217:. Power-to-power refers to the round-trip reconversion efficiency. For hydrogen storage, the round-trip efficiency remains limited at 35–50%. Electrolysis is expensive and power-to-gas processes need substantial full-load hours to be economic. However, while round-trip conversion efficiency of power-to-power is lower than with batteries and electrolysis can be expensive, storage of the fuels themselves is quite inexpensive. This means that large amounts of energy can be stored for long periods of time with power-to-power, which is ideal for seasonal storage. This could be particularly useful for systems with high
1103:
878:
33:
1591:
2170:
259:
heat production can result from electric energy otherwise the traditional heating system will be used. In order to increase flexibility power-to-heat systems are often coupled with heat accumulators. The power supply occurs for the most part in the local and district heating networks. Power-to-heat systems are also able to supply buildings or industrial systems with heat.
672:
Ausfelder, Florian; Beilmann, Christian; Bräuninger, Sigmar; Elsen, Reinhold; Hauptmeier, Erik; Heinzel, Angelika; Hoer, Renate; Koch, Wolfram; Mahlendorf, Falko; Metzelthin, Anja; Reuter, Martin; Schiebahn, Sebastian; Schwab, Ekkehard; Schüth, Ferdi; Stolten, Detlef; Teßmer, Gisa; Wagemann, Kurt;
258:
In contrast to simple electric heating systems such as night storage heating which covers the complete heating requirements, power-to-heat systems are hybrid systems, which additionally have traditional heating systems using chemical fuels like wood or natural gas. When there are excess energy the
286:
fossil fuels for the task. Large-scale heat pumps in district heating systems with thermal energy storage are an especially attractive option for power-to-heat: they offer exceptionally high efficiency for balancing excess wind and solar power, and they can be profitable investments.
66:. Power-to-X conversion technologies allow for the decoupling of power from the electricity sector for use in other sectors (such as transport or chemicals), possibly using power that has been provided by additional investments in generation. The term is widely used in
789:
Foit, Severin; Eichel, Rüdiger-A; Vinke, Izaak C; de Haart, Lambertus GJ (1 October 2016). "Power-to-Syngas – an enabling technology for the transition of the energy system? Production of tailored synfuels and chemicals using renewably generated electricity".
249:
The purpose of power-to-heat systems is to utilize excess electricity generated by renewable energy sources which would otherwise be wasted. Depending on the context, the power-to-heat can either be stored as heat, or delivered as heat to meet a need.
401:
310:(BEV). Given the expected uptake of EVs, dedicated dispatch will be required. As vehicles are idle for most of the time, shifting the charging time can offer considerable flexibility: the charging window is a relatively long 8–12
112:
Collectively power-to-X schemes which use surplus power fall under the heading of flexibility measures and are particularly useful in energy systems with high shares of renewable generation and/or with strong
424:
326:
According to the German concept of sector coupling interconnecting all the energy-using sectors will require the digitalisation and automation of numerous processes to synchronise supply and demand.
1161:
353:
to determine least‑cost system structure and operation. Results indicate that these various P2X technologies can effectively shift electricity loads and reduce
611:
Electricity storage in the German energy transition : analysis of the storage required in the power market, ancillary services market and the distribution grid
1134:
318:
minutes. The EV batteries can also be discharged to the grid to make them work as electricity storage devices, but this causes additional wear to the battery.
609:
910:
1442:
906:
994:"Improved flexibility with large-scale variable renewable power in cities through optimal demand side management and power-to-heat conversion"
764:"Entwicklung und Bewertung von Verfahrenskonzepten zur Speicherung von fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien in flĂĽssigen Kohlenwasserstoffen"
640:
2115:
1314:
1127:
495:
1031:
467:
1120:
101:. Electric vehicle charging, space heating and cooling, and water heating can be shifted in time to match generation, forms of
750:
727:
687:
418:
329:
A 2023 study examined to role that power‑to‑X could play in a highly‑renewable future energy system for
117:
targets. A large number of pathways and technologies are encompassed by the term. In 2016 the German government funded a €30
2173:
1590:
835:"Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: a review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials"
766:[Development and evaluation of process concepts for storing fluctuating renewable energy in liquid hydrocarbons].
2012:
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1435:
1365:
202:
2199:
1740:
1375:
1179:
581:
403:
Flexibility concepts for the German power supply in 2050 : ensuring stability in the age of renewable energies
1903:
1828:
1699:
1248:
1212:
511:"A life cycle environmental sustainability analysis of microbial protein production via power-to-food approaches"
17:
1391:
579:
Sternberg, André; Bardow, André (2015). "Power-to-What? — Environmental assessment of energy storage systems".
2075:
2007:
1997:
1873:
1773:
1428:
682:. Germany: Koordinierungskreis Chemische Energieforschung (Joint Working Group on Chemical Energy Research).
509:
Sillman, J.; Uusitalo, V.; Ruuskanen, V.; Ojala, L.; Kahiluoto, H.; Soukka, R.; Ahola, J. (1 November 2020).
1058:
1928:
1888:
1465:
1222:
1059:"Systematic effects of flexible power-to-X operation in a renewable energy system: a case study from Japan"
163:
to methanol. Both these fuels can be stored and used to produce electricity again, hours to months later.
2155:
2150:
1868:
1843:
1833:
1809:
1804:
1510:
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653:]. Regensburg, Germany: Forschungsstelle fĂĽr Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES), OTH Regensburg
342:
2209:
2070:
1788:
1758:
1535:
1299:
1258:
271:
460:"Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity"
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1614:
1575:
1319:
953:"Wind integration into energy systems with a high share of nuclear power – what are the compromises?"
354:
218:
1102:
877:
2100:
1908:
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1202:
307:
2204:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1409:
1324:
1273:
924:
Schweiger, Gerald (2017). "The potential of power-to-heat in
Swedish district heating systems".
459:
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140:
55:
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König, Daniel Helmut; Baucks, Nadine; Kraaij, Gerard; Wörner, Antje (18–19 February 2014).
210:
206:
8:
2060:
1893:
1793:
1768:
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1530:
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221:
penetration, since many areas have significant seasonal variability of solar, wind, and
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32:
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2002:
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94:
59:
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1404:
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346:
282:
offers a cheap way of using surplus renewable energy and will often displace
98:
833:
Bloess, Andreas; Schill, Wolf-Peter; Zerrahn, Alexander (15 February 2018).
2130:
2105:
1970:
1939:
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1555:
1309:
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803:
234:
130:
90:
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594:
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Lund, Peter D; Lindgren, Juuso; Mikkola, Jani; Salpakari, Jyri (2015).
969:
952:
676:
Energy storage systems: the contribution of chemistry — Position paper
1634:
1629:
1515:
1475:
639:
Sterner, Michael; Eckert, Fabian; Thema, Martin; et al. (2014).
267:
214:
184:
82:
1057:
Onodera, Hiroaki; Delage, RĂ©mi; Nakata, Toshihiko (1 October 2023).
1748:
1360:
371:
144:
270:. Resistance heaters have unity efficiency, and the corresponding
262:
Power-to-heat involves contributing to the heat sector, either by
1669:
1659:
1032:"Sector coupling – Shaping an integrated renewable energy system"
703:
496:"Mission Net-Zero: Charting the Path for E-fuels in the Military"
410:
188:
148:
78:
67:
768:
Jahrestreffen der
ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik
671:
1664:
710:
Pagliaro, Mario; Konstandopoulos, Athanasios G (15 June 2012).
159:. Another possibility is converting the hydrogen, along with CO
77:
in the terminology can refer to one of the following: power-to-
399:
274:(COP) of heat pumps is 2–5. Back-up immersion heating of both
121:
million first-phase research project into power-to-X options.
508:
330:
951:
Zakeri, Behnam; Rinne, Samuli; Syri, Sanna (31 March 2015).
551:"Power-to-X: entering the energy transition with Kopernikus"
457:
166:
1619:
763:
553:(Press release). Aachen, Germany: RWTH Aachen. 5 April 2016
172:
136:
788:
761:
709:
93:(power-to-hydrogen, power-to-methane) power-to-liquid (
27:
Storing surplus electricity production in chemical form
992:
Salpakari, Jyri; Mikkola, Jani; Lund, Peter D (2016).
574:
572:
570:
568:
139:
energy for storage and reconversion. Direct current
991:
241:
is not normally considered a power-to-fuel concept.
1142:
1056:
985:
893:
Energiespeicher – Bedarf, Technologien, Integration
832:
642:
143:(efficiency 80–85% at best) can be used to produce
665:
638:
607:
565:
515:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
105:that can be called power-to-mobility and power-to-
1050:
400:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016).
314:hours, whereas the charging duration is around 90
2186:
944:
890:
826:
755:
632:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
950:
578:
413:— National Academy of Science and Engineering.
183:. Alternatively they can be used as a chemical
171:Hydrogen and methane can be used as downstream
135:Surplus electric power can be converted to gas
782:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
1436:
1128:
714:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: RSC Publishing.
493:
442:
233:Despite it also being based fundamentally on
498:. NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence.
306:Power-to-mobility refers to the charging of
301:
909:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
384:
333:. The P2X technologies considered include
1443:
1429:
1135:
1121:
905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1078:
968:
923:
860:
850:
601:
526:
167:Storage and reconversion of power-to-fuel
62:, and reconversion pathways from surplus
1450:
891:Sterner, Stadler, Michael, Ingo (2014).
543:
468:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
31:
792:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
290:
14:
2187:
751:George Olah's renewable methanol plant
494:Trakimavicius, Lukas (December 2023).
1424:
1116:
673:Ziegahn, Karl-Friedrich (May 2016).
147:which can, in turn, be converted to
36:Transformation in joining up sectors
24:
2121:Renewable energy commercialization
1366:Renewable energy commercialization
712:Solar Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future
253:
201:Reconversion technologies include
25:
2221:
1376:United States energy independence
1063:Energy Conversion and Management:
2169:
2168:
1589:
1101:
998:Energy Conversion and Management
876:
582:Energy and Environmental Science
244:
124:
1249:Flexible AC transmission system
1024:
917:
884:
744:
70:and may have originated there.
1162:Smartgrids Technology Platform
1010:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.041
852:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073
502:
487:
13:
1:
2116:Renewable Energy Certificates
2076:Cost of electricity by source
1998:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1874:High-voltage shore connection
1315:Renewable Energy Certificates
377:
2131:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1929:Transmission system operator
1889:Mains electricity by country
1466:Automatic generation control
1223:Nonintrusive load monitoring
938:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.075
228:
7:
2156:List of electricity sectors
2151:Electric energy consumption
1869:High-voltage direct current
1844:Electric power transmission
1834:Electric power distribution
1511:Energy return on investment
1242:Other technologies/concepts
608:Agora Energiewende (2014).
360:
225:-hydroelectric generation.
10:
2226:
2071:Carbon offsets and credits
1789:Three-phase electric power
1300:Carbon capture and storage
1080:10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100416
528:10.1007/s11367-020-01771-3
481:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.057
294:
272:coefficient of performance
128:
2164:
2139:
2126:Renewable Energy Payments
2049:
1986:
1948:
1802:
1739:
1650:
1615:Fossil fuel power station
1605:
1598:
1587:
1458:
1384:
1338:
1320:Renewable Energy Payments
1292:
1241:
1193:
1151:
647:Long-term storage in the
343:Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
321:
308:battery electric vehicles
302:Other forms of power-to-X
219:variable renewable energy
2200:Energy policy of Germany
1909:Single-wire earth return
1849:Electrical busbar system
1506:Energy demand management
1279:Power-line communication
895:. Berlin and Heidelberg.
2040:Residual-current device
2030:Power system protection
2020:Generator interlock kit
1325:Renewable energy policy
1274:Phasor measurement unit
1180:Pickens Plan super grid
1824:Distributed generation
1496:Electric power quality
1254:HVDC bulk transmission
804:10.1002/anie.201607552
179:grid, or used to make
37:
2096:Fossil fuel phase-out
1864:Electricity retailing
1859:Electrical substation
1839:Electric power system
1392:Electricity economics
1371:Rural electrification
720:10.1039/9781849733175
347:Haber–Bosch synthesis
211:reciprocating engines
207:combined cycle plants
141:electrolysis of water
35:
1452:Electricity delivery
1195:Efficient energy use
770:. Karlsruhe, Germany
291:Heat storage systems
237:chemical reactions,
2061:Availability factor
2013:Sulfur hexafluoride
1894:Overhead power line
1794:Virtual power plant
1769:Induction generator
1722:Sustainable biofuel
1531:Home energy storage
1521:Grid energy storage
1486:Droop speed control
617:. Berlin, Germany:
409:. Berlin, Germany:
367:Grid energy storage
349:and the study used
1935:Transmission tower
1546:Nameplate capacity
1185:Unified Smart Grid
619:Agora Energiewende
595:10.1039/c4ee03051f
351:linear programming
335:water electrolysis
276:domestic hot water
264:resistance heating
97:), power to food,
38:
2210:Power engineering
2182:
2181:
2086:Environmental tax
1966:Cascading failure
1735:
1734:
1571:Utility frequency
1418:
1417:
1203:Demand management
1036:Clean Energy Wire
970:10.3390/en8042493
798:(20): 5402–5411.
729:978-1-84973-195-9
689:978-3-89746-183-3
521:(11): 2190–2203.
430:on 6 October 2016
420:978-3-8047-3549-1
16:(Redirected from
2217:
2172:
2171:
2081:Energy subsidies
2035:Protective relay
1976:Rolling blackout
1603:
1602:
1593:
1561:Power-flow study
1501:Electrical fault
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1410:Renewable energy
1330:Soft energy path
1143:Modernizing the
1137:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1082:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
989:
983:
982:
972:
963:(4): 2493–2527.
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429:
423:. Archived from
408:
397:
357:by 80% or more.
317:
313:
284:carbon-intensive
280:district heating
223:run-of-the-river
197:
120:
64:renewable energy
21:
2225:
2224:
2220:
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2216:
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2214:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2160:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2066:Capacity factor
2054:
2052:
2045:
2025:Numerical relay
2003:Circuit breaker
1991:
1989:
1982:
1944:
1884:Load management
1854:Electrical grid
1819:Demand response
1812:
1807:
1798:
1779:Microgeneration
1731:
1646:
1594:
1585:
1581:Vehicle-to-grid
1454:
1449:
1419:
1414:
1380:
1356:Energy security
1346:Electrification
1334:
1288:
1264:Load management
1237:
1208:Demand response
1189:
1167:SuperSmart Grid
1147:
1145:electrical grid
1141:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1064:
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1041:
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1038:. 18 April 2018
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297:Thermal battery
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254:Heating systems
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239:battery storage
231:
196:
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175:, fed into the
169:
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133:
127:
118:
115:decarbonization
103:demand response
28:
23:
22:
18:Sector coupling
15:
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11:
5:
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2205:Energy storage
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2141:Statistics and
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2091:Feed-in tariff
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1879:Interconnector
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1841:
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1829:Dynamic demand
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1759:Combined cycle
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1536:Load-following
1533:
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1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Electric power
1488:
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1339:Related issues
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Feed-in tariff
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Load following
1256:
1251:
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1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1213:Dynamic demand
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
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1132:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1049:
1023:
984:
943:
916:
883:
839:Applied Energy
825:
781:
754:
743:
728:
702:
688:
664:
651:— Presentation
631:
600:
589:(2): 389–400.
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542:
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295:Main article:
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181:synthetic fuel
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129:Main article:
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95:synthetic fuel
60:energy storage
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Energy policy
2193:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2129:
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2124:
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2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Pigouvian tax
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
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2059:
2058:
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2048:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Earth-leakage
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
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1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:Failure modes
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
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1907:
1905:
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1899:Power station
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1787:
1785:
1784:Rankine cycle
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
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1767:
1765:
1764:Cooling tower
1762:
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1757:
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1610:
1608:
1607:Non-renewable
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
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1549:
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1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Grid strength
1524:
1522:
1519:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Demand factor
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
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1434:
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1427:
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1423:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Energy policy
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Energy crisis
1349:
1347:
1344:
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1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
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1277:
1275:
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1262:
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1255:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
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1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
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1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
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1168:
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1090:
1086:
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1076:
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1068:
1060:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
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962:
958:
954:
947:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
912:
908:
902:
894:
887:
879:
872:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
845:: 1611–1626.
844:
840:
836:
829:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
769:
765:
758:
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739:
735:
731:
725:
721:
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706:
691:
685:
678:
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652:
648:
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635:
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588:
584:
583:
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569:
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327:
319:
309:
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288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
251:
245:Power-to-heat
242:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
158:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
125:Power-to-fuel
122:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
99:power-to-heat
96:
92:
88:
87:power-to-fuel
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2106:Net metering
2053:and policies
1971:Power outage
1940:Utility pole
1904:Pumped hydro
1810:distribution
1805:Transmission
1754:Cogeneration
1556:Power factor
1310:Net metering
1283:
1092:. Retrieved
1070:
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1001:
997:
987:
960:
956:
946:
929:
925:
919:
892:
886:
862:10419/200120
842:
838:
828:
795:
791:
784:
772:. Retrieved
767:
757:
746:
711:
705:
693:. Retrieved
675:
667:
655:. Retrieved
650:
649:Energiewende
646:
641:
634:
622:. Retrieved
610:
603:
586:
580:
555:. Retrieved
545:
518:
514:
504:
489:
472:
466:
432:. Retrieved
425:the original
402:
328:
325:
305:
261:
257:
248:
235:electrolytic
232:
203:gas turbines
200:
170:
134:
131:Power-to-gas
111:
91:power-to-gas
74:
72:
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
2101:Load factor
1956:Black start
1924:Transformer
1625:Natural gas
1576:Variability
1551:Peak demand
1541:Merit order
1471:Backfeeding
1269:Peak demand
1233:Smart meter
1094:1 September
1004:: 649–661.
932:: 661–669.
624:30 December
475:: 785–807.
355:curtailment
339:methanation
177:natural gas
157:methanation
81:, power-to-
53:electricity
2189:Categories
2143:production
1988:Protective
1919:Super grid
1914:Smart grid
1741:Generation
1675:Geothermal
1566:Repowering
1388:Categories
1284:Power-to-X
1228:Smart grid
1175:Electranet
1073:: 100416.
378:References
215:fuel cells
56:conversion
41:Power-to-X
2051:Economics
1774:Micro CHP
1652:Renewable
1635:Petroleum
1630:Oil shale
1516:Grid code
1476:Base load
1218:Negawatts
1152:Proposals
1089:2590-1745
1018:0196-8904
979:1996-1073
901:cite book
871:0306-2619
812:1521-3773
738:241910312
537:1614-7502
268:heat pump
266:or via a
229:Batteries
187:, as can
185:feedstock
83:chemicals
2174:Category
1961:Brownout
1749:AC power
1459:Concepts
1361:Peak oil
1293:Policies
957:Energies
820:27714905
372:Flywheel
361:See also
145:hydrogen
1990:devices
1700:Thermal
1695:Osmotic
1690:Current
1670:Biomass
1660:Biofuel
1642:Nuclear
1599:Sources
1401:Portals
1042:6 March
434:10 June
411:acatech
189:ammonia
149:methane
79:ammonia
68:Germany
1685:Marine
1665:Biogas
1405:Energy
1087:
1065:
1016:
977:
926:Energy
869:
818:
810:
736:
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695:9 June
686:
557:9 June
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345:, and
322:Impact
316:
312:
155:) via
119:
51:) are
43:(also
2042:(GFI)
1931:(TSO)
1717:Solar
1705:Tidal
1680:Hydro
774:9 May
734:S2CID
680:(PDF)
657:9 May
645:[
615:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
428:(PDF)
407:(PDF)
331:Japan
173:fuels
1808:and
1727:Wind
1710:Wave
1620:Coal
1096:2023
1085:ISSN
1044:2019
1014:ISSN
975:ISSN
911:link
907:link
867:ISSN
816:PMID
808:ISSN
776:2016
724:ISBN
697:2016
684:ISBN
659:2016
626:2018
559:2016
533:ISSN
436:2016
415:ISBN
278:and
213:and
137:fuel
107:heat
73:The
47:and
1171:USA
1075:doi
1006:doi
1002:126
965:doi
934:doi
930:137
857:hdl
847:doi
843:212
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716:doi
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477:doi
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