1973:
Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of
Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."
1969:. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727-731. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be alephbeth, in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to alphabet to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad,"
672:
505:
50:
418:
409:, a critic of Daniels and of the abjad terminology, argues that this terminology can confuse alphabets with "transcription systems", and that there is no reason to relegate the Hebrew, Aramaic or Phoenician alphabets to second-class status as an "incomplete alphabet". However, Daniels's terminology has found acceptance in the linguistic community.
1972:
from the Arabic word for the traditional order6 of its script, which (unvocalized) of course falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James- Germain
Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred
1982:
Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing
Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "Daniels (1990, 1996a) proposes the name abjad for these scripts, and this term has gained considerable popularity. Other terms include partial phonemic
657:
to create his initial abugida. Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans's system to other
Canadian aboriginal languages. Canadian syllabics differ from other abugidas in that the vowel is indicated by rotation of the consonantal symbol, with each vowel having a consistent
559:
In the 9th century BC the Greeks adapted the
Phoenician script for use in their own language. The phonetic structure of the Greek language created too many ambiguities when vowels went unrepresented, so the script was modified. They did not need letters for the
2044:, Omniglot.com, 2009, quote: "Abjads, or consonant alphabets, represent consonants only, or consonants plus some vowels. Full vowel indication (vocalisation) can be added, usually by means of diacritics, but this is not usually done." Accessed 22 May 2009.
458:
The
Phoenician abjad was a radical simplification of phonetic writing, since hieroglyphics required the writer to pick a hieroglyph starting with the same sound that the writer wanted to write in order to write phonetically, much as
621:
developed along a slightly different route. The basic consonantal symbol was considered to have an inherent "a" vowel sound. Hooks or short lines attached to various parts of the basic letter modify the vowel. In this way, the
1983:
script (Hill, 1967), segmentally linear defective phonographic script (Faber, 1992), consonantary (Trigger, 2004), consonant writing (Coulmas, 1989) and consonantal alphabet (Gnanadesikan, 2009; Healey, 1990). "
531:, are "impure" abjads – that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes, although the said non-diacritic vowel letters are also used to write certain consonants, particularly
610:
in
Phoenician. The major innovation of Greek was to dedicate these symbols exclusively and unambiguously to vowel sounds that could be combined arbitrarily with consonants (as opposed to syllabaries such as
539:, though at some point (at least by the 9th century BC) it and most of the contemporary Semitic abjads had begun to overload a few of the consonant symbols with a secondary function as vowel markers, called
809:(library). In most cases, the absence of full glyphs for vowels makes the common root clearer, allowing readers to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from familiar roots (especially in conjunction with
515:
Impure abjads have characters for some vowels, optional vowel diacritics, or both. The term pure abjad refers to scripts entirely lacking in vowel indicators. However, most modern abjads, such as
455:, the Phoenician script consisted of only a few dozen symbols. This made the script easy to learn, and seafaring Phoenician merchants took the script throughout the then-known world.
267:) four letters—corresponding to a, b, j, and d—to replace the more common terms "consonantary" and "consonantal alphabet", in describing the family of scripts classified as "
3212:
2696:
3642:
3632:
3207:
394:, a grapheme denotes a complete syllable, that is, either a lone vowel sound or a combination of a vowel sound with one or more consonant sounds.
3622:
3612:
3202:
3197:
3192:
401:
is also used as a term for the Arabic numeral system. Also, it may be taken as suggesting that consonantal alphabets, in contrast to e.g. the
5338:
3627:
2771:
2503:
5370:
2429:
438:
2317:
27-30-22-26. How Many
Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic". In de Voogt, Alex & Quack, Joachim Friedrich (eds.).
4560:
6440:
2689:
2026:
1923:
5009:
4446:
2758:
2518:
736:
structure of the
Semitic languages it was developed to write. This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from
545:. This practice was at first rare and limited in scope but became increasingly common and more developed in later times.
2982:
2385:
2358:
2326:
2280:
1098:
6208:
6194:
6164:
5303:
2663:
2303:
2216:
1950:
719:
133:
2073:: "Low-resource autodiacritization of abjads for speech keyword search", In INTERSPEECH-2006, paper 1412-Mon3FoP.13.
701:
114:
6426:
5143:
4540:
2682:
2987:
86:
4866:
4127:
6547:
6433:
4999:
4638:
2347:
697:
71:
17:
5108:
4633:
3691:
2612:
2422:
642:
383:
93:
3970:
1646:
6419:
6398:
3686:
3461:
2977:
2753:
2513:
2058:
1637:
1449:
535:
that sound similar to long vowels. A "pure" abjad is exemplified (perhaps) by very early forms of ancient
370:, their use is optional and not the dominant (or literate) form. Abugidas mark all vowels (other than the
6552:
6299:
6278:
4958:
4953:
4648:
4550:
3072:
2763:
6366:
4963:
4530:
3943:
3004:
2447:
615:
which usually have vowel symbols but cannot combine them with consonants to form arbitrary syllables).
100:
3696:
3014:
6557:
4616:
4338:
3891:
3478:
2658:
1885:
1424:
Parthia (modern-day equivalent of
Northeastern Iran, Southern Turkmenistan and Northwest Afghanistan)
2070:
264:
6116:
6102:
5407:
3990:
3793:
3009:
2415:
733:
682:
5721:
3137:
1026:
82:
6405:
5433:
4390:
4067:
4046:
3926:
3906:
3738:
3409:
3313:
2790:
2748:
2705:
2571:
2551:
2528:
2497:
2471:
1890:
821:
686:
60:
5123:
4062:
4052:
3985:
3495:
2928:
1404:
810:
745:
693:
646:
268:
67:
2206:
959:
740:, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms. For instance, according to
6507:
6412:
6201:
6150:
5610:
5532:
5296:
5235:
5220:
4789:
4668:
4410:
4370:
4102:
3778:
2962:
2950:
2923:
2908:
2293:
1940:
1913:
1898:
1537:
1378:
1034:
532:
5215:
4420:
6271:
6022:
5699:
5195:
4850:
4814:
4219:
4142:
3975:
3723:
3713:
3552:
3535:
2851:
2508:
1012:
623:
452:
8:
5098:
4994:
4716:
4239:
2945:
1730:
1348:
934:
849:
536:
444:
303:
272:
3261:
2272:
2265:
2187:
6257:
6234:
5868:
5757:
5747:
5639:
5582:
5568:
5525:
5230:
5113:
4948:
4840:
4799:
4753:
4748:
4643:
4625:
4293:
4224:
4189:
4137:
3950:
3938:
3349:
3271:
3172:
2727:
2617:
2466:
1737:
1209:
845:
631:
561:
5490:
5148:
6380:
6373:
6109:
6095:
6007:
5896:
5806:
5785:
5764:
5692:
5624:
5483:
5441:
5393:
5128:
5118:
4763:
4758:
4663:
4658:
4565:
4520:
4343:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4234:
4229:
4157:
4092:
4077:
4027:
4022:
3965:
3901:
3859:
3701:
3587:
3510:
3026:
3021:
2898:
2381:
2343:
2322:
2299:
2276:
2212:
2022:
1946:
1919:
1588:
1074:
650:
470:
6514:
6452:
6345:
6306:
6292:
6250:
6125:
6071:
6052:
5986:
5978:
5964:
5957:
5882:
5678:
5653:
5589:
5561:
5476:
5462:
5379:
5352:
5289:
5200:
5103:
4925:
4768:
4395:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4244:
4000:
3933:
3921:
3886:
3881:
3864:
3803:
3768:
3728:
3530:
3525:
3473:
3424:
3308:
3242:
3182:
3132:
3077:
2994:
2972:
2957:
2903:
2893:
2827:
2642:
2481:
2260:
1813:
1686:
1272:
1159:
1113:
1090:
1078:
886:
853:
841:
833:
825:
741:
654:
635:
627:
528:
524:
481:
480:
Phoenician gave rise to a number of new writing systems, including the widely used
448:
327:
280:
214:
155:
107:
6352:
5547:
5173:
4824:
4194:
461:
397:
The contrast of abjad versus alphabet has been rejected by other scholars because
6338:
6030:
5971:
5917:
5910:
5889:
5875:
5859:
5837:
5792:
5685:
5660:
5632:
5617:
5540:
5518:
5511:
5469:
5429:
5400:
5088:
5058:
4881:
4804:
4570:
4500:
4405:
4353:
4333:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4214:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4082:
4037:
4032:
3916:
3911:
3758:
3748:
3602:
3567:
3562:
3542:
3436:
3394:
3334:
3217:
3187:
3097:
3057:
2999:
2933:
2913:
2861:
2844:
2832:
2295:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
2251:
Daniels, Peter T. (2013). "The Arabic Writing system". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.).
2237:
1879:
1300:
1249:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1008:
955:
947:
938:
606:
541:
520:
516:
406:
390:
the inherent vowel so that the consonant alone can be properly represented. In a
359:
276:
260:
182:
4535:
3718:
496:, while Aramaic became the ancestor of many modern abjads and abugidas of Asia.
6475:
6359:
6243:
6223:
6132:
6000:
5931:
5830:
5778:
5771:
5603:
5596:
5575:
5554:
5455:
5448:
5255:
5210:
5138:
5133:
4984:
4968:
4943:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4711:
4585:
4545:
4515:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4425:
4400:
4348:
4288:
4254:
4204:
4152:
4117:
4072:
4042:
3995:
3955:
3854:
3808:
3763:
3681:
3617:
3572:
3557:
3520:
3500:
3468:
3456:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3291:
3276:
3266:
3232:
3222:
3167:
3152:
3117:
2967:
2871:
2819:
2709:
2581:
2566:
2438:
1836:
1498:
1022:
976:
Nabatean, Palmyran, Mandaic, Parthian, Pahlavi, Sogdian, Avestan and Manichean
951:
554:
489:
485:
422:
402:
371:
307:
194:
31:
4685:
2402:
1939:
Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2012). de Voogt, Alex; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (eds.).
630:
of Ethiopia between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD. Similarly, the
6541:
6482:
6331:
6264:
6187:
6157:
6015:
5993:
5924:
5820:
5799:
5646:
5504:
5422:
5415:
5386:
5345:
5260:
5250:
5245:
5032:
4726:
4385:
4328:
3980:
3753:
3637:
3592:
3547:
3515:
3364:
3281:
3254:
3227:
3157:
3142:
3127:
3082:
2839:
2607:
2041:
1653:
1461:
1360:
1094:
857:
578:
511:, meaning "Arabic": an example of the Arabic script, which is an impure abjad
342:, another category defined by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is
3301:
2362:
5938:
5903:
5844:
5331:
5093:
4989:
4902:
4794:
4695:
4505:
4318:
4283:
4264:
4199:
4087:
3849:
3773:
3582:
3577:
3488:
3483:
3419:
3359:
3339:
3296:
3286:
3237:
3122:
3102:
3092:
2940:
2918:
2876:
2674:
2637:
1606:
1044:
981:
911:
813:
clues) and improving word recognition while reading for practiced readers.
590:
288:
4147:
6521:
6285:
6216:
5497:
5188:
5048:
4809:
4653:
4510:
4415:
4184:
4112:
4097:
4005:
3798:
3708:
3607:
3597:
3451:
3414:
3369:
3354:
3329:
3249:
3177:
3162:
2866:
2403:
The Science of Arabic Letters, Abjad and Geometry, by Jorge Lupin is dead
816:
By contrast, the Arabic and Hebrew scripts sometimes perform the role of
634:
of the Indian subcontinent developed around the 3rd century BC (from the
572:
2057:. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23464-0, ISBN 978-0-631-23464-7. See esp.
488:. The Greek alphabet evolved into the modern western alphabets, such as
30:
For the traditional ordering of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, see
5178:
5153:
4721:
4164:
3654:
3649:
3505:
3446:
3087:
2622:
1853:
737:
1966:
6489:
6468:
6461:
5240:
5077:
4773:
4740:
4575:
4466:
4015:
3743:
3659:
3384:
2591:
2586:
2576:
1858:
837:
391:
375:
351:
347:
334:
in that only consonants, not vowels, are represented among the basic
244:
206:
198:
5183:
671:
49:
5205:
5168:
5163:
5043:
5004:
4845:
4604:
4489:
4380:
4122:
4010:
3960:
3831:
3344:
3147:
3107:
2888:
2881:
2732:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2476:
2461:
1847:
1785:
1017:
Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Aramaic, Judeo-Persian, Judeo-Italian,
1004:
817:
612:
493:
386:) by rotation of the letter. Some abugidas use a special symbol to
335:
331:
315:
213:
for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by
210:
5225:
2407:
863:
645:, was initially developed in the 1840s by missionary and linguist
504:
5312:
4819:
4690:
4580:
4555:
4441:
4278:
4132:
4107:
3876:
3783:
3431:
3045:
2856:
2541:
1842:
1808:
1018:
943:
829:
618:
363:
339:
38:
661:
6313:
4057:
3869:
3788:
3733:
3441:
3112:
2627:
439:
History of the alphabet § Descendants of the Aramaic abjad
426:
367:
355:
4680:
4675:
4525:
4308:
4209:
3896:
588:, so these symbols were assigned vocalic values. The letters
566:
466:
429:'. The line running from the upper left to lower right reads
379:
296:
292:
284:
202:
417:
5158:
5053:
2632:
1706:
parts of China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan
1399:
Punic (variant), Greek, Etruscan, Latin, Arabic and Hebrew
596:
584:
474:
2205:
Franklin, Natalie R.; Strecker, Matthias (5 August 2008).
1861:(constructed writing systems that are structurally abjads)
649:
for the Cree and Ojibwe languages. Evans used features of
167:
1912:
Boyes, Philip J.; Steele, Philippa M. (10 October 2019).
1670:
Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Semitic, Cushitic, Nilo-Saharan
205:
sounds to be inferred by the reader. This contrasts with
170:
161:
1986:
2342:. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. pp. 29–30.
27:
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
247:, a limited number of distinct vowel glyphs, or both.
2153:
1136:
Achaemenid, Persian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires
2380:]. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). CUP. p. 28.
2298:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 21.
2180:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2088:
803:
790:
777:
764:
469:
used solely for phonetic use) was used to represent
173:
164:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2076:
158:
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2264:
1998:
1878:
1850:(Hebrew & English system of alphanumeric code)
1427:Parthian & Sassanian periods of Persian Empire
2340:Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics II
2170:
2168:
899:
732:The abjad form of writing is well-adapted to the
443:The first abjad to gain widespread usage was the
378:, a minor attachment to the letter, a standalone
6539:
2204:
2100:
223:segmentally linear defective phonographic script
1877:
1518:Carthage (Tunisia), North Africa, Mediterranean
864:Comparative chart of Abjads, extinct and extant
738:a root consisting of (usually) three consonants
600:were also adapted into vowel signs; along with
2165:
820:rather than abjads when used to write certain
425:script containing a phrase which may mean 'to
271:". Similar to other Semitic languages such as
5297:
2690:
2423:
2259:
2208:Rock Art Studies - News of the World Volume 3
1992:
662:Abjads and the structure of Semitic languages
447:. Unlike other contemporary scripts, such as
2704:
797:
784:
771:
758:
749:
2319:The idea of writing: Writing across borders
2021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
1942:The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders
1911:
1649:- cursive form of the South Arabian script)
700:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
217:. Other terms for the same concept include
5304:
5290:
2697:
2683:
2430:
2416:
1915:Understanding Relations Between Scripts II
2253:The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
2188:"PAHLAVI PSALTER – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
720:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
2337:
2094:
1579:In conjunction with Egyptian Hieroglyphs
503:
416:
2502:Languages by writing system /
2312:
2291:
2255:. Oxford University Press. p. 415.
2250:
2159:
2082:
2035:
2016:
2004:
1938:
14:
6540:
2371:
2055:Writing systems: a linguistic approach
243:represent vowels with either optional
6441:American Printing House for the Blind
6217:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5869:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
5285:
5075:
5030:
4923:
4602:
4487:
3829:
3043:
2805:
2788:
2678:
2411:
1945:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 35.
1817:
1765:
1673:
1620:
1565:
1480:
1432:
1382:
1279:
1237:
1186:
1141:
1030:
963:
548:
473:phonetically before the invention of
4924:
2263:& Bright, William, eds. (1996).
2235:
2147:
1899:participating institution membership
757:(to write) can be derived the forms
698:adding citations to reliable sources
665:
641:The other major family of abugidas,
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
5311:
2437:
1796:bottom-top, right-left, left-right,
1763:Samaritan Aramaic, Samaritan Hebrew
798:
785:
772:
759:
750:
186:
24:
5031:
2509:Ancient languages corpuses by size
2378:transl. from the German of Caspari
2356:
2174:
1612:Ugarit (modern-day Northern Syria)
1493:Ethiopic (Eritrea & Ethiopia)
783:(you (masculine singular) wrote),
25:
6569:
2396:
2321:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–52.
1697:right-left, left-right (vertical)
326:According to the formulations of
2374:A Grammar of the Arabic Language
1323:Persian Script for Paper Writing
670:
499:
154:
48:
5076:
2198:
2064:
2047:
1538:Proto-Sinaitic, Proto-Canaanite
1154:Late Hebrew, Nabataean, Syriac
995:22 consonants + 5 final letters
405:, were not yet true alphabets.
283:proto-alphabets: specifically,
59:needs additional citations for
2770:Languages by writing system /
2313:Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2011). "
2238:"Abjads / Consonant alphabets"
2042:"Abjads / Consonant alphabets"
2010:
1976:
1959:
1932:
1905:
1871:
354:exist for the system, such as
321:
13:
1:
6209:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
6165:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4603:
4488:
3830:
1865:
1766:
1760:Samaritans (Nablus and Holon)
1718:
1681:Ge'ez (Ethiopia and Eritrea)
1621:
1566:
1481:
1433:
1383:
1331:
1280:
1187:
1142:
964:
643:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
638:, it has been hypothesized).
604:, these were already used as
384:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
201:are represented, leaving the
6420:National Braille Association
6399:Braille Institute of America
6117:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3044:
2514:Undeciphered writing systems
2211:. Oxbow Books. p. 127.
1967:Fundamentals of Grammatology
1064:Middle East and North Africa
250:
7:
6300:Refreshable braille display
6279:Optical braille recognition
5876:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5408:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4551:New Epoch Notation Painting
2519:Creators of writing systems
2267:The World's Writing Systems
1918:. Oxbow Books. p. 24.
1830:
906:Writing systems influenced
804:
791:
778:
765:
10:
6574:
6367:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2806:
2448:Index of language articles
2228:
1839:(Arabic alphanumeric code)
1694:no (yes in later versions)
1204:Hebrew, Imperial Aramaic.
552:
436:
412:
36:
29:
6499:
6450:
6390:
6323:
6233:
6179:
6142:
6103:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6082:
6063:
6044:
5949:
5855:
5816:
5743:
5670:
5369:
5362:
5323:
5281:
5084:
5071:
5039:
5026:
4977:
4936:
4932:
4919:
4895:
4859:
4833:
4782:
4739:
4704:
4624:
4617:Chinese family of scripts
4615:
4611:
4598:
4496:
4483:
4434:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3687:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3674:
3322:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3039:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2772:by first written accounts
2741:
2720:
2716:
2651:
2600:
2527:
2490:
2454:
2445:
2338:Lipiński, Edward (1994).
2017:Coulmas, Florian (2004).
1993:Daniels & Bright 1996
1886:Oxford English Dictionary
1250:Middle Persian, (Pahlavi)
905:
902:
896:
893:
890:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
6090:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5353:Unicode braille patterns
5339:International uniformity
3794:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2504:by first written account
2292:Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011).
1396:Proto-Canaanite Alphabet
1139:Imperial Aramaic, Hebrew
314:is a term synonymous to
37:Not to be confused with
6427:Blindness organizations
6406:Braille Without Borders
6195:Canadian currency marks
5817:Egyptian lineage family
5000:Southwest Paleohispanic
2472:History of the alphabet
1891:Oxford University Press
1605:none, 3 characters for
1472:Southern Arabia (Sheba)
1277:Pahlavi, Middle Persian
1182:Various Semitic Peoples
1067:Over 400 million people
822:Indo-European languages
748:, from the Arabic root
219:partial phonemic script
5744:Russian lineage family
5144:Great Lakes Algonquian
4053:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3986:Gabelsberger shorthand
2929:Inscriptional Parthian
2071:Schone, Patrick (2006)
2053:Rogers, Henry (2005):
746:Modern Standard Arabic
564:sounds represented by
512:
434:
6548:Abjad writing systems
6508:Accessible publishing
6434:Schools for the blind
6413:Japan Braille Library
6202:Computer Braille Code
5856:Indian lineage family
5236:Old Persian cuneiform
4103:Carolingian minuscule
2909:Ancient North Arabian
2357:Lo, Lawrence (2012).
1778:Paleo-Hebrew Alphabet
1709:Buddhists, Manichaens
507:
420:
338:. Abjads differ from
330:, abjads differ from
6272:Mountbatten Brailler
5627:(largely reassigned)
5410:(largely reassigned)
4959:Southeastern Iberian
4954:Northeastern Iberian
2852:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2236:Ager, Simon (2015).
1965:Daniels, P. (1990).
1664:South-Arabia (Yemen)
1557:Egypt, Sinai, Canaan
952:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
694:improve this section
453:Egyptian hieroglyphs
235:consonantal alphabet
68:improve this article
6224:Nemeth braille code
6010:(reassigned vowels)
5535:(extended to 8-dot)
5109:Canadian Aboriginal
4995:Khitan small script
4717:Khitan large script
3907:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2372:Wright, W. (1967).
1889:(Online ed.).
1731:Old Uyghur alphabet
1583:Phoenician, Hebrew
1377:Phoenician, Punic,
1320:Northwestern China
1013:Second Temple Judea
935:Syriac Christianity
624:South Arabian abjad
6553:Arabic orthography
6258:Braille translator
6235:Braille technology
6211:(science; GS8/GS6)
6180:Symbols in braille
6110:Taiwanese Mandarin
5625:Taiwanese Mandarin
5231:Nwagu Aneke script
4783:Other logosyllabic
4705:Chinese-influenced
4644:Oracle bone script
4626:Chinese characters
4561:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3951:Eclectic shorthand
3939:Duployan shorthand
3892:Caucasian Albanian
3692:Canadian syllabics
2728:History of writing
2613:Canadian syllabics
2482:Scripts in Unicode
2467:History of writing
2365:on 26 August 2017.
2059:Chap. 7, pp. 115ff
1821:Phoenician, Arabic
1818:2nd millennium BCE
1114:Aramaic (Imperial)
900:Time period (age)
549:Addition of vowels
513:
435:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6453:tactile alphabets
6381:William Bell Wait
6374:Sabriye Tenberken
6175:
6174:
6040:
6039:
6025:(Japanese vowels)
5823:-mediated scripts
5750:-mediated scripts
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5129:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5067:
5066:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4735:
4734:
4594:
4593:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3670:
3669:
3035:
3034:
3022:Teeline Shorthand
2780:
2779:
2672:
2671:
2664:In Southeast Asia
2261:Daniels, Peter T.
2192:iranicaonline.org
2028:978-0-521-78737-6
1925:978-1-78925-092-3
1897:(Subscription or
1828:
1827:
1618:Ugaritic, Hurrian
1475:Southern Arabians
1295:Psalter, Avestan
1232:Nabataean Kingdom
1106:Nabataean Aramaic
838:Romance languages
796:(he writes), and
751:كتب
730:
729:
722:
651:Devanagari script
626:evolved into the
263:'s first (in its
231:consonant writing
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
6565:
6558:1990s neologisms
6524:
6517:
6515:Braille literacy
6510:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6316:
6309:
6307:Slate and stylus
6302:
6295:
6293:Perkins Brailler
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6251:Braille embosser
6246:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6168:
6160:
6153:
6135:
6128:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6075:
6072:American Braille
6056:
6053:Algerian Braille
6033:
6026:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5942:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5848:
5840:
5833:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5367:
5366:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5317:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5073:
5072:
5028:
5027:
4934:
4933:
4926:Semi-syllabaries
4921:
4920:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4485:
4484:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3729:Japanese Braille
3314:Zanabazar square
3183:Nepalese scripts
3073:Bengali–Assamese
3063:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
2958:Pitman shorthand
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2601:Current examples
2582:Semi-syllabaries
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2391:
2366:
2361:. Archived from
2353:
2332:
2309:
2286:
2270:
2256:
2245:
2223:
2222:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1882:
1875:
1814:Berber languages
1775:
1771:
1768:
1742:yes (700 people)
1723:
1720:
1717:
1626:
1623:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1524:Punic, Neo-Punic
1486:
1483:
1438:
1435:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1273:Sassanian Empire
1196:
1192:
1189:
1147:
1144:
969:
966:
887:Matres lectionis
868:
867:
807:
801:
800:
794:
788:
787:
781:
775:
774:
768:
762:
761:
753:
752:
742:Classical Arabic
725:
718:
714:
711:
705:
674:
666:
655:Pitman shorthand
607:matres lectionis
542:matres lectionis
445:Phoenician abjad
372:"inherent" vowel
328:Peter T. Daniels
259:is based on the
215:Peter T. Daniels
209:, which provide
188:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6339:Charles Barbier
6337:
6330:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6171:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6078:
6070:
6064:Frequency-based
6059:
6051:
6036:
6029:
6021:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5945:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:Bharati Braille
5857:
5851:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5818:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5434:Unified English
5428:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5363:Braille scripts
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5265:
5080:
5063:
5059:Stokoe notation
5035:
5014:
4973:
4928:
4907:
4891:
4855:
4834:Logoconsonantal
4829:
4778:
4731:
4700:
4607:
4590:
4571:Siglas poveiras
4492:
4471:
4430:
4334:Younger Futhark
4038:Gregg shorthand
3834:
3813:
3666:
3318:
3048:
3031:
2810:
2793:
2776:
2749:Writing systems
2737:
2712:
2710:writing systems
2703:
2673:
2668:
2647:
2596:
2523:
2498:Writing systems
2486:
2450:
2441:
2439:Writing systems
2436:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2350:
2329:
2306:
2283:
2271:. OUP. p.
2231:
2226:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2019:Writing Systems
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1833:
1773:
1769:
1721:
1715:
1675:
1671:
1624:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1530:
1484:
1436:
1390:
1386:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1301:Psalter Pahlavi
1287:
1283:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1160:Aramaic (Early)
1145:
1037:, Early Aramaic
1031:2nd century BCE
1009:Jewish diaspora
967:
891:Area of origin
866:
726:
715:
709:
706:
691:
675:
664:
557:
551:
502:
441:
415:
407:Florian Coulmas
324:
261:Arabic alphabet
253:
157:
153:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6571:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6503:
6501:
6500:Related topics
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6476:New York Point
6472:
6465:
6457:
6455:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6360:Harris Mowbray
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6244:Braille e-book
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6012:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5753:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5375:
5373:
5371:French-ordered
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Linear Elamite
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:Sign languages
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5010:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4985:Espanca script
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Linear Elamite
4940:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4825:Yi (Classical)
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4649:Bronze scripts
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:Flag semaphore
4459:
4457:New York Point
4454:
4452:Telegraph code
4449:
4447:Maritime flags
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Visible Speech
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Sorang Sompeng
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Galik alphabet
4252:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:Tironian notes
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3996:Garay alphabet
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Sorang Sompeng
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:Déné syllabics
3699:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Proto-Sinaitic
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2652:Related topics
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2397:External links
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:978-0521094559
2386:
2368:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2328:978-9004215450
2327:
2310:
2304:
2288:
2287:
2282:978-0195079937
2281:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2197:
2179:
2164:
2152:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2046:
2034:
2027:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1975:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1837:Abjad numerals
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1770: 100 BCE
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:Proto-Sinaitic
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:Proto-Sinaitic
1628:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288: 700 CE
1284: 200 BCE
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1015:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
971:
962:
941:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:Influenced by
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
865:
862:
818:true alphabets
728:
727:
678:
676:
669:
663:
660:
632:Brāhmī abugida
555:Greek alphabet
553:Main article:
550:
547:
501:
498:
486:Greek alphabet
484:abjad and the
423:Proto-Sinaitic
421:A specimen of
414:
411:
403:Greek alphabet
323:
320:
265:original order
252:
249:
197:in which only
195:writing system
142:
141:
124:September 2022
56:
54:
47:
32:Abjad numerals
26:
18:Semitic abjads
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6570:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:Night writing
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:Organisations
6389:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:Valentin Haüy
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:Louis Braille
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6265:Braille watch
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6188:Braille music
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6151:Luxembourgish
6148:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:Other scripts
5948:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5742:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5722:Northern Sámi
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:Nordic family
5669:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:South African
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5533:Luxembourgish
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:ASCII braille
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Attic (Greek)
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Proto-Elamite
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Elder Futhark
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
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4258:
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4253:
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4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Old Hungarian
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
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4119:
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4109:
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4079:
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4036:
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4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
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3979:
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3969:
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3898:
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3807:
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3800:
3797:
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3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Masaram Gondi
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Gunjala Gondi
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
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3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3661:
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3648:
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3609:
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3584:
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3579:
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3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3536:Old Sundanese
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:Old Maldivian
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:Bilang-bilang
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Sylheti Nagri
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Brahmi script
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:South Arabian
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Inscriptional
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:9781588394347
2301:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2220:
2218:9781782975885
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2162:, p. 21.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:Lipiński 1994
2091:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1952:9789004215450
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1824:Neo-Tifinagh
1823:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Boustrophedon
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:South Arabian
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:Punic Culture
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:boustrophedon
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:boustrophedon
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:communities,
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
925:22 consonants
924:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
888:
883:# of letters
869:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
806:
795:
793:
782:
780:
769:
767:
756:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:morphological
724:
721:
713:
703:
699:
695:
689:
688:
684:
679:This section
677:
673:
668:
667:
659:
658:orientation.
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
636:Aramaic abjad
633:
629:
628:Ge'ez abugida
625:
620:
616:
614:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
556:
546:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
506:
500:Impure abjads
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
456:
454:
450:
446:
440:
432:
428:
424:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
241:Impure abjads
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
178:
151:
146:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6023:Thai and Lao
5700:Scandinavian
5332:1829 braille
5324:Braille cell
5124:Cypro-Minoan
4990:Pahawh Hmong
4903:Sitelen Pona
4867:Hindu-Arabic
4200:Mundari Bani
3774:Pahawh Hmong
3583:Tamil-Brahmi
3489:Eveyla Akuru
3484:Dhives Akuru
2951:Paleo-Hebrew
2818:
2807:
2754:undeciphered
2577:Pictographic
2572:Phonogrammic
2536:
2377:
2373:
2363:the original
2339:
2318:
2314:
2294:
2266:
2252:
2241:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2160:Ekhtiar 2011
2155:
2090:
2083:Daniels 2013
2078:
2066:
2054:
2049:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2005:Lehmann 2011
2000:
1988:
1978:
1970:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1884:
1873:
1805:North Africa
1667:D'mt Kingdom
1652:right-left,
1460:right-left,
1359:right-left,
1035:Paleo-Hebrew
824:, including
815:
802:
789:
776:
770:(he wrote),
763:
754:
731:
716:
707:
692:Please help
680:
640:
617:
605:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
558:
540:
533:approximants
514:
509:Al-ʻArabiyya
508:
479:
460:
457:
442:
430:
398:
396:
387:
350:, and where
343:
325:
311:
301:
269:West Semitic
256:
254:
240:
239:
234:
230:
227:consonantary
226:
222:
218:
190:
149:
147:
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
6522:RoboBraille
6346:Róża Czacka
6286:Perforation
6083:Independent
5981:(Bhutanese)
5716:Greenlandic
5387:Azerbaijani
5189:Jindai moji
5078:Syllabaries
5049:SignWriting
4949:Celtiberian
4851:Hieroglyphs
4654:Seal script
4639:Traditional
4511:Blissymbols
4416:Warang Citi
4391:Tolong Siki
4344:Marcomannic
4324:Dalecarlian
4314:Anglo-Saxon
4294:Pau Cin Hau
4185:Medefaidrin
4138:Merovingian
4098:Blackletter
4006:Asomtavruli
3799:Warang Citi
3608:Ulu scripts
3553:New Tai Lue
3496:Mon–Burmese
3350:Bhattiprolu
3178:Nandinagari
3005:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2764:constructed
2592:Syllabaries
2562:Logographic
2557:Ideogrammic
1774: 1 CE
1625: 1400
1574: 1700
1570: 1900
1391: 1000
1387: 1500
1269:Middle East
1229:Middle East
1191: 1000
1179:Middle East
1133:Middle East
1099:many others
1027:many others
1001:Middle East
931:Middle East
836:, and some
647:James Evans
352:vowel marks
322:Terminology
310:, the term
6542:Categories
6074:(obsolete)
6055:(obsolete)
5847:(Pakistan)
5758:Belarusian
5640:Vietnamese
5583:Portuguese
5569:Philippine
5526:Lithuanian
5179:Hentaigana
5174:Man'yōgana
4634:Simplified
4521:Ersu Shaba
4435:Non-linear
4240:Old Uyghur
4230:Old Permic
4225:Old Italic
4158:Visigothic
4093:Beneventan
4028:Glagolitic
3991:Gadabuursi
3655:Kolezhuthu
3650:Vatteluttu
3588:Tanchangya
3511:Saurashtra
3088:Devanagari
2946:Phoenician
2899:Manichaean
2623:Devanagari
2349:9068316109
1901:required.)
1866:References
1854:Numerology
1772: – c.
1748:right-left
1722: 400
1716:0400
1599:left-right
1572: – c.
1560:Canaanites
1548:left-right
1529:Phoenician
1509:right-left
1485: 500
1437: 200
1415:right-left
1389: – c.
1374:Canaanites
1349:Phoenician
1335: 400
1329:0400
1311:right-left
1286: – c.
1260:right-left
1220:right-left
1201:Phoenician
1195: 900
1193: – c.
1170:right-left
1151:Phoenician
1146: 500
1124:right-left
1055:right-left
992:right-left
968: 100
922:right-left
897:Languages
880:Direction
850:Portuguese
799:مَكْتَبَة
710:March 2024
537:Phoenician
462:man'yōgana
437:See also:
304:Indonesian
273:Phoenician
245:diacritics
199:consonants
94:newspapers
6490:Vibratese
6469:Moon type
6462:Decapoint
6143:Eight-dot
6096:Cantonese
6045:Reordered
6008:Inuktitut
5897:Malayalam
5807:Ukrainian
5786:Mongolian
5765:Bulgarian
5728:Norwegian
5693:Icelandic
5484:Hungarian
5442:Esperanto
5394:Cantonese
4978:Redundant
4790:Anatolian
4741:Cuneiform
4669:bird-worm
4605:Logograms
4576:Testerian
4490:Ideograms
4467:Moon type
4354:Staveless
4245:Mongolian
4190:Molodtsov
4148:Sütterlin
4016:Mkhedruli
3882:Bassa Vah
3832:Alphabets
3804:Mwangwego
3769:Mwangwego
3744:Kharosthi
3697:Blackfoot
3660:Malayanma
3531:Sundanese
3526:Sukhothai
3474:Malayalam
3425:Khom Thai
3385:Goykanadi
3309:Tocharian
3262:ʼPhags-pa
3133:Khudabadi
3078:Bhaiksuki
2973:Samaritan
2904:Nabataean
2759:inventors
2659:In Africa
2643:Mongolian
2587:Shorthand
2547:Alphabets
2477:Graphemes
2148:Ager 2015
1859:Shorthand
1738:Samaritan
1563:Canaanite
1235:Nabataean
1210:Nabataean
939:Assyrians
846:Aragonese
842:Mozarabic
786:يَكْتُبُ
681:does not
449:cuneiform
392:syllabary
382:, or (in
376:diacritic
374:) with a
348:phonology
336:graphemes
332:alphabets
255:The name
251:Etymology
211:graphemes
207:alphabets
6126:Japanese
5987:Georgian
5979:Dzongkha
5965:Armenian
5883:Gujarati
5748:Cyrillic
5679:Estonian
5654:Yugoslav
5590:Romanian
5562:Nigerian
5477:Hawaiian
5463:Ghanaian
5380:Albanian
5241:Sumerian
5206:Linear B
5169:Katakana
5164:Hiragana
5114:Cherokee
5044:ASLwrite
5005:Bopomofo
4860:Numerals
4846:Hieratic
4805:Isthmian
4774:Sumerian
4754:Assyrian
4749:Akkadian
4406:Vithkuqi
4381:Tifinagh
4349:Medieval
4304:Pisidian
4299:Phrygian
4270:Vagindra
4215:Ol Chiki
4123:Interlac
4078:Kayah Li
4068:Jenticha
4023:Veso Bey
4011:Nuskhuri
4001:Georgian
3971:Formosan
3966:Etruscan
3961:Enochian
3917:Cyrillic
3902:Coelbren
3860:Armenian
3759:Meroitic
3749:Mandombe
3739:Jenticha
3603:Tigalari
3568:Tai Viet
3563:Tai Tham
3543:Tagbanwa
3395:Javanese
3345:Baybayin
3335:Balinese
3323:Southern
3218:Pracalit
3213:Pachumol
3188:Bhujimol
3148:Mahajani
3108:Gurmukhi
3098:Gujarati
3066:Northern
3046:Abugidas
3027:Ugaritic
3015:Maḏnḥāyā
2889:Tifinagh
2882:Solitreo
2820:Numerals
2733:Grapheme
2721:Overview
2552:Featural
2542:Abugidas
2462:Language
2455:Overview
2359:"Berber"
2242:Omniglot
1848:Gematria
1831:See also
1786:Tifinagh
1615:Ugarites
1589:Ugaritic
1430:Parthian
1405:Parthian
1075:Kashmiri
1005:Israelis
894:Used by
877:Cursive
840:such as
805:maktabah
773:كَتَبْتَ
619:Abugidas
613:Linear B
562:guttural
494:Cyrillic
471:Japanese
431:mt l blt
388:suppress
340:abugidas
316:alphabet
189:), also
6031:Tibetan
5972:Burmese
5958:Amharic
5941:(India)
5918:Sinhala
5911:Punjabi
5890:Kannada
5838:Persian
5793:Russian
5733:Swedish
5711:Finnish
5686:Faroese
5661:Zambian
5633:Turkish
5618:Spanish
5541:Maltese
5519:Latvian
5512:Italian
5491:Iñupiaq
5470:Guarani
5430:English
5401:Catalan
5318:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5313:Braille
5196:Kikakui
5134:Eskayan
5119:Cypriot
4969:Dunging
4841:Demotic
4820:Tenevil
4764:Hittite
4759:Elamite
4712:Jurchen
4691:Sawndip
4686:Chữ Nôm
4586:Zapotec
4581:Yerkish
4556:Nsibidi
4541:Miꞌkmaw
4531:Isotype
4501:Adinkra
4442:Braille
4426:Zaghawa
4396:Vellara
4376:Sunuwar
4366:Sidetic
4361:Shavian
4289:Osmanya
4279:Ol Onal
4133:Kurrent
4118:Insular
4108:Fraktur
4083:Klingon
4073:Kaddare
4047:Archaic
3956:Elbasan
3944:Chinook
3934:Deseret
3922:Bosnian
3877:Avoiuli
3865:Avestan
3855:Ariyaka
3784:Tengwar
3682:Bharati
3643:Serawai
3633:Pasemah
3618:Lampung
3573:Lai Tay
3558:Tai Noi
3521:Sinhala
3501:Pallava
3469:Makasar
3457:Lontara
3432:Kulitan
3405:Kannada
3400:Kadamba
3390:Hanunoo
3380:Grantha
3375:Fakkham
3292:Tibetan
3277:Soyombo
3272:Siddhaṃ
3267:Sharada
3243:Litumol
3233:Tirhuta
3223:Ranjana
3208:Kvemmol
3168:Multani
3153:Marchen
3118:Kalinga
3058:Brahmic
2995:Sogdian
2934:Psalter
2914:Pahlavi
2894:Mandaic
2872:Cursive
2857:Elymaic
2828:Aramaic
2618:Chinese
2567:Numeral
2229:Sources
2175:Lo 2012
1880:"abjad"
1843:Abugida
1809:Berbers
1712:Sogdian
1687:Sogdian
1674:900 BCE
1478:Sabaean
1450:Sabaean
1442:Aramaic
1292:Aramaic
1244:Arabic
1241:Aramaic
1238:200 BCE
1091:Kurdish
1079:Persian
1019:Yiddish
973:Aramaic
944:Aramaic
874:In use
854:Spanish
834:Yiddish
830:Bosnian
826:Kurdish
811:context
792:yaktubu
779:katabta
702:removed
687:sources
529:Pahlavi
525:Aramaic
482:Aramaic
413:Origins
364:ḥarakāt
344:implied
281:Semitic
193:, is a
108:scholar
83:"Abjad"
39:Abugida
6451:Other
6324:People
6314:Braigo
6133:Korean
6001:Hebrew
5932:Telugu
5831:Arabic
5821:Arabic
5779:Kyrgyz
5772:Kazakh
5706:Danish
5604:Slovak
5597:Samoan
5576:Polish
5555:Navajo
5456:German
5449:French
5316:
5261:Yugtun
5251:Woleai
5201:Kpelle
5184:Sōgana
5104:Byblos
4882:Muisca
4800:Cretan
4769:Luwian
4727:Tangut
4546:Mixtec
4516:Dongba
4421:Yezidi
4411:Wancho
4386:Todhri
4339:Gothic
4319:Cipher
4260:Manchu
4250:Evenki
4235:Orkhon
4180:Manchu
4175:Lydian
4170:Lycian
4113:Gaelic
4063:Hanifi
4058:Hangul
4033:Gothic
3981:Fraser
3976:Fox II
3912:Coptic
3887:Carian
3870:Pazend
3843:Linear
3789:Thaana
3734:Sarati
3675:Others
3638:Rejang
3623:Lembak
3613:Incung
3593:Telugu
3548:Tai Le
3442:Langdi
3365:Chakma
3255:Karani
3228:Tamyig
3203:Kummol
3198:Himmol
3193:Golmol
3173:Nagari
3158:Meitei
3143:Lepcha
3128:Khojki
3113:Kaithi
3000:Syriac
2988:Musnad
2867:Ashuri
2862:Hebrew
2845:Elifba
2840:Arabic
2833:Hatran
2808:Abjads
2628:Hangul
2608:Arabic
2537:Abjads
2384:
2346:
2325:
2302:
2279:
2215:
2025:
1949:
1922:
1757:Levant
1727:Syriac
1609:+vowel
1490:Byblos
1379:Hebrew
1371:Byblos
1340:Syriac
1103:512 CE
1087:Uyghur
1083:Pashto
1071:Arabic
1045:Arabic
1023:Ladino
982:Hebrew
960:Mlahso
956:Turoyo
948:Syriac
912:Syriac
858:Ladino
766:kataba
760:كَتَبَ
527:, and
521:Hebrew
517:Arabic
427:Baalat
368:Arabic
360:Hebrew
356:nikkud
277:Hebrew
233:, and
183:Arabic
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
6167:(GS8)
6158:Kanji
6016:Khmer
5994:Greek
5925:Tamil
5858:i.e.
5819:i.e.
5800:Tatar
5746:i.e.
5647:Welsh
5548:Māori
5505:Irish
5423:Dutch
5416:Czech
5226:Nüshu
5094:Bamum
5089:Afaka
4896:Other
4887:Roman
4872:Abjad
4795:Bagam
4696:Bowen
4681:Kanji
4676:Hanja
4664:small
4659:large
4566:Olmec
4536:Kaidā
4526:Emoji
4506:Aztec
4309:Runic
4284:Osage
4265:Oirat
4210:Ogham
4143:Sigla
4088:Latin
4043:Greek
3927:Early
3897:Cirth
3850:Adlam
3719:Geʽez
3714:Fox I
3578:Tamil
3437:Lanna
3420:Khmer
3410:Karen
3360:Buhid
3340:Batak
3297:Uchen
3287:Takri
3238:Limbu
3138:Laṇḍā
3123:Khema
3103:Gupta
3093:Dogri
3010:Serṭā
2983:Zabur
2968:Punic
2941:Pegon
2877:Rashi
2791:Types
2742:Lists
2706:Types
2638:Latin
2529:Types
2491:Lists
2376:[
1895:
1647:Zabūr
1645:yes (
1499:Punic
871:Name
755:K-T-B
567:aleph
490:Latin
467:kanji
399:abjad
380:glyph
312:abjad
308:Malay
297:dalet
293:gimel
285:aleph
257:abjad
203:vowel
191:abgad
150:abjad
115:JSTOR
101:books
5939:Urdu
5904:Odia
5845:Urdu
5221:Loma
5216:Lisu
5159:Kana
5149:Iban
5139:Geba
5099:Bété
5054:si5s
4964:Khom
4937:Full
4810:Maya
4205:N'Ko
3764:Miao
3709:Dham
3628:Ogan
3598:Thai
3516:Shan
3452:Leke
3415:Kawi
3370:Cham
3355:Buda
3330:Ahom
3250:Odia
3163:Modi
2919:Book
2633:Kana
2382:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2315:Ch 2
2300:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1754:none
1554:none
1515:none
1469:none
1368:none
1226:none
1176:none
1095:Urdu
856:and
744:and
685:any
683:cite
653:and
594:and
585:ayin
579:heth
492:and
475:kana
451:and
366:for
362:and
358:for
306:and
279:and
187:أبجد
87:news
5498:IPA
5246:Vai
5154:Idu
4722:Sui
4195:Mru
4165:Luo
4128:IPA
3809:Rma
3506:Pyu
3447:Lao
3302:Umê
2708:of
1802:yes
1790:yes
1661:yes
1627:BCE
1596:yes
1576:BCE
1487:BCE
1439:BCE
1421:yes
1393:BCE
1317:yes
1308:yes
1197:BCE
1148:BCE
1052:yes
1049:yes
986:yes
970:BCE
919:yes
916:yes
696:by
597:yod
591:waw
582:or
346:by
302:In
289:bet
148:An
70:by
6544::
5256:Yi
2275:.
2240:.
2190:.
2167:^
2102:^
1883:.
1799:31
1793:no
1767:c.
1751:22
1745:no
1724:CE
1719:c.
1700:20
1691:no
1658:29
1642:no
1622:c.
1607:gs
1602:30
1593:no
1567:c.
1551:24
1545:no
1542:no
1512:22
1506:no
1503:no
1482:c.
1466:29
1457:no
1454:no
1434:c.
1418:22
1412:no
1409:no
1384:c.
1365:22
1356:no
1353:no
1337:CE
1332:c.
1314:21
1305:no
1281:c.
1263:22
1257:no
1254:no
1223:22
1217:no
1214:no
1188:c.
1173:22
1167:no
1164:no
1143:c.
1127:22
1121:no
1118:no
1097:,
1093:,
1089:,
1085:,
1081:,
1077:,
1073:,
1058:28
1025:,
1021:,
1007:,
989:no
965:c.
958:,
954:,
950:,
946::
937:,
860:.
852:,
848:,
844:,
832:,
828:,
602:he
576:,
573:he
570:,
523:,
519:,
477:.
318:.
299:.
295:,
291:,
287:,
275:,
237:.
229:,
225:,
221:,
185::
181:,
168:dʒ
5436:)
5432:(
5305:e
5298:t
5291:v
4049:)
4045:(
2698:e
2691:t
2684:v
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
2390:.
2352:.
2331:.
2308:.
2285:.
2273:4
2244:.
2221:.
2194:.
2177:.
2150:.
2097:.
2085:.
2061:.
2031:.
2007:.
1995:.
1955:.
1928:.
1893:.
1703:3
1266:3
1130:3
1061:3
998:4
928:3
723:)
717:(
712:)
708:(
704:.
690:.
465:(
433:.
177:/
174:d
171:æ
165:b
162:æ
159:ˈ
156:/
152:(
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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