Diving regulator - Knowledge

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loads on the pressure gauge when the cylinder valve is opened, and reduces the loss of gas through the hose if it bursts or leaks for any reason. This tiny hole is vulnerable to blocking by corrosion products if the regulator is flooded, or by dust particles or corrosion products from a contaminated cylinder. At the other end of the hose the fitting to connect to the SPG usually has a swivel, allowing the gauge to be rotated on the hose under pressure. The seal between hose and gauge uses a small component generally referred to as a spool, which seals with an O-ring at each end that fits into the hose end and gauge with a barrel seal. This swivel can leak if the O-rings deteriorate, which is quite common, particularly with oxygen-rich breathing gas. The failure is seldom catastrophic, but the leak will get worse over time. High pressure hose lengths vary from about 150 millimetres (6 in) for sling and side-mount cylinders to about 750 millimetres (30 in) for back mounted scuba. Other lengths may be available off the shelf or made to order for special applications such as rebreathers or back mount with valve down.

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the valve is known as the cracking pressure. This cracking pressure difference is usually negative relative to ambient, but may be slightly positive on a positive pressure regulator (a regulator that maintains a pressure inside the mouthpiece, mask or helmet, which is slightly greater than the ambient pressure). Once the valve has opened, gas flow should continue at the smallest stable pressure difference reasonably practicable while the diver inhales, and should stop as soon as gas flow stops. Several mechanisms have been devised to provide this function, some of them extremely simple and robust, and others somewhat more complex, but more sensitive to small pressure changes. The diaphragm is protected by a cover with holes or slits through which outside water can enter freely. This cover reduces sensitivity of the diaphragm to water turbulence and dynamic pressure due to movement, which might otherwise trigger gas flow when it is not needed.

437:(BOV) is an open circuit demand valve built into a rebreather mouthpiece or other part of the breathing loop. It can be isolated while the diver is using the rebreather to recycle breathing gas, and opened, while at the same time isolating the breathing loop, when a problem causes the diver to bail out onto open circuit. The main distinguishing feature of the BOV is that the same mouthpiece is used for open and closed-circuit, and the diver does not have to shut the dive/surface valve (DSV), remove it from their mouth, and find and insert the bailout demand valve in order to bail out onto open circuit. Although costly, this reduction in critical steps makes the integrated BOV a significant safety advantage, particularly when there is a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the loop, as hypercapnia can make it difficult or impossible for the diver to hold their breath even for the short period required to swap mouthpieces. 702: 1220:. Where the ambient water temperature is less than 5 °C any water in contact with the regulator may freeze. If this ice jams the diaphragm or piston spring, preventing the valve closing, a free-flow may ensue that can empty a full cylinder within a minute or two, and the free-flow causes further cooling in a positive feedback loop. Generally the water that freezes is in the ambient pressure chamber around a spring that keeps the valve open and not moisture in the breathing gas from the cylinder, but that is also possible if the air is not adequately filtered. The modern trend of using plastics to replace metal components in regulators encourages freezing because it insulates the inside of a cold regulator from the warmer surrounding water. Some regulators are provided with heat exchange fins in areas where cooling due to air expansion is a problem, such as around the second stage valve seat on some regulators. 1201: 812:

positive pressure difference, and cause as little resistance to flow as reasonably possible, without being cumbersome and bulky. Elastomer mushroom valves serve the purpose adequately. Where it is important to avoid leaks back into the regulator, such as when diving in contaminated water, a system of two sets of valves in series can reduce the risk of contamination. A more complex option which can be used for surface supplied helmets, is to use a reclaim exhaust system which uses a separate flow regulator to control the exhaust which is returned to the surface in a dedicated hose in the umbilical. The exhaust manifold (exhaust tee, exhaust cover, whiskers) is the ducting that protects the exhaust valve(s) and diverts the exhaled air to the sides so that it does not bubble up in the diver's face and obscure the view.

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slight over-pressure relative to the chamber pressure on the exhaust diaphragm moves the valve mechanism against a spring. When this over-pressure is dissipated by the gas flowing out through the exhaust hose, the spring returns this valve to the closed position, cutting off further flow, and conserving the chamber atmosphere. A negative or zero pressure difference over the exhaust diaphragm will keep it closed. The exhaust diaphragm is exposed to the chamber pressure on one side, and exhaled gas pressure in the oro-nasal mask on the other side. The supply of gas for inhalation is through a demand valve which works on the same principles as a regular diving demand valve second stage. Like any other breathing apparatus, the dead space must be limited to minimise carbon dioxide buildup in the mask.

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does not seal perfectly. In clean water such a leak is a minor problem, but leaks of contaminated water can be a hazard to health, and even life-threatening. A positive pressure inside a free-flow helmet is easily achieved by slightly increasing the opening pressure of the exhaust valve, provided it is adjustable, but for a demand system the cracking pressure of the demand valve must also be adjusted, so that it delivers gas before the internal pressure drops below external ambient pressure. This is not difficult, as a slight adjustment to second stage valve spring pressure is all that is required. The problem is that when the mask or helmet is off the diver, and the gas supply is pressurised, the demand valve will leak continuously, and a large amount of gas can be lost. The

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full-face mask of water if it has flooded. This will often happen if the second stage is dropped or removed from the mouth while under-water. It is either a separate part mounted in the front cover or the cover itself may be made flexible and serves as the purge button. Depressing the purge button presses against the diapragm directly over the lever of the demand valve, and this movement of the lever opens the valve to release air through the regulator. The tongue may be used to block the mouthpiece during purging to prevent water or other matter in the regulator from being blown into the diver's airway by the air blast. This is particularly important when purging after vomiting through the regulator. The purge button is also used by recreational divers to inflate a

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hypoallergenic silicone rubber. Various designs of mouthpiece have been developed to reduce this problem. The feel of some mouthpieces on the palate can induce a gag reflex in some divers, while in others it causes no discomfort. The style of the bite surfaces can influence comfort and various styles are available as aftermarket accessories. Personal testing is the usual way to identify what works best for the individual, and in some models the grip surfaces can be moulded to better fit the diver's bite. The lead of the low-pressure hose can also induce mouth loads when the hose is of an unsuitable length or is forced into small radius curves to reach the mouth. This can usually be avoided by careful adjuctment of hose lead and sometimes a different hose length.

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breathing apparatus is controlled manually at the control panel, and does not automatically adjust to the ambient pressure in the way that most scuba first stages do, as this feature is controlled by feedback to the first stage from ambient pressure. This has the effect that the cracking pressure of a surface supplied demand valve will vary slightly with depth, so some manufacturers provide a manual adjustment knob on the side of the demand valve housing to adjust spring pressure on the downstream valve, which controls the cracking pressure. The knob is known to commercial divers as "dial-a-breath". A similar adjustment is provided on some high-end scuba demand valves, to allow the user to manually tune the breathing effort at depth

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released air pressure is higher than in the lungs. Divers learned to restrict flow by using their tongue to close the mouthpiece. When the cylinder pressure was running low and air demand effort rising, a roll to the right side made breathing easier. The mouthpiece can be purged by lifting it above the regulator (shallower), which will cause a free flow. Twin hose regulators have been superseded almost completely by single hose regulators and became obsolete for most diving since the 1980s. Raising the mouthpiece above the regulator increases the delivered pressure of gas and lowering the mouthpiece reduces delivered pressure and increases breathing resistance. As a result, many aqualung divers, when they were

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single-hose regulators developed during the 1950s include Rose Aviation's "Little Rose Pro," the "Nemrod Snark" (from Spain), and the Sportsways "Waterlung," designed by diving pioneer Sam LeCocq in 1958. In France, in 1955, a patent was taken out by Bronnec & Gauthier for a single hose regulator, later produced as the Cristal Explorer. The "Waterlung" would eventually become the first single-hose regulator to be widely adopted by the diving public. Over time, the convenience and performance of improved single hose regulators would make them the industry standard. Performance still continues to be improved by small increments, and adaptations have been applied to rebreather technology.

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push-pull arrangement, where the actuating lever goes onto the end of the valve shaft and is held on by a nut. Any deflection of the lever is converted to an axial pull on the valve shaft, lifting the seat off the crown and allowing air to flow. The other is the barrel poppet arrangement, where the poppet is enclosed in a tube which crosses the regulator body and the lever operates through slots in the sides of the tube. The far end of the tube is accessible from the side of the casing and a spring tension adjustment screw may be fitted for limited diver control of the cracking pressure. This arrangement also allows relatively simple pressure balancing of the second stage.

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suit. There are two basic styles of connector, which are not compatible with each other. The high flow rate CEJN 221 fitting has a larger bore and allows gas flow at a fast enough rate for use as a connector to a demand valve. This is sometimes seen in a combination BC inflator/deflator mechanism with integrated secondary DV (octopus), such as in the AIR II unit from Scubapro. The low flow rate Seatec connector is more common and is the industry standard for BC inflator connectors, and is also popular on dry suits, as the limited flow rate reduces the risk of a blow-up if the valve sticks open. The high flow rate connector is used by some manufacturers on dry suits.

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opens the port through which air flows into the regulator. In the normally closed condition when not mounted, this valve prevents ingress of water and other contaminants to the first stage interior which could be caused by negligent handling of the equipment or by accident. This is claimed by the manufacturer to extend the service life of the regulator and reduce risk of failure due to internal contamination. However, it is possible for an incorrectly installed ACD to shut off gas supply from a cylinder still containing gas during a dive, and water or other contaminants held in the cylinder valve outlet will not be prevented from entering the first stage.

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by servicing and tuning, but some regulators cannot deliver high flow at great depths without high work of breathing. High exhalation resistance is usually due to a problem with the exhaust valves, which can stick, stiffen due to deterioration of the materials, or may have an insufficient flow passage area for the service. Work of breathing increases with gas density, and therefore with depth. Total work of breathing for the diver is a combination of physiological work of breathing and mechanical work of breathing. It is possible for this combination to exceed the capacity of the diver, who can then suffocate due to

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free-flow, the exhaust valve must be located at the same depth as the diaphragm, and the only reliable place to do this is in the same housing. The air flows through a pair of corrugated rubber hoses to and from the mouthpiece. The supply hose is connected to one side of the regulator body and supplies air to the mouthpiece through a non-return valve, and the exhaled air is returned to the regulator housing on the outside of the diaphragm, also through a non-return valve on the other side of the mouthpiece and usually through another non-return exhaust valve in the regulator housing - often a "duckbill" type.

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sharing and receiver to the left parallel positioning. Face to face positioning allows eye contact, which is useful during ascent, and side by side is useful if the return requires horizontal travel. The purge button is more accessible to the rescuer, as it is on the thumb side of the donating hand. Disadvantages are that it is an awkward arrangement if the diver needs to use it themself, as the hose then needs to be routed round the back of the head, or it may develop a tight bend putting stress on the jaw. It may also lead to confusion if the receiver has only been exposed to right handed donation.

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deployed on the left side, which allows a standard right handed DV to be used by the recipient without a reverse bend in the hose, which takes maximum advantage of hose length. There is little reliable documentation on whether this was the case, and if so, why it was changed. A comparison of the left and right mountings with reference to the primary function as an emergency gas supply shows some ergonomic advantages the left mount option. These comparisons do not apply with the long hose and necklace or with BCD inflator integrated systems, or with DVs with side exhaust which work upside down.

1423:, but historically also from other manufacturers, which have side exhausts and work equally well in either orientation. In effect they have no functional top or bottom. They are more sensitive to lateral tilt, which can affect drainage, but is seldom a problem in practice. A few earlier models were left handed, and at least one Apeks model can be modified for left handed use by rebuilding using the original components. The Mares Loop 15x is unique in having the low pressure hose enter the second stage from the bottom, which allows it to be used with the hose routed under either arm. 816: 824: 867: 448:

supplied by a gas regulator that is isolated from the ambient pressure so that it provides an absolute pressure regulated output (not compensated for ambient pressure). This limits the depth range in which constant mass flow is possible through the orifice, but provides a relatively predictable gas mixture in the breathing loop. An over-pressure relief valve in the first stage is used to protect the output hose. Unlike most other diving gas supply regulators, constant mass flow orifices do not control the downstream pressure, but they do regulate the flow rate.

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socket, are rated for 232/240 bar, and can only be used with valves which are designed to accept them. These can be recognised by a dimple recess opposite to the outlet opening, used to locate the screw of an A-clamp. Block adaptors are generally rated for 200 bar, and can be used with almost any 200 bar 5-thread DIN valve. A-clamp or yoke adaptors comprise a yoke clamp with a DIN socket in line. They are slightly more vulnerable to O-ring extrusion than integral yoke clamps, due to greater leverage on the first stage regulator.

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a position where it can be easily seen and reached by both the diver and the potential sharer of air, with a breakaway connection. The longer hose is used for convenience when sharing air, so that the divers are not forced to stay in an awkward position relative to each other. Technical divers frequently extend this feature and use a 5-foot or 7-foot (1.5 m or 2 m) hose, which allows divers to swim in single file while sharing air, which may be necessary in restricted spaces inside wrecks or caves.

1336:. The high pressure port usually has 7/16"-20 tpi UNF internal thread with an O-ring seal. This makes it impossible to connect a low pressure hose to the high pressure port. Early regulators occasionally used other thread sizes, including 3/8" UNF and 1/8" BSP (Poseidon Cyklon 200), and some of these allowed connection of low-pressure hose to high pressure port, which is dangerous with an upstream valve second stage or a BC or dry suit inflation hose, as the hose could burst under pressure. 1446: 1402:

has two parts - the pressure transducer on the first stage and the display at the wrist or console, which communicate by wireless data transmission link; the signals are encoded to eliminate the risk of one diver's computer picking up a signal from another diver's transducer or radio interference from other sources. Some dive computers can receive a signal from more than one remote pressure transducer. The Ratio iX3M Tech and others can process and display pressures from up to 10 transmitters.

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on internal surfaces. Either may cause the moving parts of the affected stage to jam open or closed. If the valve freezes closed, it will usually defrost quite rapidly and start working again, and may freeze open soon after. Freezing open is more of a problem, as the valve will then free-flow and cool further in a positive feedback loop, which can normally only be stopped by closing the cylinder valve and waiting for the ice to thaw. If not stopped, the cylinder will rapidly be emptied.

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of a sensitive demand valve is often less than the hydrostatic pressure difference between the inside of an air-filled housing and the water below the diaphragm when the mouthpiece is pointed upwards. To avoid excessive loss of gas due to inadvertent activation of the valve when the DV is out of the diver's mouth, some second stages have a desensitising mechanism which causes some back-pressure in the housing, by impeding the flow or directing it against the inside of the diaphragm.

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supply. Various lesser malfunctions mostly involve partial reductions in supply, non-catastrophic leaks, and ergonomic faults that make the regulator difficult, uncomfortable, or dangerous to use. Some malfunctions can be quickly and easily corrected by the user if they know what to do, others may require professional servicing, troubleshooting, or replacement of parts. Some may simply be the consequence of using it beyond its specified operating range.

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dioxide and making up the oxygen. This process, referred to as "push-pull", is technologically complex and expensive and is only used for deep commercial diving on heliox mixtures, where the saving on helium compensates for the expense and complications of the system, and for diving in contaminated water, where the gas is not reclaimed, but the system reduces the risk of contaminated water leaking into the helmet through an exhaust valve.

15221: 15187: 5003: 332:, though those gases are generally not reclaimed. A diverter valve is provided to allow the diver to manually switch to open circuit if the reclaim valve malfunctions, and an underpressure flood valve allows water to enter the helmet to avoid a squeeze if the reclaim valve fails suddenly, allowing the diver time to switch to open circuit without injury. Reclaim valves for deep diving may use two stages to give smoother flow and lower 623:

pressure to be maintained at maximum demand, and sensitivity must be appropriate to deliver maximum required flow rate with a small variation in downstream pressure, and for a large variation in supply pressure. Open circuit scuba regulators must also deliver against a variable ambient pressure. They must be robust and reliable, as they are life-support equipment which must function in the relatively hostile seawater environment.

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safety flange may also be a separate component. The attached neck strap also allows the diver to keep the regulator hanging under the chin where it is protected and ready for use. Recent mouthpieces do not usually include an external flange, but the practice of using a neck strap has been revived by technical divers who use a bungee or surgical rubber "necklace" which can come off the mouthpiece without damage if pulled firmly.

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open and close the adjustable supply valve to regulate flow. Constant flow valves in an open circuit breathing set consume gas less economically than demand valve regulators because gas flows even when it is not needed, and must flow at the rate required for peak inhalation. Before 1939, self contained diving and industrial open circuit breathing sets with constant-flow regulators were designed by

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to 150 psi) over ambient pressure, expands through the valve orifice as its pressure is reduced to ambient and supplies the diver with more gas to breathe. When the diver stops inhaling the chamber fills until the external pressure is balanced, the diaphragm returns to its rest position and the lever releases the valve to be closed by the valve spring and gas flow stops.

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decompression, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, where a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the chamber would constitute an unacceptable fire hazard, and would require frequent ventilation of the chamber to keep the partial pressure within acceptable limits. Frequent ventilation is noisy and expensive, but can be used in an emergency.

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filed by Newton. Note: The illustration of the apparatus in Newton's patent application is identical to that in Guillaumet's patent application; furthermore, Mr. Newton was apparently an employee of the British Office for Patents, who applied for patents on behalf of foreign applicants. Also from "le scaphandre autonome" Web site:

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first stage to provide hose leads otherwise not possible for the specific regulator. As with all additional moving parts, they are an additional possible point of failure, so should only be used where there is sufficient advantage to offset this risk. They are mainly useful to improve the hose lead on regulators used with

336:. The reclaim regulator works on a similar principle to the demand regulator, in that it allows flow only when the pressure difference between the interior of the helmet and the ambient water opens the valve, but uses the upstream over-pressure to activate the valve, where the demand valve uses downstream underpressure. 1050:

themselves can be blocked sufficiently to reduce performance, but are unlikely to result in a total or sudden catastrophic failure. Sintered bronze filters can also gradually clog with corrosion products if they get wet. Inlet filter blockage will become more noticeable as the cylinder pressure drops or depth increases.

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is either held in the diver's mouth by a mouthpiece or attached to the full-face mask or helmet. In twin-hose regulators the demand valve is included in the body of the regulator which is usually attached directly to the cylinder valve or manifold outlet, with a remote mouthpiece supplied at ambient pressure.

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slate on which notes can be written either before or during the dive. These instruments would otherwise be carried somewhere else such as strapped to the wrist or forearm or in a pocket and are only regulator accessories for convenience of transport and access, and at greater risk of damage during handling.

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groove in the contact face of the cylinder valve. The user screws the clamp in place finger-tight to hold the metal surfaces of cylinder valve and regulator first stage in contact, compressing the o-ring between the radial faces of valve and regulator. When the valve is opened, gas pressure presses the

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A similar patent was filed in 1838 by William Newton in England. There is every reason to think that owing to the long delays in filing patents in France, Guillaumet asked Newton to register his patent in England where the procedure was faster while ensuring the exclusive rights to exploit the patent

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Helium is an exceptionally nonreactive gas and breathing gases containing helium do not require any special cleaning or lubricants. However, as helium is generally used for deep dives, it will normally be used with high performance regulators, with low work of breathing at high ambient pressures when

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When surface supplied equipment is used the diver does not have the option of simply taking out the DV and switching to an independent system, and gas switching may be done during a dive, including use of pure oxygen for accelerated decompression. To reduce the risk of confusion or getting the system

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Hoses may be fitted to low pressure ports of the regulator first stage to provide gas for inflating buoyancy compensators and/or dry suits. These hoses usually have a quick-connector end with an automatically sealing valve which blocks flow if the hose is disconnected from the buoyancy compensator or

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The low pressure hose on the secondary demand valve is usually longer than the low pressure hose on the primary DV that the diver uses, and the secondary DV and/or its hose may be colored yellow to aid in locating it in an emergency. The secondary regulator should be clipped to the diver's harness in

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Some divers install a sliding sleeve type shut-off valve between the low-pressure hose and the demand valve, so they can shut off the flow to a free-flowing second stage, usually when it ices up. This prevents the pressure relief function of the second stage, so a pressure relief valve must be fitted

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in the spring chamber can be used on a piston first stage. The Poseidon Xstream first stage insulates the external spring and spring housing from the rest of the regulator, so that it is less chilled by the expanding air, and provides large slots in the housing so that the spring can be warmed by the

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can be caused by high inhalation resistance, high exhalation resistance or both. High inhalation resistance can be caused by high cracking pressure, low inter-stage pressure, friction in second stage valve moving parts, excessive spring loading, or sub-optimum valve design. It can usually be improved

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The moving parts in first and second stages have fine tolerances in places, and some designs are more susceptible to contaminants causing friction between the moving parts. this may increase cracking pressure, reduce flow rate, increase work of breathing or induce free-flow, depending on what part is

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The original twin-hose regulators usually had no ports for accessories, though some had a high pressure port for a submersible pressure gauge. Some later models have one or more low-pressure ports between the stages, which can be used to supply direct feeds for suit or BC inflation and/or a secondary

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A non-return valve is usually fitted to the breathing hoses where they connect to the mouthpiece. This prevents any water that gets into the mouthpiece from going into the inhalation hose, and ensures that once it is blown into the exhalation hose that it cannot flow back. This slightly increases the

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The first stage is mounted to the cylinder valve or manifold via one of the standard connectors (Yoke or DIN), and reduces cylinder pressure to an intermediate pressure, usually about 8 to 11 bars (120 to 160 psi) higher than the ambient pressure, also called interstage pressure, medium pressure

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The DIN fitting is a type of screw-in connection to the cylinder valve. The DIN system is less common worldwide, but has the advantage of withstanding greater pressure, up to 300 bar, allowing use of high-pressure steel cylinders. They are less susceptible to blowing the O-ring seal if banged against

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When the diver starts to inhale, the removal of gas from the casing lowers the pressure inside the chamber, and the external water pressure moves the diaphragm inwards operating a lever which lifts the valve off its seat, releasing gas into the chamber. The inter-stage gas, at about 8 to 10 bars (120

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The gas may be provided directly to the diver, or to a rebreather circuit, to make up for used gas and volume changes due to depth variations. Gas supply may be from a high-pressure scuba cylinder carried by the diver, or from a surface supply through a hose connected to a compressor or high pressure

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The diving regulator is a mechanism which reduces the pressure of the supply of breathing gas and provides it to the diver at approximately ambient pressure. The gas may be supplied on demand, when the diver inhales, or as a constant flow past the diver inside the helmet or mask, from which the diver

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The terms "regulator" and "demand valve" (DV) are often used interchangeably, but a demand valve is the final stage pressure-reduction regulator that delivers gas only while the diver is inhaling and reduces the gas pressure to approximately ambient. In single-hose demand regulators, the demand valve

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In a few models of scuba regulator the mouthpiece also has an outer rubber flange that fits outside the lips and extends into two straps that fasten together behind the neck. This helps to keep the mouthpiece in place if the user's jaws go slack through unconsciousness or distraction. The mouthpiece

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Wet breathing is caused by water getting into the regulator and compromising breathing comfort and safety. Water can leak into the second stage body through damaged soft parts like torn mouthpieces, damaged exhaust valves and perforated diaphragms, through cracked housings, or through poorly sealing

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If a shut-off valve is fitted between the first and second stages, as is found on scuba bailout systems used for commercial diving and in some technical diving configurations, the demand valve will normally be isolated and unable to function as a relief valve. In this case an overpressure valve must

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If the first stage leaks and the inter-stage over-pressurizes, the second stage upstream valve will not release the excess pressure, This might hinder the supply of breathing gas and possibly result in a ruptured hose or the failure of another second stage valve, such as one that inflates a buoyancy

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The first stage regulator body generally has several low-pressure outlets (ports) for second-stage regulators and BCD and dry suit inflators, and one or more high-pressure outlets, which allow a submersible pressure gauge (SPG), gas-integrated diving computer or remote pressure tranducer to read the

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Adaptors are available to allow connection of DIN regulators to yoke cylinder valves (A-clamp or yoke adaptor), and to connect yoke regulators to DIN cylinder valves. There are two types of adaptors for DIN valves: plug adaptors and block adaptors. Plug adaptors are screwed into a 5-thread DIN valve

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and they worked together to adapt Rouquayrol's regulator to diving. The Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus was mass-produced with some interruptions from 1864 to 1965. As of 1865 it was acquired as a standard by the French Imperial Navy, but never was entirely accepted by the French divers because of a

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In constant-flow regulators the pressure regulator provides a constant reduced pressure, which provides gas flow to the diver, which may be to some extent controlled by an adjustable orifice controlled by the diver. These are the earliest type of breathing set flow control. The diver must physically

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Un brevet semblable est déposé en 1838 par William Newton en Angleterre. Il y a tout lieu de penser que Guillaumet, devant les longs délais de dépôt des brevets en France, a demandé à Newton de faire enregistrer son brevet en Angleterre où la procédure est plus rapide, tout en s'assurant les droits

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For some applications it is desirable for the gas inside the mask or helmet to remain at a pressure slightly above ambient at all times while in the water, as this will prevent any contamination from leaking into the gas space during inhalation if the face or neck seal, or the exhaust valve system,

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fails the diver can no longer monitor his or her gas reserves. Most divers using a gas-integrated computer will also have a standard air pressure gauge, though, the SPG and hose have several potential points of failure. The computer is either connected to the first stage by a high pressure hose, or

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Gas leaks can be caused by burst or leaky hoses, defective or blown o-rings, particularly in yoke connectors, loose connections, and several of the previously listed malfunctions. Low pressure inflation hoses may fail to connect properly, or the non-return valve may leak. A relatively common o-ring

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In cold conditions the cooling effect of gas expanding through a valve orifice may cool either first or second stage sufficiently to cause ice to form. External icing may lock up the spring and exposed moving parts of first or second stage, and freezing of moisture in the stored gas may cause icing

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Scuba demand valves which are set to breathe lightly (low cracking pressure, and low work of breathing) may tend to free-flow relatively easily, particularly if the gas flow in the housing has been designed to assist in holding the valve open by reducing the internal pressure. The cracking pressure

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Exhaled gas leaves the demand valve housing through one or two exhaust ports. Exhaust valves are necessary to prevent the diver inhaling water, and to allow a negative pressure difference to be induced over the diaphragm to operate the demand valve. The exhaust valves should operate at a very small

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A downstream valve will function as an over-pressure valve when the inter-stage pressure is raised sufficiently to overcome the spring pre-load. If the first stage leaks and the inter-stage over-pressurizes, the second stage downstream valve opens automatically. If the leak is bad this could result

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Most modern demand valves use a downstream valve mechanism, where the valve poppet moves in the same direction as the flow of gas to open and is kept closed by a spring. The poppet is lifted away from the crown by a lever operated by the diaphragm. Two patterns are commonly used. One is the classic

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CGA 850 Yoke connectors (sometimes called A-clamps from their shape) are the most popular regulator connection in North America and several other countries. They clamp the high pressure inlet opening of the regulator against the outlet opening of the cylinder valve, and are sealed by an O-ring in a

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of fresh gas to an active type semi-closed rebreather to replenish the gas used by the diver and to maintain an approximately constant composition of the loop mix. Two main types are used: the fixed orifice and the adjustable orifice (usually a needle valve). The constant mass flow valve is usually

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may be required. This would usually be the case for use in a saturation system. Use for oxygen therapy and surface decompression on oxygen would not generally need a back-pressure regulator. When an externally vented BIBS is used at low chamber pressure, a vacuum assist may be necessary to keep the

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Also called combo consoles, these are usually hard rubber or tough plastic moldings which enclose the submersible pressure gauge and have mounting sockets for other diver instrumentation, such as decompression computers, underwater compass, timer and/or depth gauge and occasionally a small plastic

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Adaptors are available to modify the lead of the low pressure hose where it attaches to the demand valve. There are adaptors which provide a fixed angle and those which are variable while in use. Other swivel adaptors are made to be fitted between the low pressure hose and low pressure port on the

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inflation valve. Both types may be called alternate air sources. When the secondary demand valve is integrated with the buoyancy compensator inflation valve, since the inflation valve hose is short (usually just long enough to reach mid-chest), in the event of a diver running out of air, the diver

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Some early twin hose regulators were of single-stage design. The first stage functions in a way similar to the second stage of two-stage demand valves, but would be connected directly to the cylinder valve and reduced high pressure air from the cylinder directly to ambient pressure on demand. This

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against the outer cylindrical surface of the groove, completing the seal. The diver must take care not to screw the yoke down too tightly, or it may prove impossible to remove without tools. Conversely, failing to tighten sufficiently can lead to O-ring extrusion under pressure and a major loss of

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makes it possible to exhaust the exhaled gas to the external environment, but the flow must be controlled so that only exhaled gas is vented through the system, and it does not drain the contents of the chamber to the outside. This is achieved by using a controlled exhaust valve which opens when a

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to reduce the risk of backflow of contaminated water through the exhaust valves into the helmet. In this application there would not be an underpressure flood valve, but the pressure differences and the squeeze risk are relatively low. The breathing gas in this application would usually be air and

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These are generally used in surface supply diving with free-flow masks and helmets. They are usually a large high-flow rated industrial gas regulator that is manually controlled at the gas panel on the surface to the pressure required to provide the desired flow rate to the diver. Free flow is not

252:

The vast majority of demand valves are used on open circuit breathing apparatus, which means that the exhaled gas is discharged into the surrounding environment and lost. Reclaim valves can be fitted to helmets to allow the used gas to be returned to the surface for reuse after removing the carbon

240:

This is done by a mechanical system linking the diaphragm to a valve which is opened to an extent proportional to the displacement of the diaphragm from the closed position. The pressure difference between the inside of the mouthpiece and the ambient pressure outside the diaphragm required to open

1344:

The high pressure hose is a small bore flexible hose with permanently swaged end fittings that connects the submersible pressure gauge to the HP port of the regulator first stage. The HP hose end that fits the HP port usually has a very small bore orifice to restrict flow. This both reduces shock

1101:

This is a slow leak of the first stage valve, often caused by a worn, damaged or dirty valve seat. The effect is for the interstage pressure to rise until either the next breath is drawn, or the pressure exerts more force on the second stage valve than can be resisted by the spring, and the valve

1075:

Either of the stages may get stuck in the open position, causing a continuous flow of gas from the regulator known as a free-flow. This can be triggered by a range of causes, some of which can be easily remedied, others not. Possible causes include incorrect interstage pressure setting, incorrect

1035:

Most regulator malfunctions involve improper supply of breathing gas or water leaking into the gas supply. There are two major gas supply failure modes, where the regulator shuts off delivery, which is extremely rare, and free-flow, where the delivery will not stop and can quickly exhaust a scuba

847:

It may be desirable for the diver to have some manual control over the flow characteristics of the demand valve. The usual adjustable aspects are cracking pressure and the feedback from flow rate to internal pressure of the second stage housing. The inter-stage pressure of surface supplied demand

589:

in the early 1950s in response to patent restrictions and stock shortages of the Cousteau-Gagnan apparatus in Australia. In 1951 E. R. Cross invented the "Sport Diver," one of the first American-made single-hose regulators. Cross' version is based on the oxygen system used by pilots. Other early

214:

An open circuit demand valve provides gas flow only while the diver inhales, a free flow regulator provides a constant flow rate at the delivery pressure, reclaim and built-in-breathing-systems regulators allow exhaust outflow only during exhalation. Rebreathers use demand regulators to make up a

147:

A pressure-reduction regulator is used to control the delivery pressure of the gas supplied to a free-flow helmet or full-face mask, in which the flow is continuous, to maintain the downstream pressure which is limited by the ambient pressure of the exhaust and the flow resistance of the delivery

1688:

The auto-closure device (ACD) is a mechanism for closing off the inlet opening of a regulator first stage when it is disconnected from a cylinder. A spring-loaded plunger in the inlet is mechanically depressed by contact with the cylinder valve when the regulator is fitted to the cylinder, which

1662:

Various minor accessories are available to fit these hose connectors. These include interstage pressure gauges, which are used to troubleshoot and tune the regulator (not for use underwater), noisemakers, used to attract attention underwater and on the surface, and valves for inflating tires and

1600:

Most full face masks and probably most diving helmets currently in use are open circuit demand systems, using a demand valve (in some cases more than one) and supplied from a scuba regulator or a surface supply umbilical from a surface supply panel using a surface supply regulator to control the

1262:

for over-pressurization: if a first stage with a demand valve malfunctions and jams in the open position, the demand valve will be over-pressurized and will "free flow". Although it presents the diver with an imminent "out of air" crisis, this failure mode lets gas escape directly into the water

949:

The breathing performance of regulators is a measure of the ability of a breathing gas regulator to meet the demands placed on it at varying ambient pressures and under varying breathing loads, for the range of breathing gases it may be expected to deliver. Performance is an important factor in

905:

Ideally the delivered pressure is equal to the resting pressure in the diver's lungs as this is what human lungs are adapted to breathe. With a twin hose regulator behind the diver at shoulder level, the delivered pressure changes with diver orientation. if the diver rolls on his or her back the

429:

to allow manual flushing of the loop. The ADV is similar in concept and function to the open circuit demand valve and may use many similar components, but does not have an integral exhaust valve. An equivalent function to the exhaust valve is provided by the loop overpressure valve. Some passive

1504:

Advantages claimed for the left side mounting are: It is easier to hand off to another diver, using the left hand, and leaving the right hand free, it does not put an additional bend in the hose, which makes better use of the available length, and gives a smooth unstressed lead for face to face

1236:

Kirby Morgan have developed a stainless steel tube heat exchanger ("Thermo Exchanger") to warm the gas from the first stage regulator to reduce the risk of second stage scuba regulator freeze when diving in extremely cold water at temperatures down to −2.2 °C (28.0 °F). The length and

1223:

Cold water kits can be used to reduce the risk of freezing inside the regulator. Some regulators come with this as standard, and some others can be retrofitted. Environmental sealing of the diaphragm main spring chamber using a soft secondary diaphragm and hydrostatic transmitter or a silicone,

897:

The mechanism of the twin hose regulator is packaged in a usually circular metal housing mounted on the cylinder valve behind the diver's neck. The demand valve component of a two-stage twin hose regulator is thus mounted in the same housing as the first stage regulator, and in order to prevent

751:

Most contemporary diving regulators are single-hose two-stage demand regulators. They consist of a first-stage regulator and a second-stage demand valve connected by a low pressure hose to transfer breathing gas, and allow relative movement within the constraints of hose length and flexibility.

482:

and forgotten in the next few years; another workable demand valve was not invented until 1860. On 14 November 1838, Dr. Manuel Théodore Guillaumet of Argentan, Normandy, France, filed a patent for a twin-hose demand regulator; the diver was provided air through pipes from the surface to a back

451:

Manual and electronically controlled addition valves are used on manual and electronically controlled closed circuit rebreathers (mCCR, eCCR) to add oxygen to the loop to maintain oxygen partial pressure set-point. A manually or electronically controlled valve is used to release oxygen from the

223:

A demand valve detects the pressure drop when the diver starts inhaling and supplies the diver with a breath of gas at ambient pressure. When the diver stops inhaling, the demand valve closes to stop the flow. The demand valve has a chamber, which in normal use contains breathing gas at ambient

1500:

In the most common recreational configuration, divers wear the secondary demand valve on the right side, ready for rapid deployment if the buddy runs out of breathing gas. According to an article on the Divers Alert website, the arrangement was originally for the secondary DV to be worn and be

1191:

A variety of accessories may be fitted to most diving regulators, some of which are considered standard equipment. Many of them are attached to a port on the first stage. Two types of port are provided – high pressure ports for pressure measurement, with a 7/16" UNF thread and O-ring seal, and

1012:

Mouth-held demand valves may exert forces on the teeth and jaws of the user that can lead to fatigue and pain, occasionally repetitive stress injury, and early rubber mouthpieces often caused an allergic reaction of contact surfaces in the mouth, which has been largely eliminated by the use of

958:

as this is commonly the limiting factor for underwater exertion, and can be critical during diving emergencies. It is also preferable that the gas is delivered smoothly without any sudden changes in resistance while inhaling or exhaling. Although these factors may be judged subjectively, it is

767:

The mechanism inside the first stage can be of the diaphragm or piston type, and can be balanced or unbalanced. Unbalanced regulators produce an interstage pressure which varies slightly as the cylinder pressure changes and to limit this variation the high-pressure orifice size is small, which

759:

A balanced regulator first stage automatically keeps a constant pressure difference between the interstage pressure and the ambient pressure even as the tank pressure drops with consumption. The balanced regulator design allows the first stage orifice to be as large as needed without incurring

1361:

These are coin-sized analog pressure gauges directly mounted to a high-pressure port on the first stage. They are compact, have no dangling hoses, and few points of failure. They are generally not used on back mounted cylinders because the diver cannot see them there when underwater. They are

1181:

Damage such as cracked housings, torn or dislodged mouthpieces, damaged exhaust fairings, can cause gas flow problems or leaks, or can make the regulator uncomfortable to use or difficult to breathe from. Use of a contaminated or non-compatible regulator with high oxygen fraction gas at high

1102:

opens briefly, often with a popping sound, to relieve the pressure. the frequency of the popping pressure relief depends on the flow in the second stage, the back pressure, the second stage spring tension and the magnitude of the leak. It may range from occasional loud pops to a constant hiss.

1049:

The inlet to the first stage is usually protected by a filter to prevent corrosion products or other contaminants in the cylinder from getting into the fine between moving parts of the first and second stage and jamming them, either open or closed. If enough dirt gets into these filters, they

831:

A standard fitting on single-hose second stages, both mouth-held and built into a full-face mask or demand helmet, is the purge-button, which allows the diver to manually deflect the diaphragm to open the valve and cause air to flow into the casing. This is usually used to purge the casing or

771:

The second stage, or demand valve reduces the pressure of the interstage air supply to ambient pressure on demand from the diver. The operation of the valve is triggered by a drop in downstream pressure as the diver breathes in. In an upstream valve, the valve is held closed by the interstage

622:

Both free-flow and demand regulators use mechanical feedback of the downstream pressure to control the opening of a valve which controls gas flow from the upstream, high-pressure side, to the downstream, low-pressure side of each stage. Flow capacity must be sufficient to allow the downstream

1020:

to separate the breathing circuit from the rest of the interior air space. This can also help reduce fogging of the viewport, which can seriously restrict vision. Some fogging will still occur, and a means of defogging is necessary. The internal volume of a helmet or full-face mask may exert

593:

The single hose regulator was later adapted for surface supplied diving in lightweight helmets and full-face masks in the tradition of the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze equipment to economise on gas usage. By 1969 Kirby-Morgan had developed a full-face mask - the KMB-8 Bandmask - using a single hose

390:

The major application for this type of BIBS is supply of breathing gas with a different composition to the chamber atmosphere to occupants of a hyperbaric chamber where the chamber atmosphere is controlled, and contamination by the BIBS gas would be a problem. This is common in therapeutic

1021:

unbalanced buoyancy forces on the diver's neck, or if compensated by ballast, weight loads when out of the water. The material of some orinasal mask seals and full-face mask skirts can cause allergic reactions, but newer models tend to use hypoallegenic materials and are seldom a problem.

709:

Several manufacturers market an otherwise identical first stage varying only in the choice of cylinder valve connection. In these cases it may be possible to buy original components to convert yoke to DIN and vice versa. The complexity of the conversion may vary, and parts are not usually

248:

When the diver exhales, one-way valves made from a flexible air-tight material flex outwards under the pressure of the exhalation, letting gas escape from the chamber. They close, making a seal, when the exhalation stops and the pressure inside the chamber reduces to ambient pressure.

140:. A gas pressure regulator has one or more valves in series which reduce pressure from the source, and use the downstream pressure as feedback to control the delivered pressure, or the upstream pressure as feedback to prevent excessive flow rates, lowering the pressure at each stage. 120:. The most commonly recognised application is to reduce pressurized breathing gas to ambient pressure and deliver it to the diver, but there are also other types of gas pressure regulator used for diving applications. The gas may be air or one of a variety of specially blended 1287:. When no demand valve is connected to a regulator, it should be equipped with a pressure relief valve, unless it has a built in over pressure valve, so that over-pressurization does not inflate any buoyancy devices connected to the regulator or burst the low-pressure hose. 626:

Diving regulators use mechanically operated valves. In most cases there is ambient pressure feedback to both first and second stage, except where this is avoided to allow constant mass flow through an orifice in a rebreather, which requires a constant upstream pressure.

986:(UK) has developed a testing machine that measures the inhalation and exhalation effort in using a regulator at all realistic water temperatures. Publishing results of the performance of regulators in the ANSTI test machine has resulted in big performance improvements. 452:

outlet of a standard scuba regulator first stage into the breathing loop. An over-pressure relief valve on the first stage is necessary to protect the hose in case of first stage leaks. Strictly speaking, these are not pressure regulators, they are flow control valves.

1366:

stage cylinders. Due to their small size, it can be difficult to read the gauge to a resolution of less than 20 bars (300 psi). As they are rigidly mounted to the first stage there is no flexibility in the connection, and they may be vulnerable to impact damage.

421:(ADV) is used in a rebreather to add gas to the loop to compensate automatically for volume reduction due to pressure increase with greater depth or to make up gas lost from the system by the diver exhaling through the nose while clearing the mask or as a method of 1536:

regulators are fitted with a mouthpiece. In twin-hose regulators and rebreathers, "mouthpiece" may refer to the whole assembly between the two flexible tubes. A mouthpiece prevents clear speech, so a full-face mask is preferred where voice communication is needed.

1532:, and seals against the inner surface of the lips. On the inner ends of the flange there are two tabs with enlarged ends, which are gripped between the teeth. These tabs also keep the teeth apart sufficiently to allow comfortable breathing through the gap. Most 1418:

Almost all single hose demand regulators are designed to be used with the hose approaching the mouth from the right hand side. In this orientation the exhaust ports are at the lowest point and drainage is effective. There are a few models, notably those made by

1323:

mechanism. It displays with a pointer moving over a dial, usually about 50 millimetres (2.0 in) diameter. Sometimes they are mounted in a console, which is a plastic or rubber case that holds the breathing gas pressure gauge and other instruments such as a

970:

of air per minute at continuous flow and that was officially thought to be adequate, but divers sometimes needed a higher instantaneous rate and had to learn not to "beat the lung", i.e. to breathe faster than the regulator could supply. Between 1948 and 1952

890:, to escape out of the holes in the cover. Advantages of this type of regulator are that the bubbles leave the regulator behind the diver's head, increasing visibility, reducing noise and producing less load on the diver's mouth, They remain popular with some 11366: 486:

On 19 June 1838, in London, William Edward Newton filed a patent (no. 7695: "Diving apparatus") for a diaphragm-actuated, twin-hose demand valve for divers. However, it is believed that Mr. Newton was merely filing a patent on behalf of Dr. Guillaumet.

2566:(Reconstructed in twentieth century by the Americans, this regulator worked perfectly; however, although it was undoubtedly effective in the nineteenth century, the test programs by the French Navy were never conducted and the apparatus was never sold.) 807:

second stages are examples of this technology. They can produce very high flow rates for a small pressure differential, and particularly for a relatively small cracking pressure. They are generally more complicated and expensive to service.

366:

BIBS regulators for hyperbaric chambers have a two-stage system at the diver similar to reclaim helmets, though for this application the outlet regulator dumps the exhaled gas through an outlet hose to the atmosphere outside the chamber.

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Reconstruit au XXe siècle par les Américains, ce détendeur fonctionne parfaitement, mais, si sa réalisation fut sans doute effective au XIXe, les essais programmés par la Marine Nationale ne furent jamais réalisés et l'appareil jamais

1608:

The demand valve is usually firmly attached to the helmet or mask, but there are a few models of full face mask that have removable demand valves with quick connections allowing them to be exchanged under water. These include the

886:. One tube is to supply air from the regulator to the mouthpiece, and the second tube delivers the exhaled gas to a point near the demand diaphragm where the ambient pressure is the same, and where it is released through a rubber 483:

mounted demand valve and from there to a mouthpiece. The exhaled gas was vented to the side of the head through a second hose. The apparatus was demonstrated to and investigated by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences:

1457:, typically referred to as the octopus because of the extra hose, or secondary demand valve. The origins of the secondary demand valve are obscure, and it may have been independently invented several times, but it was used by 1596:

This is stretching the concept of accessory a bit, as it would be equally valid to call the regulator an accessory of the full face mask or helmet, but the two items are closely connected and generally found in use together.

1726:

Standard air regulators are considered to be suitable for nitrox mixtures containing 40% or less oxygen by volume, both by NOAA, which conducted extensive testing to verify this, and by most recreational diving agencies.

3823: 413:

is carried by the diver and remains at ambient pressure while in use. Regulators may be used in scuba rebreathers to make up a deficit in loop gas volume, and to provide oxygen-rich gas to compensate for metabolic use.

1630:

Mk II mask has a second stage regulator which has a manual lock on the demand valve to prevent free-flow when the mask is not in use, which unlocks when a breath is taken, and must be reset when the mask is taken off.

1604:

Lightweight demand diving helmets are almost always surface supplied, but full face masks are used equally appropriately with scuba open circuit, scuba closed circuit (rebreathers), and surface supplied open circuit.

918:

could be done by using a longer lever and larger diameter diaphragm to control the valve movement, but there was a tendency for cracking pressure, and thus work of breathing, to vary as the cylinder pressure dropped.

1544:

The original mouthpieces were usually made from natural rubber and could cause an allergic reaction in some divers. This has been overcome by the use of hypo-allergenic synthetic elastomers such as silicone rubbers.

1076:

second stage valve spring tension, damaged or sticking valve poppet, damaged valve seat, valve freezing, wrong sensitivity setting at the surface and in Poseidon servo-assisted second stages, low interstage pressure.

954:, as the range of ambient operating pressures and variety of breathing gases is broader in this application. It is desirable that breathing from a regulator requires low effort even when supplying large amounts of 430:

semi-closed circuit rebreathers use the ADV to add gas to the loop to compensate for a portion of the gas discharged automatically during the breathing cycle as a way of maintaining a suitable oxygen concentration.

1192:

low-pressure ports to supply gas to the accessory, which are usually 3/8" UNF with O-ring seal, but a few models used 1/2" UNF for the primary regulator. When not used these ports are sealed by screw-in plugs.

1008:

Several factors affect the comfort and effectiveness of diving regulators. Work of breathing has been mentioned, and can be critical to diver performance under high workload and when using dense gas at depth.

236:

to sense the pressure difference between the gas in the chamber on one side and the surrounding water on the other side, and control the operation of the valve which supplies pressurised gas into the chamber.

304:, and exhaled gas is discharged to this hose through a reclaim regulator, which ensures that gas pressure in the helmet cannot fall below the ambient pressure. The gas is processed at the surface in the 270:, but did not get into general use due to very short dive duration. Design complications resulted from the need to put the second-stage flow control valve where it could be easily operated by the diver. 989:

At higher gas densities associated with greater depth and pressure, breathing may be physiologically limited by the capacity of the diver to move gas through the breathing passages of the lungs against

914:

single-hose demand valve, and a high pressure port for a submersible pressure gauge. The new Mistral is an exception as it is based on the Aqualung Titan first stage. which has the usual set of ports.

370:

These are systems used to supply breathing gas on demand in a chamber which is at a pressure greater than the ambient pressure outside the chamber. The pressure difference between chamber and external

11318: 1713:

loss is in heating the inspired air to body temperature on every breath, which is proportional to breathing rate and gas density, this can reduce heat loss significantly on deep dives in cold water.

164:(BIBS) use a different kind of regulator to control the flow of exhaled gas to the return hose and through the topside reclaim system, or to the outside of the hyperbaric chamber, these are of the 7554: 11311: 579: 12187: 8959: 12035: 8715: 7595: 3168: 764:

cylinder pressure. One low-pressure port with a larger bore may be designated for the primary second stage as it will give a higher flow at maximum demand for lower work of breathing.

15064: 11325: 8954: 2616: 3209: 2361: 1453:

As a nearly universal standard practice in modern recreational diving, the typical single-hose regulator has a second demand valve fitted for emergency use, mainly for the diver's

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something while in use. DIN fittings are the standard in much of Europe and are available in most countries. The DIN fitting is considered more secure and therefore safer by many

772:

pressure and opens by moving into the flow of gas. They are often made as tilt-valves, which are mechanically extremely simple and reliable, but are not amenable to fine tuning.

929:, but as part of the breathing loop, not as part of a regulator. The associated demand valve comprising the open-circuit bail-out valve is a second stage single hose regulator. 555:

and his invention was soon forgotten. The Commeinhes demand valve was an adaptation of the Rouquayoul-Denayrouze mechanism, not as compact as was the Cousteau-Gagnan apparatus.

51:

Diving regulator: The most familiar type is the single-hose open circuit scuba regulator, with first and second stages, low pressure inflator hose and submersible pressure gauge

3812: 10184: 11411: 3468: 3439: 1848: 1488:

can also be called an alternate air source, and is also a fully redundant air source, as it is totally independent of the primary air source, which has safety advantages.

1420: 2816: 1949:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. 1473:. Woodward believed that having the safety divers carry two second stages would be a safer and more practical approach than buddy breathing in the event of an emergency. 1614: 177: 10158: 3886: 12584: 12219: 12023: 11958: 8703: 7590: 1165:

between flow rate in the second stage body and diaphragm deflection opening the valve, which is not sufficient to cause free-flow, but enough to cause the system to

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Regulators supported by helmets and full-face masks eliminate the load on the lips, teeth and jaws, but add mechanical dead space, which can be reduced by using an

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pressure can lead to internal ignition, which may merely destroy a seal or other minor component, or burn up a significant part of the equipment and surroundings.

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The single hose regulator, with a mouth held demand valve supplied with low pressure gas from the cylinder valve mounted first stage, was invented by Australian

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to the first stage to prevent the hose from bursting as pressure increases. Interstage pressure can rise to cylinder pressure if the first stage does not seal.

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It was not until December 1942 that the demand valve was developed to the form which gained widespread acceptance. This came about after French naval officer

11297: 9966: 8383: 2512: 2440:"Mécanique appliquée -- Rapport sur une cloche à plongeur inventée par M. Guillaumet (Applied mechanics—Report on a diving bell invented by Mr. Guillaumet)" 1177: 685:

breathing gas. This can be a serious problem if it happens when the diver is at depth. Yoke fittings are rated up to a maximum of 240 bar working pressure.

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Mentions the contributions of several French inventors: Guillaumet, Rouquayrol and Denayrouze, Le Prieur, René and Georges Commheines, Gagnan and Cousteau

1627: 792:

be fitted to the first stage. They are available as aftermarket accessories which can be screwed into any available low pressure port on the first stage.

540: 185:, and the capacity to deliver breathing gas at peak inspiratory flow rate at high ambient pressures without excessive pressure drop, and without excessive 3588: 1610: 882:

The "twin", "double" or "two" hose configuration of scuba demand valve was the first in general use. This type of regulator has two large bore corrugated

788:

device. When a second stage upstream valve is used a relief valve will be included by the manufacturer on the first stage regulator to protect the hose.

409:

Rebreather systems used for diving recycle most of the breathing gas, but are not based on a demand valve system for their primary function. Instead, the

12664: 10168: 4518: 2261: 1307:, provided that the valve is open. The standard connection is an O-ring sealed 7/16" UNF inside thread. There are several types of pressure gauge. 15259: 14894: 12630: 3689: 2585: 1303:

A scuba regulator first stage has one or two high pressure ports upstream of all pressure-reducing valves to monitor the gas pressure remaining in the

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decreases the maximum capacity of the regulator. A balanced regulator maintains a constant interstage pressure difference for all cylinder pressures.

647: 12377: 10288: 2668: 2537: 1808: 1115:

failure occurs when the yoke clamp seal extrudes due to insufficient clamp force or elastic deformation of the clamp by impact with the surroundings.

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Républic Française. Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie. Direction de la Propriété Industrielle. Brevet d'Invention Gr. 6. - Cl. 3. No. 768.083

910:

on the surface to save air while reaching the dive site, put the loop of hoses under an arm to avoid the mouthpiece floating up causing free flow.

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without inflating buoyancy devices. The effect of unintentional inflation might be to carry the diver quickly to the surface causing the various

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The mouthpiece is a part that the user grips in the mouth to make a watertight seal. It is a short flattened-oval tube that goes in between the

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In 1994 a reclaim system was developed in a joint project by Kirby-Morgan and Divex to recover expensive helium mixes during deep operations.

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The standard arrangement has a high pressure hose leading to a submersible pressure gauge (SPG) (also called a contents gauge). This is an

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by one of two standard types of fittings. The CGA 850 connector, also known as an international connector, which uses a yoke clamp, or a

3658: 1961:

CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company

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with air remaining would give their primary second stage to the out-of-air diver, and switch to their own integrated inflation valve.

15191: 14218: 11866: 11845: 11428: 11361: 10178: 8032: 1868: 1045: 189:. For some cold water diving applications the capacity to deliver high flow rates at low ambient temperatures without jamming due to 3772: 14124: 11833: 11167: 10303: 8849: 5139: 1909: 1873: 1462: 4286: 4196: 3318: 1084: 784:", but a slow leak will generally cause intermittent "popping" of the DV, as the pressure is released and slowly builds up again. 651: 630:

The parts of a regulator are described here as the major functional groups in downstream order as following the gas flow from the

279: 14597: 14223: 12310: 12181: 11676: 11085: 10760: 10663: 10328: 10190: 5996: 3856: 3563: 3461: 3431: 883: 4218: 3121:"Performance Characteristics and Basic Design Features of a Breathing Machine for Use to Depths of up to 3000 Feet of Sea Water" 15109: 10233: 8904: 7982: 6971: 6481: 6255: 6056: 4045: 2812: 1697:

Surface supplied divers operating for long periods in cold water, or using helium based breathing gas mixtures, commonly use a

1058: 17: 655: 605:

Secondary (octopus) demand valves, submersible pressure gauges and low pressure inflator hoses were added to the first stage.

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volume deficit in the loop, and may use constant mass flow regulators to refresh the oxygen content of the loop gas mixture.

76:

Manuel Théodore Guillaumet (1838), Benoît Rouquayrol (1860), Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagnan (1942), Ted Eldred (1950)

3878: 361: 84: 14945: 14276: 12679: 12640: 12292: 12207: 12149: 12065: 11999: 11964: 10146: 8787: 8685: 8405: 7600: 6817: 6757: 6733: 4995: 3093: 1709:

block and the demand valve inlet. This heats the gas just before delivery through the demand valve, and as a large part of

1414:

Poseidon Cyclon 5000 second stage has a side exhaust which allows it to be used with the hose approaching from either side.

300:, and can be reduced by recovering the breathing gas for recycling. A reclaim helmet is provided with a return line in the 7440: 1241:

of the block allows sufficient heat from the water to warm the air to within one to two degrees of the surrounding water.

475: 15130: 15104: 14345: 12077: 11909: 10765: 9939: 9439: 7807: 6621: 6391: 4851: 4574: 4067: 2964: 2194: 1885: 1264: 1110: 1071: 938: 172: 14256: 3712: 3120: 2126: 15179: 14907: 14636: 14508: 11861: 8777: 8588: 8332: 7992: 7164: 4448: 4383: 4256: 2231: 1770: 1736:

contaminated, surface supplied systems may be required to be oxygen clean for all services except straight air diving.

3493: 2698: 15059: 10253: 10088: 9114: 8909: 8727: 7967: 7902: 7773: 6976: 6096: 5708: 5271: 4741: 4453: 4360: 4331: 3630: 3287: 3076: 3051: 2922: 2881: 2795: 2480: 2170: 2065: 1987: 1774: 1208: 502:, invented a demand valve with an iron air reservoir to let miners breathe in flooded mines. He called his invention 11177: 2724: 1706: 665: 15199: 14930: 14261: 12600: 12494: 12089: 10673: 9837: 9714: 9294: 8578: 7917: 7580: 7019: 4901: 4886: 4475: 4105: 3942: 7867: 15014: 14781: 12359: 10935: 10140: 10134: 7972: 7768: 5034: 2497: 10412: 1744:

Regulators to be used with pure oxygen and nitrox mixtures containing more than 40% oxygen by volume should use

13541: 12605: 12556: 12540: 12449: 12322: 11898: 11821: 11657: 10951: 10715: 9872: 9832: 9731: 9451: 8854: 8370: 8203: 8171: 7977: 7585: 7340: 6559: 6225: 5870: 5819: 5559: 4710: 4637: 4460: 4166: 3596: 1915: 617: 232:, either direct coupled or connected by a flexible low-pressure hose. On one side of the chamber is a flexible 31: 1381: 14446: 14312: 14266: 14033: 13831: 12645: 12225: 12131: 10633: 10323: 10318: 10123: 10023: 9949: 9822: 9224: 9214: 8733: 8022: 8017: 7907: 7797: 7785: 7763: 6723: 6498: 6245: 5256: 4525: 3758: 3146: 2268: 1477: 1272: 976: 795:

Some demand valves use a small, sensitive pilot valve to control the opening of the main valve. The Poseidon

465: 96: 3681: 2928: 2577: 1705:(shroud) around part of the breathing gas supply tubing on the helmet, typically the metal tube between the 15225: 15009: 15004: 14832: 14113: 13936: 13851: 13756: 13481: 12702: 12610: 12466: 11927: 11856: 11534: 10927: 10919: 10277: 9513: 9304: 9012: 8337: 7987: 7952: 7912: 7738: 7117: 5703: 4983: 4371: 4324: 1432: 982:

Various breathing machines have been developed and used for assessment of breathing apparatus performance.

461: 4136: 2676: 2541: 15084: 14530: 14298: 13651: 13486: 13260: 12814: 12454: 12304: 12273: 12143: 12047: 11970: 11903: 11807: 11546: 11494: 10943: 10653: 10043: 9908: 9857: 8874: 8480: 8080: 7575: 7370: 6928: 6674: 6180: 5071: 4896: 4881: 4553: 4513: 833: 305: 283: 12722: 6419: 2412: 1161:

This is caused by an irregular and unstable flow from the second stage, It may be caused by an unstable

15213: 15206: 15167: 15099: 14665: 14605: 14281: 14171: 13741: 13711: 13391: 12478: 12125: 11008: 10437: 10018: 8999: 8583: 8065: 8027: 7957: 7129: 7076: 5569: 5027: 4866: 4792: 4068:"Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Commercial Diving Operations - Standard Number: 1910.430 Equipment" 3306: 2995: 2838: 1843: 1778: 991: 440: 297: 148:

system (mainly the umbilical and exhaust valve) and not much influenced by the breathing of the diver.

4038:"Breathing gas heating device used in deep diving environment and diving mask or helmet #CN113581423B" 1376: 14999: 14208: 12155: 12071: 11697: 11539: 11524: 11489: 11013: 10775: 10710: 9913: 9887: 9780: 9719: 9379: 8792: 8375: 8365: 8164: 7651: 7516: 6961: 6643: 6591: 6547: 5467: 4928: 4623: 4011: 3979: 1891: 321: 161: 10911: 2887: 731: 15237: 14650: 14545: 13082: 12874: 12267: 11578: 11438: 11367:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

11145: 11060: 10959: 10801: 10621: 10427: 10293: 9364: 9326: 9090: 8012: 7932: 7713: 7390: 7310: 6333: 5754: 5587: 4632: 4606: 3401: 552: 434: 7290: 3525: 1216:

As gas leaves the cylinder it decreases in pressure in the first stage, becoming very cold due to

15039: 14850: 14570: 14436: 14213: 13681: 13511: 12924: 12889: 12535: 11529: 11506: 11283: 11222: 11075: 11025: 10532: 10527: 10492: 10363: 10298: 10093: 10068: 10048: 9903: 9488: 9427: 9389: 9187: 8964: 8869: 8573: 8528: 8508: 8498: 8298: 8107: 7822: 7335: 7295: 7111: 6576: 6542: 6451: 6371: 6270: 5986: 5831: 5686: 5383: 5310: 5278: 5101: 5096: 4943: 4911: 4856: 4763: 4679: 4443: 4376: 3908: 2300: 1643:

Seatec quick disconnect end fitting commonly used for dry-suit and buoyancy compensator inflation

1146: 418: 379: 320:

until needed. The oxygen content may be adjusted when appropriate. The same principle is used in

309: 186: 165: 153: 137: 2325: 1802:

American Underwater Products (ROMI Enterprises, of San Leandro, Calif.): Aeris, Hollis Gear and

1437: 14643: 14613: 14441: 14322: 14002: 13641: 13325: 13300: 12904: 12737: 12137: 10825: 10643: 10542: 10482: 10028: 9877: 9709: 9704: 9642: 9155: 9150: 9131: 9060: 8979: 8884: 8864: 8762: 8654: 8215: 8198: 8186: 8159: 7892: 7758: 6669: 6456: 5929: 5654: 5487: 5330: 5283: 5238: 5218: 4495: 1639: 960: 891: 819:

The purge button (top-centre) is held away from the diaphragm by a spring. The valve is closed.

11197: 3820:

CEJN - style Offboard Gas Supply Quick - Disconnect Subsystem for Closed - Circuit Rebreathers

3351: 3044:

Basic Scuba. Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus: Its Operation, Maintenance and Use

2439: 1701:

to maintain body temperature. Part of the water used to heat the suit can be routed through a

1204:

Apeks TX100 second stage showing heat exchange fins on chromed brass demand valve seat housing

152:

systems may also use regulators to control the flow of fresh gas, and demand valves, known as

15089: 14771: 14766: 14525: 14513: 14360: 14074: 13441: 13396: 13180: 12854: 12520: 12349: 12213: 12011: 10998: 10983: 10678: 10668: 10601: 10596: 10452: 10447: 10432: 10394: 10313: 10308: 9647: 9630: 9498: 9493: 9412: 9017: 8924: 8679: 8493: 8181: 8176: 8102: 7997: 7887: 7817: 7678: 7673: 7285: 7158: 6691: 6466: 6290: 6141: 6116: 6066: 5899: 5887: 5875: 5720: 5335: 5325: 5293: 4773: 4751: 4736: 3752: 3650: 3140: 2470: 1903: 840:. Any time that the purge button is operated, the diver must be aware of the potential for a 594:

regulator. This was developed into the Kirby-Morgan SuperLite-17B by 1976, making use of the

559: 529: 287: 233: 10013: 15135: 15125: 15049: 14984: 14417: 14327: 14288: 14243: 14159: 14154: 13621: 13616: 13506: 13381: 13072: 13037: 12525: 12119: 11383: 11160: 11100: 10988: 10841: 10487: 10128: 10053: 9934: 9635: 9595: 9369: 9239: 9199: 8815: 8772: 8757: 8523: 8518: 8276: 8134: 8129: 7962: 7937: 7897: 7280: 7265: 7153: 6913: 6872: 6847: 6696: 6596: 6566: 6205: 6111: 6001: 5846: 5747: 5725: 5698: 5552: 5482: 5410: 5203: 4861: 4756: 1839: 1745: 1267:. There are circumstances where regulators are connected to inflatable equipment such as a 705:

Parts and tools to convert an Apeks first stage diving regulator from DIN to Yoke connector

661: 643: 301: 3067:

Busuttili, Mike; Holbrook, Mike; Ridley, Gordon; Todd, Mike, eds. (1985). "The Aqualung".

1520:

twin-hose diving regulator made in the 1980s. Its mouthpiece is fitted with a neck strap.

866: 499: 444: 262:

normally used on scuba equipment as the high gas flow rates are inefficient and wasteful.

8: 14979: 14658: 14355: 14198: 14193: 14007: 13967: 13921: 13826: 13611: 13320: 12752: 12620: 12439: 12017: 11717: 11662: 11648: 11551: 11050: 10993: 10972: 10820: 10606: 10512: 10507: 9867: 9668: 9336: 9282: 9165: 8974: 8859: 8697: 8669: 8562: 8485: 8260: 8208: 8097: 7947: 7733: 7703: 7623: 7511: 7506: 7330: 7305: 7061: 6908: 6802: 6797: 6295: 6081: 5956: 5939: 5934: 5892: 5802: 5266: 4948: 4891: 4659: 4642: 4618: 4564: 4347: 1663:

inflatable boat floats, making the air in a scuba cylinder available for other purposes.

1553: 1533: 1169:. Juddering may also be caused by excessive but irregular friction of valve moving parts. 325: 12782: 11227: 11115: 11065: 2294:"A Lightweight, and Extremely Robust, Built in Breathing System for Hyperbaric Chambers" 1828: 1773:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

693:. It is more compact than the yoke fitting and less exposed to impact with an overhead. 15034: 14880: 14622: 14535: 14407: 14395: 14271: 13716: 13295: 13225: 13062: 13027: 13012: 12984: 12944: 12934: 12579: 12530: 12499: 12161: 11952: 11727: 11712: 11628: 11276: 11090: 11018: 10890: 10638: 10462: 10238: 10173: 10098: 10063: 10058: 10038: 9978: 9918: 9817: 9699: 9483: 9316: 9192: 8929: 8465: 8193: 8154: 8092: 7827: 7570: 7460: 7385: 7315: 7202: 7024: 6903: 6718: 6708: 6510: 6305: 5909: 5320: 5288: 5160: 4906: 4746: 4721: 4482: 4278: 4188: 3376: 3310: 3199:

Scuba Regulator Freezing - Chilling Facts & Risks Associated with Cold Water Diving

3127:. NEDU-20-73. Panama City, Florida: NEDU. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 2228:

U.S. Navy Diving Manual. Volume 5: Diving Medicine and Recompression Chamber Operations

950:

design and selection of breathing regulators for any application, but particularly for

922: 582:; Cousteau suggested it be adapted for diving, which in 1864 was its original purpose. 513: 491: 329: 190: 157: 113: 7375: 3848: 3555: 2758:. Teddington, Middlesex, UK: Underwater World Publications Ltd.: 25 March–April 2006. 1918: – Arrangement and function of the components of regulators for underwater diving 1565:

A diving regulator first stage with A-clamp connector and 90-degree swivel on one hose

1283:

suit inflation sets and "off board" or secondary diluent cylinders for closed-circuit

528:

patented a hand-controlled constant flow regulator (not a demand valve), which used a

15232: 14673: 14467: 14400: 14390: 14233: 14228: 14183: 14166: 14064: 13911: 13891: 13736: 13706: 13596: 13556: 13536: 13526: 13476: 13461: 13436: 13366: 13290: 13215: 13165: 12964: 12929: 12859: 12804: 12444: 12400: 12298: 11770: 11765: 11707: 11643: 11621: 11596: 11511: 11172: 11045: 11035: 10033: 9741: 9736: 9678: 9625: 9508: 9503: 9374: 9331: 9234: 9104: 9075: 9037: 8984: 8691: 8634: 8629: 8360: 8322: 8220: 8139: 7683: 7668: 7549: 7480: 7455: 7410: 7066: 6954: 6918: 6777: 6728: 6648: 6537: 6471: 6381: 6285: 6175: 6131: 6086: 6076: 6061: 5978: 5742: 5659: 5198: 5081: 5061: 5050: 4960: 4955: 4938: 4731: 4652: 4436: 4226: 3732: 3724: 3626: 3283: 3072: 3066: 3047: 2918: 2877: 2791: 2759: 2476: 2166: 2093: 2061: 1983: 1950: 1943: 1803: 1789: 1363: 1217: 1141: 951: 944: 422: 404: 400: 384: 333: 182: 149: 133: 117: 13977: 13861: 13856: 13007: 12979: 12959: 12864: 7400: 6016: 4037: 547:, patented a diving demand valve supplied with air from two gas cylinders through a 15029: 14748: 14719: 14711: 14149: 13786: 13761: 13726: 13696: 13686: 13606: 13501: 13471: 13406: 13376: 13280: 13265: 13150: 13032: 12949: 12914: 12844: 12747: 12461: 11737: 11732: 11722: 11702: 11616: 11601: 11499: 11212: 11040: 11003: 10846: 10457: 10442: 9988: 9983: 9552: 9478: 9473: 9422: 9359: 9354: 9119: 8919: 8649: 8639: 8388: 7882: 7708: 7646: 7475: 7380: 7071: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6424: 6351: 6265: 6260: 6021: 5880: 5769: 5691: 5564: 5462: 5123: 4684: 3773:"96319-06 MK II Full Face Mask with Positive Pressure Regulator - Silicone - Black" 3713:"Allergic reactions to mask skirts, regulator mouthpieces, and snorkel mouthpieces" 3167:. Winter Park, Florida: Scuba Diving. A Bonnier Corporation Company. 11 June 2006. 371: 7862: 6190: 4311: 2949: 2694:

Brevet d'Invention No. T126.597 B63b Appareil respiratoire notament pour plongeurs

2387:"Closed Circuit Rebreather Mouthpieces-DSV/BOV(Dive/Surface Valve/Bail Out Valve)" 1178:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Physical damage to the housing or components

963:

by which the many different types and manufactures of regulators may be compared.

68:

Reduces pressurized breathing gas to ambient pressure and delivers it to the diver

14520: 14350: 14144: 13941: 13931: 13916: 13811: 13806: 13751: 13731: 13671: 13656: 13646: 13561: 13551: 13546: 13521: 13516: 13491: 13466: 13421: 13351: 13330: 13145: 13125: 12989: 12909: 12742: 11638: 11563: 11140: 11105: 11055: 10900: 10885: 10851: 10755: 10586: 10517: 10502: 10422: 10083: 9944: 9683: 9577: 9572: 9540: 9287: 9277: 9259: 8989: 8604: 8253: 8144: 8055: 7927: 7842: 7802: 7743: 7723: 7435: 7425: 7325: 7300: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7141: 7105: 6893: 6743: 6554: 6532: 6476: 6461: 6434: 6126: 6036: 5836: 5106: 1912: – Influence of the interaction between the user and the equipment on design 1485: 1441:

A combined diving regulator demand valve and buoyancy compensator inflation valve

1394: 1304: 1229: 690: 631: 125: 92: 10875: 10477: 7345: 2386: 1445: 676:

to allow use of regulators with cylinder valves of a different connection type.

563: 14875: 14375: 14134: 14069: 14043: 13997: 13906: 13901: 13876: 13816: 13796: 13781: 13771: 13631: 13601: 13531: 13305: 13175: 13170: 13120: 13057: 12919: 12899: 12809: 12772: 12762: 12757: 11476: 11187: 11120: 11110: 10870: 10547: 10537: 10497: 10103: 10078: 10073: 10008: 9998: 9882: 9394: 9321: 9209: 8894: 8448: 8230: 8075: 7450: 7405: 7395: 7224: 7192: 7135: 6877: 6867: 6852: 6822: 6767: 6633: 6396: 6240: 5966: 5944: 5924: 5858: 5787: 5735: 5504: 5477: 5432: 5261: 4806: 4613: 4584: 4465: 3311:"Authorized for cold-water service: What Divers Should Know About Extreme Cold" 1749: 1698: 1587: 1575: 1228:

liquid in the sealed spring compartment can be used for a diaphragm regulator.

887: 823: 815: 548: 525: 521: 410: 225: 88: 13067: 7270: 3235: 2725:"Evolution of US Navy diving - Significant dates in Navy diving (1823 – 2001)" 2186: 15253: 15140: 14822: 14814: 14695: 14370: 14293: 14203: 14028: 13926: 13896: 13881: 13871: 13846: 13836: 13776: 13721: 13701: 13691: 13661: 13636: 13581: 13566: 13426: 13371: 13315: 13285: 13270: 13235: 13195: 13155: 13135: 13130: 13077: 12974: 12954: 12884: 12879: 12839: 11568: 11516: 11404: 11397: 11202: 11192: 10880: 10648: 10611: 10578: 10417: 9620: 9615: 9600: 9182: 9172: 8914: 8838: 8782: 8410: 8268: 8246: 8149: 8124: 8119: 8087: 7470: 7420: 7360: 7355: 7320: 7260: 7255: 7123: 7097: 7039: 6944: 6832: 6366: 5991: 5853: 5782: 5764: 5759: 5730: 5537: 5472: 5457: 5360: 5340: 5193: 5175: 4846: 4816: 4726: 4647: 3728: 2763: 1897: 1671: 1591: 1470: 1398: 1390: 1329: 1316: 1017: 955: 575: 340: 229: 121: 6812: 6230: 6071: 4248: 3736: 2220: 1894: – System for supply of breathing gas on demand within a confined space 648:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Connection to the high pressure supply

14940: 14902: 14429: 14385: 14090: 14059: 14038: 14012: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13972: 13946: 13866: 13821: 13766: 13746: 13626: 13591: 13576: 13416: 13275: 13250: 13240: 13220: 13200: 13097: 13017: 12939: 12849: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12434: 11788: 11633: 11611: 11573: 11095: 10683: 10658: 10472: 10370: 10346: 10243: 10003: 9827: 9610: 9311: 9299: 9229: 9219: 9204: 9138: 9085: 9027: 8879: 8659: 8114: 7847: 7753: 7698: 7656: 7641: 7544: 7445: 7350: 7275: 7147: 7056: 7044: 6857: 6638: 6616: 6493: 6446: 6376: 6300: 6275: 6026: 5609: 5547: 5527: 5355: 5086: 4916: 4768: 4689: 4579: 2692: 1702: 1454: 1320: 1238: 719: 426: 317: 313: 176: 14580: 6807: 1647: 966:

The original Cousteau twin-hose diving regulators could deliver about 140

574:, had miniaturized and adapted a Rouquayrol-Denayrouze regulator used for 14974: 14935: 14857: 14703: 14575: 14503: 14412: 14380: 14365: 13841: 13801: 13676: 13586: 13571: 13496: 13361: 13356: 13310: 13245: 13230: 13205: 13190: 13087: 13022: 12969: 12869: 12777: 12732: 12595: 12418: 11753: 11232: 11217: 11182: 11155: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11030: 10770: 10354: 9812: 9757: 9346: 9249: 9244: 9143: 9126: 9080: 9070: 8994: 8939: 8810: 8752: 8644: 8624: 8614: 8609: 8438: 8400: 8306: 8290: 8070: 7942: 7693: 7528: 7523: 7365: 7187: 7182: 7092: 6898: 6842: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6361: 6250: 5951: 5797: 5774: 5715: 5664: 5597: 5592: 5532: 5494: 5405: 5375: 5350: 5345: 5298: 5183: 5155: 5066: 4933: 4876: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4589: 4569: 2732: 2691:

Bronnec, Jean Armand Louis; Gautier, Raymond Maurice (26 November 1956).

1785: 1557:

Hose adaptor to allow adjustable sharp bend at connection to demand valve

1513: 1385:

Submersible wireless pressure transducer for remote dive computer display

1325: 837: 571: 509: 27:

Mechanism that controls the pressure of a breathing gas supply for diving

6792: 4097: 3938: 827:

The purge button (top-centre) is depressed. The valve is partially open.

660:

The first-stage of the scuba regulator will usually be connected to the

15024: 15019: 14989: 14922: 14735: 14727: 14424: 13951: 13666: 13431: 13255: 13185: 13140: 13115: 12894: 12504: 11793: 11758: 11606: 11390: 11150: 10861: 10739: 10688: 10570: 10522: 10467: 9762: 9605: 9055: 9032: 8619: 7852: 7663: 7496: 7465: 7430: 7415: 7051: 7029: 7001: 6949: 6787: 6684: 6679: 6439: 6356: 6215: 6200: 5841: 5807: 5681: 5676: 5542: 5427: 5233: 5188: 5091: 5076: 4923: 4596: 4490: 4413: 3161:"The ANSTI Machine: Evaluating A Regulator's Breathing Characteristics" 2475:(in French). Aix-en-Provence, France: Éditions du Gerfaut. p. 45. 1818: 1284: 1268: 1225: 1158:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Juddering, shuddering and moaning

972: 926: 907: 599: 586: 4316: 2845:. Santa Maria California: Diving Equipment Company of America (DECA). 1941:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T (ed.).

1906: – Diving mask that covers the mouth as well as the eyes and nose 1654:

inflation hose with CEJN 221 connector (right) used for some dry suits

352: 14629: 14562: 14555: 13886: 13791: 13386: 13210: 13160: 13092: 12767: 11207: 10792: 10565: 10389: 9993: 9862: 9673: 9652: 9269: 9160: 8453: 8283: 7197: 6837: 6664: 6505: 6429: 6401: 6195: 6165: 6121: 5961: 5919: 5792: 5671: 5624: 5509: 5499: 5417: 5213: 4871: 4811: 4601: 4470: 4225:. Västra Frölunda, Sweden: Poseidon Diving Systems AB. Archived from 3094:"Little known dive history – The world's first single hose regulator" 1797: 1710: 1571: 1259: 1233:

water, thus avoiding the problem of freezing up the external spring.

1166: 715: 668:

screw fitting. There are also European standards for scuba regulator

469: 267: 5019: 4158: 1634: 1528:, with a curved flange that fits between the lips and the teeth and 1031:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Malfunctions and failure modes

894:

and Aqualung brought out an updated version of the Mistral in 2005.

15065:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

13453: 12727: 11356: 9807: 9802: 9724: 9177: 9065: 8949: 8934: 8443: 8238: 7501: 7207: 6862: 6626: 6586: 6386: 6106: 5631: 5602: 5452: 5400: 5393: 5388: 4431: 3583: 3581: 2444:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences

1853: 1651: 1476:

The secondary demand valve can be a hybrid of a demand valve and a

1466: 1162: 1004:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Breathing apparatus

874: 841: 781: 747:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Single hose demand regulators

595: 495: 3964:

Buzzacott, Peter (Winter 2018). "Catastrophic regulator failure".

3350:. Västra Frölunda, Sweden: Poseidon Diving Systems. Archived from 1888: – Capacity of breathing regulators to function as specified 1484:

A demand valve on a regulator connected to a separate independent

1353: 15044: 14865: 14680: 10591: 9384: 8475: 8393: 8037: 7872: 7857: 7832: 7748: 7688: 7217: 7212: 7034: 6923: 6827: 6185: 5636: 5619: 5614: 5422: 5365: 5165: 1813: 1561: 1529: 1333: 1276: 1137:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Excessive work of breathing

1098:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Intermediate pressure creep

902:

flow resistance of air, but makes the regulator easier to clear.

862:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Twin-hose demand regulators

10259:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

7555:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

3879:"Dive Alert Plus v.2 Surface/Subsurface Signalling Device - DV1" 3811:

Lombardi, Michael; Hansing, Nicolai; Sutton, Dave (March 2011).

3578: 3046:(Enlarged Second ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 2870:"Protective clothing, scuba equipment and equipment maintenance" 2230:. SS521-AG-PRO-010, Revision 6. U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command. 14592: 14587: 8533: 8415: 7877: 7837: 6772: 6738: 6310: 6280: 5228: 5223: 5208: 4128: 3939:"ACD Series - Legend ACD first stage with yoke style connector" 1517: 1279:, but without the need for demand valves. Examples of this are 760:

performance degradation as a result of changing tank pressure.

681: 544: 479: 293: 156:, to maintain the volume in the breathing loop during descent. 10185:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

3644: 3642: 3494:"iX3M User Manual: iX3M Easy, iX3M Deep, iX3M Tech+, iX3M Reb" 2910: 2218: 1393:

are designed to measure, display, and monitor pressure in the

14801: 14780: 11412:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

9567: 9022: 6966: 6235: 6220: 6210: 6170: 6136: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6031: 2697:(in French). Paris: Ministere de l'Industrie et du Commerce. 1793: 1410: 1280: 979:

single hose regulator to supply up to 300 liters per minute.

967: 711: 567: 2965:"Aqua Lung Debuts the Comeback of the Double Hose Regulator" 2351:"Back Mounted Counterlungs: User Instruction Manual Issue 5" 1601:

pressure of primary and reserve air or other breathing gas.

1295: 1237:

relatively good thermal conductivity of the tubing, and the

6782: 6011: 6006: 3639: 3282:. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. pp. 155–165. 1046:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Inlet filter blockage

202:

uses what is necessary, while the remainder goes to waste.

46: 10159:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

8960:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

1980:

Investigating Recreational and Commercial Diving Accidents

224:

pressure, which is connected to a bite-grip mouthpiece, a

14796: 14791: 4165:. San Leandro, California: American Underwater Products. 4135:. San Leandro, California: American Underwater Products. 4104:. San Leandro, California: American Underwater Products. 2869: 2556:

exclusifs d'exploitation sur le brevet déposé par Newton.

2511:(4). South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society: 239–240. 2343: 1525: 1212:

Apeks first stage showing environmental sealing diaphragm

710:

interchangeable between manufacturers. The conversion of

14757:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

12238:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

12060:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

7813:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

2790:. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. pp. 1–26. 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1085:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Regulator freezing

652:

Mechanism of diving regulators § CGA 850 connection

292:

The cost of breathing gas containing a high fraction of

280:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Reclaim regulators

14762:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

11305:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

8955:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

2165:(revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2092:(4th ed.). Ventura, California: Hammerhead Press. 1397:. This can be very beneficial to the diver, but if the 714:

regulators is particularly simple and only requires an

378:

In some cases the outlet suction must be limited and a

362:

Built-in breathing system § Externally vented BIBS

12631:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

12036:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

10620: 8716:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

7596:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

5135:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

3069:

Sport diving – The British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual

3060: 2731:. Northwest Diving History Association. Archived from 1433:

Scuba set § Secondary demand valve on a regulator

1310: 383:

exhalation backpressure down to provide an acceptable

4359: 3810: 2437: 1964: 1945:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

1059:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Sticking valves

136:

or high-pressure storage cylinders at the surface in

11828:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

4401: 2637: 2161:

Crawford, J (2016). "Section 8.5 Bulk gas storage".

1721: 656:

Mechanism of diving regulators § DIN connection

637: 12665:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

10169:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

3649:Tamburri, Christine; Gunderson, Jim (24 May 2022). 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 2959: 2957: 2943: 2917:(2nd ed.). Wigan, UK: Dive Print. p. 48. 2876:(2nd ed.). Wigan, UK: Dive Print. p. 35. 2684: 2318: 2299:. Aberdeen, Scotland: C-Tecnics Ltd. Archived from 1426: 1186: 1124:

Mechanism of diving regulators § Wet breathing

878:

Beuchat "Souplair" single stage twin hose regulator

256: 128:carried by the diver, in which case it is called a 14242: 12585:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 12220:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 12024:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11959:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 8704:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 7784: 7591:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 4709: 3424: 2915:Let's Dive: Sub-Aqua Association Club Diver Manual 2874:Let's Dive: Sub-Aqua Association Club Diver Manual 2831: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2754:"Fascinating account of hard-headed trailblazer". 2646: 2111: 2109: 1942: 1940: 1900: – Rigid head enclosure for underwater diving 1730: 1675:Console with pressure gauge and analog depth gauge 12378:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 10289:History of decompression research and development 4012:"Hot Water Shroud Kit - Kirby Morgan accessories" 3717:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 3648: 3623:Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving 3616: 3614: 3301: 3299: 3071:. London: Stanley Paul & Co Ltd. p. 36. 2786:Harlow, Vance (1999). "1 How a regulator works". 2657:(in French). Paris: Editions Arthaud. p. 52. 1764: 1635:Buoyancy compensator and dry suit inflation hoses 1265:injuries that can result from an over-fast ascent 1024: 15251: 14112: 12311:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 12054:International Association for Handicapped Divers 10276: 10249:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 8722:International Association for Handicapped Divers 8464: 6707: 3258: 2954: 2718: 2716: 2156: 2154: 2152: 740: 116:that controls the pressure of breathing gas for 12626:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 12030:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 11851:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 11352:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 9464:Association of Diving Contractors International 8710:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 4552: 3931: 3804: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2770: 2106: 1982:. Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. 1111:Mechanism of diving regulators § Gas leaks 1072:Mechanism of diving regulators § Free-flow 339:Reclaim regulators are also sometimes used for 14913:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 12317:National Association of Underwater Instructors 12262:Rebreather Association of International Divers 12256:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 12244:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 12114:Rebreather Association of International Divers 12108:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 12096:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 12084:National Association of Underwater Instructors 12006:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 9563:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 4791: 4060: 3957: 3739:. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 3704: 3611: 3296: 3208:(Report). Panama City, Florida: Dive Lab Inc. 2950:Vintage European Two Hose Regulator Collection 2690: 2578:"1860. Benoit Rouquayrol – Auguste Denayrouze" 2472:250 Réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux 2431: 1748:components and lubricants, and be cleaned for 855: 578:following severe fuel restrictions due to the 15095:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 14846:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 11894:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 11465: 8229: 7903:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 7722: 5035: 4332: 3972: 3849:"Pandora Digital Intermediate Pressure Gauge" 3227: 3153: 2713: 2675:(in French). Espalion, France. Archived from 2415:. www.therebreathersite.nl. 8 November 2010. 2393:. Fullerton, California: Divematics, USA, Inc 2221:"Chapter 21: Recompression Chamber Operation" 2219:U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving (April 2008). 2149: 2118: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1449:Primary and secondary (yellow) demand valves. 1377:Dive computer § Additional functionality 1195: 347: 30:For details of the functional mechanics, see 14995:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 14871:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 11840:International Marine Contractors Association 9469:International Marine Contractors Association 8343:International Marine Contractors Association 6332: 4120: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3112: 3018: 2804: 2462: 2214: 2212: 1977: 1172:Physical damage to the housing or components 503: 284:Saturation diving § Gas reclaim systems 218: 14970:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 14463:Environmental impact of recreational diving 12675:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 12250:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 12102:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 11994:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 11291:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 10197:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 10164:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 10153:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 9048: 8768:Environmental impact of recreational diving 4255:. Long Beach, California: Tabata USA, Inc. 4090: 3432:"Suunto Wireless Tank Pressure Transmitter" 3125:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 2987: 2530: 2438:Académie des Sciences (16 September 1839). 1683: 1581: 1370: 921:The twin-hose arrangement with a bite-grip 669: 15186: 15055:Society for Underwater Historical Research 12636:South African Underwater Sports Federation 9418:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 9274:Hazard identification and risk assessment 5042: 5028: 5002: 4339: 4325: 4211: 4004: 3871: 3790: 3765: 3673: 3548: 2813:"San-o-Sub DIN/K Cylinder Valve - 232 bar" 2661: 2569: 2489: 2286: 2179: 2127:"Helium costs climb as diver demand soars" 2074: 1929: 508:('regulator'). In 1864 Rouquayrol met the 356:Side view of BIBS mask supported by straps 45: 15260:Underwater breathing apparatus components 14921: 14219:Physiological response to water immersion 12283: 11867:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 11846:List of diver certification organizations 11429:List of Divers Alert Network publications 11362:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 10179:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 8033:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 8008:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 4181: 3963: 3710: 3620: 3454: 3236:"Respiratory failure in technical diving" 3183: 3085: 2971:. Bonnier corporation. 16 February 2005. 2815:. Melbourne, Victoria: The Scuba Doctor. 2209: 2124: 2060:. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 611: 14125:List of researchers in underwater diving 11834:International Diving Schools Association 11319:The new science of skin and scuba diving 10304:List of researchers in underwater diving 8850:Human factors in diving equipment design 5140:Human factors in diving equipment design 4312:Rare Vintage Two Hose Regulators: images 4151: 3841: 3682:"How to Tie a Regulator Bungee Necklace" 3369: 3233: 2908: 2867: 2839:"KM Over Pressure Relief Valve, Hi-Flow" 2722: 2652: 2631: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2160: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1910:Human factors in diving equipment design 1692: 1670: 1646: 1638: 1560: 1552: 1512: 1444: 1436: 1409: 1380: 1352: 1294: 1253: 1207: 1199: 873: 865: 822: 814: 700: 394: 351: 14224:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 12355:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 12232:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 12182:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 12042:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 11086:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 10761:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 10664:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 10329:US Navy decompression models and tables 10191:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 8561: 7622: 5997:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 4346: 3901: 3394: 3333: 3118: 3041: 2468: 2379: 2262:"Ultralite 2 BIBS Mask (DE-MDS-540-R0)" 1548: 14: 15252: 15110:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 14841:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 14810:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 10234:Civil liability in recreational diving 8905:List of diving hazards and precautions 7983:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 6972:Underwater acoustic positioning system 6482:High pressure breathing air compressor 4271: 4030: 3305: 3280:Scuba regulator maintenance and repair 3278:Harlow, Vance (1999). "10 Diagnosis". 3277: 2993: 2788:Scuba regulator maintenance and repair 2785: 2606: 2600: 2087: 2058:Scuba regulator maintenance and repair 2055: 1666: 1290: 1258:A downstream demand valve serves as a 870:A Dräger two-stage twin-hose regulator 539:In 1937 and 1942 the French inventor, 14492: 14111: 12701: 12700: 12670:Underwater Hockey World Championships 12616:British Underwater Sports Association 12399: 12398: 11888:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 11589: 11464: 11257: 10735:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 10275: 10222: 9538: 8836: 8560: 7923:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 7621: 6999: 6487:Low pressure breathing air compressor 6331: 5121: 5049: 5023: 4835: 4790: 4708: 4551: 4400: 4358: 4320: 4289:from the original on 13 November 2016 4259:from the original on 15 November 2016 4199:from the original on 16 November 2016 4169:from the original on 16 November 2016 3829:from the original on 27 November 2016 3679: 3442:from the original on 28 November 2016 2931:from the original on 17 February 2005 2902: 2861: 2849:from the original on 16 November 2016 2701:from the original on 17 November 2016 2495: 2249: 2137:from the original on 16 November 2016 1996: 1339: 551:. Commeinhes died in 1944 during the 296:is a significant part of the cost of 273: 15174: 14946:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 14277:Thermodynamic model of decompression 12680:Underwater Rugby World Championships 12293:Cave Divers Association of Australia 12208:American Nitrox Divers International 12066:International Life Saving Federation 12000:American Nitrox Divers International 11965:Performance Freediving International 10147:European Diving Technology Committee 8788:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 8686:Cave Divers Association of Australia 8406:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 8003:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 7601:Performance Freediving International 6818:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 6734:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 5122: 4990: 4241: 3518: 3506:from the original on 10 October 2019 3486: 3474:from the original on 10 October 2019 3412:from the original on 8 December 2019 3215:from the original on 1 December 2016 3196: 3091: 2197:from the original on 15 January 2017 1978:Barsky, Steven; Neuman, Tom (2003). 1716: 1620: 732:Scuba cylinder valve § Adaptors 474:The first recorded demand valve was 288:Diving helmet § Reclaim helmets 15131:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 14346:List of diving environments by type 12641:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 12150:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 12078:National Academy of Scuba Educators 11910:Department of Employment and Labour 11312:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 10766:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 9940:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 9539: 9440:Breathing performance of regulators 4852:Breathing performance of regulators 4575:Continuous positive airway pressure 3692:from the original on 17 August 2017 3246:from the original on 9 October 2021 2890:from the original on 7 January 2010 2756:Underwater Contractor International 2747: 2709:– via Website of Luca Dibiza. 2653:Tailliez, Philippe (January 1954). 2405: 1886:Breathing performance of regulators 1311:Standard submersible pressure gauge 939:Breathing performance of regulators 670:connectors for gases other than air 532:(the air escaping from the mask at 24: 14908:Submarine escape training facility 14509:Defense against swimmer incursions 11862:Recreational diver course referral 8778:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 8589:Outline of recreational dive sites 7993:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 7165:Variable weight apnea without fins 4449:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4384:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 4139:from the original on 14 March 2015 4108:from the original on 16 March 2015 4048:from the original on 18 March 2023 4018:from the original on 17 March 2023 3992:from the original on 13 April 2018 3945:from the original on 13 April 2018 3919:from the original on 17 March 2023 3889:from the original on 17 March 2023 3859:from the original on 17 March 2023 3661:from the original on 15 March 2023 3566:from the original on 15 March 2023 3536:from the original on 15 March 2023 3462:"Perdix AI operating instructions" 3206:DL-Regulator Freeze Research Study 3171:from the original on 21 March 2011 2975:from the original on 13 April 2017 2588:from the original on 10 March 2016 2575: 2450:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars: 363–366 2237:from the original on 31 March 2014 696: 533: 25: 15276: 15060:Society for Underwater Technology 10254:Investigation of diving accidents 8837: 8728:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 7968:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 7808:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 6977:Underwater acoustic communication 5709:Underwater acoustic communication 5272:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 4742:Surface-supplied diving equipment 4454:Self-contained self-rescue device 4361:High altitude breathing apparatus 4305: 4195:. Lake City, Florida: Dive Rite. 3909:"Divetek Tyre Inflator Key Chain" 3798:Divator MKII User manual 95239C01 3321:from the original on 7 March 2015 3006:from the original on 13 June 2017 2819:from the original on 4 March 2016 2810: 2619:from the original on 30 July 2016 2125:Cresswell, Jeremy (2 June 2008). 1755: 1739: 1722:Recreational scuba nitrox service 1319:mechanical gauge, usually with a 1244: 1152:Juddering, shuddering and moaning 638:Connection to the diving cylinder 425:. They are often provided with a 124:. The gas may be supplied from a 15231: 15219: 15185: 15173: 15162: 15161: 14931:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 14257:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 12601:Australian Underwater Federation 12090:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 11258: 10674:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 9838:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 9715:Inner ear decompression sickness 9295:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 8579:Index of recreational dive sites 7918:Naval Special Operations Command 7581:Australian Underwater Federation 5001: 4989: 4978: 4977: 4902:Respiratory protective equipment 4887:Open circuit breathing apparatus 4476:Powered air-purifying respirator 4402:Occupational breathing apparatus 4078:from the original on 11 May 2017 3593:internationallegendsofdiving.com 3589:"Dave Woodward and scuba diving" 3098:ScubaGadget – Scuba News Service 2607:Bahuet, Eric (19 October 2003). 2518:from the original on 10 May 2015 2419:from the original on 30 May 2023 2090:Diving in High-Risk Environments 1491: 1427:Secondary demand valve (Octopus) 1348: 1224:alcohol or glycol/water mixture 1187:Accessories and special features 344:would not actually be recycled. 257:Open circuit free-flow regulator 15220: 15015:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 14691:-class deep submergence vehicle 12360:Underwater Escape Training Unit 10141:Diving Medical Advisory Council 10135:Diving Diseases Research Centre 7973:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 3625:. Global Underwater Explorers. 3092:Ryan, Mark (23 December 2010). 2994:Warren, Steve (November 2015). 2582:Chronology of Diving in Holland 2367:from the original on 6 May 2021 2360:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd. 1731:Surface supplied nitrox service 925:or full-face mask is common in 12606:British Freediving Association 12323:Technical Diving International 11899:Divers Institute of Technology 11822:European Underwater Federation 11658:Surface-supplied diving skills 9873:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 9833:Salt water aspiration syndrome 9732:High-pressure nervous syndrome 9007:Diver behaviour and competence 8855:Human factors in diving safety 8371:Baited remote underwater video 8204:Underwater search and recovery 8172:Underwater cutting and welding 7978:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 7586:British Freediving Association 7341:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 7000: 6560:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 6226:Diving Unlimited International 5871:Mechanism of diving regulators 5560:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 4711:Underwater breathing apparatus 4638:Respiratory gas humidification 4412: 3968:. Divers Alert Network: 64–65. 3800:. Sweden: Interspiro AB. 2017. 3341:"Xstream user manual: English" 2615:(in French). plongeesout.com. 2187:"Ultrajewel 601 'Dirty Harry'" 2163:Offshore Installation Practice 1916:Mechanism of diving regulators 1765:Manufacturers and their brands 1025:Malfunctions and failure modes 932: 844:and be ready to deal with it. 618:Mechanism of diving regulators 32:Mechanism of diving regulators 13: 1: 14447:Underwater diving environment 14267:Reduced gradient bubble model 14262:Haldane's decompression model 12646:Underwater Society of America 12226:Diving Science and Technology 12132:Scuba Educators International 11326:Professional Diver's Handbook 10634:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 10324:Pearling in Western Australia 10319:Timeline of diving technology 10124:Aerospace Medical Association 10024:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 9950:Psychological fitness to dive 9823:Instinctive drowning response 9225:Gas blending for scuba diving 8734:Woodville Karst Plain Project 8023:Underwater Demolition Command 8018:Underwater Construction Teams 7908:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 7868:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 7798:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 7764:United States military divers 6724:Continental Shelf Station Two 6499:Gas blending for scuba diving 4126: 2640:Premier Plongée (First Diver) 2638:Commandant Le Prieur (1956). 1922: 1761:the gas is relatively dense. 1508: 1465:around 1965–6 to support the 1405: 997: 741:Single-hose demand regulators 673: 517:lack of safety and autonomy. 466:Timeline of diving technology 15265:Underwater diving regulators 15010:Nautical Archaeology Society 15005:Nautical Archaeology Program 14833:NATO Submarine Rescue System 14114:Science of underwater diving 13852:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 13757:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 12611:British Octopush Association 11928:Divers Academy International 11857:Nautical Archaeology Society 11535:Public safety diver training 11521:Occupational diver training 10413:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 10278:History of underwater diving 9514:Standard operating procedure 9305:Hierarchy of hazard controls 8338:Helix Energy Solutions Group 7988:Special Service Group (Navy) 7953:Special Air Service Regiment 7913:Naval Service Diving Section 7739:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 7118:Constant weight without fins 5704:Through-water communications 4372:Aviation breathing apparatus 3813:"About CEJN Component Parts" 3402:"High Pressure Port Adapter" 462:History of underwater diving 443:valves are used to supply a 7: 15085:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 14531:Underwater domain awareness 14299:Physiology of decompression 13487:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 12305:Global Underwater Explorers 12144:Scuba Schools International 12048:Global Underwater Explorers 11971:Scuba Schools International 11904:Health and Safety Executive 11547:Recreational diver training 10654:Motorised Submersible Canoe 10044:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 9909:Diving Medical Practitioner 9858:Demand valve oxygen therapy 8875:Underwater diving emergency 8481:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 8081:Recreational diver training 7576:Scuba Schools International 6675:Combat rubber raiding craft 6181:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 5072:Atmospheric pressure diving 4897:Positive pressure breathing 4882:Negative pressure breathing 4836: 4554:Medical breathing apparatus 4074:. US Department of Labour. 3436:Accessories and spare parts 3348:Art. no 4695 Issue 081001-1 3197:Ward, Mike (9 April 2014). 2673:Musée du Scaphandre website 2413:"OC – DSV – BOV – FFM page" 1879: 1131:Excessive work of breathing 1092:Intermediate pressure creep 856:Twin-hose demand regulators 834:delayed surface marker buoy 725: 580:German occupation of France 441:Constant mass flow addition 326:oxygen-rich treatment gases 110:underwater diving regulator 10: 15281: 15100:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 14282:Varying Permeability Model 14172:Underwater computer vision 12479:Underwater target shooting 12126:Scuba Diving International 11486:Competence and assessment 11009:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 9000:Uncontrolled decompression 8584:List of wreck diving sites 8066:Commercial offshore diving 8028:Underwater Demolition Team 7958:Special Actions Detachment 7130:Dynamic apnea without fins 7077:Underwater target shooting 6622:Launch and recovery system 6392:Launch and recovery system 5570:Submersible pressure gauge 4867:Escape breathing apparatus 4793:User respiratory interface 4531:GB2626 (China), and others 3621:Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). 3556:"Mares Loop 15x Regulator" 3526:"Apeks XTX50 Second Stage" 2911:"Practical diver training" 2723:Lonsdale, Mark V. (2012). 1849:Poseidon Diving Systems AB 1768: 1585: 1430: 1421:Poseidon Diving Systems AB 1374: 1299:Submersible pressure gauge 1196:Anti-freezing modification 1175: 1155: 1134: 1121: 1108: 1095: 1082: 1069: 1056: 1043: 1028: 1001: 992:dynamic airway compression 942: 936: 859: 744: 729: 641: 615: 566:met for the first time in 459: 455: 398: 359: 348:Built-in breathing systems 322:built-in breathing systems 277: 196: 173:performance of a regulator 162:built-in breathing systems 29: 15157: 15118: 15073: 15000:Karst Underwater Research 14958: 14893: 14747: 14544: 14499: 14493: 14488: 14455: 14338: 14311: 14209:Equivalent narcotic depth 14182: 14133: 14120: 14107: 14083: 14052: 14021: 13960: 13452: 13339: 13106: 13046: 12998: 12791: 12713: 12709: 12696: 12657: 12565: 12549: 12513: 12487: 12427: 12411: 12407: 12394: 12368: 12340: 12196: 12188:CMAS Scientific Committee 12170: 12156:United Diving Instructors 12072:Israeli Diving Federation 11980: 11941: 11918: 11876: 11806: 11781: 11746: 11698:Advanced Open Water Diver 11690: 11675: 11540:Scientific diver training 11525:Commercial diver training 11490:Competency-based learning 11475: 11471: 11466:Training and registration 11460: 11437: 11421: 11375: 11342: 11268: 11264: 11253: 11074: 11014:Johnson Sea Link accident 10971: 10899: 10860: 10834: 10813: 10791: 10784: 10776:Women Divers Hall of Fame 10748: 10727: 10711:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 10701: 10556: 10403: 10380: 10337: 10284: 10271: 10229: 10218: 10112: 9965: 9958: 9927: 9914:Diving Medical Technician 9896: 9888:Therapeutic recompression 9850: 9793: 9781:Carbon monoxide poisoning 9771: 9750: 9720:Isobaric counterdiffusion 9692: 9661: 9586: 9551: 9547: 9534: 9450: 9403: 9380:Diving systems technician 9345: 9258: 9103: 8893: 8845: 8832: 8801: 8793:Underwater diving on Guam 8743: 8668: 8597: 8569: 8556: 8429: 8376:In-water surface cleaning 8351: 8321: 8165:Archaeology of shipwrecks 8054: 7652:Commercial offshore diver 7634: 7630: 7617: 7563: 7537: 7489: 7233: 7175: 7085: 7012: 7008: 6995: 6937: 6886: 6756: 6657: 6644:Recreational Dive Planner 6592:Built-in breathing system 6575: 6548:Pressure swing adsorption 6410: 6344: 6340: 6327: 6154: 6095: 5977: 5908: 5818: 5645: 5578: 5520: 5468:Lightweight demand helmet 5443: 5374: 5309: 5247: 5174: 5148: 5130: 5117: 5057: 4973: 4929:Closed circuit rebreather 4842: 4831: 4799: 4786: 4717: 4704: 4624:Built-in breathing system 4560: 4547: 4526:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 4514:42 CFR 84 (United States) 4506: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4396: 4367: 4354: 3757:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3145:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3042:Roberts, Fred M. (1963). 2642:. Editions France-Empire. 2613:Avec ou sans bulle ? 2498:"The First Demand Valve?" 1892:Built-in breathing system 1615:Kirby-Morgan 48 Supermask 1128:or fouled exhaust valves. 219:Open circuit demand valve 85:Lightweight demand helmet 80: 72: 64: 56: 44: 15105:Space Systems Laboratory 12875:Fernando Garfella Palmer 12723:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 12274:Technical Extended Range 12268:Trimix Scuba Association 11579:Stress exposure training 11146:Fernando Garfella Palmer 10428:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 10294:History of Diving Museum 9365:Diver medical technician 9115:Ascending and descending 9091:Non-freezing cold injury 7933:Russian commando frogmen 7714:Underwater archaeologist 6334:Diving support equipment 5755:Emergency locator beacon 5588:Diver propulsion vehicle 4633:Positive airway pressure 4607:Non-invasive ventilation 3980:"Consumer Safety Notice" 3711:Alexander, J.E. (1977). 3651:"My Octopus Goes Where?" 3234:Mitchell, Simon (2015). 3000:Divernet - Gear features 2909:Brittain, Colin (2004). 2868:Brittain, Colin (2004). 2538:"le scaphandre autonome" 1684:Automatic closure device 1582:Full-face mask or helmet 1371:Air integrated computers 892:underwater photographers 553:liberation of Strasbourg 209: 154:automatic diluent valves 15040:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 14851:Russian submarine AS-34 14571:American submarine NR-1 14437:Recreational dive sites 14214:Maximum operating depth 13961:Writers and journalists 13482:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 12925:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 12890:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 12536:Underwater orienteering 11530:Military diver training 11507:Diver training standard 11284:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 11203:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 11026:Gerard Anthony Prangley 10528:Willard Franklyn Searle 10493:Christian J. Lambertsen 10299:History of scuba diving 10223: 10094:Charles Wesley Shilling 10069:Christian J. Lambertsen 10049:Henry Valence Hempleman 9904:Diving Medical Examiner 9489:Emergency response plan 9428:Sustained load cracking 9390:Life support technician 8965:Single point of failure 8870:Scuba diving fatalities 8574:Recreational dive sites 8529:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 8509:AAI underwater revolver 8499:SPP-1 underwater pistol 8108:Underwater construction 7823:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 7336:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 7112:Constant weight bi-fins 6543:Membrane gas separation 6452:Carbon dioxide scrubber 6372:Diving platform (scuba) 5987:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5832:Atmospheric diving suit 5384:Atmospheric diving suit 5279:Diving weighting system 5102:Surface-supplied diving 5097:Surface oriented diving 4944:Carbon dioxide scrubber 4912:Constant flow regulator 4764:Atmospheric diving suit 4680:Partial rebreather mask 4444:Supplied-air respirator 4377:Emergency oxygen system 4219:"Regulators and gauges" 3242:. DAN Southern Africa. 2609:"Rouquayrol Denayrouze" 2469:Perrier, Alain (2008). 2326:"Rebreather components" 2267:. Divex. Archived from 2088:Barsky, Steven (2007). 1576:sling mounted cylinders 1147:carbon dioxide toxicity 888:duck-bill one-way valve 419:automatic diluent valve 380:back-pressure regulator 166:back-pressure regulator 138:surface-supplied diving 132:, or via a hose from a 14442:Underwater environment 14323:Underwater exploration 14253:Decompression models: 13326:John Ernest Williamson 12905:Anna Marguerite McCann 12738:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 12557:Underwater photography 12541:Underwater photography 12428:Snorkeling/breath-hold 12138:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 11933:Norwegian diver school 11557:ISO training standards 10826:Tham Luang cave rescue 10644:Dry Combat Submersible 10543:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 10483:Karl Heinrich Klingert 10029:Kenneth William Donald 9878:In-water recompression 9710:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 9705:Decompression sickness 9643:Compression arthralgia 9156:Decompression practice 9132:Canoe and kayak diving 9061:Decompression sickness 8885:Water surface searches 8865:Safety-critical system 8763:Diving in the Maldives 8655:Underwater photography 8494:Heckler & Koch P11 8216:Underwater videography 8199:Underwater photography 8187:Nondestructive testing 8160:Underwater archaeology 7893:Marine Raider Regiment 7759:Royal Navy ships diver 7517:Shallow-water blackout 6670:Canoe and kayak diving 6457:Cascade filling system 5930:Decompression cylinder 5655:Alternative air source 5488:Standard diving helmet 5331:Decompression cylinder 4496:Elastomeric respirator 4461:Particulate respirator 4249:"Products: Regulators" 4189:"Dive Rite Regulators" 3822:. diyrebreathers.com. 3686:Scuba Tech Philippines 3530:www.lucasdivestore.com 2729:History of Navy Diving 2056:Harlow, Vance (1999). 1676: 1655: 1644: 1566: 1558: 1521: 1450: 1442: 1415: 1386: 1358: 1300: 1213: 1205: 984:ANSTI Test Systems Ltd 879: 871: 828: 820: 706: 612:Mechanism and function 570:. Gagnan, employed at 504: 357: 298:deep diving operations 18:Secondary demand valve 15090:Neutral buoyancy pool 14772:Submarine rescue ship 14767:McCann Rescue Chamber 14526:Rugged compact camera 14514:Diver detection sonar 14361:Confined water diving 14075:James Joseph Magennis 13712:Michael López-Alegría 13442:Aristotelis Zervoudis 13181:John Christopher Fine 12855:John Christopher Fine 12521:Immersion finswimming 12350:Defence Diving School 12214:British Sub-Aqua Club 12012:British Sub-Aqua Club 10999:Francis P. Hammerberg 10679:Siluro San Bartolomeo 10669:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 10602:Standard diving dress 10448:Charles Anthony Deane 10433:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 10395:Jason deCaires Taylor 10314:Man in the Sea Museum 10309:Lyons Maritime Museum 9648:Decompression illness 9631:Middle ear barotrauma 9499:Diving superintendent 9494:Diving safety officer 9413:Breathing gas quality 9018:Overconfidence effect 8680:British Sub-Aqua Club 8505:Underwater revolvers 8182:Underwater inspection 8177:Underwater demolition 8103:Offshore construction 7998:Tactical Divers Group 7888:Marinejegerkommandoen 7818:Decima Flottiglia MAS 7774:U.S.Navy master diver 7679:Diving superintendent 7674:Diving safety officer 7286:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 7159:Variable weight apnea 6692:Diving support vessel 6467:Diving air compressor 6142:Standard diving dress 6117:Diving air compressor 5900:Full-face diving mask 5888:Single-hose regulator 5876:Regulator malfunction 5779:Navigation equipment 5721:Diving safety harness 5336:Decompression trapeze 5326:Decompression chamber 4774:Helium reclaim system 4752:Helicopter escape set 4737:Full-face diving mask 2669:"Scaphandre autonome" 1904:Full-face diving mask 1834:Halcyon Diving System 1693:Breathing gas heating 1674: 1650: 1642: 1564: 1556: 1516: 1448: 1440: 1413: 1384: 1356: 1298: 1254:Pressure relief valve 1211: 1203: 1176:Further information: 1156:Further information: 1135:Further information: 1122:Further information: 1109:Further information: 1096:Further information: 1083:Further information: 1070:Further information: 1057:Further information: 1044:Further information: 1040:Inlet filter blockage 959:convenient to have a 877: 869: 826: 818: 704: 560:Jacques-Yves Cousteau 395:Rebreather regulators 355: 306:helium reclaim system 181:and added mechanical 15136:Scuba diving therapy 15126:Nautilus Productions 15050:Sea Research Society 14985:Divers Alert Network 14418:Torricellian chamber 14328:Deep-sea exploration 14289:Equivalent air depth 14160:Modulated ultrasound 14155:Underwater acoustics 13622:Christopher E. Gerty 13617:Michael L. Gernhardt 13507:Timothy J. Broderick 13382:William Hogarth Main 13073:Jean-Michel Cousteau 13038:Krzysztof Starnawski 12120:Sub-Aqua Association 11384:The Darkness Beckons 10915:diving bell accident 10842:John Day (carpenter) 10364:Queen Anne's Revenge 10129:Divers Alert Network 10054:Leonard Erskine Hill 9935:Atrial septal defect 9636:Pulmonary barotrauma 9596:Alternobaric vertigo 9240:Scuba gas management 9200:Diver communications 8816:Underwater Bike Race 8773:Scuba diving tourism 8758:Diving in East Timor 8524:APS underwater rifle 8519:ADS amphibious rifle 8135:Public safety diving 8130:Potable water diving 7963:Special Boat Service 7938:Sappers Divers Group 7898:Minedykkerkommandoen 7296:Leonardo D'Imporzano 7154:Skandalopetra diving 6914:Hyperbaric stretcher 6873:T1200 Trenching Unit 6848:Sea Dragon-class ROV 6697:HMS Challenger (K07) 6597:Decompression tables 6567:Oxygen compatibility 6002:Cryogenic rebreather 5847:Scuba cylinder valve 5748:Screw gate carabiner 5726:Emergency gas supply 5687:Diver's cutting tool 5553:Helium release valve 5483:Shallow water helmet 5411:Standard diving suit 5257:Buoyancy compensator 5204:Emergency gas supply 4862:Emergency gas supply 4757:Submarine escape set 3680:Davis, Andy (2011). 3377:"2nd Stage Shut Off" 3119:Reimers, SD (1973). 2496:Bevan, John (1990). 2306:on 25 September 2018 2274:on 25 September 2018 1775:adding missing items 1549:Swivel hose adaptors 1478:buoyancy compensator 1273:buoyancy compensator 1271:'s breathing bag, a 644:Scuba cylinder valve 510:French Imperial Navy 97:Buoyancy compensator 14980:Coral Reef Alliance 14356:Benign water diving 14199:Cold shock response 13968:Michael C. Barnette 13922:Douglas H. Wheelock 13827:David Saint-Jacques 13612:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 13321:Michele Westmorland 12621:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 12440:Underwater football 12018:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11718:Introductory diving 11663:Underwater searches 11649:Diamond Reef System 11552:Introductory diving 11376:General non-fiction 11298:Underwater Handbook 11198:François de Roubaix 11051:Lothar Michael Ward 10994:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 10821:Alpazat cave rescue 10728:Scientific projects 10607:Sub Marine Explorer 10513:Joseph Salim Peress 10508:Ernest William Moir 9868:Hyperbaric medicine 9669:Freediving blackout 9337:Situation awareness 9283:Job safety analysis 9166:Ratio decompression 8975:Cold shock response 8925:Entanglement hazard 8860:Life-support system 8698:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 8563:Recreational diving 8490:Underwater pistols 8384:Cavitation cleaning 8209:Underwater searches 8098:Marine construction 7948:Special Air Service 7734:Army engineer diver 7704:Public safety diver 7624:Professional diving 7512:Deep-water blackout 7507:Freediving blackout 7331:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 7062:Underwater football 6909:Hyperbaric lifeboat 6803:Goldfish-class ROUV 6798:Global Explorer ROV 6760:underwater vehicles 6296:Shearwater Research 5957:Scuba configuration 5940:Manifolded twin set 5935:Independent doubles 5893:Twin-hose regulator 5803:Surface marker buoy 4949:Semi-closed circuit 4892:Oxygen concentrator 4660:Non-rebreather mask 4643:Supplemental oxygen 4619:Hyperbaric medicine 4565:Anaesthetic machine 4348:Breathing apparatus 4229:on 16 November 2016 3499:. Ratio Computers. 2735:on 16 February 2018 2679:on 30 October 2012. 2655:Plongées sans câble 2584:. divinghelmet.nl. 2193:. Diving Heritage. 1667:Instrument consoles 1534:recreational diving 1291:Pressure monitoring 1218:adiabatic expansion 1018:orinasal inner mask 175:is measured by the 158:Gas reclaim systems 41: 15078:Astronaut training 15035:Rubicon Foundation 14881:URF (Swedish Navy) 14666:Russian submarine 14654:-class submersible 14624:Deepsea Challenger 14609:-class bathyscaphe 14536:Underwater vehicle 14408:Penetration diving 14396:Black-water diving 14272:Thalmann algorithm 14084:Commercial salvors 13717:Joseph B. MacInnis 13226:Joseph B. MacInnis 13063:David Attenborough 12985:Peter Throckmorton 12945:Andreas Rechnitzer 12935:Mendel L. Peterson 12796:archaeologists and 12580:AIDA International 12531:Underwater cycling 12514:Open Circuit Scuba 12500:Apnoea finswimming 12412:Surface snorkeling 12162:YMCA SCUBA Program 11953:AIDA International 11728:Master Scuba Diver 11713:CMAS** scuba diver 11691:Core diving skills 11629:Finning techniques 11495:Refresher training 11277:NOAA Diving Manual 11091:Ricardo Armbruster 11019:Edwin Clayton Link 10891:Natalia Molchanova 10639:Cosmos CE2F series 10597:Porpoise regulator 10463:Auguste Denayrouze 10239:Diving regulations 10174:Rubicon Foundation 10099:Edward D. Thalmann 10064:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 10059:Brian Andrew Hills 10039:John Scott Haldane 10014:Albert A. Bühlmann 9979:Arthur J. Bachrach 9919:Hyperbaric nursing 9818:Immersion diuresis 9700:Avascular necrosis 9484:Diving regulations 9193:Scuba gas planning 8515:Underwater rifles 8194:Underwater logging 8155:Submarine pipeline 8093:Hyperbaric welding 7828:Fuerzas Especiales 7571:AIDA International 7461:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 7386:Natalia Molchanova 7316:Francisco Ferreras 7203:Snorkel (swimming) 7025:Apnoea finswimming 6929:Reserve gas supply 6904:ENOS Rescue-System 6719:Aquarius Reef Base 6511:Gas reclaim system 6306:Submarine Products 5979:Diving rebreathers 5321:Decompression buoy 5289:Integrated weights 4907:Pressure regulator 4722:Open-circuit scuba 4483:Chemical cartridge 4193:Regulators Library 4042:patents.google.com 3883:scubadoctor.com.au 3599:on 7 November 2019 2996:"The History Boys" 2544:on 30 October 2012 2191:divingheritage.com 1677: 1656: 1645: 1628:Interspiro Divator 1567: 1559: 1522: 1451: 1443: 1416: 1387: 1362:sometimes used on 1359: 1340:High pressure hose 1301: 1214: 1206: 880: 872: 829: 821: 707: 634:to its final use. 541:Georges Commeinhes 514:Auguste Denayrouze 445:constant mass flow 358: 330:hyperbaric chamber 274:Reclaim regulators 191:regulator freezing 114:pressure regulator 39: 15247: 15246: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15148: 14954: 14953: 14889: 14888: 14601:class bathyscaphe 14484: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14468:Low impact diving 14401:Blue-water diving 14391:Open-water diving 14307: 14306: 14234:Work of breathing 14229:Underwater vision 14167:Underwater vision 14103: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14065:Ian Edward Fraser 13912:John Morgan Wells 13892:Mark T. Vande Hei 13737:K. Megan McArthur 13707:Kjell N. Lindgren 13642:José M. Hernández 13597:Andrew J. Feustel 13557:Philippe Cousteau 13537:Catherine Coleman 13527:Gregory Chamitoff 13497:Robert L. Behnken 13477:Richard R. Arnold 13462:Andrew Abercromby 13437:Valerie van Heest 13367:Jochen Hasenmayer 13291:Philippe Tailliez 13216:Henry Way Kendall 13166:Bernard Delemotte 12965:Stephanie Schwabe 12930:John Peter Oleson 12860:George R. Fischer 12805:Michael Arbuthnot 12798:environmentalists 12703:Underwater divers 12692: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12445:Underwater hockey 12401:Underwater sports 12390: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12299:Cave Diving Group 11919:Commercial diving 11802: 11801: 11782:Specialist skills 11771:Master Instructor 11766:Diving instructor 11747:Leadership skills 11708:CMAS* scuba diver 11671: 11670: 11644:Low impact diving 11622:Valsalva maneuver 11597:Combat sidestroke 11512:Diving instructor 11456: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11345:Codes of Practice 11249: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11173:Henry Way Kendall 11046:Richard A. Walker 11036:Robert John Smyth 10749:Awards and events 10704:covert operations 10697: 10696: 10267: 10266: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10034:William Paul Fife 9969:diving physiology 9846: 9845: 9789: 9788: 9742:Nitrogen narcosis 9737:Hydrogen narcosis 9626:Dental barotrauma 9530: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9509:Operations manual 9504:Diving supervisor 9375:Diving supervisor 9370:Diver's attendant 9332:Safety data sheet 9235:Rebreather diving 9099: 9098: 9038:Willful violation 8985:Nitrogen narcosis 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8692:Cave Diving Group 8635:Rebreather diving 8630:Open-water diving 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8361:Abrasive waterjet 8317: 8316: 8221:Underwater survey 8140:Scientific diving 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 7684:Diving supervisor 7669:Diving instructor 7613: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7550:Octopus wrestling 7481:Nataliia Zharkova 7456:William Trubridge 7411:Umberto Pelizzari 7067:Underwater hockey 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6955:Saturation spread 6778:Atlantis ROV Team 6758:Remotely operated 6752: 6751: 6729:Helgoland Habitat 6649:Saturation system 6538:Nitrox production 6472:Diving air filter 6323: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6286:Oceanic Worldwide 6176:Aqua Lung America 6150: 6149: 6132:Scuba replacement 6112:Diver's umbilical 6077:Siebe Gorman CDBA 6062:Mark IV Amphibian 5699:Diver's telephone 5660:Octopus regulator 5199:Decompression gas 5082:Saturation diving 5062:Diving activities 5051:Underwater diving 5017: 5016: 4969: 4968: 4961:Escape respirator 4956:Work of breathing 4939:Oxygen rebreather 4827: 4826: 4782: 4781: 4732:Diving rebreather 4700: 4699: 4653:Reservoir cannula 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4392: 4391: 3853:www.dirdirect.com 3100:. scubagadget.com 2576:Dekker, David L. 2099:978-0-9674305-7-7 1956:978-0-941332-70-5 1790:La Spirotechnique 1746:oxygen compatible 1717:Gas compatibility 1621:Positive pressure 1142:work of breathing 952:underwater diving 945:Work of breathing 756:or low pressure. 598:seal invented by 500:Benoît Rouquayrol 423:flushing the loop 405:Rebreather diving 401:Diving rebreather 385:work of breathing 334:work of breathing 318:storage cylinders 302:diver's umbilical 183:work of breathing 178:cracking pressure 150:Diving rebreather 118:underwater diving 102: 101: 16:(Redirected from 15272: 15235: 15223: 15222: 15189: 15188: 15177: 15176: 15165: 15164: 15074:Neutral buoyancy 15030:Reef Life Survey 14919: 14918: 14895:Submarine escape 14782:Deep-submergence 14778: 14777: 14749:Submarine rescue 14546:Deep-submergence 14542: 14541: 14490: 14489: 14336: 14335: 14240: 14239: 14150:Neutral buoyancy 14131: 14130: 14109: 14108: 13937:Jeffrey Williams 13787:Nicholas Patrick 13762:Andreas Mogensen 13727:Thomas Marshburn 13697:Dominic Landucci 13687:Karen Kohanowich 13607:Satoshi Furukawa 13502:Randolph Bresnik 13472:Clayton Anderson 13407:Arthur C. Clarke 13377:Jarrod Jablonski 13281:Wesley C. Skiles 13266:Leni Riefenstahl 13151:Jacques Cousteau 13033:Claudia Serpieri 12950:William R. Royal 12915:Charles T. Meide 12845:James P. Delgado 12783:Arne Zetterström 12748:Jacques Cousteau 12711: 12710: 12698: 12697: 12566:Sports governing 12462:Underwater rugby 12409: 12408: 12396: 12395: 12371:training courses 12343:training centres 12281: 12280: 12171:Scientific diver 11877:Commercial diver 11874: 11873: 11812:and registration 11738:Supervised diver 11733:Open Water Diver 11723:Low Impact Diver 11703:Autonomous diver 11688: 11687: 11617:Frenzel maneuver 11602:Diver navigation 11587: 11586: 11500:Skill assessment 11473: 11472: 11462: 11461: 11266: 11265: 11255: 11254: 11228:Esbjörn Svensson 11213:Wesley C. Skiles 11116:Cláudio Coutinho 11066:Arne Zetterström 11041:Albert D. Stover 11004:Craig M. Hoffman 10847:Charles Spalding 10789: 10788: 10618: 10617: 10458:Louis de Corlieu 10443:Jacques Cousteau 10335: 10334: 10273: 10272: 10220: 10219: 9989:Peter B. Bennett 9984:Albert R. Behnke 9963: 9962: 9659: 9658: 9584: 9583: 9549: 9548: 9536: 9535: 9479:Contingency plan 9474:Code of practice 9435:Diving regulator 9423:Hydrostatic test 9360:Chamber operator 9343: 9342: 9120:Emergency ascent 9046: 9045: 8891: 8890: 8834: 8833: 8650:Technical diving 8640:Sidemount diving 8595: 8594: 8558: 8557: 8462: 8461: 8389:Pressure washing 8227: 8226: 7883:Marine Commandos 7782: 7781: 7720: 7719: 7709:Scientific diver 7647:Commercial diver 7632: 7631: 7619: 7618: 7476:Alessia Zecchini 7381:Alexey Molchanov 7291:Yasemin Dalkılıç 7072:Underwater rugby 7010: 7009: 6997: 6996: 6962:Hot water system 6887:Safety equipment 6705: 6704: 6526:Gas storage tube 6521:Gas storage quad 6516:Gas storage bank 6425:Activated carbon 6352:Boarding stirrup 6345:Access equipment 6342: 6341: 6329: 6328: 6266:Johnson Outdoors 6261:HeinrichsWeikamp 6099:diving equipment 6097:Surface-supplied 6022:Halcyon PVR-BASC 5906: 5905: 5881:Regulator freeze 5866:Diving regulator 5770:Shark-proof cage 5565:Pneumofathometer 5463:Free-flow helmet 5146: 5145: 5124:Diving equipment 5119: 5118: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4992: 4981: 4980: 4833: 4832: 4788: 4787: 4706: 4705: 4685:Simple face mask 4549: 4548: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4397: 4356: 4355: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3985:. aqualung.com. 3984: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941:. aqualung.com. 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3595:. 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Archived from 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2358:www.apdiving.com 2355: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2330:www.poseidon.com 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2158: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2053: 1994: 1993: 1975: 1962: 1960: 1948: 1938: 1779:reliable sources 691:technical divers 507: 476:invented in 1838 372:ambient pressure 206:storage system. 180: 106:diving regulator 49: 42: 40:Diving regulator 38: 21: 15280: 15279: 15275: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15145: 15114: 15077: 15075: 15069: 14962: 14960: 14950: 14917: 14885: 14783: 14776: 14743: 14660:Limiting Factor 14547: 14540: 14521:Offshore survey 14495: 14472: 14451: 14351:Altitude diving 14334: 14314: 14303: 14245: 14238: 14185: 14178: 14145:Metre sea water 14136: 14129: 14116: 14095: 14079: 14048: 14017: 13956: 13942:Sunita Williams 13932:Dafydd Williams 13917:Joachim Wendler 13812:Kathleen Rubins 13807:Garrett Reisman 13752:Simone Melchior 13732:Matthias Maurer 13672:Norishige Kanai 13657:Akihiko Hoshide 13647:John Herrington 13562:Timothy Creamer 13552:Fabien Cousteau 13547:Craig B. Cooper 13522:Scott Carpenter 13517:Berry L. Cannon 13492:Robert A. Barth 13467:Joseph M. Acaba 13448: 13422:John Chatterton 13352:Graham Balcombe 13341: 13335: 13331:J. Lamar Worzel 13146:Neville Coleman 13126:Georges Beuchat 13108: 13102: 13050: 13048: 13042: 13000: 12994: 12990:Cristina Zenato 12910:Innes McCartney 12797: 12795: 12793: 12787: 12743:James F. Cahill 12715: 12705: 12684: 12653: 12570:and federations 12569: 12567: 12561: 12545: 12509: 12483: 12423: 12403: 12382: 12370: 12364: 12342: 12328: 12285: 12279: 12200: 12198: 12197:Technical diver 12192: 12174: 12172: 12166: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11976: 11945: 11943: 11937: 11920: 11914: 11880: 11878: 11872: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11798: 11777: 11742: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11667: 11639:Buddy breathing 11585: 11564:Teaching method 11478: 11467: 11448: 11433: 11417: 11371: 11344: 11338: 11260: 11237: 11178:Artur Kozłowski 11141:Maurice Fargues 11106:Berry L. Cannon 11077: 11070: 11061:Bradley Westell 11056:Joachim Wendler 10974: 10967: 10963:diving accident 10955:diving accident 10947:diving accident 10939:diving accident 10937:Stena Seaspread 10931:diving accident 10923:diving accident 10902: 10895: 10886:Nicholas Mevoli 10856: 10852:Ebenezer Watson 10830: 10809: 10780: 10756:Hans Hass Award 10744: 10723: 10718:Rainbow Warrior 10716:Sinking of the 10703: 10693: 10625: 10623: 10616: 10587:Magnesium torch 10558: 10552: 10518:Auguste Piccard 10503:John Lethbridge 10423:Georges Beuchat 10405: 10399: 10382: 10376: 10339: 10333: 10280: 10263: 10225: 10202: 10116: 10114: 10108: 10084:Neal W. Pollock 9970: 9968: 9954: 9945:Fitness to dive 9923: 9892: 9842: 9795: 9785: 9773: 9767: 9746: 9688: 9684:Oxygen toxicity 9657: 9588: 9582: 9573:Motion sickness 9554: 9543: 9541:Diving medicine 9518: 9455: 9453: 9446: 9405: 9399: 9341: 9288:Risk assessment 9278:Hazard analysis 9261: 9254: 9106: 9095: 9044: 8990:Oxygen toxicity 8896: 8889: 8841: 8820: 8803: 8797: 8745: 8739: 8671: 8664: 8605:Altitude diving 8593: 8565: 8540: 8467: 8460: 8431: 8425: 8353: 8347: 8324: 8313: 8225: 8145:Ships husbandry 8057: 8042: 7928:Royal Engineers 7843:Grup Gerak Khas 7803:Commando Hubert 7789: 7787: 7780: 7769:U.S. Navy diver 7744:Clearance diver 7725: 7718: 7626: 7605: 7559: 7533: 7485: 7441:Martin Štěpánek 7436:Aharon Solomons 7426:Stig Severinsen 7376:Stéphane Mifsud 7326:Flavia Eberhard 7301:Flavia Eberhard 7266:Derya Can Göçen 7251:Peppo Biscarini 7246:Simone Arrigoni 7241:Deborah Andollo 7229: 7171: 7142:No-limits apnea 7106:Constant weight 7081: 7004: 6983: 6933: 6894:Diver down flag 6882: 6759: 6748: 6744:Tektite habitat 6710: 6703: 6653: 6578: 6571: 6555:Oxygen analyser 6533:Helium analyzer 6477:Water separator 6435:Molecular sieve 6412: 6406: 6336: 6315: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6098: 6091: 6037:Interspiro DCSC 5973: 5911: 5904: 5837:Diving cylinder 5823: 5821: 5814: 5647: 5641: 5580: 5574: 5521:Instrumentation 5516: 5445: 5439: 5370: 5312: 5305: 5249: 5243: 5170: 5149:Basic equipment 5144: 5126: 5113: 5107:Unmanned diving 5053: 5048: 5018: 5013: 4965: 4838: 4823: 4803:Breathing mask 4795: 4778: 4713: 4696: 4556: 4535: 4519:ANSI K13.1-1973 4502: 4416: 4403: 4388: 4363: 4350: 4345: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3619: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3406:www.xsscuba.com 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3357:on 4 March 2016 3354: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3240:www.youtube.com 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3040: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2925: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2784: 2771: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2689: 2685: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2647: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2574: 2570: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2159: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2131:energyvoice.com 2123: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2086: 2075: 2068: 2054: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1965: 1957: 1939: 1930: 1925: 1882: 1809:Atomic Aquatics 1782: 1767: 1758: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1719: 1695: 1686: 1669: 1637: 1623: 1611:Dräger Panorama 1594: 1584: 1551: 1511: 1494: 1486:diving cylinder 1435: 1429: 1408: 1395:diving cylinder 1379: 1373: 1351: 1342: 1313: 1305:diving cylinder 1293: 1256: 1247: 1230:Silicone grease 1198: 1189: 1180: 1160: 1139: 1126: 1113: 1100: 1087: 1074: 1061: 1053:Sticking valves 1048: 1033: 1027: 1006: 1000: 947: 941: 935: 884:breathing tubes 864: 858: 749: 743: 734: 728: 699: 697:Conversion kits 658: 640: 632:diving cylinder 620: 614: 492:mining engineer 472: 458: 407: 397: 364: 350: 290: 276: 259: 221: 212: 199: 130:scuba regulator 122:breathing gases 95: 93:Diving cylinder 91: 87: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15278: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15241: 15229: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15195: 15183: 15171: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15081: 15079: 15076:facilities for 15071: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14966: 14964: 14956: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14925: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14899: 14897: 14891: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14876:Type 7103 DSRV 14873: 14868: 14863: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14835: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14820: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14784:rescue vehicle 14775: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14753: 14751: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14733: 14725: 14717: 14709: 14701: 14693: 14685: 14678: 14671: 14663: 14656: 14648: 14641: 14634: 14627: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14611: 14603: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14573: 14568: 14560: 14552: 14550: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14506: 14500: 14497: 14496: 14486: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14398: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14376:Inshore diving 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14342: 14340: 14339:Classification 14333: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14319: 14317: 14309: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14250: 14248: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14152: 14147: 14141: 14139: 14128: 14127: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14070:Sydney Knowles 14067: 14062: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14046: 14044:John Volanthen 14041: 14036: 14034:Richard Harris 14031: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14003:Trevor Jackson 14000: 13998:Hillary Hauser 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13978:Philippe Diolé 13975: 13970: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13907:Shannon Walker 13904: 13902:Rex J. Walheim 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13877:Daniel M. Tani 13874: 13869: 13864: 13862:Hervé Stevenin 13859: 13857:Robert Sténuit 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13817:Dick Rutkowski 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13797:Thomas Pesquet 13794: 13789: 13784: 13782:Luca Parmitano 13779: 13774: 13772:John D. Olivas 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13742:Craig McKinley 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13632:Chris Hadfield 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13602:Michael Fincke 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13532:Steve Chappell 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13458: 13456: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13345: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13306:Albert Tillman 13303: 13301:Valerie Taylor 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13176:Candice Farmer 13173: 13171:David Doubilet 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13121:Tamara Benitez 13118: 13112: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13058:Samir Alhafith 13054: 13052: 13051:and presenters 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13008:Pascal Bernabé 13004: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12980:Robert Sténuit 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12960:Gunter Schöbel 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12920:Mark M. Newell 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12900:Robert F. Marx 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12865:Anders Franzén 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12810:Robert Ballard 12807: 12801: 12799: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12773:Dick Rutkowski 12770: 12765: 12763:Trevor Hampton 12760: 12758:Dottie Frazier 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12719: 12717: 12707: 12706: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12582: 12576:International 12573: 12571: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12442: 12437: 12431: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12415: 12413: 12405: 12404: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12374: 12372: 12369:Military diver 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12346: 12344: 12341:Military diver 12338: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12289: 12287: 12278: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12204: 12202: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12178: 12176: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11990: 11988: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11949: 11947: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11884: 11882: 11871: 11870: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11818: 11816: 11808:Diver training 11804: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11685: 11673: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11641: 11631: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11591: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11561: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11483: 11481: 11469: 11468: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11272: 11270: 11262: 11261: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11188:Kirsty MacColl 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11121:E. Yale Dawson 11118: 11113: 11111:Cotton Coulson 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10957: 10953:Waage Drill II 10949: 10941: 10933: 10925: 10917: 10913:Byford Dolphin 10908: 10906: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10871:Stephen Keenan 10867: 10865: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10802:Sinking of MV 10798: 10796: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10562: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10550: 10548:Jacques Triger 10545: 10540: 10538:Augustus Siebe 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10498:Yves Le Prieur 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10438:John R. Clarke 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10386: 10384: 10381:Underwater art 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10352: 10343: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10113:Diving medical 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10104:Jacques Triger 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10079:Charles Momsen 10076: 10074:Simon Mitchell 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10019:John R. Clarke 10016: 10011: 10009:Alf O. Brubakk 10006: 10001: 9999:George F. Bond 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9967:Researchers in 9960: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9883:Oxygen therapy 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9751:Carbon dioxide 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9702: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9603: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9557: 9545: 9544: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9395:Stand-by diver 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9322:Permit To Work 9319: 9317:Lockout–tagout 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9272: 9266: 9264: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9215:Doing It Right 9212: 9210:Diver training 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9188:Rule of thirds 9180: 9175: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9111: 9109: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8971:Physiological 8969: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8744:Diving tourism 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8599: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8449:Hawaiian sling 8441: 8435: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8233: 8231:Salvage diving 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8076:Diver training 8073: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7451:Tanya Streeter 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7406:Herbert Nitsch 7403: 7401:Guillaume Néry 7398: 7396:Patrick Musimu 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Kate Middleton 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7306:Şahika Ercümen 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7225:Water polo cap 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7193:Hawaiian sling 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7136:Free immersion 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6878:VideoRay UROVs 6875: 6870: 6868:SJT-class ROUV 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Seabed tractor 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6823:Mini Rover ROV 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768:8A4-class ROUV 6764: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6634:Diving chamber 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6420:Air filtration 6416: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6397:Messenger line 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6241:Maurice Fernez 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5967:Sling cylinder 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5945:Scuba manifold 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925:Bailout bottle 5916: 5914: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5859:Reclaim helmet 5851: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Diving compass 5785: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5736:Bailout bottle 5733: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5505:Full-face mask 5502: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5478:Reclaim helmet 5475: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5433:Hot-water suit 5430: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Power inflator 5253: 5251: 5250:trim equipment 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4807:Full facepiece 4800: 4797: 4796: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4614:Oxygen therapy 4611: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4585:Bag valve mask 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4466:N95 respirator 4458: 4457: 4456: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4306:External links 4304: 4301: 4300: 4270: 4240: 4210: 4180: 4150: 4129:"About Hollis" 4119: 4089: 4059: 4029: 4003: 3971: 3956: 3930: 3900: 3870: 3840: 3803: 3789: 3777:interspiro.com 3764: 3703: 3672: 3638: 3631: 3610: 3577: 3547: 3517: 3485: 3467:. Shearwater. 3453: 3423: 3393: 3368: 3332: 3295: 3288: 3257: 3226: 3182: 3152: 3111: 3084: 3077: 3059: 3052: 3017: 2986: 2953: 2942: 2923: 2901: 2882: 2860: 2830: 2803: 2796: 2769: 2746: 2712: 2683: 2660: 2645: 2630: 2599: 2568: 2564:commercialisé. 2529: 2488: 2481: 2461: 2430: 2404: 2378: 2342: 2317: 2285: 2248: 2208: 2178: 2171: 2148: 2117: 2105: 2098: 2073: 2066: 1995: 1988: 1963: 1955: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1756:Helium service 1754: 1750:oxygen service 1741: 1740:Oxygen service 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1699:hot-water suit 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1668: 1665: 1636: 1633: 1622: 1619: 1588:Full-face mask 1583: 1580: 1550: 1547: 1510: 1507: 1493: 1490: 1428: 1425: 1407: 1404: 1391:dive computers 1372: 1369: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1312: 1309: 1292: 1289: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245:Shut-off valve 1243: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1170: 1153: 1150: 1132: 1129: 1119: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1054: 1051: 1041: 1026: 1023: 999: 996: 937:Main article: 934: 931: 857: 854: 742: 739: 727: 724: 698: 695: 662:cylinder valve 639: 636: 616:Main article: 613: 610: 576:gas generators 549:full-face mask 530:full-face mask 526:Yves Le Prieur 522:Maurice Fernez 457: 454: 411:breathing loop 396: 393: 360:Main article: 349: 346: 308:by filtering, 275: 272: 258: 255: 226:full-face mask 220: 217: 211: 208: 198: 195: 193:is important. 126:scuba cylinder 100: 99: 89:Full-face mask 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15277: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15202: 15201: 15196: 15194: 15193: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15160: 15159: 15156: 15142: 15141:Seabed mining 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15072: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14965: 14957: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14861: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14827: 14826: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14785: 14779: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14750: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14718: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14679: 14677: 14676: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14662: 14661: 14657: 14655: 14653: 14649: 14647: 14646: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14628: 14626: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14543: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14491: 14487: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14371:Inland diving 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14310: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14294:Oxygen window 14292: 14290: 14287: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14244:Decompression 14241: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14204:Diving reflex 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14187: 14181: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14115: 14110: 14106: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14029:Craig Challen 14027: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13927:Peggy Whitson 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13897:Koichi Wakata 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13882:Robert Thirsk 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13872:James Talacek 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13847:Steve Squyres 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13837:Robert Sheats 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13777:Takuya Onishi 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13722:Sandra Magnus 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Jon Lindbergh 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13692:Timothy Kopra 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13662:Mark Hulsbeck 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13637:Jeremy Hansen 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13582:Jeanette Epps 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13567:Jonathan Dory 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13427:Clive Cussler 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13392:Jack Sheppard 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13372:Jill Heinerth 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13316:Stan Waterman 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13286:E. Lee Spence 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13271:Peter Scoones 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13236:Agnes Milowka 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13196:Stephen Frink 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13156:John D. Craig 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13136:Jonathan Bird 13134: 13132: 13131:Adrian Biddle 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13109:photographers 13105: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13078:Richie Kohler 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13045: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 12997: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12975:E. Lee Spence 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955:Margaret Rule 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12885:Graham Jessop 12883: 12881: 12880:David Gibbins 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12840:Eugenie Clark 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12695: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12568:organisations 12564: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12472:United States 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12426: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12393: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12339: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12282: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12199:certification 12195: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12173:certification 12169: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12154: 12151: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12109: 12106: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11985:certification 11979: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11944:certification 11940: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11917: 11911: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11879:certification 11875: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11814:organisations 11810:certification 11805: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681:certification 11674: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11569:Muscle memory 11567: 11566: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11517:Diving school 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11459: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11405:Shadow Divers 11402: 11400: 11399: 11398:The Last Dive 11395: 11393: 11392: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11343:Standards and 11341: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11252: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193:Agnes Milowka 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984:Roger Baldwin 10982: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10881:Audrey Mestre 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814:Diver rescues 10812: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10700: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10649:Human torpedo 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10619: 10613: 10612:Vintage scuba 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10418:William Beebe 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406:and inventors 10402: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10338:Archeological 10336: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10221: 10217: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117:organisations 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9792: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9772:Breathing gas 9770: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9621:Barodontalgia 9619: 9617: 9616:Aerosinusitis 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9601:Barostriction 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9183:Dive planning 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Dive briefing 9171: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9151:Decompression 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033:Trait anxiety 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8980:Decompression 8978: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8910:Environmental 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8839:Diving safety 8835: 8831: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804:and festivals 8802:Diving events 8800: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8783:Shark tourism 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8672:organisations 8667: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8463: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8421:Water jetting 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8411:Thermal lance 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8320: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Sponge diving 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Police diving 8123: 8121: 8120:Pearl hunting 8118: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8088:Hazmat diving 8086: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:US Navy SEALs 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7863:JW Komandosów 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564:Organisations 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Danai Varveri 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7421:Annelie Pompe 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Audrey Mestre 7359: 7357: 7356:Jacques Mayol 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:Pierre Frolla 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7261:Sara Campbell 7259: 7257: 7256:Michael Board 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7124:Dynamic apnea 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7098:Vertical Blue 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7040:Pearl hunting 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945:Diving spread 6943: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833:ROV KIEL 6000 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6577:Decompression 6574: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411:Breathing gas 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Diving ladder 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:René Cavalero 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159:manufacturers 6153: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5992:Carleton CDBA 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854:Diving helmet 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Distance line 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Safety helmet 5763: 5761: 5760:Rescue tether 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731:Bailout block 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5692:Diver's knife 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Dive computer 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:Orinasal mask 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458:Diving helmet 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361:Jersey upline 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Dive computer 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5311:Decompression 5308: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284:Ankle weights 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194:Breathing air 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5176:Breathing gas 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:Breathing gas 4845: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4818: 4817:orinasal mask 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Diving helmet 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648:Nasal cannula 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421:Regulated by 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3913:divetek.co.za 3910: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3632:0-9713267-0-3 3628: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3381:stonerust.com 3378: 3372: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3289:0-9678873-0-5 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3078:0-09-163831-3 3074: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3053:0-442-26824-6 3049: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2924:0-9532904-3-3 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2889: 2885: 2883:0-9532904-3-3 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2797:0-9678873-0-5 2793: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:SPUMS Journal 2499: 2492: 2484: 2482:9782351910337 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2449: 2446:(in French). 2445: 2441: 2434: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2172:9781483163192 2168: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2067:0-9678873-0-5 2063: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1991: 1989:0-9674305-3-4 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1958: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898:Diving helmet 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1728: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707:bailout valve 1704: 1700: 1690: 1681: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1592:Diving helmet 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492:Configuration 1489: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1471:Jacques Mayol 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:Dave Woodward 1456: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1399:dive computer 1396: 1392: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1349:Button gauges 1346: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330:dive computer 1327: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1210: 1202: 1193: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1118:Wet breathing 1117: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1005: 995: 993: 987: 985: 980: 978: 975:designed his 974: 969: 964: 962: 957: 956:breathing gas 953: 946: 940: 930: 928: 924: 919: 915: 911: 909: 903: 899: 895: 893: 889: 885: 876: 868: 863: 853: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 825: 817: 813: 809: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 783: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 738: 733: 723: 721: 717: 713: 703: 694: 692: 686: 683: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 657: 653: 649: 645: 635: 633: 628: 624: 619: 609: 606: 603: 601: 597: 591: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562:and engineer 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 534:constant flow 531: 527: 523: 518: 515: 511: 506: 501: 497: 493: 488: 484: 481: 477: 471: 467: 463: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 436: 435:bailout valve 431: 428: 424: 420: 415: 412: 406: 402: 392: 388: 386: 381: 376: 373: 368: 363: 354: 345: 342: 341:hazmat diving 337: 335: 331: 327: 324:used to vent 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 285: 281: 271: 269: 263: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235: 231: 230:diving helmet 227: 216: 207: 203: 194: 192: 188: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 81:Related items 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 15236: 15224: 15212: 15205: 15197: 15190: 15178: 15166: 14941:Steinke hood 14903:Escape trunk 14859: 14838: 14824: 14816: 14807: 14737: 14729: 14722:Shinkai 6500 14721: 14714:Shinkai 2000 14713: 14705: 14697: 14688: 14681: 14674: 14667: 14659: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14630: 14623: 14614: 14606: 14598: 14581: 14564: 14556: 14430:Wreck diving 14386:Night diving 14315:environments 14091:Keith Jessop 14060:Lionel Crabb 14039:Rick Stanton 14013:John Mattera 13993:Bob Halstead 13988:Bret Gilliam 13983:Gary Gentile 13973:Victor Berge 13947:Reid Wiseman 13867:Nicole Stott 13832:Josef Schmid 13822:Tara Ruttley 13767:Karen Nyberg 13747:Jessica Meir 13627:David Gruber 13592:Albert Falco 13577:Sylvia Earle 13512:Justin Brown 13417:Leigh Bishop 13276:Brian Skerry 13261:Pierre Petit 13251:Steve Parish 13241:Noel Monkman 13221:Rudie Kuiter 13201:Peter Gimbel 13098:Andrew Wight 13018:Mark Ellyatt 12999:Scuba record 12940:Richard Pyle 12850:Sylvia Earle 12835:Cathy Church 12830:Hugh Bradner 12825:Louis Boutan 12820:Mensun Bound 12658:Competitions 12526:Sport diving 12435:Spearfishing 11981:Recreational 11789:Rescue Diver 11677:Recreational 11634:Scuba skills 11612:Ear clearing 11574:Overlearning 11410: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11259:Publications 11101:David Bright 11096:Allan Bridge 11076:Scuba diving 10989:John Bennett 10973:Professional 10960: 10952: 10944: 10936: 10929:Star Canopus 10928: 10921:Drill Master 10920: 10912: 10876:Loïc Leferme 10835:Early diving 10803: 10717: 10702:Military and 10684:Welfreighter 10659:Necker Nymph 10580: 10572: 10533:Gordon Smith 10488:Peter Kreeft 10478:Émile Gagnan 10473:Henry Fleuss 10371:Whydah Gally 10369: 10362: 10356: 10348: 10244:Duty of care 10089:John Rawlins 10004:Robert Boyle 9971:and medicine 9828:Laryngospasm 9774:contaminants 9611:Air embolism 9578:Surfer's ear 9452:Occupational 9434: 9312:Incident pit 9300:Risk control 9230:Night diving 9220:Drift diving 9205:Diver rescue 9139:Buddy diving 9086:Hyperthermia 9049:Consequences 9028:Task loading 8880:Water safety 8660:Wreck diving 8307: 8301:Royal George 8300: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8115:Media diving 7848:Jagdkommando 7754:Minentaucher 7699:Police diver 7657:Hazmat diver 7446:Walter Steyn 7391:Dave Mullins 7351:Enzo Maiorca 7346:Loïc Leferme 7311:Emma Farrell 7281:Robert Croft 7276:Carlos Coste 7148:Static apnea 7102:Disciplines 7086:Competitions 7057:Spearfishing 6858:Seafox drone 6639:Diving stage 6617:Clump weight 6494:Gas blending 6462:Diver's pump 6447:Booster pump 6377:Diving stage 6301:Siebe Gorman 6276:Morse Diving 6027:Halcyon RB80 5910:Open-circuit 5865: 5610:Diving stage 5548:Diving watch 5528:Bottom timer 5356:Diving stage 5294:Trim weights 5248:Buoyancy and 5087:Scuba diving 5067:Diving modes 5006: 4994: 4982: 4917:Demand valve 4769:Gas extender 4690:Venturi mask 4580:Resuscitator 4291:. Retrieved 4282: 4279:"Regulators" 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4252: 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4227:the original 4222: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4192: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4162: 4159:"Regulators" 4153: 4141:. Retrieved 4132: 4122: 4110:. Retrieved 4101: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4072:www.osha.gov 4071: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4041: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3974: 3965: 3959: 3947:. Retrieved 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3912: 3903: 3891:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3852: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3819: 3806: 3797: 3792: 3780:. Retrieved 3776: 3767: 3753:cite journal 3741:. Retrieved 3720: 3716: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3685: 3675: 3663:. Retrieved 3654: 3622: 3603:13 September 3601:. Retrieved 3597:the original 3592: 3568:. Retrieved 3559: 3550: 3538:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3435: 3426: 3414:. Retrieved 3405: 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3380: 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3352:the original 3347: 3335: 3323:. Retrieved 3315:ECO Magazine 3314: 3307:Clarke, John 3279: 3248:. Retrieved 3239: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3205: 3173:. Retrieved 3164: 3155: 3141:cite journal 3129:. Retrieved 3124: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3097: 3087: 3068: 3062: 3043: 3008:. Retrieved 2999: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2968: 2945: 2933:. Retrieved 2914: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2873: 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2842: 2833: 2821:. Retrieved 2806: 2787: 2755: 2749: 2737:. Retrieved 2733:the original 2728: 2703:. Retrieved 2693: 2686: 2677:the original 2672: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2639: 2633: 2621:. Retrieved 2612: 2602: 2592:17 September 2590:. Retrieved 2581: 2571: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2546:. Retrieved 2542:the original 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2508: 2504: 2491: 2471: 2464: 2454:26 September 2452:. Retrieved 2447: 2443: 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2390: 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2357: 2345: 2333:. Retrieved 2329: 2320: 2310:25 September 2308:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2288: 2278:25 September 2276:. Retrieved 2269:the original 2239:. Retrieved 2227: 2199:. Retrieved 2190: 2181: 2162: 2139:. Retrieved 2130: 2120: 2089: 2057: 1979: 1944: 1838:HTM Sports: 1771:dynamic list 1759: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1703:water jacket 1696: 1687: 1678: 1661: 1657: 1652:Low pressure 1624: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1568: 1543: 1539: 1523: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1483: 1475: 1469:attempts of 1452: 1417: 1388: 1360: 1357:Button gauge 1343: 1321:Bourdon tube 1314: 1302: 1257: 1248: 1239:thermal mass 1235: 1222: 1215: 1190: 1034: 1015: 1011: 1007: 988: 981: 965: 948: 920: 916: 912: 904: 900: 896: 881: 850: 846: 830: 810: 804: 803:and Oceanic 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 735: 720:ring spanner 708: 687: 678: 659: 629: 625: 621: 607: 604: 592: 584: 564:Émile Gagnan 557: 538: 519: 489: 485: 473: 450: 439: 432: 427:purge button 416: 408: 389: 377: 369: 365: 338: 291: 264: 260: 251: 247: 243: 239: 222: 213: 204: 200: 170: 146: 142: 129: 109: 105: 103: 60:Demand valve 36: 14975:CMAS Europe 14936:Momsen lung 14576:Bathyscaphe 14504:Bathysphere 14413:Cave diving 14381:Muck diving 14366:Deep diving 14194:Blood shift 14008:Steve Lewis 13842:Dewey Smith 13802:Marc Reagan 13682:Scott Kelly 13677:Les Kaufman 13587:Sheck Exley 13572:Pedro Duque 13362:Martyn Farr 13357:Sheck Exley 13311:John Veltri 13246:Pete Oxford 13231:Luis Marden 13206:Monty Halls 13191:Ric Frazier 13088:Andy Torbet 13068:Ramón Bravo 13023:Sheck Exley 12970:Myriam Seco 12870:Honor Frost 12815:George Bass 12778:Teseo Tesei 12753:Billy Deans 12733:Mary Bonnin 12596:AIDA Hellas 12488:Breath-hold 12419:Finswimming 12175:authorities 11942:Free-diving 11881:authorities 11754:Dive leader 11439:Dive guides 11333:Basic Scuba 11233:Josef Velek 11223:Rob Stewart 11218:Dewey Smith 11183:Yuri Lipski 11156:Steve Irwin 11136:Sheck Exley 11131:Milan Dufek 11126:Deon Dreyer 11031:Per Skipnes 10945:Venture One 10771:NOGI Awards 10383:and artists 9813:Hypothermia 9758:Hypercapnia 9693:Inert gases 9347:Diving team 9250:Wall diving 9245:Solo diving 9144:buddy check 9127:Boat diving 9081:Hypercapnia 9071:Hypothermia 8995:Seasickness 8940:Wave action 8811:Diversnight 8753:Dive center 8645:Solo diving 8625:Muck diving 8615:Deep diving 8610:Cave diving 8598:Specialties 8439:Limpet mine 8401:Lifting bag 8325:contractors 8071:Dive leader 7943:Shayetet 13 7694:Media diver 7635:Occupations 7529:Hypothermia 7524:Hypercapnia 7366:Karol Meyer 7271:Goran Čolak 7188:Diving suit 7183:Diving mask 7093:Nordic Deep 6899:Diving shot 6843:Scorpio ROV 6612:Closed bell 6607:Bell cursor 6602:Diving bell 6362:Diving bell 6251:Oscar Gugen 5952:Pony bottle 5798:Line marker 5775:Snoopy loop 5716:Diving bell 5665:Pony bottle 5598:Closed bell 5593:Diving bell 5533:Depth gauge 5495:Diving mask 5406:Sladen suit 5376:Diving suit 5351:Diving shot 5346:Diving bell 5299:Weight belt 5184:Bailout gas 5156:Diving mask 4934:Counterlung 4877:Hazmat suit 4675:Oxygen tent 4670:Oxygen mask 4665:Oxygen hood 4590:Pocket mask 4570:Bubble CPAP 4507:Regulations 4487:Facepieces 4293:17 November 4263:17 November 4233:17 November 4203:16 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Suunto. 3416:8 December 1923:References 1819:Cressi-Sub 1769:This is a 1586:See also: 1509:Mouthpiece 1431:See also: 1406:Handedness 1375:See also: 1364:side slung 1269:rebreather 1226:antifreeze 1029:See also: 1002:See also: 998:Ergonomics 973:Ted Eldred 943:See also: 923:mouthpiece 908:snorkeling 860:See also: 745:See also: 730:See also: 642:See also: 600:Joe Savoie 587:Ted Eldred 505:régulateur 498:(France), 490:In 1860 a 460:See also: 399:See also: 278:See also: 187:dead space 134:compressor 15198:Indexes: 14698:Sea Cliff 14631:Ictineu 3 14582:Archimède 14557:Aluminaut 13887:Bill Todd 13792:Tim Peake 13652:Paul Hill 13454:Aquanauts 13387:Tom Mount 13342:explorers 13211:Hans Hass 13161:Ben Cropp 13093:Ivan Tors 13083:Paul Rose 12768:Hans Hass 12716:of diving 12592:National 12495:Aquathlon 12450:Australia 12140:(ScotSAC) 11208:Dave Shaw 11168:Jim Jones 10905:incidents 10795:incidents 10793:Dive boat 10785:Incidents 10566:Aqua-Lung 10559:equipment 10404:Engineers 10390:The Diver 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Rite 1798:Aqua Lung 1711:body heat 1572:sidemount 1260:fail safe 1105:Gas leaks 1066:Free-flow 1063:affected. 797:Jetstream 716:Allen key 470:Scuba set 310:scrubbing 268:Le Prieur 234:diaphragm 15192:Glossary 15168:Category 14961:interest 14668:Losharik 14645:Jiaolong 14607:Sea Pole 14022:Rescuers 12728:Aquanaut 12714:Pioneers 12467:Colombia 12258:(ProTec) 12201:agencies 12110:(ProTec) 12038:(FFESSM) 11987:agencies 11946:agencies 11479:training 11422:Research 11357:DIN 7876 10961:Wildrake 10901:Offshore 10626:vehicles 10187:(SAUHMA) 10115:research 9959:Research 9808:Drowning 9803:Asphyxia 9725:Taravana 9587:Pressure 9178:Dive log 9066:Drowning 9011:Lack of 8950:Freeflow 8935:Silt out 8930:Overhead 8746:industry 8718:(FFESSM) 8444:Speargun 8255:La Belle 7786:Military 7724:Military 7502:Drowning 7213:Swimfins 7208:Speargun 6919:Jackstay 6863:SeaPerch 6793:Épaulard 6627:Wet bell 6587:Air-lock 6413:handling 6387:Jackstay 6382:Downline 6291:Porpoise 6107:Air line 6067:Porpoise 5743:Lifeline 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286:, and 15119:Other 14858:ASRV 14802:MSM-1 14565:Alvin 14494:Other 12325:(TDI) 12313:(CDG) 12307:(GUE) 12301:(CDG) 12276:(TXR) 12270:(TSA) 12158:(UDI) 12146:(SSI) 12134:(SEI) 12128:(SDI) 12122:(SAA) 12092:(NOB) 12068:(ILS) 12050:(GUE) 12020:(CFT) 11983:scuba 11973:(SSI) 11906:(HSE) 11824:(EUF) 11679:scuba 11477:Diver 11161:death 10622:Diver 10340:sites 10131:(DAN) 9568:Cramp 9023:Panic 8700:(CFT) 8694:(CDG) 8670:Diver 8333:COMEX 8241:Egypt 7790:units 7161:(VWT) 7150:(STA) 7144:(NLT) 7138:(FIM) 7132:(DNF) 7126:(DYN) 7120:(CNF) 7108:(CWT) 6967:Sonar 6271:Mares 6236:Fenzy 6221:Divex 6211:DESCO 6206:Dacor 6171:Apeks 6137:Snuba 6052:LAR-V 6047:LAR-6 6042:LAR-5 6032:IDA71 5912:scuba 4423:NIOSH 3990:(PDF) 3983:(PDF) 3827:(PDF) 3816:(PDF) 3723:(2). 3504:(PDF) 3497:(PDF) 3472:(PDF) 3465:(PDF) 3355:(PDF) 3344:(PDF) 3213:(PDF) 3202:(PDF) 2516:(PDF) 2501:(PDF) 2371:6 May 2365:(PDF) 2354:(PDF) 2304:(PDF) 2297:(PDF) 2272:(PDF) 2265:(PDF) 2235:(PDF) 2224:(PDF) 1844:Mares 1840:Dacor 1794:Apeks 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