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that the colony voted to become independent of France. The electorate of Guinea rejected the new constitution overwhelmingly, and Guinea accordingly became an independent state on 2 October 1958, with Touré, leader of Guinea's strongest labor union, as president. Guinea was thus the only
African colony to vote for immediate independence rather than continued association with France, and hence was the only French colony to decline participation in the new
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50:
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American private investment in Guinea, and claimed that the country had "fabulous economic potential" due to its mineral reserves. This was taken by US diplomats to be a confession of the failure of
Marxism. It was part of his economic policy change that led him to seek Western investment in order to develop Guinea's huge mineral reserves. At the same time, however, the annual average income of Guineans was US$ 140 (equivalent to
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581:, and then settled in Faranah. Aminata was not his first wife. She bore three babies, including Sékou and a brother who died in childhood, then she died giving birth to a third child, a girl named Nounkoumba. Sékou's birth supposedly coincided with an omen - a baby elephant was brought to Faranah and presented to the French colonial authorities.
805:
as a result in 1961. His early actions to reject the French and then to appropriate wealth and farmland from traditional landlords angered many powerful forces, but the increasing failure of his government to provide either economic opportunities or democratic rights angered more. Famously, he stated
1139:
On July 14, 2020, his grave was desecrated by an unknown person. According to a relative of the CEO of the GDR who went to the scene of the desecration, the individual set fire to the tricolor which was in the grave. Then he began to pour liquid into the burial place. The next day his widow lamented
789:
In 1960, Touré declared the PDG to be the only legal party, though the country had effectively been a one-party state since independence. For the next 24 years, Touré effectively held all governing power in the nation. He was elected to a seven-year term as president in 1961; as leader of the PDG he
917:
During its first three decades of independence, Guinea developed into a militantly socialist state, which merged the functions and membership of the PDG with the various institutions of government, including the public state bureaucracy. This unified party-state had nearly complete control over the
1029:
Single-list elections for an expanded
National Assembly were held in 1980. Touré was elected unopposed to a fourth seven-year term as president on 9 May 1982. A new constitution was adopted that month, and during the summer Touré visited the United States. While in Washington, Touré urged for more
964:
In 1977, protests against the regime's economic policy, which dealt harshly with unauthorized trading, led to riots in which three regional governors were killed. Touré responded by relaxing restrictions on trading, offering amnesty to exiles (thousands of whom returned), and releasing hundreds of
922:
in 1966 because of their alleged involvement in a plot to overthrow
President Touré. Similar charges were directed against France; diplomatic relations were severed in 1965 and Touré did not renew them until 1975. An ongoing source of contention between Guinea and its French-speaking neighbors was
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sponsored by the French government. Upon hearing of Touré's choice on the matter, General de Gaulle responded, "Then all you have to do is vote 'no'. I pledge myself that nobody will stand in the way of your independence." The French also threatened to cut off all their aid to Guinea in the event
835:
Throughout Touré's dispute with France, he maintained good relations with several socialist countries. However, Touré's attitude toward France was not generally well received by his own people and some other
African countries ended diplomatic relations with Guinea over his actions. He also often
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observed how brutal the French were in tearing down all what they thought was their contributions to Guinea: "In reaction, and as a warning to other French-speaking territories, the French pulled out of Guinea over a two-month period, taking everything they could with them. They unscrewed light
757:
In response to the vote for immediate and total independence, the vindictive French settlers and colonialists in Guinea were quite dramatic in severing ties with Guinea, with many French civil servants destroying
Guinean infrastructure as they departed Guinea as an act of vengeance for Guineans
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became acting president, pending elections that were to be held within 45 days. The
Political Bureau of the ruling Guinea Democratic Party was due to name its choice as Touré's successor on 3 April 1984. Under the constitution, the PDG's new leader would have been automatically elected to a
863:. After Nkrumah was overthrown in a 1966 coup, Touré offered him asylum in Guinea and gave him the honorary title of co-president. As a leader of the Pan-Africanist movement, Touré consistently spoke out against colonial powers, and befriended African American civil rights activists such as
592:
for refusing to write an essay critical of his ancestor Samori Toure. He was enrolled in the
Georges Poiret Technical College in Conakry in 1936 but was expelled less than a year later at the age of 15 for leading a student protest against the quality of food and quickly became involved in
632:
Touré first became politically active while working for the PTT. In 1945, he founded the Post and
Telecommunications Workers' Union (SPTT; the first trade union in French Guinea), and he became the general secretary of the union in 1946. Also the same year, he was a founding member of the
914:, overthrow Touré's regime, and destroy PAIGC bases. They succeeded in the rescue but failed to dislodge Touré's regime. Touré directed waves of arrests, detentions, and some executions of known and suspected opposition leaders in Guinea followed this military operation.
671:) in 1953 to force the implementation of a new overseas labor code. He was later elected to Guinea's Territorial Assembly the same year. As a result, he was elected as one of the three secretaries-general of the French Communist Party's Confédération Générale du Travail (
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Discours de
Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil de Gouvernement des 28 juillet et 25 aout 1958, de Monsieur Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de l'Assemblée territoriale et du Général de Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement de la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française,
1412:
Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic action of the Democratic Party of Guinea; extracts from the report on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Conference of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press,
558:(1861–1890) in the territory of Guinea and Mali, defeating numerous small African states with his large, professionally organized and equipped army. He resisted French colonial rule until his capture in 1898, and died while held in exile in Gabon.
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Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Gui'nea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By
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By 1948, he was elected general secretary of the Territorial Union of the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), and two years later, he was named general secretary of the coordinating committee of the (CGT) for French West Africa and
479:, PDG) the only legal party in the state, and ruled from then on as a virtual dictator. He was re-elected unopposed to four seven-year terms in the absence of any legal opposition. Under his rule many people were killed, most notably at
1362:] : suggestions submitted during the West Africa consultative regional meeting held at Conakry, during 19 and 20 November 1971. (Cairo : Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)
968:
He imprisoned or exiled his strongest opposition leaders. It is estimated that 50,000 people were killed under his regime. Over time, Touré arrested large numbers of suspected political opponents and imprisoned them in
909:
in 1970 when some 350 men, under the leadership of Portuguese officers from Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau), including FLNG partisans and African Portuguese soldiers, entered Guinea to rescue Portuguese
923:
the estimated half-million expatriates in Senegal and Ivory Coast; some were active dissidents who, in 1966, formed the National Liberation Front of Guinea (Front de Libération Nationale de Guinée, or FLNG).
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2325:"Real Decreto 1427/1979, de 10 de mayo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil al Excelentísimo Señor Ahmed Sekou Touré, Presidente de la República Popular y Revolucionaria de Guinea"
2741:
934:), French university teachers Maria Candéa an Laélia Véron praise Touré for having made official eight local languages of Guinea. They describe his linguistic policy as "très ambitieuse (very ambitous)".
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813:(as well as other human rights organizations), accusing his rule to be too oppressive. From 1965 to 1975 Touré ended all his government's relations with France, the former colonial power.
3274:
1092:. They denounced the last years of Touré's rule as a "bloody and ruthless dictatorship." The constitution was suspended, the National Assembly dissolved, and the PDG abolished. Colonel
816:
Touré argued that Africa had lost much during colonization, and that Africa ought to retaliate by cutting off ties to former colonial nations. However, in 1978 Guinea's ties with the
4456:
2755:
1416:
Ahmed Sékou Touré. Opening speech of the Summit of Heads of State and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of the Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
1377:
Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général des travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Conakry, 15–18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine. (Paris) :
1804:
1407:
Hommage à la révolution Cubaine ; Message du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain à l'occasion du 20 anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973)
739:
made it clear that a country pursuing the independent course would no longer receive French economic and financial aid or retain French technical and administrative officers.
3078:. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.
1140:
the act of desecration. She herself clarified that the mausoleum belongs to her clan and that it is abandoned without security, she considered hiring security personnel.
809:
Guineans who had fled reported that Touré's regime "practices tyranny and torture on a daily basis". His approach towards his opponents caused charges to be brought from
3092:
1492:
937:
Between 1969 and 1976, according to Amnesty International, 4,000 persons in Guinea were detained for political reasons, with the fate of 2,900 unknown. After an alleged
4411:
724:. On acceptance of the new constitution, French overseas territories had the option of choosing to continue their existing status, to move toward full integration into
2926:
2164:
4142:
625:)). After completing the examination course, he went on to work for the PTT as a postal clerk in Conakry in 1941. During this time, he formed connections with the
2612:
Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea (Associated Press),
664:, and included representatives from all the French West African colonies. The party forged alliance with labor unions and Touré was elected as secretary-general.
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2711:
2701:
965:
political prisoners. Relations with the Soviet bloc grew cooler, as Touré sought to increase Western aid and private investment for Guinea's sagging economy.
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2842:
2816:
1067:
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His greatest success as a trade union leader was when workers across French Guinea went on a 71-day general strike (longer than any other territories in the
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was the only candidate. He was reelected unopposed in 1968, 1974 and 1982. Every five years, a single list of PDG candidates was returned to the
617:
while also working to complete an examination course, which would allow him to join the Post, Telegraph and Telecommunications services (French:
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2992:
2721:
3004:
2294:
4446:
1447:, Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P. 1005, Conakry, République de Guinée) : Bureau de presse de la Présidence de la République, 1977.
2826:
2047:
Numbers fleeing remain controversial. Anti-Toure activists and the United States government say a million fled, HRW say tens of thousands.
1353:
A propos du Sahara Occidental : intervention du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant le 17 sommet de l'OUA, Freetown, le 3 juillet 1980
114:
4087:
836:
voiced his distrust of other African nations. Meanwhile, some 1.5 million Guineans were fleeing Guinea to neighboring countries, such as
589:
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from 1958 until his death in 1984. Touré was among the primary Guinean nationalists involved in gaining independence of the country from
2908:
1082:
seven-year term as president and confirmed in office by the voters by the end of spring. Just hours before that meeting took place, the
754:
when it became independent in 1958. In any event, the rest of Francophone Africa gained effective independence two years later in 1960.
86:
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1097:
1034:
411 in 2023), life expectancy was only at 41 years, and the literacy rate was only 10%. Measures announced in 1983 brought further
765:
bulbs, removed plans for sewage pipelines in Conakry, the capital, and even burned medicines rather than leave them for the Guineans."
3053:
1961:
4127:
3283:
2873:
2029:
Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, p.47, 2015, The University of North Carolina Press
1676:
Schmidt, Elizabeth (2007). "Cold War in Guinea: The Rassemblement Démocratique Africain and the Struggle over Communism, 1950–1958".
1602:
672:
2771:
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2139:
1318:
1111:
In 1985 Conté took advantage of an alleged coup attempt to arrest and execute several of Sékou Touré's close associates, including
626:
93:
3355:
1422:
Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as the representative of a culture. (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)
890:
67:
2514:
Guinea Shuns Tie to World Blocs; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By John B. Oakes,
2005:
1894:
3107:
1221:
746:
728:, or to acquire the status of an autonomous republic in the new quasi-federal French Community. If, however, they rejected the
4163:
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886:, as well as the Soviet Union, were plotting against his own regime even though he was taking economic aid from both parties.
4396:
4041:
3065:
2902:
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2392:
2123:
1844:
1762:"The postcolonial cultural transaction: rethinking the Guinea crisis within the French cultural strategy for Africa, 1958–60"
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1528:
952:
100:
2528:
Henry Tanner. Regime in Guinea Seizes 2 Utilities; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation,
366:
4122:
977:. As a result of mass graves found in 2002, some 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under the regime of Touré.
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2062:
1497:
82:
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2112:"20 à 30, le député français Sékou Touré conduit la Guinée à l'indépendance, et séduit en premier les pays communistes"
472:
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1739:
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Sékou Touré attended the École Coranique (Qur'anic school) in his hometown and later a French lower-primary school in
4152:
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Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir : l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984
2836:
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133:
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His relations with Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean delegation was imprisoned in
506:
state in present-day Guinea that resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898.
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71:
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1128:
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993:
773:
38:
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4102:
3538:
3180:
1987:
4247:
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2549:
883:
691:
107:
17:
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4466:
4441:
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791:
690:, a common trade union centre for French West Africa. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with
653:
304:
4112:
4077:
3102:
2577:
Alfred Friendly Jr. Toure Adopting a Moderate Tone; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words.
2563:
U.S. Peace Corps Ousted by Guinea; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By Richard Eder,
2490:
1216:
2831:
Ladipo Adamolekun. "Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building". Methuen (August 1976).
1078:
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Touré died of an apparent heart attack on 26 March 1984 while undergoing cardiac treatment in the
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60:
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1419:
Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poèmes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1964
4107:
3746:
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3196:
3140:
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Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime : lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand
1062:, for emergency heart surgery; he had been rushed to the United States after being stricken in
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who established an independent Islamic polity in part of West Africa. In 1960, he declared his
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801:, with the nationalization of foreign companies and centralized economic plans. He won the
3324:
1965:
1325:
8:
4237:
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3932:
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3213:
3207:
2535:
Toure Says Reds Plotted a Coup; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI),
2475:
Alpha Mohamed Sow, "Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)", in
906:
760:
725:
641:), an alliance of political parties and affiliates in French West and Equatorial Africa.
539:
445:
182:
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3235:
2742:
Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution
2429:. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
467:
ethnic group, Sékou Touré was the great-grandson of the powerful Mandinka Muslim cleric
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Lansiné Kaba. "From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984;" in
2042:
1785:
1701:
1693:
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1487:
970:
868:
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523:
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Guinea Relaxes Business Curbs; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters),
2479:
Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386–405, Karthala Editions (2003)
1922:
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Address of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of the Republic of Guinee [
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Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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1026:. In 1978, Touré formally renounced Marxism and reestablished trade with the West.
949:, was arrested and sent to prison. He died without trial in November of that year.
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751:
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2633:
Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; Guinea is Seeking Help On Bauxite,
1780:
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717:, where he worked to negotiate for the independence of France's African colonies.
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Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957–1984
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Noviciat d'un évêque : huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.
2765:
2505:"New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea" By Thomas F. Brady,
1837:
Serfs, Peasants, and Socialists: A Former Serf Village in the Republic of Guinea
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Guinea's president, Sekou Toure, Dies in Cleveland Clinic by Clifford D. May,
2116:
Ahmed Sékou Touré, 1922–1924: président de la Guinée de 1958 à 1984. 1956–1958
1689:
1120:
882:, after the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington. He feared that the
840:. Despite this, Touré's position won the support of many anti-colonialist and
31:
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2691:, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A6, Col. 1
2674:, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A1, Col. 1
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1816:
1465:
1047:
1012:
1004:
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Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse),
1409:. Conakry : Bureau de Presse de la Presidence de la Republique, (1975).
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Guinean, in Total Reversal, Asks More U.S. Investment by Bernard Weinraub,
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2644:, January 31, 1972, Monday Section: Survey of Africa's Economy, p. 46
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Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960–1980
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781:
4174:
3862:
3786:
3646:
2969:
2165:"Urgent : La tombe du feu Ahmed Sekou Touré profanée par un inconnu"
2070:
1988:"From military politization to militarization of power in Guinea-Conakry"
1391:
Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine. Paris, Présence africaine (1959)
980:
Domestically, Sékou Touré pursued socialist economic policies, including
919:
841:
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Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara)
871:, to whom he offered asylum. Carmichael took the two leaders' names, as
30:"Ahmed Toure" redirects here. For the footballer from Burkina Faso, see
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3872:
3149:
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Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure
2814:
Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale
2219:"Profanation de la tombe de Sékou Touré: Qu'en dit Hadja Andrée Touré?"
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among Touré's supporters began to oppose his government's shift toward
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of banks, energy and transportation; in foreign affairs, he joined the
974:
872:
480:
4170:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
2756:
Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57
1395:
Guinée-Festival / commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére
1388:
Doctrine and methods of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
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3791:
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3610:
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2637:, February 15, 1971, Monday Section: Business and Finance, p. 34
2372:, "Ahmed Sékou Touré," pp. 1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999).
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1645:
1643:
1641:
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1096:, leader of the coup, assumed the presidency on 5 April, heading the
1055:
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welcoming Sékou Touré outside the White House, Washington, D.C., 1979
945:, a cabinet minister and formerly the first secretary-general of the
864:
798:
598:
574:
289:
2667:, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
1038:, including the delegation of produce marketing to private traders.
720:
In September 1958, Guinea participated in the referendum on the new
713:
Touré served for some time as a representative of African groups in
530:. Faranah is a town deep inside Guinea situated on the banks of the
49:
4427:
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
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3706:
3512:
3020:
Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.
2681:, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 1
2663:
In Revolutionary Guinea, Some of the Fire is Gone by Alan Cowell,
2660:, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
2656:
Guinea is Slowly Breaking Out of Its Tight Cocoon by Alan Cowell,
2083:
Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (9 September 2014).
1636:
4417:
Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally politicians
4288:
3523:
2698:, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p.A1, Col. 4
2422:. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
1016:
703:
570:
515:
503:
269:
3027:
Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
3666:
3625:
2598:
Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters),
2347:"Predsjednik Republike Gvineje Seku Ture doputovao u Ljubljanu"
1397:. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
1184:
938:
827:
806:
that "Guinea prefers poverty in freedom to riches in slavery."
797:
During his presidency, Touré's policies were strongly based on
714:
585:
527:
511:
460:
449:
441:
407:
2860:
La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré.
2489:
Parts of this article were translated from French Knowledge's
1555:"Radio-kankan - la première radio internet de guinée !!!"
1554:
1530:
The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8
820:
soured, and, as a sign of reconciliation, President of France
37:"Sékou Touré" redirects here. For the Ivorian footballer, see
3282:
2694:
In Post-Coup Guinea, a Jail is Thrown Open. Clifford D. May.
2653:, July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 5
1429:. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972)
1263:
1243:
894:
879:
852:
824:
visited Guinea, the first state visit by a French president.
687:
2069:. Quote: "At its peak, Camp Boiro was a contemporary of the
2051:
3075:
3039:
Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré : quarante ans de dictature
2194:"Conakry : la tombe de Feu Ahmed Sékou Touré profanée"
2140:"Guinée : la tombe de Sékou Touré profanée à Conakry…"
1059:
918:
country's economic and political life. Guinea expelled the
860:
569:), and had migrated to the traditional gold mining town of
566:
538:
and Aminata Touré, who were subsistence farmers. He was an
293:
1962:"RFI – Les victimes du camp Boiro empêchées de manifester"
2874:
Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré : cela a bien eu lieu.
946:
444:
political leader and African statesman who was the first
4457:
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
4143:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
2050:
For the memorial to victims of Toure's government, see:
3087:
BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule
660:), the RDA's Guinean section. The RDA agitated for the
597:
activity. During his youth, Touré studied the works of
3009:
Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
2795:"Popular music and politics in Sékou Touré's Guinea".
1839:, University of California Press (1968, 2nd ed 1973).
1805:"Guinea's Longtime President, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Dies"
1493:
1963 visit by Sékou Touré to the Republic of the Congo
573:
with his brothers. He eventually continued to Kankan,
2958:
Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain.
2933:
J'ai vu : on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry
2862:(Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985).
2370:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African
1884:, Paris, Editions de La Découverte, 2019, p. 135-136.
1349:(Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)
941:
plot to assassinate Touré was disclosed in May 1976,
847:
Touré's primary allies in the region were presidents
4158:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
2619:
Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role,
2244:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"
1455:
698:. In 1956, Touré was elected Guinea's deputy to the
613:
In 1940, Touré obtained a clerk's position with the
2677:Thousands Mourn Death of Toure by Clifford D. May,
889:With Nkrumah, Touré helped in the formation of the
831:
Andree Touré, his wife and the first lady of Guinea
629:, a communist-dominated French labor organization.
498:, Touré's great-grandfather was the founder of the
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3033:Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
486:
3082:More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)
2082:
1302:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
4373:
3108:2nd page on the French National Assembly website
3103:1st page on the French National Assembly website
2469:(1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp. 15–19.
2060:Tierno S. Bah: Camp Boiro International Memorial
2054:For their view, reflected in the Statues of the
4412:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain politicians
2385:Political History of Guinea since World War Two
2118:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 27.
1857:The Revolutionary Years; West Africa Since 1800
1573:The Revolutionary Years; West Africa Since 1800
742:In 1958, Touré's PDG, pushed for a "No" in the
688:Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire
561:His father Alpha Touré was originally from the
510:Sékou Touré was born on 9 January 1922, into a
1583:
1581:
1134:
435:
156:
3539:
3370:
3356:
3268:
3165:
2327:(in Spanish). Gobierno de España. 10 May 1979
1755:
1753:
1374:Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958–)
1143:
588:. He allegedly failed the exams to enter the
4432:Members of Parliament for French West Africa
1441:, Conakry, Guinea : Press Office, 1978.
1435:, Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
1433:Rapport de doctrine et de politique générale
1309:
694:, who later was elected as president of the
608:
2109:
1992:Journal of Political and Military Sociology
1578:
1368:. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
1339:
732:, they would become independent forthwith.
3546:
3532:
3363:
3349:
3275:
3261:
3172:
3158:
2892:Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré.
2712:Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm
2539:. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, p. 14
2073:and a precursor of the Rwandan genocides."
1750:
1098:Military Committee of National Restoration
165:
4128:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
3284:Politburo of the First Republic of Guinea
2567:, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, p. 11
2521:Red Aid to Guinea Rises By Homer Bigart,
2368:Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds).
1855:Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980),
1779:
1571:Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980),
1102:Comité Militaire de Redressement National
1066:the previous day. Touré's tomb is at the
768:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
4088:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
3179:
3024:Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
2880:Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba
2623:, November 29, 1970, Sunday, p. 194
2056:Camp Boiro International Memorial (CBIM)
1655:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. p. 49.
998:
988:and developed very close relations with
951:
826:
780:
772:
677:
639:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, RDA
546:ethnic group. His great-grandfather was
490:
440:; 9 January 1922 – 26 March 1984) was a
3847:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
2702:Topics; How to Run Things, Or Ruin Them
2626:Guinean is Adamant On Death Sentences,
2595:, January 16, 1969, Thursday p. 10
2588:, December 7, 1968, Saturday p. 46
2532:. February 2, 1961, Thursday, p. 3
2434:"Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy"
2171:(in French). 2020-07-14. Archived from
1675:
1108:freed about 1,000 political prisoners.
891:All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party
777:Sékou Touré visiting Yugoslavia in 1961
534:. He was one of seven children born to
332: 1947; died 1952)
195:2 October 1958 – 26 March 1984
14:
4452:Collars of the Order of the White Lion
4374:
3058:magazine cover story about Sékou Touré
3014:Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
2909:Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
2886:Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.
2797:Australasian Review of African Studies
2616:, November 23, 1970, Monday, p. 1
2574:, January 26, 1968, Friday, p. 52
2382:
2263:
2261:
1759:
1615:
1526:
1439:Strategy and tactics of the revolution
1222:Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
627:French General Confederation of Labour
590:École normale supérieure William Ponty
3527:
3344:
3256:
3153:
2630:, January 29, 1971, Friday. p. 3
2602:, March 22, 1969, Saturday p. 14
2570:Guinea Is Warming West African Ties,
2560:, December 8, 1963, Sunday p. 24
1601:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1547:
1070:, situated within the gardens of the
706:, positions he used to criticize the
652:In 1952, he became the leader of the
27:President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984
4123:International African Service Bureau
2605:12 Foes of Regime Doomed in Guinea,
2581:. April 28, 1968, Sunday, p. 13
2454:Communalism and Socialism in Africa,
2076:
1802:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
785:Sékou Touré visiting Romania in 1979
436:
157:
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
4447:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
4164:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
2843:Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature.
2269:"Ahmed Sekou Toure, A Radical Hero"
2258:
1740:"Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero"
24:
4093:All-African Trade Union Federation
3553:
2850:Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran.
2776:The New York Times Review of Books
2450:"The Misdirection of C.L.R. James"
1868:See Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama.
1372:Conférences, discours et rapports,
897:guerrillas in their fight against
25:
4483:
4153:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3047:
2685:Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero
2420:Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran
2246:(in Czech). vyznamenani.net. 1959
1712:
1527:Magill, Frank N. (5 March 2014).
1498:Palais présidentiel Sekhoutoureah
658:Parti démocratique de Guinée, PDG
619:Postes, télégraphes et téléphones
4354:
4342:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4321:
3394:
3234:
2952:Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles
2774:(Book Review), Robert Weisbrot,
2640:Political Ferment Hurts Guinea,
2609:, May 16, 1969, Friday p. 2
2086:Historical Dictionary of Marxism
1472:
1458:
1403:Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
1324:
1311:
1295:
1283:
1268:
1256:
1242:
1230:
1215:
1203:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1003:Sékou Touré with U.S. President
400:
48:
4279:All-African Peoples' Conference
3012:Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari.
2383:Camara, Mohamed Saliou (2014).
2339:
2317:
2287:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2157:
2132:
2103:
2032:
2023:
1998:
1980:
1954:
1933:
1923:"'Mass graves' found in Guinea"
1887:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1829:
1796:
1760:Gerits, Frank (29 April 2019).
1652:Dictionary of African Biography
1015:with France in the late 1970s,
907:launched an attack upon Conakry
673:General Confederation of Labour
550:(Samory Touré), a noted Muslim
487:Childhood and family background
349:
329:
59:needs additional citations for
2913:Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo.
2401:Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama.
1678:The Journal of African History
1669:
1609:
1565:
1427:Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne
932:French language belongs to us!
758:voting to become independent.
13:
1:
4304:United States of Latin Africa
4133:Organisation of African Unity
4062:African Leadership University
2766:'Mass graves' found in Guinea
2584:Ebb of African 'Revolution',
2518:October 25, 1959, p. 16,
2477:Les ethnies ont une histoire,
2403:Encyclopedia of Black Studies
2295:"2004 National Orders awards"
1870:Encyclopedia of Black Studies
1781:10.1080/14682745.2019.1576170
1738:Pace, Eric (March 28, 1984).
1503:
4397:People of French West Africa
4118:First Pan-African Conference
2825:Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman
2732:How France Shaped New Africa
2461:Towards an African socialism
2089:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1508:
477:Parti démocratique de Guinée
452:. He would later die in the
7:
3446:vacant, April–December 2004
3005:Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
2550:The New York Times Magazine
2405:. Sage Publications (2005)
1533:. Routledge. p. 3711.
1451:
1135:Desecration of Touré's tomb
884:Central Intelligence Agency
615:Compagnie du Niger Français
10:
4488:
4057:African Leadership Academy
3097:International Crisis Group
2722:Guinea Frees Toure's Widow
2525:. March 6, 1960, p. 4
2361:
2353:(4944): 1. 9 January 1961.
2301:. Brand SA. Archived from
1591:(in Malinke). p. 218.
1355:. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
1331:Order of the Yugoslav Star
1144:Foreign awards and honours
994:People's Republic of China
686:In 1957, he organized the
654:Democratic Party of Guinea
473:Democratic Party of Guinea
36:
29:
4349:Pan-Africanism portal
4317:
4256:
4225:
4187:
4113:Economic Freedom Fighters
4103:Convention People's Party
4078:African Unification Front
4070:
4049:
4040:
3855:
3694:
3685:
3634:
3568:
3561:
3403:
3392:
3378:
3372:Prime ministers of Guinea
3290:
3243:
3232:
3187:
3137:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3018:Collectif Jeune Afrique.
2987:Mon combat pour la Guinée
2799:. 26 (1), pp. 26–42. 2004
2099:– via Google Books.
1803:Dash, Leon (1984-03-28).
1690:10.1017/s0021853707002551
1619:African Political Thought
1616:Martin, G. (2012-12-23).
1220:Supreme Commander of the
609:Politics and trade unions
413:
395:
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310:
300:
279:
256:
251:
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223:
211:
199:
188:
180:
176:
164:
155:
148:
4269:African-American leftism
4018:Henry Sylvester Williams
3782:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
3093:Conflict history: Guinea
2858:Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo.
2511:. May 2, 1959, p. 2
2387:. New York: Peter Lang.
1882:Le Français est à nous!
1340:Works by Touré (partial)
1041:
973:, such as the notorious
822:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
700:French National Assembly
662:decolonization of Africa
635:African Democratic Rally
39:Sékou Touré (footballer)
4472:Politicide perpetrators
4437:Guinean pan-Africanists
4327:Pan-Africanism category
4299:United States of Africa
4294:Union of African States
4284:East African Federation
4233:Ethnic groups of Africa
4138:Pan African Association
3727:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
3673:United States of Africa
3426:post abolished, 1984–96
3411:post abolished, 1958–72
3063:WebGuinee – Sekou Toure
2921:La mort de Telli Diallo
2768:. BBC, 22 October 2002.
2547:, July 8, 1962, Sunday
2466:International Socialism
2225:(in French). 2020-07-15
2200:(in French). 2020-07-14
2146:(in French). 2020-07-14
1169:Order of the White Lion
1072:Grand Mosque of Conakry
1036:economic liberalization
928:Le Français est à nous!
383:Aminata Fadiga (mother)
4108:East African Community
3747:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
3596:Anti-Western sentiment
3197:Louis Lansana Beavogui
3141:Louis Lansana Beavogui
2758:, Michael T. Kaufman,
2039:Guinea Background note
1366:Afrika and imperialism
1123:, former commander of
1079:Louis Lansana Béavogui
1011:Once Guinea began its
1008:
961:
899:Portuguese colonialism
832:
786:
778:
769:Presidency (1958–1984)
722:Constitution of France
708:French colonial regime
692:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
683:
507:
233:Louis Lansana Beavogui
206:Louis Lansana Beavogui
4013:Frances Cress Welsing
2931:Comité Telli Diallo.
2927:L'Itinéraire sanglant
1835:See: William Derman.
1002:
955:
830:
811:Amnesty International
784:
776:
681:
554:king who founded the
494:
4422:Presidents of Guinea
4195:Black Star of Africa
4148:Pan-African Congress
4098:Conseil de l'Entente
3878:Edward Wilmot Blyden
3802:Abdias do Nascimento
3767:Toussaint Louverture
3181:Presidents of Guinea
2848:Ibrahima Baba Kaké.
2778:, November 23, 2003.
2762:, November 16, 1998.
2738:, February 28, 1995.
2734:, Howard W. French,
2491:fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré
2418:Ibrahima Baba Kake.
2110:André Lewin (2009).
1968:on 11 September 2017
1559:www.radio-kankan.com
1275:Order of Civil Merit
986:Non-Aligned Movement
844:groups and leaders.
68:improve this article
4392:People from Faranah
4248:Conflicts in Africa
4238:Languages of Africa
4212:Pan-African colours
3933:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
3576:African nationalism
3208:Moussa Dadis Camara
3131:President of Guinea
3076:Camp Boiro Memorial
2944:Alsény René Gomez.
2925:Almamy Fodé Sylla.
2516:The New York Times,
1929:. October 22, 2002.
1425:Ahmed Sékou Touré.
1345:Ahmed Sékou Touré.
1300:Grand Cross of the
1194:Grand Cross of the
1068:Camayanne Mausoleum
971:concentration camps
761:The Washington Post
726:metropolitan France
682:Sékou Touré in 1958
446:president of Guinea
380:Alfa Toure (father)
183:President of Guinea
83:"Ahmed Sékou Touré"
4264:African philosophy
4243:Religion in Africa
3968:Zephania Mothopeng
3918:Amy Ashwood Garvey
3893:John Henrik Clarke
3883:Stokely Carmichael
3868:Molefi Kete Asante
3822:John Nyathi Pokela
3807:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3116:Political offices
3068:2018-03-18 at the
2979:2018-03-05 at the
2963:2018-03-14 at the
2938:2018-02-12 at the
2841:Koumandian Kéita.
2819:2018-01-13 at the
2760:The New York Times
2750:The New York Times
2736:The New York Times
2728:, January 3, 1988.
2726:The New York Times
2716:The New York Times
2706:The New York Times
2696:The New York Times
2689:The New York Times
2679:The New York Times
2672:The New York Times
2665:The New York Times
2658:The New York Times
2650:The New York Times
2642:The New York Times
2635:The New York Times
2628:The New York Times
2621:The New York Times
2614:The New York Times
2607:The New York Times
2600:The New York Times
2593:The New York Times
2586:The New York Times
2579:The New York Times
2572:The New York Times
2565:The New York Times
2558:The New York Times
2537:The New York Times
2530:The New York Times
2523:The New York Times
2508:The New York Times
2439:2018-10-22 at the
2351:Slobodna Dalmacija
2305:on 4 February 2016
2198:Guineeactuelle.com
2065:2008-03-06 at the
2043:Human Rights Watch
1744:The New York Times
1589:ߊߤߊߡߍߘ ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ
1488:Politics of Guinea
1379:Présence africaine
1329:Great Star of the
1086:seized power in a
1009:
962:
869:Stokely Carmichael
833:
787:
779:
684:
669:French West Africa
508:
218:Office established
4467:Burials in Guinea
4442:Muslim socialists
4369:
4368:
4361:Africa portal
4201:Le Marron Inconnu
4183:
4182:
4036:
4035:
3832:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3681:
3680:
3601:Black nationalism
3581:African socialism
3521:
3520:
3386:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3338:
3337:
3300:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3250:
3249:
3192:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3148:
3147:
3138:Succeeded by
2985:Dr. Thierno Bah.
2903:978-2-85802-649-4
2890:Ousmane Ardo Bâ.
2868:978-2-7021-1390-5
2812:Jean-Paul Alata.
2786:secondary sources
2752:, April 14, 1996.
2708:, March 29, 1984.
2432:Phineas Malinga.
2394:978-1-4331-2243-9
2125:978-2-296-09528-1
1845:978-0-520-01728-3
1540:978-1-317-74060-5
1248:Lenin Peace Prize
905:. The Portuguese
903:Portuguese Guinea
803:Lenin Peace Prize
792:National Assembly
737:Charles de Gaulle
420:Ahmed Sékou Touré
417:
416:
150:Ahmed Sékou Touré
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4479:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4217:Pan-African flag
4047:
4046:
3993:Randall Robinson
3928:Leonard Jeffries
3908:W. E. B. Du Bois
3903:Cheikh Anta Diop
3898:Martin R. Delany
3722:David Comissiong
3692:
3691:
3591:Anti-imperialism
3566:
3565:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3398:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3305:Lansana Beavogui
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3238:
3225:Mamady Doumbouya
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3124:Position created
3121:Preceded by
3113:
3112:
2872:Kaba Camara 41.
2808:Prison d'Afrique
2793:Graeme Counsel.
2718:, April 7, 1984.
2545:David Halberstam
2474:
2417:
2398:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
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2299:southafrica.info
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2223:Africaguinee.com
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2144:Africaguinee.com
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2107:
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2100:
2080:
2074:
2036:
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2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
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2008:. Archived from
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1891:
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1480:Biography portal
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1333:(7 January 1961)
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1206:
1196:Legion of Honour
1193:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1052:Cleveland Clinic
982:nationalizations
912:prisoners of war
893:, and aided the
752:French Community
734:French President
730:new constitution
675:; CGT) in 1954.
605:, among others.
556:Wassoulou Empire
500:Wassoulou Empire
439:
438:
406:
404:
403:
391:Military service
353:
351:
333:
331:
305:Democratic Party
286:
266:
264:
252:Personal details
226:
214:
202:
193:
169:
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139:
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117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
4487:
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4477:
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4407:Guinean Muslims
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4341:
4337:Africa category
4313:
4252:
4221:
4179:
4066:
4032:
4028:Omali Yeshitela
4008:Issa Laye Thiaw
3938:Maulana Karenga
3923:John G. Jackson
3851:
3772:Patrice Lumumba
3737:Muammar Gaddafi
3677:
3642:African century
3630:
3557:
3552:
3522:
3517:
3456:vacant, 2006–07
3399:
3390:
3374:
3369:
3339:
3334:
3286:
3281:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3230:
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3178:
3144:
3134:
3126:
3095:, 11 May 2007.
3070:Wayback Machine
3050:
3045:
2999:Noces d'absence
2981:Wayback Machine
2965:Wayback Machine
2946:Parler ou périr
2940:Wayback Machine
2919:Amadou Diallo.
2897:, Paris (1986)
2827:L'affaire Alata
2821:Wayback Machine
2804:Jean-Paul Alata
2781:
2496:
2472:
2441:Wayback Machine
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2275:. 28 March 1984
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2081:
2077:
2067:Wayback Machine
2049:
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2015:
2013:
2004:
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1809:Washington Post
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1478:
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1471:
1464:
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1457:
1454:
1445:Unité nationale
1347:8 novembre 1964
1342:
1312:
1310:
1284:
1282:
1257:
1255:
1231:
1229:
1204:
1202:
1178:
1176:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1077:Prime Minister
1044:
956:U.S. President
901:in neighboring
771:
647:French Togoland
611:
489:
401:
399:
386:
369:, Mohamed Touré
358:
355:
352: 1953)
347:
343:
335:
327:
323:
320:
301:Political party
288:
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268:
262:
260:
243:
224:
212:
200:
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172:
151:
140:
129:
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42:
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28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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4309:Year of Africa
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4274:Africanization
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4023:Amos N. Wilson
4020:
4015:
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Runoko Rashidi
3980:
3975:
3973:George Padmore
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3842:Robert Sobukwe
3839:
3837:Haile Selassie
3834:
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3827:Thomas Sankara
3824:
3819:
3817:Julius Nyerere
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Kenneth Kaunda
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:Anténor Firmin
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Amílcar Cabral
3714:
3712:Nnamdi Azikiwe
3709:
3704:
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3621:Uhuru Movement
3618:
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3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3563:
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3555:Pan-Africanism
3551:
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3519:
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3368:
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3353:
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3336:
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3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:N'Famara Keïta
3322:
3320:Moussa Diakité
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3280:
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3265:
3257:
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3228:
3222:
3217:
3214:Sékouba Konaté
3211:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
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3048:External links
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2772:Stokely Speaks
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2687:by Eric Pace,
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2052:campboiro.org/
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1774:(4): 493–509.
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1167:Collar of the
1158:Czechoslovakia
1145:
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1129:Moussa Diakité
1106:military junta
1043:
1040:
1024:liberalisation
920:US Peace Corps
770:
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610:
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603:Vladimir Lenin
542:member of the
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287:(aged 62)
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124:September 2013
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4207:Lion of Judah
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4083:African Union
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4042:Organizations
4039:
4029:
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4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Burning Spear
4001:
3999:
3998:Walter Rodney
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Motsoko Pheko
3976:
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3961:
3959:
3958:Archie Mafeje
3956:
3954:
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3943:Alice Kinloch
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3812:Kwame Nkrumah
3810:
3808:
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3797:Robert Mugabe
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
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3777:Samora Machel
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3762:Jomo Kenyatta
3760:
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3742:Marcus Garvey
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3203:Lansana Conté
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2959:
2956:André Lewin.
2955:
2953:
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2943:
2941:
2937:
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2930:
2928:
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2869:
2865:
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2854:
2853:Jeune Afrique
2851:
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2845:Nubia (1984).
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2524:
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2499:News articles
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:2-84586-389-6
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2459:John Leslie.
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2446:Baruch Hirson
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2431:
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2175:on 2021-08-30
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2057:
2053:
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2026:
2012:on 2012-07-25
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1942:
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1901:on 2012-07-25
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1691:
1687:
1684:(1): 95–121.
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1662:9780195382075
1658:
1654:
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1466:Guinea portal
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1094:Lansana Conté
1091:
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1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:United States
1039:
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1022:
1018:
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1013:rapprochement
1006:
1005:Ronald Reagan
1001:
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849:Kwame Nkrumah
845:
843:
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702:and mayor of
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520:French Guinea
517:
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484:
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454:United States
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367:Aminata Touré
365:
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283:26 March 1984
282:
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239:Lansana Conté
237:
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85: –
84:
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79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4199:
4162:
3988:Paul Robeson
3913:Frantz Fanon
3888:Aimé Césaire
3831:
3757:Modibo Keïta
3702:Dennis Akumu
3665:
3658:
3651:
3586:Afrocentrism
3500:
3496:I. K. Fofana
3486:M. S. Fofana
3455:
3445:
3425:
3410:
3385:
3315:Mamadi Keïta
3310:Ismaël Touré
3299:
3295:Loffo Camara
3191:
3129:
3123:
3055:
2950:Sako Kondé.
2884:Adolf Marx.
2796:
2775:
2759:
2749:
2746:Karen DeWitt
2735:
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2715:
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2453:
2426:
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2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2272:
2248:. Retrieved
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2222:
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2202:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:the original
2168:
2159:
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2143:
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2078:
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2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2000:
1991:
1982:
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1966:the original
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1941:"Camp Boiro"
1935:
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1899:the original
1889:
1881:
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1864:
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1831:
1820:. Retrieved
1808:
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1622:. Springer.
1618:
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1371:
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1359:
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1346:
1291:West Germany
1238:Soviet Union
1211:South Africa
1138:
1117:Mamadi Keïta
1113:Ismael Touré
1110:
1104:—CMRN). The
1101:
1088:
1076:
1064:Saudi Arabia
1045:
1028:
1010:
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967:
963:
958:Jimmy Carter
943:Diallo Telli
936:
931:
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925:
916:
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877:
857:Modibo Keita
846:
838:Sierra Leone
834:
818:Soviet Union
815:
808:
796:
788:
759:
756:
744:French Union
741:
719:
712:
685:
666:
657:
651:
643:
638:
631:
618:
614:
612:
583:
563:French Sudan
560:
540:aristocratic
509:
476:
458:
427:
423:
419:
418:
341:Andrée Touré
285:(1984-03-26)
225:Succeeded by
217:
190:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
4387:1984 deaths
4382:1922 births
4050:Educational
3863:Marimba Ani
3787:Thabo Mbeki
3695:Politicians
3647:Black power
3431:Sidya Touré
3404:Independent
3220:Alpha Condé
2970:Camara Laye
2473:(in French)
2416:(in French)
2071:Khmer Rouge
2006:"Westafrik"
1972:10 February
1946:10 February
1895:"westafrik"
1121:Siaka Touré
1089:coup d'état
842:Pan-African
696:Ivory Coast
595:labor union
579:Kissidougou
548:Samori Ture
536:Alpha Touré
532:Niger River
496:Samori Ture
469:Samori Ture
437:ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ
424:Sheku Turay
319:Marie N'Daw
213:Preceded by
158:ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ
32:Ahmed Touré
18:Sekou Toure
4376:Categories
3963:Ali Mazrui
3873:Steve Biko
3687:Proponents
3135:1958–1984
2229:2021-08-30
2204:2021-08-30
2179:2021-08-30
2150:2021-08-30
2016:2008-12-26
1905:2021-06-04
1822:2021-06-02
1504:References
1319:Yugoslavia
1125:Camp Boiro
1021:capitalist
990:Mao Zedong
975:Camp Boiro
873:Kwame Ture
747:referendum
514:family in
481:Camp Boiro
396:Allegiance
263:1922-01-09
94:newspapers
4071:Political
3953:Malcolm X
3948:Fela Kuti
3792:Tom Mboya
3653:Négritude
3616:Sankarism
3611:Nkrumaism
3606:Garveyism
3143:(interim)
2895:Harmattan
2331:29 August
2279:29 August
2250:29 August
1872:. pp78-80
1859:, p. 377.
1817:0190-8286
1790:159277834
1706:153492274
1597:cite book
1575:, p. 324.
1509:Citations
1056:Cleveland
1050:, at the
865:Malcolm X
799:socialism
637:(French:
599:Karl Marx
575:Kouroussa
463:from the
459:A devout
456:in 1984.
290:Cleveland
191:In office
4402:Mandinka
4226:Dynamics
3707:Idi Amin
3635:Concepts
3569:Variants
3562:Ideology
3513:Bah Oury
3502:Béavogui
3416:Beavogui
3379:Colonial
3245:* acting
3066:Archived
2977:Archived
2974:Dramouss
2961:Archived
2936:Archived
2817:Archived
2437:Archived
2169:kalenews
2063:Archived
2045:, 2007.
1927:BBC News
1452:See also
1381:, c1959.
1084:military
1017:Marxists
992:and the
552:Mandinka
544:Mandinka
465:Mandinka
363:Children
235:(acting)
181:1st
4289:Kwanzaa
4257:Related
4188:Symbols
4175:ZANU–PF
3466:Kouyaté
3089:(1959).
2362:Sources
1994:. 2000.
1698:4501018
1304:(1959)
704:Conakry
571:Siguiri
516:Faranah
504:Islamic
442:Guinean
374:Parents
354:
346:
334:
326:
322:
311:Spouses
270:Faranah
108:scholar
3856:Others
3667:Ujamaa
3660:Ubuntu
3626:Zikism
3508:Goumou
3476:Komara
3471:Souaré
3461:Camara
3451:Diallo
3436:Sidimé
3421:Traoré
2901:
2866:
2835:
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2376:
2309:8 July
2122:
2093:
1843:
1815:
1788:
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1626:
1537:
1385:(1958)
1316:
1288:
1277:(1979)
1261:
1250:(1961)
1235:
1224:(2004)
1208:
1185:France
1182:
1171:(1959)
1155:
1127:; and
1007:, 1982
939:Fulani
715:France
586:Kankan
528:France
524:colony
512:Muslim
461:Muslim
450:France
422:(var.
408:Guinea
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296:, U.S.
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3491:Youla
3054:1959
2456:1989.
1786:S2CID
1702:S2CID
1694:JSTOR
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1264:Spain
1042:Death
895:PAIGC
880:Ghana
853:Ghana
565:(now
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348:(
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101:books
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2333:2021
2311:2021
2281:2021
2252:2021
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1948:2015
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1813:ISSN
1657:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1603:link
1535:ISBN
1060:Ohio
1032:US$
867:and
861:Mali
855:and
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