532:. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.
606:, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not always required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see
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from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the
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rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard. Other risks include capture, death and
395:. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.
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depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.
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There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share
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Undercover officers infiltrating protest groups, deceived protesters into long-term relationships and in some cases, fathered children with them on false pretences, only to vanish later without explanation. Units disbanded and unreserved apology given as part of settlement, noting that the women had
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as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal
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can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different
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Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to
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to the 1991 Intelligence
Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according
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For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the
Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country . Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers,
570:
The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette
324:
According to a 2018 study by
University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate
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Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old
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of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official
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Government agents enticed targeted victims and incited them to commit crimes of a type and scale calculated to procure specific sentences, for which they would then be prosecuted and jailed, typically for around 15 years.
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leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.
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in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991
349:) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or
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established the
Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards –
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There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.
278:(CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the
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Statutory
Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)
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similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.
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Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike
Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the
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316:, responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.
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Girodo, M. (1991). Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents. Journal of Social
Behaviour and Personality, 6 (7), 375–390.
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This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an
1645:"Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection
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as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating
1022:, Colonel Kathryn Stone, Professor Anthony R. Williams (Project Advisor), United States Army War College (USAWC), 7 April 2003, page 7
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Full
Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power"
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373:(1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late
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Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential
Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the
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Girodo, M. (1991). Drug corruptions in undercover agents: Measuring the risks. Behavioural
Science and the Law, 9, 361–370.
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exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.
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to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding
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Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but
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Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term
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All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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been deceived. Legal action continues as of 2016, and a public inquiry examining officer conduct, the
1449:"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY"
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Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). "Sources of occupational stress in the police".
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
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most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.
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had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in
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period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the
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The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations
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Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.
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1274:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166.
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required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the
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Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988).
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley:
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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group
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in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the
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994:, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, page 25.
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1264:(12 October 1995). "Soviet Undercover Work". In Fijnaut, Cyrille;
1647:(includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
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Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. The
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The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop
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The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.
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The third option: covert action and American foreign policy
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founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the
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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
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Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective
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Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos
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In the United States, a similar route was taken when the
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Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013).
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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established a formal plainclothes detective division.
353:. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by
1565:, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senator
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
160:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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266:to conceal the identity of the party responsible.
1635:, 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
403:. At one point, he even simulated his own death.
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1538:"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop"
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1641:20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
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427:. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner
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258:is a military or police operation involving a
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441:detectives on an undercover operation at the
80:The examples and perspective in this article
1127:Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001).
962:. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6.
660:UK undercover policing relationships scandal
1522:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1465:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1133:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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555:, increase the likelihood for corruption.
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238:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1130:Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement
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488:elsewhere established similar Branches.
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1606:. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster.
1584:(First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books.
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1653:– Covert Communication Support System
1360:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1233:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–.
1010:, University of Kentucky Press, 2004.
828:Covert policing in the United Kingdom
410:force was established in 1829 by Sir
292:United States Intelligence Activities
1536:Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011).
1230:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
1191:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
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520:Participation in criminal activities
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158:adding citations to reliable sources
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1227:Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010).
1194:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33.
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1553:"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"
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818:Counterintelligence Field Activity
301:Title 50 of the United States Code
262:or troops acting under an assumed
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459:Criminal Investigation Department
312:(SAD) is a division of the CIA's
41:This article has multiple issues.
1667:Military intelligence collection
1651:Steath Network Operations Centre
1574:(Oxford University Press, 2022).
1509:Confessions of an Undercover Cop
1486:– Congressional Research Service
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145:needs additional citations for
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1092:. London: Selwyn & Blount.
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1061:. Princeton University Press.
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823:Cover (intelligence gathering)
643:ATF fictional sting operations
345:one's own identity (or use an
297:Intelligence Authorization Act
1:
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764:Raven Forward Air Controllers
457:, formed as a section of the
406:In England, the first modern
280:National Security Act of 1947
1330:{{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen.,
1088:Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928).
579:Plainclothes law enforcement
467:Irish Republican Brotherhood
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1692:Law enforcement terminology
902:, undercover police officer
803:Central Intelligence Agency
799:, undercover police officer
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673:Undercover Policing Inquiry
310:Special Activities Division
276:Central Intelligence Agency
94:, discuss the issue on the
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1167:. Routledge. p. 262.
1107:(in German), Ebury Press,
847:, undercover federal agent
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1416:10.1080/02678379008256993
1090:Vidocq. A Master of Crime
1040:Daugherty, 2004, page 29.
1031:Daugherty, 2004, page 28.
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314:Directorate of Operations
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1530:Mark Kennedy (policeman)
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592:law enforcement officers
583:Not to be confused with
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504:Charles Joseph Bonaparte
486:Law enforcement agencies
476:Its name was changed to
355:law enforcement agencies
337:" (that is, to go on an
1490:Joh, Elizabeth (2009).
1188:Anne T. Romano (2010).
1055:Carson, Austin (2018).
956:Carson, Austin (2018).
602:, instead of wearing a
530:confidential informants
1164:Dictionary of Policing
1103:Morton, James (2004),
1006:William J. Daugherty,
874:operational techniques
749:Operation Wrath of God
699:Creation of Bangladesh
526:authorized criminality
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371:Eugène François Vidocq
1563:Genovese crime family
890:Military intelligence
861:Filibuster (military)
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359:private investigators
305:Hughes-Ryan amendment
288:Executive Order 12333
1677:Covert organizations
1362:, 179 (10), 626–630.
729:Operation Anthropoid
455:Special Irish Branch
393:Prefecture of Police
377:through most of the
339:undercover operation
256:undercover operation
154:improve this article
100:create a new article
92:improve this article
1702:Passing (sociology)
1499:Stanford Law Review
1067:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
968:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
813:Counterintelligence
788:, television series
771:'s clandestine army
744:Operation Storm-333
497:police commissioner
416:Metropolitan Police
379:Bourbon Restoration
308:to one author. The
1627:RAW and Bangladesh
1557:America Undercover
1528:Documentary about
1506:Channel 4 (2011).
880:Manhunt (military)
785:America Undercover
714:Iran–Contra affair
598:—that is, to wear
453:of police was the
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274:Under US law, the
169:"Covert operation"
16:Military operation
1687:Covert operations
1591:978-1-250-00587-8
1570:Johnson, Loch K.
1404:Work & Stress
1240:978-1-4535-5882-9
1201:978-1-4535-5882-9
1174:978-1-134-01155-1
1140:978-0-313-30560-3
1114:978-0-09-190337-4
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895:Operation Cyclone
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210:January 2012
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152:Please help
147:verification
144:
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43:Please help
40:
21:covert agent
1155:Tim Newburn
1075:j.ctv346p45
976:j.ctv346p45
921:Spy fiction
870:clandestine
797:Bob Lambert
709:Huston Plan
650:2011 – 2014
634:time period
632:Approximate
626:information
585:Plain dress
510:, in 1908.
412:Robert Peel
1661:Categories
1612:B0006CA0QG
1287:3 December
943:References
754:Palace Dog
704:False flag
694:COINTELPRO
449:The first
335:undercover
180:newspapers
46:improve it
1518:cite book
1246:30 August
851:Espionage
840:Detective
594:who wear
560:addiction
96:talk page
52:talk page
1602:(1973).
1461:cite web
1453:Archived
1347:Joh 2009
1318:Joh 2009
1306:Joh 2009
1268:(eds.).
1161:(2013).
926:Spy film
777:See also
769:Vang Pao
682:Examples
667:? – 2010
637:Details
351:evidence
343:disguise
90:You may
1682:Secrecy
629:Country
624:Further
604:uniform
573:torture
461:of the
414:as the
401:cuckold
384:Brigade
365:History
333:To go "
299:and in
290:titled
286:issued
194:scholar
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866:HUMINT
548:Stress
495:under
445:, 1911
408:police
388:Sûreté
386:de la
320:Impact
270:US law
196:
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1495:(PDF)
1071:JSTOR
972:JSTOR
536:Risks
264:cover
201:JSTOR
187:books
98:, or
1608:ASIN
1586:ISBN
1524:link
1467:link
1289:2020
1276:ISBN
1248:2013
1235:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1109:ISBN
936:Vice
911:SO10
357:and
173:news
1412:doi
1063:doi
964:doi
885:MI5
647:USA
610:).
463:MPS
254:or
156:by
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