85:
953:
222:
1059:
1080:
1000:
1038:
1019:
979:
958:
695:
552:, oftentimes directed by SS personnel since they were integrated into the administrative fold of the other police organizations under control of the SS. Logistical support for these police units was frequently supplied by the local military commanders, which helped the GFP facilitate the process of transporting civilian prisoners "to places where they could be murdered." Original jurisdiction between the GFP and the
247:(1945). Its units carried out plainclothes and undercover security work in the field. Their operations included clandestine operations, counterpropaganda, counterinsurgency, counterintelligence, creation of a counterinsurgency intelligence network, detection of treasonable activities, infiltration of resistance movements, gathering intelligence and destroying targets, protecting military installations, assisting the
1141:; another trial was conducted against six members of the 57th Police Battalion during which ninety four witnesses appeared and named the German officers who committed the crimes. In 1973, an additional trial against seven members of the same battalion was conducted, and while no explicit crimes against Jews were mentioned, the defendants "were accused of having exterminated peaceful Soviet citizens."
663:
of emotion." Eliminating so-called "security" threats entailed the murder of captured Jews; 10,000 of whom GFP unit 721 killed from
October 1941 through January 1942 in the Ukrainian areas around Khmilânyk, Lityn, and Brailov. To this endâin some places in Ukraineâthe GFP operated independently in shooting Jews. The anti-Semitism of GFP members is typified by the observation of
314:(OKW, " German High Command") felt that it needed a specialist intelligence agency with police functions â one that could operate with the military, but act like a security service to arrest potential opponents and eliminate any resistance. After studying data collected in Spain, Austria and Czechoslovakia,
1124:
could not prove it was part of the
Gestapo. This meant the organization (while under suspicion) did not come "within the charge of criminality contained in the Indictment, except such members as may have been transferred to Amt IV of the RSHA or were members of organisations declared criminal by this
662:
stated that, "The enemy must be completely annihilated...The constant decision between life and death for partisans and suspicious persons is difficult even for the hardest soldier. It must be done. He acts correctly who fights ruthlessly and mercilessly with complete disregard for any personal surge
671:
The Greek population in the meantime had assembled in the streets and squares. With silent joy that one could read in their expressions they followed the departure of the
Hebrews from their city. Only in a very few cases did a Greek permit himself to wave farewell to a member of the Jewish race. One
649:
One of the more innocuous sounding bureaucratic expressions used to describe the "security" enterprise of the GFP was that they were given the task of "general supervision of the population" but this understatement cannot conceal the murderous operations in which they engaged. Persons simply found
1119:
were classified as criminal in their general disposition for the wide array of crimes they committed. Despite the fact that the GFP dealt with security matters within the occupied territory for the army, during which they committed war crimes and even crimes against humanity to a wide degree, the
633:
contributed to more comprehensive "cleansing operations." Another task of the GFP was to help establish a new political administration in occupied Russia, which implied a political purge of
Russian candidates and the "extermination" of an entire societal layer. Due in part to the expediencies of
620:
units 708, 721, and 730; their mission included pacification of areas behind the front, and protecting military installations and transportation routes. Additional activities consisted of pursuing the enemy into remote locations, carrying out arrests and reprisals, and executing partisans. Such
356:
GFP agents could wear either civilian clothes or uniforms in the course of their duties. GFP officials had the right to pass through any military roadblocks and to enter military buildings. They could use military signals and communications equipment, commandeer military vehicles, and procure
924:, posed as a member of the GFP named Heinrich Hitzinger in an attempt to avoid capture, but unbeknownst to him, the GFP was on the Allied list of criminal organizations so he was detained at a checkpoint and handed over to British. He committed suicide the same day while in British custody.
775:
in 1944. But many troops were victims of increasingly confused rear areas where competing, often overlapping responsibilities of many military departments meant soldiers did not have the correct papers or were in the wrong locations. Convicted soldiers were either shot or sent to
676:
With the help of collaborators, the GFP also mounted operations to systematically burn down homes and entire villages. The GFP was also responsible for summarily executing prisoners before they could be liberated by the advancing Red Army. For example, in 1943 a GFP report to
1128:
For a number of years, many former members of the GFP were able to return to a normal life, but this changed for some, as in April 1966, a trial was conducted in
Vitebsk against four former Soviet POWs who had previously been assigned to a
654:
or the SD since even the elderly, as well as women and children were suspected of conducting enemy reconnaissance. Anyone caught walking around and not promptly vouched-for by local authorities met a certain death as a result.
634:
German war policy, the GFP operated outside the constraints of legal norms: their dealings with
Bolsheviks and Commissars were not brought before military courts but were handled instead by the troops, with OKW approval. As a
223:
672:
could see clearly how the race was hated by old and young alike. Sympathy with their plight or unfavourable reactions to the action were not observed.... Altogether 1,725 members of the Jewish race were deported.
600:, Jews and arbitrary "suspects". One particular event, which illustrates the complicity of the GFP in atrocities, was recorded by Lieutenant Colonel Helmuth Groscurth in August 1941. Near Kiev lies the town of
615:
Joint pacification programs were carried-out in the
Zhytomyr region of Ukraine during the summer and fall of 1941 by combined units of SS and Wehrmacht Security Divisions. Participating in this campaign were
556:
death squads in the
Eastern theater was supposed to be clearly delineated and mutually reciprocal, but when the final negotiations about identified areas of responsibility took place in May 1941 between
2586:
608:
4a, who were then placed under guard outside the city awaiting execution. After some delay, since
Groscurth wanted the decision to kill the children to come from his superiors in the Sixth Army,
2087:
1133:; they had apparently taken part in the execution of Soviet citizens from 1941 through 1942 in Nevel, Polotsk, Smolensk, and Shumilino (Vitebsk oblast). Ten more former members of the
1624:
2544:
2327:
2080:
368:
In practice, GFP activity depended on the region in which it operated. Work in occupied northern and western Europe differed markedly from operations conducted on the
2288:
2800:
259:
investigations, tracking and raiding targets to capture or kill, and setting-up security checkpoints in high-risk areas. GFP personnel, who were also classed as
2073:
2184:
944:
446:. Despite their small numbers, the GFP constituted the "root" of the German police organ which terrorized the French people for four years of occupation.
2489:
2191:
498:
2696:
2880:
2575:
2819:
2741:
1455:
2777:
2060:
2812:
2748:
2294:
2690:
2639:
2300:
1782:
The
Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941â1945
759:
and the Soviet Union had begun joining partisan groups. By 1944, desertion rates rapidly rose following the major retreats after the Soviet
2273:
2137:
2112:
1584:
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) for the Trial of German Major War Criminals â Judgement: The Accused Organizations
909:. Operations directed against populations in occupied countries employed methods similar to the SD and SS. This earned it the nickname "
646:
and commissars were handed over to the SD, while known Communist party members and Jews were used by the Wehrmacht to clear minefields.
2305:
2221:
2132:
681:
William Krichbaum stated that 21,000 people had been killed "some in combat, and many shot after interrogation" on the Eastern Front.
604:; it was here between 20 and 22 August 1941 that Groscurth learned from two chaplains that the GFP had turned over ninety children to
2418:
2198:
2126:
2119:
2717:
2782:
2317:
789:
was created to interrogate all Wehrmacht soldiers who had managed to escape from Soviet captivity. The general fear was that the
2711:
2322:
2245:
392:
the GFP became an executive part of the civilian police services, working alongside the military authorities to combat acts of
2674:
811:. By 1944, the camp held 400 prisoners. Many were brutally beaten, starved, tortured, interrogated and subsequently executed.
2870:
2427:
2022:
2009:
1994:
1952:
1933:
1914:
1876:
1854:
1832:
1754:
1724:
1633:
1612:
577:
to operate in both the rear areas of the army group and in the corps areas of the front. At the end of May 1941, Wagner and
2885:
2342:
2268:
716:
901:
Although the GFP was a distinct military organisation, from its inception it generally carried out the same duties as the
2860:
2761:
2494:
2231:
339:("military officials for the duration of the war") and retained the authority of other police agencies as well as of the
17:
638:
group, the GFP collaborated with the SD to execute and torture captured fighters and civilians suspected of helping the
532:
was notorious for using torture as well as leading investigations, manhunts, surveillance and interviews of suspects in
2875:
2043:
2033:
1770:
1735:
Geheime Feldpolizei. Zur Funktion und Organisation des geheimpolizeilichen Exekutivorgans der faschistischen Wehrmacht.
658:
Segments of doctrine about combating potential partisans, guidelines which directed the actions of both the SD and the
1526:
2865:
2163:
1975:
1895:
1810:
1789:
1683:
742:
1780:
Hirszowicz, Lukasz (1993). "The Holocaust in The Soviet Mirror". In Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (eds.).
755:
From mid-1943 onwards, the GFP was ordered to track down and capture all deserters after some Wehrmacht soldiers in
724:
335:
the criminal investigation police who had been assigned to the armed forces. They were assigned the legal status of
2147:
2701:
2278:
2260:
2376:
720:
521:
430:
in 1940, the GFP established its main headquarters at the HĂŽtel Bradford on the rue Saint Philippe du Roule in
393:
330:
2597:
2283:
1190:
573:
replaced MĂŒller and subsequently made important changes to the original draft, alterations which allowed the
2142:
1194:
397:
369:
365:
in counter-espionage, interrogation of suspects, prevention of sabotage and the detection of enemy agents.
566:
1137:
were brought to trial in Gomel during November and December 1967 and were alleged to be living in (then)
490:
which was used to torture and execute 143 prisoners (though at the hands of the SS rather than the GFP).
487:
467:
381:
373:
270:
248:
100:
2669:
2367:
1463:
892:
All groups were fully motorized. Their armaments were limited to light infantry weapons. In 1943, the
609:
431:
350:
310:
667:
Bergmayer, who in late March 1944, witnessing the deportations of Jews in northwestern Greece wrote,
2755:
2664:
2553:
529:
2014:
1675:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 â March 1942
705:
435:
384:, GFP actions mainly concentrated on the secret-police protection of senior Wehrmacht officers. In
216:
898:
was given its own version of GFP. This resulted in another reorganisation of the ranks structure.
1116:
709:
582:
474:, HSSPF) "Frankreich" (France). This reorganisation created the "Group 6/10" which contained the
385:
377:
157:
2560:
2659:
2065:
1180:
585:(OKH, "Army High Command"), sealing the cooperative arrangement between the two organizations.
389:
358:
145:
2515:
1968:
The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 2
1184:
479:
32:
494:
2850:
2529:
1643:
Brown, Paul B. (2003). "The Senior Leadership Cadre of the Geheime Feldpolizei 1939â1945".
678:
622:
525:
505:
328:
Although officially part of the Wehrmacht, the GFP mainly recruited its personnel from the
952:
8:
2468:
1742:
799:
760:
597:
570:
483:
453:
consisted of a fifty-man unit until May 1942 when the entire command was restructured by
169:
137:
2679:
635:
2616:
2440:
2402:
874:
However, after 1941, units sent to the Soviet Union were strengthened to 95 personnel.
549:
325:" ("Regulations for the secret field police"), and the GFP was formed on 21 July 1939.
304:
1578:
1532:
881:
54 Military police officers (higher and intermediate ranks). These could also include
357:
military supplies and accommodation wherever necessary in execution of their duty. In
2634:
2447:
2388:
2352:
2039:
2018:
1990:
1971:
1948:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1850:
1828:
1806:
1785:
1766:
1750:
1720:
1679:
1673:
1660:
1629:
1608:
1602:
1058:
772:
578:
509:
341:
274:
133:
129:
1800:
1171:, formed in 1943, it became the senior military police service within the Wehrmacht.
1167:
2461:
2238:
1652:
1121:
917:
639:
427:
285:
The need for a secret military police developed after the German annexation of the
244:
153:
141:
459:
2855:
2433:
2395:
1820:
1151:
1115:
After the war, the police organizations of Nazi Germany like the Gestapo and the
1079:
626:
533:
362:
165:
161:
115:
28:
999:
2061:
An article on group 700 of the Geheime Feldpolizei; accessdate 18 February 2008
1963:
803:). Soldiers suspected of being Soviet spies were sent to a special GFP camp at
782:. The GFP also investigated any claims of defeatism talk in ordinary infantry.
778:
764:
589:
569:, there was serious disagreement. Due to his expertise in matters of protocol,
401:
318:
298:
256:
1746:
269:(German armed forces military intelligence), detecting resistance activity in
2844:
2623:
2311:
2004:
1664:
1037:
502:
439:
149:
119:
1579:
1018:
188:
2522:
2097:
1864:
1138:
969:
828:
794:
601:
90:
1705:
1942-1944 Les Dossiers Secrets De La Police Allemande En Belgique â Tome 2
1694:
1940-1942 Les Dossiers Secrets De La Police Allemande En Belgique â Tome 1
978:
827:(Chief of Army Police), who initially had the equivalent military rank of
2649:
1842:
1763:
Die deutsche Wehrmacht: Dienstgrade und Waffenfarben des Heeres 1939-1945
1656:
1598:
548:
first began their pacification and security duties in 1939 following the
286:
277:. They were also known to carry out torture and executions of prisoners.
957:
2454:
513:
463:
856:
A GFP unit in the Wehrmacht consisted of 50 personnel. This included:
629:
and as time went on increasing numbers of Security Divisions like the
508:, specialised in tracking down so-called "internal enemies" (e.g. the
2827:
2604:
2174:
1907:
Cross of Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German War Machine, 1918â1945
1175:
1049:
894:
793:
may have "re-educated" these former captives to spread defeatism and
417:
345:(SD), the intelligence organisation of the Nazi Party. Initially the
308:("Security Police"; SiPo) had been used during these operations, the
240:
694:
650:
wandering in the occupied regions of Russia were turned over to the
885:(auxiliary field police officers) recruited from suitable soldiers.
643:
539:
443:
1849:. London and Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
1625:
Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus
2382:
1159:
913:". In 1944 the GFP units were put under the command of the RSHA.
902:
593:
562:
405:
361:
the GFP provided personal escort to military VIPs, assistance to
290:
193:
2095:
1962:
Streim, Alfred (1989). "The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen". In
888:
40 Military support staff (e.g. drivers, clerks, security staff)
990:
849:
808:
804:
756:
421:
265:
1737:
Berlin: MilitÀrverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. (
906:
684:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1514:
863:
32 Military police officers (higher and intermediate ranks)
790:
517:
349:
were exclusively Wehrmacht security units, but in 1942 the
104:
1604:
Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich
1502:
1220:
1749:), (UnverÀnderter Nachdruck. MilitÀrverlag, Berlin 2010,
1340:
1268:
1541:
1436:
1424:
1400:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1304:
921:
454:
294:
1825:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
1490:
1328:
771:
arrested 3,142 Wehrmacht personnel for desertion from
763:
offensive and the destruction of German forces in the
404:
such as detentions, deportations and the execution of
1280:
1256:
1232:
1478:
1412:
1388:
1244:
1208:
596:, the GFP used constantly escalating terror against
524:. The Special Brigades were based in room 35 of the
1316:
1292:
1945:All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941â43
1847:Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine
2842:
1607:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
866:17 Military support staff (e.g. drivers, clerks
540:Operations in Eastern Europe, Balkans and Greece
411:
2778:Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany
835:, but equivalent to the rank of major, was the
239:, was the secret military police of the German
107:, though still nominally part of the Wehrmacht)
2081:
1827:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
321:, commander in chief of the OKW, issued the "
2825:
1970:. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. pp. 436â454.
1885:
1760:
1572:Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence
1520:
1226:
1122:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
581:signed the agreement between the SS and the
493:The GFP oversaw the work done by the French
323:Dienstvorschrift fĂŒr die Geheime Feldpolizei
103:(later under the operational control of the
31:, the ordinary military police, or with the
1987:The German Occupation of Belgium, 1940â1944
1869:Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe
1628:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
723:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
478:(Capital crimes unit). It ran the infamous
2088:
2074:
2031:
1923:
1779:
1711:en Belgique et dans le nord de la France).
1700:en Belgique et dans le nord de la France).
1552:
1508:
1346:
1155:, the uniformed Wehrmacht military police.
302:units originally under the command of the
1984:
1942:
1819:
1761:Henner, Sigurd; Böhler, Wolfgang (2013).
1678:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1442:
1430:
1382:
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:Dealing with desertion or former captives
263:, operated as an executive branch of the
2881:Anti-partisan operations of World War II
2172:
1765:(in German). Czech Republic: Motorbuch.
1671:
1358:
434:. Other sections for the departments of
1989:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
1863:
1798:
1714:
1496:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1238:
1183:from 1881 to 1945. (see also the IJN's
516:that aided shot down Allied aircrews),
442:were based at rue de la TraversiĂšre in
14:
2843:
1961:
1904:
1886:Michael, Robert; Doerr, Karin (2002).
1597:
1370:
1250:
1214:
501:. These units, which were part of the
2069:
2010:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality
2003:
1841:
1642:
1621:
1569:
1484:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
847:was upgraded to the military rank of
215:
2035:German Military Police Units 1939â45
1926:The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922â1945
1802:The Destruction of the European Jews
1535:Judgement: The Accused Organizations
721:adding citations to reliable sources
688:
839:who was in charge of a GFP unit or
229:
35:(Gestapo), the secret state police.
24:
2702:Russian Protective Corps in Serbia
1110:
25:
2897:
2164:Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany
2054:
1909:. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
1890:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1672:Browning, Christopher R. (2004).
1193:, which were part of Wehrmacht's
933:Ranks of the Geheime Feldpolizei
621:actions were directly related to
2495:Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
2096:Ranks, uniforms and insignia of
1805:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
1717:The Gestapo: A History of Horror
1580:"Avalon ProjectâYale University"
1078:
1057:
1036:
1017:
998:
977:
956:
951:
843:. On 24 July 1939, the title of
693:
337:Wehrmachtsbeamte auf Kriegsdauer
217:[ÉĄÉËhaÉȘmÉËfÉltpoliËtsaÉȘ]
83:
2279:National Socialist Flyers Corps
1562:
1448:
1163:, the Nazi state secret police.
814:
785:Another specialist unit called
2289:National Socialist Motor Corps
1871:. New York; Toronto: Penguin.
1645:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
476:Kommando fĂŒr Kapitalverbrechen
289:in 1938 and the occupation of
13:
1:
2284:German Air Sports Association
1201:
1179:, the military police of the
964:Feldpolizeichef der Wehrmacht
412:Operations in occupied France
2871:Military provosts of Germany
2697:Independent State of Croatia
1943:Steinberg, Jonathan (2002).
1622:Beorn, Waitman Wade (2014).
1195:Army Group Rear Area Command
398:Special Operations Executive
280:
233: "Secret Field Police"
27:Not to be confused with the
7:
2886:War crimes of the Wehrmacht
2246:Esoteric insignia of the SS
2032:Williamson, Gordon (1989).
1928:. New York: Da Capo Press.
1924:Reitlinger, Gerald (1989).
1784:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
1144:
472:Höhere SS-und PolizeifĂŒhrer
468:Higher SS and Police Leader
432:Paris (8Ăšme arrondissement)
10:
2902:
2861:Reich Security Main Office
2368:Reich Security Main Office
2328:Women's Auxiliary Services
2205:
1985:Warmbrunn, Werner (2012).
1739:MilitÀrhistorische Studien
945:Comparative Wehrmacht rank
415:
351:Reich Security Main Office
311:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
26:
2876:Defunct military provosts
2793:
2770:
2733:
2665:Byelorussian Home Defence
2574:
2543:
2507:
2482:
2416:
2366:
2340:
2259:
2219:
2156:
2104:
1715:Delarue, Jacques (2008).
1570:Adams, Jefferson (2009).
526:Paris police headquarters
180:
175:
125:
111:
96:
78:
70:
62:
54:
47:
42:
2866:National Police (France)
2598:Groupe mobile de réserve
2015:Harvard University Press
1888:Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German
1521:Henner & Böhler 2013
1460:lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de
1227:Michael & Doerr 2002
1065:FeldpolizeiobersekretÀr/
927:
400:, and sabotage. It used
2670:Russian Liberation Army
2640:Italian Social Republic
2576:Collaborationist forces
2261:Nazi Paramilitary ranks
1117:Order Police battalions
1006:Oberfeldpolizeidirektor
916:At the end of the war,
883:hilfsfeldpolizeibeamten
583:Oberkommando des Heeres
499:Renseignements généraux
363:state-security agencies
158:Intelligence assessment
2826:
2148:League of German Girls
1799:Hilberg, Raul (1985).
1733:GeĂner, Klaus (1986).
1719:. New York: Skyhorse.
1703:de Charles Jean-LĂ©on.
1692:de Charles Jean-LĂ©on.
1533:Avalon Project, (IMT)
1181:Imperial Japanese Army
559:Generalquartiermeister
353:(RSHA) absorbed them.
146:Criminal investigation
2428:Administrative police
2038:. Osprey Publishing.
1947:. London: Routledge.
1905:Mosier, John (2006).
1456:"Geheime Feldpolizei"
911:Gestapo der Wehrmacht
831:. Subordinate to the
823:was commanded by the
636:Nazi security warfare
480:Balard shooting range
243:until the end of the
33:Geheime Staatspolizei
2561:Deutsche JĂ€gerschaft
2301:Reich Labour Service
2295:Reichsluftschutzbund
1197:on the Eastern Front
1100:Feldpolizeiassistent
1044:Feldpolizeikommissar
717:improve this section
679:SS and Police Leader
623:Operation Barbarossa
530:Brigade Spéciale N°2
506:intelligence service
2554:Forstschutzkommando
2469:Technische Nothilfe
2206:Geheime Feldpolizei
1709:Geheime Feldpolizei
1698:Geheime Feldpolizei
1409:, pp. 102â103.
1313:, pp. 108â109.
1277:, pp. 137â138.
1135:Geheime Feldpolizei
1131:Geheime Feldpolizei
1086:FeldpolizeisekretÀr
1025:Feldpolizeidirektor
934:
837:Feldpolizeidirektor
821:Geheime Feldpolizei
800:Wehrkraftzersetzung
769:Geheime Feldpolizei
761:Operation Bagration
660:Geheime Feldpolizei
652:Geheime Feldpolizei
631:Geheime Feldpolizei
618:Geheime Feldpolizei
571:Walter Schellenberg
546:Geheime Feldpolizei
484:Issy-les-Moulineaux
347:Geheime Feldpolizei
208:Geheime Feldpolizei
170:Security checkpoint
138:Counterintelligence
49:Geheime Feldpolizei
43:Secret Field Police
18:Secret Field Police
2441:Feuerschutzpolizei
2403:Sicherheitspolizei
2157:Ranks and insignia
1657:10.1093/hgs/dcg002
1574:. Scarecrow Press.
1191:Security Divisions
932:
642:. Officers in the
561:Eduard Wagner and
550:invasion of Poland
520:and those evading
495:Brigades Spéciales
488:15e arrondissement
305:Sicherheitspolizei
293:in 1939. Although
2838:
2837:
2729:
2728:
2570:
2569:
2539:
2538:
2503:
2502:
2478:
2477:
2448:Luftschutzpolizei
2412:
2411:
2389:Sicherheitsdienst
2362:
2361:
2353:Bahnschutzpolizei
2336:
2335:
2318:Organisation Todt
2255:
2254:
2215:
2214:
2024:978-0-67402-577-6
2013:. Cambridge, MA:
1996:978-0-82041-773-8
1954:978-0-41529-069-2
1935:978-0-30680-351-2
1916:978-0-80507-577-9
1878:978-1-59420-188-2
1856:978-0-80782-960-8
1834:978-0-19-280436-5
1755:978-3-360-02701-6
1726:978-1-60239-246-5
1635:978-0-67472-550-8
1614:978-0-19506-879-5
1373:, pp. 92â93.
1337:, pp. 56â57.
1108:
1107:
985:Heerespolizeichef
845:Heerespolizeichef
833:Heerespolizeichef
825:Heerespolizeichef
773:Army Group Centre
753:
752:
745:
640:Soviet resistance
625:and the infamous
579:Reinhard Heydrich
522:work conscription
510:French Resistance
342:Sicherheitsdienst
200:
199:
196:Wilhelm Krichbaum
134:Counterinsurgency
130:Counterpropaganda
16:(Redirected from
2893:
2831:
2605:Milice française
2572:
2571:
2541:
2540:
2505:
2504:
2480:
2479:
2462:Schutzmannschaft
2414:
2413:
2364:
2363:
2338:
2337:
2306:German Red Cross
2257:
2256:
2217:
2216:
2170:
2169:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2049:
2028:
2000:
1981:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1860:
1838:
1821:Longerich, Peter
1816:
1795:
1776:
1730:
1689:
1668:
1639:
1618:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1539:
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1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
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1272:
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1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1104:All other NCOs.
1082:
1061:
1040:
1021:
1002:
981:
960:
955:
935:
931:
918:Heinrich Himmler
878:1 Field director
860:1 Field director
797:propaganda (see
748:
741:
737:
734:
728:
697:
689:
428:defeat of France
245:Second World War
235:), shortened to
234:
231:
227:
226:
225:
219:
214:
154:Force protection
142:Covert operation
89:
87:
86:
40:
39:
21:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2789:
2766:
2725:
2712:Slovak Republic
2708:Czechoslovakia
2660:Armenian Legion
2566:
2535:
2516:Transportflotte
2499:
2474:
2419:Ordnungspolizei
2408:
2396:Zollgrenzschutz
2377:Kriminalpolizei
2358:
2332:
2251:
2211:
2168:
2152:
2100:
2094:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2025:
1997:
1978:
1964:Marrus, Michael
1955:
1936:
1917:
1898:
1879:
1857:
1835:
1813:
1792:
1773:
1727:
1686:
1636:
1615:
1588:
1586:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1553:Hirszowicz 1993
1551:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:, p. 1918.
1509:Williamson 1989
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1347:Reitlinger 1989
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1152:Feldgendarmerie
1147:
1113:
1111:Post-war trials
1066:
1011:Oberstleutnant
930:
817:
807:in present-day
779:Strafbattalione
767:in France. The
749:
738:
732:
729:
714:
698:
687:
627:Commissar Order
567:Heinrich MĂŒller
542:
534:Occupied France
503:French police's
424:
414:
331:Kriminalpolizei
283:
275:occupied France
232:
221:
220:
212:
203:
168:
164:
162:Law enforcement
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
116:Military police
84:
82:
36:
29:Feldgendarmerie
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2899:
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2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2691:Einsatzstaffel
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:Black Brigades
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2549:
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2545:Forest Service
2537:
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2530:Transportkorps
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2500:
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2202:
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2180:
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2160:
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2150:
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2093:
2092:
2085:
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2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:External links
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:978-0850459029
2044:
2029:
2023:
2005:Wette, Wolfram
2001:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1934:
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1915:
1902:
1896:
1883:
1877:
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1772:978-3613036017
1771:
1758:
1731:
1725:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1669:
1651:(2): 278â304.
1640:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1595:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1540:
1525:
1523:, p. 113.
1513:
1501:
1499:, p. 534.
1489:
1487:, p. 126.
1477:
1466:on 26 May 2013
1447:
1445:, p. 215.
1443:Steinberg 2002
1435:
1433:, p. 346.
1431:Longerich 2010
1423:
1421:, p. 151.
1411:
1399:
1397:, p. 102.
1387:
1385:, p. 117.
1383:Warmbrunn 2012
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 216.
1351:
1349:, p. 175.
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 107.
1291:
1289:, p. 138.
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 137.
1255:
1253:, p. 238.
1243:
1241:, p. 201.
1231:
1229:, p. 179.
1219:
1217:, p. 436.
1206:
1205:
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1200:
1199:
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1188:
1172:
1168:FeldjÀgerkorps
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982:
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966:
961:
948:
947:
942:
939:
929:
926:
920:, head of the
890:
889:
886:
879:
872:
871:
864:
861:
816:
813:
765:Falaise pocket
751:
750:
701:
699:
692:
686:
683:
674:
673:
610:they were shot
606:Sonderkommando
602:Belaya Tserkov
590:Eastern Europe
575:Einsatzgruppen
554:Einsatzgruppen
541:
538:
426:Following the
413:
410:
402:terror tactics
396:, the British
359:occupied areas
319:Wilhelm Keitel
299:Einsatzgruppen
282:
279:
257:courts-martial
201:
198:
197:
184:
178:
177:
173:
172:
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2775:
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2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:Corps colours
2732:
2720:
2719:
2718:VlĂĄdnĂ vojsko
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:Soviet Union
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:Statspolitiet
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:Vichy France
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
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2542:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
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2445:
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2436:
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2431:
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2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2400:
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2355:
2354:
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2349:
2347:
2345:
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2326:
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2321:
2319:
2316:
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2307:
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2299:
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2290:
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2270:
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2241:
2240:
2239:Allgemeine SS
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:Schutzstaffel
2218:
2208:
2207:
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2200:
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2194:
2193:
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2187:
2186:
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2165:
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2159:
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2134:
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2128:
2124:
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2117:
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2110:
2109:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
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1992:
1988:
1983:
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1977:0-88736-266-4
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1969:
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1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
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1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1897:0-313-32106-X
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:Mazower, Mark
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:0-8419-0910-5
1808:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1791:1-56324-173-0
1787:
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1774:
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1685:0-8032-1327-1
1681:
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1600:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1555:, p. 43.
1554:
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1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1359:Browning 2004
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1325:, p. 56.
1324:
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747:
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736:
733:November 2017
726:
722:
718:
712:
711:
707:
702:This section
700:
696:
691:
690:
682:
680:
670:
669:
668:
666:
665:Unteroffizier
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460:BrigadefĂŒhrer
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Pas de Calais
437:
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429:
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Eastern Front
366:
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2125:
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2111:
2098:Nazi Germany
2034:
2008:
1986:
1967:
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1599:Bartov, Omer
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
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1563:Bibliography
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1528:
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1497:Mazower 2008
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1464:the original
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715:Please help
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2851:Sudetenland
2771:Decorations
2686:Yugoslavia
2650:Blue Police
2434:Gendarmerie
1470:24 February
1371:Bartov 1991
1251:Mosier 2006
1215:Streim 1989
1125:Judgment."
588:Throughout
374:Netherlands
287:Sudetenland
249:German Army
192:and Police
101:German Army
2845:Categories
2783:Nazi Party
2617:Rikshirden
2455:Postschutz
2343:Reichsbahn
2312:Volkssturm
2269:Nazi Party
2244:(see also
1485:Adams 2009
1419:Lower 2005
1407:Beorn 2014
1395:Beorn 2014
1335:Lower 2005
1323:Lower 2005
1311:Wette 2002
1299:Wette 2002
1202:References
787:Gruppe 729
514:Comet Line
464:Karl Oberg
416:See also:
394:resistance
189:OberfĂŒhrer
176:Commanders
79:Allegiance
66:8 May 1945
2828:Blutfahne
2813:Luftwaffe
2802:Wehrmacht
2756:Waffen-SS
2749:Luftwaffe
2483:Rosenberg
2232:Waffen-SS
2192:Luftwaffe
2175:Wehrmacht
2120:Luftwaffe
1665:8756-6583
1589:31 August
1185:Tokkeitai
1176:Kenpeitai
1067:Inspektor
1050:Hauptmann
938:Insignia
895:Luftwaffe
704:does not
598:partisans
449:Each GFP
418:Carlingue
372:. In the
281:Formation
241:Wehrmacht
63:Disbanded
58:1939â1945
2680:Trawniki
2583:Denmark
2105:Uniforms
2007:(2002).
1867:(2008).
1845:(2005).
1823:(2010).
1747:530624-3
1601:(1991).
1145:See also
1091:Leutnant
644:Red Army
592:and the
444:Brussels
406:hostages
2646:Poland
2612:Norway
2383:Gestapo
1966:(ed.).
1741:NF 24,
1160:Gestapo
903:Gestapo
725:removed
710:sources
594:Balkans
563:Gestapo
486:in the
386:Belgium
378:Denmark
291:Bohemia
273:and in
271:Germany
230:transl.
213:German:
194:colonel
166:Raiding
74:Germany
71:Country
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2631:Italy
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991:Oberst
941:Ranks
850:Oberst
841:Gruppe
809:Poland
805:Danzig
757:France
565:chief
528:. The
512:, the
466:, the
451:Gruppe
422:Milice
390:France
382:Norway
266:Abwehr
182:Leiter
97:Branch
88:
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2794:Flags
2587:DNSAP
2508:Speer
1030:Major
928:Ranks
907:Kripo
829:major
255:) in
2806:Heer
2804:and
2742:Heer
2675:RONA
2490:RMBO
2185:Heer
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2019:ISBN
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1972:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1892:ISBN
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1807:ISBN
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1751:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1707:(La
1696:(La
1680:ISBN
1661:ISSN
1630:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1591:2016
1472:2022
905:and
868:etc.
819:The
791:NKVD
708:any
706:cite
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518:Jews
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420:and
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