Shah II 230: 162:Rani Lakshmibai 117: 111:British victory 103: 90: 85: 83: 77: 75: 61: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15688: 15678: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15580: 15579: 15574: 15573: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15390: 15388: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15331:Bengali people 15327: 15325: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15265:Jaynagarer Moa 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15230:Darjeeling tea 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15210:Banglar Muslin 15207: 15202: 15200:Baluchari sari 15196: 15194: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15172:Bengali cinema 15169: 15168: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15127: 15122: 15121: 15120: 15118:Bengal temples 15110: 15105: 15103:Raksha Bandhan 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15007: 15005: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14878:Hugli-Chuchura 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14834: 14832: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14805: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14773: 14766: 14764: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14722: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14710: 14708:Uttar Dinajpur 14705: 14700: 14695: 14689: 14683: 14681: 14679:Malda division 14675: 14674: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14645: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14612: 14610: 14601: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14575: 14573: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14561:Kolkata Police 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14377: 14375: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14343:Noakhali riots 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14248:Sher Shah Suri 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14223: 14212: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14194: 14185: 14176: 14167: 14158: 14149: 14139: 14137: 14131: 14130: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14107: 14106: 14099: 14092: 14084: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14065: 14059: 14053: 14047: 14041: 14035: 14029: 14023: 14017: 14011: 14005: 13999: 13993: 13987: 13981: 13975: 13969: 13963: 13957: 13954:Barzani revolt 13951: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13903: 13897: 13891: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13824: 13822: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13806: 13800: 13794: 13791:Tirah campaign 13788: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13740: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13701:Central Africa 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13671:First Boer War 13668: 13662: 13656: 13653:Anglo-Zulu War 13650: 13644: 13638: 13632: 13626: 13620: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13416: 13410: 13404: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13341:Froberg mutiny 13338: 13332: 13326: 13320: 13314: 13308: 13302: 13295: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13133: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13073: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13048: 13046: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13030: 13024: 13021:Williamite War 13018: 13012: 13006: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12958: 12952: 12946: 12940: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12909: 12907: 12901: 12900: 12897:British Empire 12888: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12865: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12811: 12809: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12631:Tarak Nath Das 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12581:Shuja-ud-Daula 12578: 12573: 12571:Sarojini Naidu 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12516:Prafulla Chaki 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12461:Mahatma Gandhi 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12217: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12183:Vakkom Moulavi 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12113:Mahatma Gandhi 12110: 12105: 12100: 12098:Jyotirao Phule 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12038:B. R. Ambedkar 12035: 12030: 12028:Ayya Vaikundar 12025: 12020: 12014: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12002: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11857:Cripps Mission 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11747:Noakhali riots 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11610:and ideologies 11605: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11594: 11592:Radcliffe Line 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11567:Vellore Mutiny 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311:External links 11309: 11308: 11307: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11269: 11258: 11245: 11235: 11224: 11217: 11208: 11201: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11159: 11144: 11134: 11127: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11099:, London, The 11093: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11078:Ward, Andrew. 11076: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11034: 11005: 10984: 10979: 10966: 10948:(2): 163–185. 10930: 10923: 10916: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10873: 10834: 10827: 10791: 10773:(1–2): 25–42. 10762: 10731: 10700: 10661: 10625: 10597: 10568: 10559:(3): 403–428, 10548: 10523:(3): 511–543, 10512: 10472: 10463:(5/6): 15–23, 10450: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10439: 10423: 10417: 10404: 10398: 10385: 10379: 10366: 10360: 10347: 10341: 10328: 10322: 10309: 10303: 10284: 10278: 10265: 10259: 10246: 10240: 10227: 10221: 10208: 10202: 10189: 10177: 10159: 10141: 10135: 10122: 10109: 10104:978-8122007831 10103: 10090: 10072: 10054: 10048: 10032: 10026: 10013: 10007: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9960: 9955: 9937: 9928:(3): 700–701, 9917: 9894: 9889: 9873: 9868: 9852: 9847: 9834: 9829: 9813: 9796:(1): 148–151, 9785: 9780: 9761: 9756: 9739: 9734: 9714: 9709: 9691: 9674: 9656: 9651: 9627: 9622: 9604: 9599: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9559: 9539: 9525: 9501: 9469: 9439: 9408: 9378: 9355: 9347:R. C. Majumdar 9337: 9328: 9321: 9299: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9235: 9229: 9208: 9181: 9179:Penguin Books. 9168: 9164:sensibilities. 9157: 9137: 9124: 9111: 9105: 9084: 9071: 9055: 9029: 8999: 8969: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8909: 8891: 8872: 8861: 8852: 8839: 8833: 8815: 8806: 8794: 8775: 8755: 8740: 8728: 8712: 8700: 8694: 8672: 8666: 8648: 8633: 8630:Dalrymple 2006 8622: 8620:, p. 4-5. 8618:Dalrymple 2006 8610: 8608:, p. 374. 8606:Dalrymple 2006 8598: 8580: 8571: 8552: 8532: 8503: 8483: 8456: 8429: 8399: 8372: 8342: 8324: 8317: 8296: 8292:Richard Holmes 8281: 8267: 8247: 8229:978-8120725065 8228: 8208: 8181: 8169: 8147: 8125: 8104:, ed. (1896). 8093: 8086: 8066: 8037: 8011: 7981: 7942: 7940:, p. 163. 7930: 7923: 7905: 7898: 7886:Allen, Charles 7872: 7842: 7815: 7786: 7767: 7748: 7733: 7702: 7687: 7675: 7660: 7633: 7604: 7577: 7548: 7539: 7530: 7524:978-8185693200 7523: 7503: 7491: 7477: 7471:, p. 89, 7451: 7438: 7425: 7423:, 1858, p. 56. 7419:J. W. Sherer, 7412: 7403: 7394: 7382: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7328: 7311: 7299: 7290: 7274: 7267: 7247: 7243:Dalrymple 2006 7235: 7213: 7204: 7188: 7159: 7136: 7130: 7109: 7100: 7088: 7070: 7058:Zachary Nunn. 7051: 7040: 7014: 7004: 6978: 6968: 6942: 6931: 6905: 6895: 6869: 6859: 6833: 6829:Dalrymple 2006 6816: 6804: 6778: 6752: 6730: 6700: 6688: 6677: 6670: 6643: 6631: 6627:Dalrymple 2006 6619: 6607: 6595: 6577: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6511: 6499: 6492: 6474: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6418: 6406: 6393: 6364: 6357: 6339: 6320: 6314: 6293: 6287: 6269: 6263: 6239: 6225: 6219: 6201: 6174: 6162: 6152:, p. 72, 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6086: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6039: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5953: 5946: 5940:, Peter Lang, 5926: 5917: 5904: 5873: 5853: 5841: 5807: 5791: 5779: 5764: 5726: 5714: 5708: 5690: 5671: 5648: 5636: 5606: 5591: 5584: 5563: 5533: 5515: 5490: 5478: 5460: 5435: 5429: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5367: 5351: 5336: 5330: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5263: 5234: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5161: 5155: 5124: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5037: 5018: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4925:Queen Victoria 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4792:were labelled 4776: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4705: 4691: 4688:Uller Uprising 4680: 4668: 4661:'s 1924 novel 4656: 4640: 4627: 4608:Indian writer 4606: 4588: 4577:'s 1975 novel 4572: 4551: 4544:'s 1975 novel 4539: 4532:'s 1973 novel 4527: 4511: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4389: 4388: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4346: 4345: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4281:Austrian India 4273: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4254:Colonial India 4247: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4235:Javed Siddiqui 4226: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4121: 4117:Bengal Brigade 4113: 4105:Light of India 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4072:Henry Havelock 4050: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4030: 4015: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3954:in July 1857, 3877:1857 Rebellion 3869:historiography 3843: 3842:Historiography 3840: 3816:Main article: 3813: 3810: 3794: 3793: 3777:Siege of Delhi 3769: 3768: 3752:Victoria Cross 3740: 3739: 3738:Victoria Cross 3729: 3726: 3666: 3663: 3632:Westernization 3593:Queen Victoria 3581:Humayun's Tomb 3573:Queen Victoria 3544: 3543: 3502: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3486:Reorganisation 3484: 3431: 3428: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3250: 3249:British Empire 3247: 3222: 3219: 3174: 3171: 3123: 3120: 3094:, head of the 3026:John Nicholson 2930:Main article: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2806:Siege of Arrah 2801: 2798: 2781: 2778: 2716:Rani of Jhansi 2696:princely state 2682:Rani of Jhansi 2667:Main article: 2664: 2661: 2656:General Outram 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2460: 2401:Azimullah Khan 2391:prime minister 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2329:Khooni Darwaza 2325:Mirza Abu Bakr 2313:William Hodson 2301:Humayun's tomb 2297:William Hodson 2282:Humayun's tomb 2265: 2264: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2201:John Nicholson 2188:Siege of Delhi 2181:Badli-ke-Serai 2120:Siege of Delhi 2118:Main article: 2115: 2114:Siege of Delhi 2112: 1963:wood-engraving 1946: 1945:Initial stages 1943: 1941: 1938: 1735: 1732: 1650: 1647: 1585:Harriet Tytler 1558: 1555: 1526: 1523: 1478:, 29-year-old 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1441: 1438: 1376: 1373: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1278:Lord Dalhousie 1276: 1269: 1267: 1257: 1250: 1210:Rani of Jhansi 1187: 1184: 1118: 1115: 1098:Lord Dalhousie 1050:was appointed 1046:In 1772, when 966:Main article: 963: 960: 881:Vellore Mutiny 855:Mughal Emperor 815:Main article: 812: 809: 804:Queen Victoria 792:British Empire 735:province, the 685:Revolt of 1857 613: 612: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 557:Badli-ki-Serai 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 497: 496: 485: 484: 480: 479: 469: 468: 457: 456: 446:John Nicholson 443: 430: 418: 399: 398: 366: 364: 363: 351: 346: 333: 322: 309: 304: 291: 288: 287: 283: 282: 281: 280: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 238: 231: 229: 228: 199:Various other 197: 192: 186: 180: 175: 168: 158: 153: 148: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 119: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 97: 93: 92: 72: 64: 63: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15687: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15650:1858 in India 15648: 15646: 15645:1857 in India 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15571: 15566: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15544:Mother Teresa 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15494:Rani Rashmoni 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15439:Nandalal Bose 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15414:Ritwik Ghatak 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15336:Bihari people 15334: 15332: 15329: 15328: 15326: 15322: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15310:Tangail Saree 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15285:Nakshi kantha 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15245:Fazli (mango) 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15215:Bankura horse 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15189: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14825: 14815: 14812: 14809: 14806: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14676: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14609: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14584:Bangla Pokkho 14582: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14571:Rights groups 14568: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14467: 14466:Hooghly River 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14451:Damodar River 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14374: 14370: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14308:Sovabazar Raj 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14293:Bardhaman Raj 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14253:Mughal Empire 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14216:Gauda Kingdom 14214: 14213: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14136: 14135:State symbols 14132: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14113: 14105: 14100: 14098: 14093: 14091: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14069: 14066: 14063: 14060: 14057: 14054: 14051: 14048: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14033: 14030: 14027: 14024: 14021: 14018: 14015: 14012: 14009: 14006: 14003: 14000: 13997: 13994: 13991: 13988: 13985: 13982: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13970: 13967: 13964: 13961: 13958: 13955: 13952: 13949: 13946: 13943: 13942:Ikhwan revolt 13940: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13928: 13925: 13922: 13919: 13916: 13913: 13910: 13907: 13904: 13901: 13898: 13895: 13892: 13889: 13886: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13874: 13871: 13868: 13865: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13817: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13453: 13450: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13438: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13423: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13389:Spice Islands 13387: 13384: 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13347:Santo Domingo 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13288: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13173: 13170: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13149: 13146: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13136:Pontiac's War 13134: 13131: 13128: 13125: 13122: 13119: 13116: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13095: 13092: 13089: 13088:Carnatic Wars 13086: 13083: 13080: 13077: 13074: 13071: 13068: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13058:Tuscarora War 13056: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13041: 13034: 13031: 13028: 13025: 13022: 13019: 13016: 13013: 13010: 13007: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12926: 12923: 12920: 12917: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12872: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12576:Satyapal Dang 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12501:Nana Fadnavis 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12466:Mangal Pandey 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12426:Khudiram Bose 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12341:Chetram Jatav 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12311:Bhikaiji Cama 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12301:Bharathidasan 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12286:Basawon Singh 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:Sri Aurobindo 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:Ram Mohan Roy 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Narayana Guru 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906:Organisations 11904: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11867:Bombay Mutiny 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11852:Indian Legion 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11792:1928 Protests 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11737:Rowlatt Bills 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11443: 11438: 11436: 11431: 11429: 11424: 11423: 11420: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11374: 11371:, 1853–1858, 11370: 11369: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11101:Folio Society 11098: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11081: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10982: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10936: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10889: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10442: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10178: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10145:Leasor, James 10142: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9994: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9952: 9949:, Routledge, 9948: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9783: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9748:Penguin Books 9745: 9740: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9726:Penguin Books 9723: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9692: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9635:Jalal, Ayesha 9632: 9628: 9625: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9562: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9473: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9332: 9324: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9303: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9239: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9097: 9088: 9081: 9075: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9044:on 3 May 2005 9043: 9039: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8941:, p. 701 8940: 8935: 8929:, p. 149 8928: 8923: 8913: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8876: 8865: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8810: 8804:, p. 103 8803: 8798: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8759: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8722:reprinted in 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8667:0-19-280358-1 8663: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8637: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8607: 8602: 8594: 8587: 8585: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8536: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8507: 8500: 8499:Charles Ball. 8496: 8495: 8487: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8444: 8440: 8437:Behal, Arsh. 8433: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8293: 8290: 8285: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8177:Straits Times 8173: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7899:0-349-11456-0 7895: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7847: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7543: 7534: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7465:Santa Barbara 7462: 7455: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7432:Andrew Ward, 7429: 7422: 7416: 7407: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7365:, p. 250 7364: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7326:, p. 191 7325: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7251: 7245:, p. 400 7244: 7239: 7231: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6909: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6671:0-330-02524-4 6667: 6662: 6661: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6591: 6584: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6454: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6422: 6416:, p. 24. 6415: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6160:, p. 173 6159: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6140:, p. 102 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6116:, p. 172 6115: 6110: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6068:, p. 293 6067: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6042: 6040:0-351-15997-5 6036: 6031: 6030: 6021: 6015:, p. 292 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5869:0-333-45672-6 5866: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5838:0-333-41837-9 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5653: 5646:, p. 133 5645: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5488:, p. 76. 5487: 5482: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5398: 5392:, p. 179 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5365:, p. 357 5364: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5203:, p. 170 5202: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5095:, p. 197 5094: 5093:Marshall 2007 5089: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5035:, p. 64. 5034: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4733: 4732:Maniram Dewan 4729: 4725: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4684:H. Beam Piper 4681: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4659:E. M. Forster 4657: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4624:Shyam Benegal 4621: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530:J. G. Farrell 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4379:British India 4376: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4354:Casa da Índia 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4291:Swedish India 4289: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176:Mangal Pandey 4173: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4160:Shyam Benegal 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4132:Maniram Dewan 4129: 4125: 4124:Maniram Dewan 4122: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4110:Elmer Clifton 4107: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4055: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012:Mughal Empire 4009: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3927:Kim A. Wagner 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3848:Panic of 1857 3839: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:Martial Races 3701: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3557:Robert Tytler 3554: 3550: 3540: 3537: 3529: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3503:This section 3501: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3441:, a print by 3440: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3385:Edward Vibart 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3309:General Neill 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2933: 2921:Other regions 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812:Gaya district 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Uttar Pradesh 2575: 2571: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2506:Samuel Bourne 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2375:Samuel Bourne 2372: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323:and grandson 2322: 2318: 2315:had his sons 2314: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:Kashmiri Gate 2258: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2235:, Delhi, 1858 2234: 2233:Kashmiri Gate 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217:Jantar Mantar 2211: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:Parikshitgarh 2033: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003:, Bihar, the 2002: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1645:pursue them. 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496:Quarter Guard 1493: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1480:Mangal Pandey 1477: 1473: 1467: 1466:Mangal Pandey 1460:Mangal Pandey 1457: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240:Muzaffarnagar 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:rifled musket 1135: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068:William Carey 1065: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 979: 973: 969: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:Dogra Dynasty 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906:of the Hindu 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 879:In 1806, the 877: 875: 871: 867: 864:, Bihar, and 863: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:factory areas 840: 837:Although the 831: 823: 818: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Indian Mutiny 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 658:central India 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:British Crown 631: 627: 623: 608: 607:Central India 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 541: 536: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 503: 494: 490: 486: 481: 478: 475: 473: 472:Randhir Singh 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 455: 453: 447: 444: 442: 440: 434: 431: 428: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 409: 403: 397: 396:Sir Hugh Rose 394: 393: 392: 391: 387: 383: 381: 375: 371: 367: 361: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 343: 337: 334: 331: 326: 323: 321: 319: 313: 310: 308: 305: 302: 296: 293: 292: 290: 289: 284: 279: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 179: 176: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 157: 154: 152: 151:Mughal Empire 149: 147: 144: 141: 140: 138: 137: 132: 124: 123:British India 120: 115: 114: 110: 107: 106: 102: 98: 95: 94: 73: 70: 69: 65: 59: 54: 49: 42: 37: 33: 19: 15449:Meghnad Saha 15399:Satyajit Ray 15324:Demographics 15275:Manasa chali 15150:Tarini Khuro 14938:Krishnanagar 14461:Teesta River 14421:Ganges Delta 14381:Bengal Basin 14303:Jhargram Raj 14282: 14233:Sena dynasty 14124: 13912:Iraqi Revolt 13767:Matabeleland 13743:North Borneo 13737:Matabeleland 13689:Saskatchewan 13592: 13491:Upper Canada 13485:Lower Canada 13443:Persian Gulf 13359:Persian Gulf 13299:Newfoundland 13280:Polygar Wars 13250:Kandyan Wars 13202:Nootka Sound 12820:Constitution 12808:Independence 12695: 12666:Vanchinathan 12296:Bhagat Singh 12251:Annie Besant 12212:Independence 12193:Vinoba Bhave 11997: 11993:Swaraj Party 11897:Lucknow Pact 11807:Purna Swaraj 11797:Nehru Report 11704: 11608:Philosophies 11596: 11586: 11562:Polygar Wars 11490:French India 11475:Dutch Bengal 11465:Colonisation 11389: 11366: 11331:Online books 11321: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11261: 11248: 11241: 11227: 11220: 11211: 11204: 11193: 11190: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11151: 11140: 11130: 11123: 11114: 11107: 11096: 11079: 11065: 11042: 11038: 11013: 11009: 10992: 10988: 10970: 10945: 10941: 10926: 10919: 10906:online guide 10901: 10877: 10845: 10841: 10838:Stokes, Eric 10830: 10799: 10795: 10770: 10766: 10742: 10738: 10711: 10707: 10672: 10668: 10633: 10629: 10605: 10601: 10576: 10572: 10556: 10552: 10520: 10516: 10484: 10480: 10479:1780–1830", 10476: 10460: 10456: 10430: 10408: 10389: 10370: 10351: 10332: 10313: 10289: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10212: 10193: 10182: 10169:, retrieved 10165:the original 10150:The Red Fort 10149: 10126: 10116: 10094: 10082:, retrieved 10078:the original 10062: 10039: 10017: 9998: 9967: 9945: 9925: 9921: 9903: 9880: 9859: 9838: 9820: 9793: 9789: 9766: 9743: 9721: 9698: 9684:, retrieved 9680:the original 9664: 9640: 9631:Bose, Sugata 9612: 9590: 9564:. Retrieved 9549: 9542: 9533: 9528: 9520:the original 9513: 9504: 9492:. Retrieved 9481: 9472: 9460:. Retrieved 9456:the original 9451: 9442: 9430:. Retrieved 9421: 9411: 9399:. Retrieved 9390: 9381: 9358: 9350: 9340: 9331: 9310: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9238: 9219: 9211: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9176: 9171: 9162: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9114: 9095: 9087: 9079: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9046:. Retrieved 9042:the original 9032: 9020:. Retrieved 9011: 9002: 8990:. Retrieved 8981: 8972: 8960:. Retrieved 8956:the original 8946: 8934: 8922: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8875: 8864: 8855: 8847: 8842: 8824: 8818: 8809: 8797: 8785:. Retrieved 8765: 8758: 8749: 8743: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8703: 8681: 8675: 8657: 8651: 8642: 8636: 8625: 8613: 8601: 8592: 8574: 8562:. Retrieved 8542: 8535: 8523:. Retrieved 8513: 8506: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8474:. Retrieved 8459: 8447:. Retrieved 8432: 8420:. Retrieved 8411: 8402: 8390:. Retrieved 8375: 8363:. Retrieved 8354: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8308: 8288: 8284: 8272:. Retrieved 8257: 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8218: 8211: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8163: 8159: 8150: 8140: 8116:. Retrieved 8106: 8096: 8076: 8069: 8057:. Retrieved 8047: 8040: 8028:. Retrieved 8014: 8002:. Retrieved 7993: 7984: 7972:. Retrieved 7961: 7938:Hibbert 1980 7933: 7914: 7908: 7889: 7858: 7854: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7808:17 September 7806:, retrieved 7796: 7789: 7779:17 September 7777:, retrieved 7757: 7751: 7742: 7736: 7724:. Retrieved 7696: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7669: 7663: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7626:17 September 7624:, retrieved 7614: 7607: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7570:17 September 7568:, retrieved 7558: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7513: 7506: 7499:Hibbert 1980 7494: 7460: 7454: 7446: 7441: 7433: 7428: 7420: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7392:, p. 95 7385: 7380:, p. 92 7358: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7324:Hibbert 1980 7293: 7281: 7277: 7257: 7250: 7238: 7229: 7207: 7191: 7171: 7162: 7151:, retrieved 7145: 7139: 7121: 7103: 7098:, p. 57 7091: 7082: 7054: 7045: 7025: 7017: 7009: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6953: 6945: 6936: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6844: 6836: 6831:, p. 23 6814:, p. 19 6807: 6795:. Retrieved 6791:the original 6781: 6769:. Retrieved 6765:the original 6755: 6747:the original 6742: 6733: 6721:. Retrieved 6717:the original 6712: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6680: 6659: 6639:Hibbert 1980 6634: 6622: 6615:Hibbert 1980 6610: 6603:Hibbert 1980 6598: 6589: 6572: 6567: 6560:Hibbert 1980 6555: 6550:, p. 93 6543: 6531:. Retrieved 6521: 6514: 6507:Hibbert 1980 6502: 6483: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6447:, p. 69 6440: 6421: 6409: 6401: 6400:Seema Alavi 6396: 6384:. Retrieved 6374: 6367: 6348: 6342: 6323: 6305: 6278: 6272: 6254: 6234: 6228: 6210: 6204: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6172:, p. 92 6165: 6154:Metcalf 1964 6145: 6133: 6126:Metcalf 1964 6121: 6109: 6104:, p. 92 6089: 6078: 6073: 6061: 6056:, p. 54 6049: 6028: 6020: 6008: 6003:, p. 53 5996: 5991:, p. 63 5989:Hibbert 1980 5984: 5973:, retrieved 5963: 5956: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5912: 5907: 5895:. Retrieved 5886: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5829: 5826:Philip Mason 5794: 5789:, p. 48 5787:Metcalf 1964 5782: 5777:, p. 88 5742: 5738: 5729: 5724:, p. 61 5717: 5699: 5693: 5681:. Retrieved 5661: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5618: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5578:. Scribner. 5575: 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5545: 5536: 5527:19 September 5525:, retrieved 5506: 5481: 5470:, retrieved 5451: 5419: 5397: 5385: 5380:, p. 94 5354: 5321: 5284: 5272: 5254: 5174: 5145: 5100: 5088: 5080: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5011:15 September 5009:. Retrieved 4999: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4780: 4753:India portal 4727: 4711: 4697: 4693: 4682:The plot of 4674: 4662: 4650: 4647:Captain Nemo 4630: 4617: 4613: 4600: 4595: 4578: 4562: 4545: 4533: 4517: 4514:John Masters 4505: 4397:EIC in India 4321:French India 4311:Danish India 4267: 4233:– A play by 4230: 4211: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4165: 4153: 4148:Satyajit Ray 4141: 4123: 4115: 4103: 4096:Eastward Ho! 4095: 4064: 4060: 4034: 4005: 4000:Felice Beato 3949: 3944: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3910: 3886: 3876: 3865:Michael Adas 3863: 3835:Commonwealth 3832: 3824: 3821: 3812:Nomenclature 3795: 3770: 3741: 3722: 3718: 3702: 3694: 3690:York Minster 3659:white mutiny 3648: 3644: 3636: 3616:India Office 3605: 3578: 3532: 3523: 3512:Please help 3507:verification 3504: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3438: 3425: 3418:, historian 3413: 3411: 3407: 3390: 3383: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3290: 3277:Consequences 3252: 3227:Surendra Sai 3224: 3211:Baroda State 3176: 3164: 3160:Hill Tippera 3125: 3089: 3080:British Army 3069: 3038: 3019: 2993: 2977:General Reed 2965: 2957:Ranjit Singh 2950: 2943: 2911:Mukti Vahini 2910: 2885: 2870: 2866: 2862:Vincent Eyre 2855: 2839: 2816:Kunwar Singh 2809: 2783: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2729:and eastern 2724: 2688:Jhansi State 2686: 2629: 2624:Felice Beato 2594: 2567: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2454: 2450: 2442:Savada Kothi 2434: 2429: 2398: 2380: 2317:Mirza Mughal 2310: 2306: 2266: 2185: 2158: 2149: 2139: 2104:Rao Tula Ram 2090: 2072: 2029: 2017:Mirza Mughal 1998: 1978: 1970: 1935: 1927:Chillianwala 1904: 1882: 1879:, circa 1860 1876: 1863:Ahl-i-Hadith 1857:and Maulana 1838: 1832: 1830: 1814: 1810: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1769: 1753: 1724: 1712: 1708: 1704:Felice Beato 1681: 1658: 1638:Philip Mason 1635: 1628: 1616: 1597: 1590: 1566: 1551: 1547:hill station 1528: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1503:Shaikh Paltu 1492:John Hearsey 1489: 1469: 1451: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1386: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1350:astrological 1322: 1234: 1222: 1191: 1189: 1180: 1173: 1165:Fort William 1162: 1158: 1134:Pattern 1853 1128: 1111: 1107:Lord Canning 1090: 1082: 1075: 1061: 1052:Fort William 1045: 976: 974: 971: 893: 878: 858:Shah Alam II 836: 780: 776:Lord Canning 705: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673:Sepoy Mutiny 672: 666: 621: 619: 597:2nd Cawnpore 552:1st Cawnpore 532: 488: 470: 458: 451: 438: 407: 400: 379: 374:George Anson 368: 354:Kunwar Singh 341: 317: 134:Belligerents 36: 15549:Amartya Sen 15519:Sukumar Ray 15509:Sarada Devi 15499:Ramakrishna 15255:Gobindobhog 15250:Garad Saree 15192:GI products 15108:Ratha Yatra 15076:Dol Purnima 15051:Chhau dance 14958:Murshidabad 14883:Cooch Behar 14703:Murshidabad 14654:Cooch Behar 14406:Rarh region 14228:Pala Empire 14165:Fishing cat 14112:West Bengal 14032:Suez Crisis 13930:Transjordan 13834:West Africa 13811:(1899–1902) 13805:(1898–1901) 13797:Six-Day War 13745:(1894–1905) 13733:(1891–1895) 13713:Mashonaland 13677:Mahdist War 13617:Shimonoseki 13547:(1847–1901) 13457:(1824–1901) 13425:Cape Colony 13323:Cape Colony 13282:(1799–1805) 13276:(1799–1803) 13264:(1798–1800) 13252:(1796–1818) 13226:Cape Colony 13216:(1793–1806) 13198:(1788–1934) 13094:Nova Scotia 13064:Yamasee War 13035:(1694–1700) 13009:Child's War 12997:2nd Tangier 12991:1st Tangier 12987:(1655–1739) 12937:Saint Kitts 12915:(1593–1603) 12764:Mountbatten 12386:Hemu Kalani 12266:Bagha Jatin 12203:Vivekananda 11958:India House 11842:Act of 1935 11617:Ambedkarism 11485:British Raj 11365:Karl Marx, 10084:26 November 9718:David, Saul 9432:16 December 9401:16 December 8564:5 September 8525:1 September 8476:1 September 8355:Crf-usa.org 8118:9 September 7994:Banglapedia 7861:: 493–500. 7649:: 360–369. 7593:: 379–387. 7390:Harris 2001 7378:Harris 2001 7096:Harris 2001 6685:Harris 2001 6083:archive.org 5975:12 November 5735:Eric Stokes 5683:17 November 5644:Ludden 2002 5107:, p. 9 4643:Jules Verne 4637:Jules Verne 4610:Ruskin Bond 4553:Two of Sir 4384:(1600–1947) 4341:(1505–1961) 4301:Dutch India 4239:Purana Qila 4172:Ketan Mehta 4023:Bundelkhand 3916:Eric Stokes 3754:are listed 3655:Ilbert Bill 3640:British Raj 3261:the annual 3116:Chichawatni 3066:, July 1857 3054:Lieutenant 2955:, ruled by 2953:Sikh Empire 2883:districts. 2774:Joan of Arc 2727:Bundelkhand 2720:Jhansi Fort 2704:British Raj 2700:Bundelkhand 2678:Jhansi Fort 2333:Zinat Mahal 2291:Capture of 2146:Crimean War 2098:, issued a 2086:Bulandshahr 2048:Bulandshahr 1728:peepul tree 1545:, the cool 1472:Barrackpore 1342:Chris Bayly 1329:evangelical 1325:Utilitarian 1141:Minié balls 1032:Bombay Army 1028:Madras Army 1000:Bengal Army 800:British Raj 602:2nd Lucknow 547:1st Lucknow 116:Territorial 15589:Categories 15434:Jyoti Basu 15424:Jamini Roy 15315:Tulaipanji 15270:Madurkathi 15225:Chhau mask 15160:Kiriti Roy 15093:Durga Puja 15026:Chalchitra 15021:Patachitra 14908:Jalpaiguri 14888:Darjeeling 14848:Berhampore 14828:Cities and 14810:(declared) 14808:Sundarbans 14804:(declared) 14783:(declared) 14772:(declared) 14733:(declared) 14694:(declared) 14692:Berhampore 14664:Jalpaiguri 14659:Darjeeling 14649:Alipurduar 14493:Governance 14411:Sundarbans 13936:Pink's War 13828:Somaliland 13665:Basutoland 13419:Guadeloupe 13401:Xhosa Wars 13383:Seychelles 13365:Guadeloupe 13353:Martinique 13220:Rohilkhand 13184:Gold Coast 13154:Rohilkhand 13112:Bengal War 12949:Pequot War 12794:Linlithgow 12734:Chelmsford 12724:Cornwallis 12636:Tatya Tope 12506:Nana Saheb 12411:K. Kamaraj 12361:Dhan Singh 12276:Bakht Khan 11928:Arya Samaj 11862:Quit India 11812:Salt March 11671:Events and 11647:Satyagraha 9924:(Review), 9746:, London: 9724:, London: 9494:6 February 9462:25 October 9063:The Empire 9048:6 February 8992:6 February 8962:2 November 8939:Nanda 1965 8736:David 2003 8708:David 2003 8449:6 November 8422:6 February 8392:6 November 8365:6 February 8197:(2): 144. 8059:15 January 8004:6 February 7363:David 2003 7196:God's Acre 6938:injustice. 6812:David 2003 6797:6 February 6771:6 February 6723:6 February 6548:David 2003 6445:David 2003 6414:David 2003 6170:Brown 1994 6102:Brown 1994 6066:David 2007 6054:David 2003 6013:David 2007 6001:David 2003 5897:6 February 5775:Brown 1994 5572:Keay, John 5556:6 February 5486:Peers 2013 5402:Bayly 1987 5378:Brown 1994 5363:Bayly 2000 5347:Spear 1990 5289:Brown 1994 5226:Brown 1994 5201:Bayly 1987 5105:David 2003 5033:Peers 2013 4721:Folk music 4702:G.A. Henty 4592:M. M. Kaye 4246:Literature 4027:Rohilkhand 3846:See also: 3651:Lord Ripon 3563:, May 1858 3459:newspapers 3379:Nana Sahib 3375:Bakht Khan 3231:Hazaribagh 3199:Bet Dwarka 3156:cantonment 3152:Jalpaiguri 3142:and later 3128:Chittagong 3030:Ravi River 2969:Ferozepore 2827:Jagdishpur 2804:See also: 2710:under the 2638:. General 2437:Tatya Tope 2394:Nana Sahib 2013:Bakht Khan 1940:The revolt 1931:Ferozeshah 1677:Emily Eden 1346:low people 1206:Nana Sahib 1196:, and the 1006:, such as 761:Travancore 739:, and the 691:, and the 336:Bakht Khan 325:Tatya Tope 307:Nana Sahib 256:Kapurthala 217:Chaudharys 178:Jagdishpur 172:Nana Sahib 170:Forces of 160:Forces of 86:1858-11-01 78:1857-05-10 15356:Rajbanshi 15098:Bhai Dooj 14953:Midnapore 14928:Kharagpur 14923:Kalimpong 14873:Bishnupur 14868:Bardhaman 14853:Balurghat 14731:Bishnupur 14669:Kalimpong 14599:districts 14594:Divisions 14373:Geography 14298:Nadia Raj 14221:Shashanka 14110:State of 14068:Falklands 14064:(1963–67) 14058:(1962–66) 14052:(1962–90) 14040:(1962–76) 14028:(1955–59) 14022:(1954–59) 14016:(1952–60) 14010:(1948–60) 14004:(1946–50) 13996:Indonesia 13992:(1945–46) 13990:Indochina 13986:(1944–48) 13974:(1936–39) 13968:(1936–39) 13956:(1931–32) 13950:(1930–31) 13944:(1927–30) 13926:(1922–24) 13924:Kurdistan 13908:(1919–20) 13884:(1916–17) 13864:Nyasaland 13860:(1914–15) 13854:(1914–15) 13842:(1903–04) 13836:(1901–02) 13830:(1900–20) 13793:(1897–98) 13787:(1897–98) 13769:(1896–97) 13739:(1893–94) 13703:(1886–89) 13679:(1881–99) 13673:(1880–81) 13667:(1880–81) 13661:(1879–80) 13649:(1875–76) 13635:Abyssinia 13631:(1866–71) 13625:(1864–65) 13613:(1863–64) 13605:Kagoshima 13601:(1857–58) 13595:(1857–59) 13589:(1856–60) 13583:(1856–57) 13577:(1854–56) 13575:Åland War 13559:(1848–49) 13535:(1845–50) 13529:(1845–46) 13523:(1845–72) 13517:(1839–42) 13511:(1839–42) 13505:(1839–41) 13493:(1837–38) 13487:(1837–38) 13481:(1831–33) 13475:(1831–32) 13469:(1828–32) 13463:(1824–26) 13439:(1817–18) 13415:(1814–16) 13409:(1812–15) 13403:(1811–79) 13397:(1810–11) 13377:Mauritius 13349:(1808–09) 13331:(1806–07) 13307:(1803–05) 13270:(1798–99) 13240:(1795–96) 13234:(1795–96) 13210:(1789–92) 13186:(1781–82) 13180:(1779–84) 13174:(1775–82) 13168:(1775–83) 13156:(1773–74) 13150:(1769–73) 13144:(1765–71) 13138:(1763–66) 13132:(1762–63) 13120:(1758–61) 13114:(1756–65) 13108:(1756–63) 13102:(1754–63) 13096:(1749–55) 13090:(1746–63) 13084:(1744–48) 13078:(1740–42) 13072:(1722–25) 13066:(1715–17) 13060:(1711–15) 13054:(1702–13) 13029:(1688–97) 13023:(1688–91) 13011:(1686–90) 13005:(1675–78) 12981:(1654–60) 12975:(1654–67) 12969:(1649–53) 12963:(1641–53) 12951:(1634–38) 12921:(1609–46) 12769:Wellesley 12754:Dalhousie 12616:Surya Sen 12511:P. Kakkan 12471:Mir Qasim 12446:M. N. 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Indian Rebellion of 1857

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