Diving rebreather - Knowledge

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recommended checks before use. This was considered successful and implemented on later generations in the Poseidon MK-VI and SE7EN rebreathers, and developed to include robust internal diagnostics for the core electronic components and software, and automatic calibration of the oxygen sensor cells at normobaric pressures. Failure to complete the full checklist results in a range of alarms if the user attempts to dive with the unit. While not entirely foolproof – Oxygen cells are not calibrated at hyperbaric working pressures – a number of safety critical errors will be picked up and the diver made aware of them. The software also logs the steps and data from the pre-dive check and this has been valuable for accident analysis. The pre-dive checks also take less time and require no paper or user logging effort. This system has been shown to reduce risk and has been adopted by several manufacturers.

2053:. Most of this reaction occurs along a "front" which is a region across the flow of gas through the soda-lime in the canister. This front moves through the scrubber canister, from the gas input end to the gas output end, as the reaction consumes the active ingredients. This front would be a zone with a thickness depending on the grain size, reactivity, and gas flow velocity because the carbon dioxide in the gas going through the canister needs time to reach the surface of a grain of absorbent, and then time to penetrate to the interior of each grain of absorbent as the outside of the grain becomes exhausted. Eventually gas with remaining carbon dioxide will reach the far end of the canister and "breakthrough" will occur. After this the carbon dioxide content of the scrubbed gas will tend to rise as the effectiveness of the scrubber falls until it becomes noticeable to the user, then unbreathable. 2962:

that cells with near identical output are functioning correctly. This voting logic requires a minimum of three cells, and reliability increases with number. To combine cell redundancy with monitoring circuit, control circuit and display redundancy, the cell signals should all be available to all monitoring and control circuits in normal conditions. This can be done by sharing signals at the analog or digital stage – the cell output voltage can be supplied to the input of all monitoring units, or the voltages of some cells can be supplied to each monitor, and the processed digital signals shared. The sharing of digital signals may allow easier isolation of defective components if short circuits occur. The minimum number of cells in this architecture is two per monitoring unit, with two monitoring units for redundancy, which is more than the minimum three for basic voting logic capability.

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helium. The helium helmet uses the same breastplate as a standard Mark V except that the locking mechanism is relocated to the front, there is no spitcock, there is an additional electrical connection for heated underwear, and on later versions a two or three-stage exhaust valve was fitted to reduce the risk of flooding the scrubber. The gas supply at the diver was controlled by two valves. The "Hoke valve" controlled flow through the injector to the "aspirator" which circulated gas from the helmet through the scrubber, and the main control valve used for bailout to open circuit, flushing the helmet, and for extra gas when working hard or descending. Flow rate of the injector nozzle was nominally 0.5 cubic foot per minute at 100 psi above ambient pressure, which would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber.

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after bailout, and a gas volume that does not vary excessively, so that buoyancy control is not unduly complicated. The bulk of the system must be manageable, and the bailout set mouthpiece must be easily accessible, but secure. Since bailout rebreathers are most likely to be used on dives with large decompression obligations, the switch to bailout must be accommodated by the decompression management system. If real-time monitoring of oxygen partial pressure is included in decompression computation, it must be possible to transfer this facility between units, without compromising their independence. Task-loading of the diver in managing the two loops must not be excessive, as the diver is recognised as the least reliable aspect of the operation, and may be under significant stress when bailout becomes necessary.

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calibrated for a linear response between these conditions and the response is extrapolated, for set points above 1 bar, which is standard practice, the control system must operate outside of the range for which response is known to be linear. One of the most common modes of failure is for a cell to become current-limited as it ages. The internal impedance changes as the anode is consumed by the reaction which produces the output current, and the response becomes non-linear at higher oxygen partial pressures. The signal may indicate a lower partial pressure and does not increase proportionately as oxygen is added, leading to a loop oxygen partial pressure that may increase to dangerous levels without warning. A way of validating the sensors at high partial pressures is to expose the sensor to higher PO

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depends on the discharge ratio, and to a lesser extent on the breathing rate and work rate of the diver. As some gas is recycled after breathing, the oxygen fraction will always be lower than that of the make-up gas, but can closely approximate the make-up gas after a loop flush, so the gas is generally chosen to be breathable at maximum depth, which allows it to be used for open circuit bailout. The loop gas oxygen fraction will increase with depth, as the mass rate of metabolic oxygen use remains almost constant with a change in depth. This is the opposite tendency of what is done in a closed circuit rebreather, where the oxygen partial pressure is controlled to be more or less the same within limits throughout the dive. The fixed ratio system has been used in the

453: 1061: 1322:. This is easily achieved by using a sonic orifice, as provided the pressure drop over the orifice is sufficient to ensure sonic flow, the mass flow for a specific gas will be independent of the downstream pressure. The mass flow through a sonic orifice is a function of the upstream pressure and the gas mixture, so the upstream pressure must remain constant for the working depth range of the rebreather to provide a reliably predictable mixture in the breathing circuit, and a modified regulator is used which is not affected by changes in ambient pressure. Gas addition is independent of oxygen use, and the gas fraction in the loop is strongly dependent on exertion of the diver – it is possible to dangerously deplete the oxygen by excessive physical exertion. 3170:

scrubber, and this relatively active zone progresses through the canister as the zone first reached by the gas is exhausted, and more reaction occurs further along. This reaction front is at a higher temperature than the spent absorbent, and the absorbent not yet exposed to high carbon dioxide levels, and the front progresses along the scrubber until part of it reaches the end of the absorbent, and unscrubbed gas breaks through to the other side of the loop, after which there is a fairly constant and irreversible increase in inspired carbon dioxide. Some rebreather manufacturers have developed linear temperature probes which identify the position of the reactive front, allowing the user to estimate the remaining duration of the canister.

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as for any other component. The weakest point is the sensors, which are prone to several modes of failure, some of which are relatively insidious as the cell may pass a normobaric calibration and fail when the partial pressure is near the high end of the acceptable working range, which is also the range in which constant partial pressure diving has the maximum benefit. When it has been possible to infer the cause, the leading cause of rebreather fatalities is hypoxia, at approximately 17%, with hyperoxia assumed in an additional 4% of cases. If these trends extend into the range of indeterminate cases, it is possible that inappropriate oxygen content is involved in 30% of rebreather fatalities.

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pattern of response this is a warning that both may be defective. Algorithms that track sensor output against expected output taking known changes into account can indicate reliability of the sensors. This method of monitoring sensors is known as passive sensor validation (PSV), can be used to improve reliability of sensor integrity assessment, and can be used in the control system to make more reliable decisions on which sensors are most likely to be giving trustworthy output in comparison with voting logic based only on calibration values for the sensors. PSV is an improvement on simple voting logic but is still susceptible to errors related to statistical independence of components.

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rapid, but depends on the affordable availability of suitable technology, and some of the engineering problems, such as reliability of oxygen partial pressure measurement, have been relatively intractable. Other problems, such as scrubber breakthrough monitoring and automated control of gas mixture have advanced considerably in the 21st century, but remain relatively expensive. Work of breathing is another issue that has room for improvement, and is a severe limitation on acceptable maximum depth of operation, as the circulation of gas through the scrubber is almost always powered by the lungs of the diver. Fault tolerant design can help with making failures survivable.

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through at a rate forced by inhalation rate. If it is an inhalation counterlung, the diver must blow gas through the scrubber during exhalation, but inhales from the full inhalation counterlung, with no further flow through the scrubber. IIf it is between split scrubbers the diver must blow the gas through the exhalation scrubber during exhalation, and suck it through the inhalation scrubber. In all these cases there is no buffer, and peak flow rates are relatively high, which means peak flow resistance is relatively high and may be in one half of the breathing cycle or split between both halves, analogous to the pendulum configuration, but without the large dead space.

3759: 1040: 853:. Since there is usually an adequate power supply for other services, powered circulation through the scrubber should not normally be an issue for normal service, and is more comfortable for the operator, as it keeps the face area clear and facilitates voice communication. As the internal pressure is maintained at one atmosphere, there is no risk of acute oxygen toxicity. Endurance depends on the scrubber capacity and oxygen supply. Circulation through the scrubber could be powered by the diver's breathing, and this is an option for an emergency backup rebreather, which may also be fitted to the suit. A breathing driven system requires reduction of 2864:. Two basic approaches for preventing loss of availability are possible. Either a redundant independent control system may be used, or the risk of the single system failing may be accepted, and the diver takes the responsibility for manual gas mixture control in the event of failure. Both methods depend on continued reliable oxygen monitoring. Most (possibly all) electronically controlled CCRs have manual injection override. If the electronic injection fails, the user can take manual control of the gas mixture provided that the oxygen monitoring is still reliably functioning. Alarms are usually provided to warn the diver of failure. 2732:

dive/surface valve or switching to bailout. This can happen due to accidental impact or through momentary inattention. Depending on the layout of the loop and the attitude of the rebreather in the water, the amount of water ingress can vary, as can the distance it travels into the air passages of the breathing loop. In some models of rebreather a moderate amount of water will be trapped at a low point in a counterlung or the scrubber housing, and prevented from reaching the absorbent in the scrubber. Some rebreathers have a system to expel water trapped in this way, either automatically through the vent valve, such as in the

3795: 2118:). The sorb reaction releases heat, and cold water surroundings absorb heat through the canister walls, so the reaction front moves from the inlet end to outlet end, heating the sorb, and the heat is lost through the walls, which are around the sides in axial flow canisters. Carbon dioxide gets further through the colder parts of the sorb before it is absorbed, so tends to break through along the walls first. Breakthrough occurs in practice at about 50% of the theoretical canister endurance in 1.7°C water. This effect can be reduced by insulating the canister walls where they are in contact with absorbent material 1075:

large bailout cylinder side mounted on the other side. Sidemount rebreathers are sensitive to diver orientation, which can change hydrostatic work of breathing over a larger range than for back or chest mount, and the resisistive work of breathing is also relatively large due to the long breathing hoses and multiple bends necessary to fit the components into a long narrow format. As of 2019, no sidemount rebreather had passed the CE test for work of breathing. Sidemount rebreathers may also be more susceptible to major loop flooding due to lack of a convenient exhalation counterlung position to form a water trap.

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logic normally assumes that if one sensor produces a reading significantly differing from two or more others when exposed to the same environment, the outlier is faulty, and the input of the others is assumed accurate. Unfortunately this is not always the case, and there have been cases where the outlier sensor was most correct. It has been shown that the reliability of this system is lower than originally expected due to a lack of sufficient statistical independence of the three sensors, and that outcomes are not symmetrical – the effects of faulty low or high partial pressure readings are also depth dependent.

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function of molecular weight and pressure. Rebreather design can limit the mechanical aspects of flow resistance, particularly by the design of the scrubber, counterlungs and breathing hoses. Diving rebreathers are influenced by the variations of work of breathing due to gas mixture choice and depth. Helium content reduces work of breathing, and increased depth increases work of breathing. Work of breathing can also be increased by excessive wetness of the scrubber media, usually a consequence of a leak in the breathing loop, or by using a grain size of absorbent that is too small.

1881:(MRS) is an item of safety equipment which is a mandatory design feature for rebreathers sold in the EU and UK, following European rebreather standard EN14143:2013. Mouthpiece retaining straps have been shown in navy experience over several years to be effective at protecting the airway in an unconscious rebreather diver as an alternative to a full-face mask. The arrangement is required to be adjustable or self adjusting, to hold the mouthpiece firmly and comfortably in the user's mouth, and to maintain a seal. The MRS also reduces stress on the jaw during the dive. 2145: 2012: 2004: 849:

then have to be exhausted back to the surface to maintain internal pressure below the external ambient pressure, which is possible but presents pressure-hull breach hazards if the umbilical hoses are damaged, or from a rebreather system built into the suit. As there is a similar problem in venting excess gas, the simple and efficient solution is to make up oxygen as it is consumed and scrub out the carbon dioxide, with no change to the inert gas component, which simply recirculates. In effect, a simple closed circuit oxygen rebreather arrangement used as a

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followed the setting of the nitrogen release pressure from the cooling unit, and the refrigeration by evaporation of liquid nitrogen maintained a steady temperature until the liquid nitrogen was exhausted. The loop gas flow was passed through a counterflow heat exchanger, which re-heated the gas returning to the diver by chilling the gas headed for the snow box (the cryogenic scrubber). The first prototype, the S-600G, was completed and shallow-water tested in October 1967. The S1000 was announced in 1969, but the systems were never marketed.

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intrinsically higher risk of mechanical failure due to high complexity can be compensated by engineering redundancy, both of the control system and bailout gas supply, and appropriate training. The design of the human–machine interface (HMI) can be improved to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and error, and training can focus on correct interpretation of the information and appropriate response. The HMI usually has two main components, displays and alarms, and many of the alarms are associated with specific visual information.

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rebreather ready for use. Bailout gas supply must be sufficient for safe return to the surface from any point in the planned dive, including any required decompression, so it is not unusual for two bailout cylinders to be carried, and the diluent cylinder to be used as the first bailout to get to a depth where the other gas can be used. On a deep dive, or a long penetration, open circuit bailout can easily be heavier and more bulky than the rebreather, and for some dives a bailout rebreather is a more practical option.

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allowing an immediate ascent at any point of the planned dive without undue risk of developing symptomatic decompression sickness. This limitation reduces the necessity to carry offboard bailout gas, and the need for the skills to bail out with a staged decompression obligation. This class of rebreather diving provides an opportunity to sell training and certification which omits a large part of the more complex and difficult skills, and reduces the amount of equipment that the diver needs to carry.

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a large standard deviation, where the smaller granules occupy much of the space between the larger granules. A low porosity requires higher flow velocity for the same volume flow rate in the same scrubber canister. High flow rate produces high frictional resistance and low residence time (dwell time). The high resistance causes high work of breathing, and the low residence time makes breakthrough of carbon dioxide from the far side of the sorb occur sooner, i.e; shorter canister duration.

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breathing at depth can be a constraint, as there is a point where the breathing effort required to counter metabolic carbon dioxide production rate exceeds the work capacity of the diver, after which hypercapnia increases and distress followed by loss of consciousness and death is inevitable. Work of breathing is affected by gas density, so use of a low density helium rich diluent can increase depth range at acceptable work of breathing for a given configuration. WoB is also increased by

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works well enough until it doesn't, often without warning, which can have serious consequences. A more sophisticated method is to base absorbent duration limits on metabolic oxygen consumption, as a proxy for metabolic carbon dioxide production, which is reasonably stable for most people most of the time, and can compensate fairly well for variations in exertion and base metabolism, but does not compensate reliably for depth and pressure effects on absorbent function.

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approximately constant and reduce gas consumption. A fully depth compensated system will discharge a volume of gas, inversely proportional to pressure, so that the volume discharged at 90m depth (10 bar absolute pressure) will be 10% of the surface discharge. This system will provide an approximately fixed oxygen fraction regardless of depth, when used with the same make-up gas, because the effective mass discharge remains constant.

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absorbent material, incorrectly designed or assembled canisters, mismatch of absorbent and canister design, or absorbent used beyond its operational range. Higher carbon dioxide partial pressure in the loop leads to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissue, which can have a range of symptoms including respiratory distress, increased susceptibility to CNS oxygen toxicity, disorientation, and loss of consciousness.

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and by venting the loop. In this application the diver needs to know the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop and correct it as it drifts away from the set point. A common method for increasing the time between corrections is to use a constant mass flow orifice set to the diver's relaxed diving metabolic oxygen consumption rate to add oxygen at a rate that is unlikely to increase the partial pressure at a constant depth.

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except changing to another breathing gas supply until the scrubber can be repacked. Continued use of a rebreather with an ineffective scrubber is not possible for very long, as the levels will become toxic and the user will experience extreme respiratory distress, followed by loss of consciousness and death. The rate at which these problems develop depends on the volume of the circuit and the metabolic rate of the user.

2706:, or spacers that prevent bypassing of the scrubber, are not present or not fitted properly, or if the scrubber canister has been incorrectly packed or fitted, it may allow the exhaled gas to bypass the absorbent, and the scrubber will be less effective. This failure mode is also called "tunneling" when absorbent settles to form void spaces inside the canister. Bypass will cause an unexpected early breakthrough. 16816: 6632: 5947: 2127:

simple overpressure valve is reliable and can be adjusted to control the permitted overpressure. The overpressure valve is typically mounted on the counterlung and in military diving rebreathers it may be fitted with a diffuser, which helps to conceal the diver's presence by masking the release of bubbles, by breaking them up to sizes which are less easily detected. A diffuser also reduces bubble noise.

3153:, and if it fails, the set point can be automatically reduced to within the linear range established during calibration. A single sensor with PSV and ASV has been shown to be more reliable than three sensors with conventional voting logic. The effectiveness of cell validation algorithms is expected to improve with the acquisition of more field data gathered by the rebreather control systems. 2088:, which has the scrubbers mounted in parallel (for some applications one of them may be filled with a superoxide type absorbent, which generates oxygen to replace the carbon dioxide) and the KISS Sidewinder, which has the scrubbers in series, with a single back mounted counterlung between the scrubbers so that transverse buoyancy shifts do not occur during the breathing cycle. 2503:

only applicable to diving applications, and is due to difference in pressure between the lungs of the diver and the counterlungs of the rebreather. This pressure difference is generally due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure caused by a difference in depth between lung and counterlung, but can be modified by ballasting the moving side of a bellows counterlung.

2038:(RPC) based cartridge: The term Reactive Plastic Curtain was originally used to describe Micropore's absorbent curtains for emergency submarine use by the US Navy, and more recently RPC has been used to refer to their Reactive Plastic Cartridges, which are claimed to provide better and more reliable performance than the same volume of granular absorbent material. 2938:

inefficient for decompression, and not entirely predictable for gas composition in comparison with a precisely controlled closed circuit rebreather. Monitoring the gas composition in the breathing loop can only be done by electrical sensors, bringing the underwater reliability of the electronic sensing system into the safety critical component category.

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partial pressure of oxygen was controlled by temperature, which was controlled by controlling the pressure at which liquid nitrogen was allowed to boil, which was controlled by an adjustable pressure relief valve. No control valves other than the nitrogen pressure relief valve were required. Low temperature was also used to freeze out up to 230 grams of

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the control signal. The inputs include signals from one or more of pressure, oxygen and temperature sensors, a clock, and possibly helium and carbon dioxide sensors. There is also a battery power source, and a user interface in the form of a visual display, user input interface in the form of button switches, and possibly audio and vibratory alarms.

246:. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet has a scrubber canister mounted on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve helium. The injector nozzle would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber. 2868:

usually chosen to be breathable at all or most depths of the planned dive, this is not usually immediately dangerous, but a free flow will use up the diluent rapidly and unless rectified soon the diver will have to abort the dive and bail out. There may be a manual diluent valve which the diver can use to add gas if the valve fails closed.

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per hour of dive time, and by 1997 the Cis-Lunar Mk-5P was logging over a thousand points per hour. By 2007 the Poseidon MK-VI Discovery was logging between 15,000 and 25,000 points per hour, and in 2016 the Poseidon SE7EN recorded more than double that quantity, in alignment with the recommendations of Rebreather Forum 3, which states:

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particular problem, with predictably serious consequences, so the use of multiple redundancy in oxygen partial pressure monitoring has been an important area of development for improving reliability. A problem in this regard is the cost and relatively short lifespan of oxygen sensors, along with their relatively unpredictable

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decompression status calculation and the user interface of status and information display and user inputs. It is possible to separate the user interface hardware from the control and monitoring unit, in a way that allows the control system to continue to operate if the relatively vulnerable user interface is compromised.

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outside environment, and thus the gas from the inner bellows is dumped from the circuit in a fixed proportion of the volume of the inhaled breath. If the counterlung volume is reduced sufficiently for the rigid cover to activate the feed gas demand valve, gas will be added until the diver finishes that inhalation.

1391:. The principle of operation is to add a mass of oxygen that is proportional to the volume of each breath. This approach is based on the assumption that the volumetric breathing rate of a diver is directly proportional to metabolic oxygen consumption, which experimental evidence indicates is close enough to work. 1835:. The mouthpiece is connected to the rest of the rebreather by flexible breathing hoses. The mouthpiece of a diving rebreather will usually include a shutoff valve, and may incorporate a dive/surface valve or a bailout valve or both. On loop-configured rebreathers, the mouthpiece is usually the place where the 1395:

bellows fills during exhalation, the gas is released from the dosage chamber into the breathing circuit, proportional to the volume in the bellows during exhalation, and is fully released when the bellows is full. Excess gas is dumped to the environment through the overpressure valve after the bellows is full.

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deal with the complications of avoiding hyperbaric oxygen toxicity, while normobaric and hypobaric applications can use the relatively trivially simple oxygen rebreather technology, where there is no requirement to monitor oxygen partial pressure during use providing the ambient pressure is sufficient.

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The control systems of electronic rebreathers have continued to increase in processing and storage capacity, and in parallel, their capacity for capturing data at increased granularity and precision has increased. In 1994 the Cis-Lunar Mk-IV data logging system recorded data at several hundred points

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Dive planning and scheduled replacement. Divers are trained to monitor and plan the exposure time of the absorbent material in the scrubber and replace it within the recommended time limit. This method is necessarily very conservative, as actual carbon dioxide produced during a dive is not accurately

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Automatic diluent valve malfunction:– The ADV is the same technology as an open circuit demand valve, and as such is generally very reliable if maintained correctly. Two failure modes are possible, Free flow, where the valve sticks open, and the less likely failure of the valve to open. As diluent is

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Injector control circuit malfunction:– If the control circuit for oxygen injection fails, the usual mode of failure results in the oxygen injection valves being closed. Unless action is taken, the breathing gas will become hypoxic with potentially fatal consequences. An alternative mode of failure is

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There are several places on a rebreather where gas leakage can cause problems. Leakage can occur from the high and intermediate pressure components, and from the loop, at pressure slightly above ambient. The effects on system integrity depend on severity of the leak. If only small volumes of gas are

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Constant mass flow is achieved by sonic flow through an orifice. The flow of a compressible fluid through an orifice is limited to the flow at sonic velocity in the orifice. This can be controlled by the upstream pressure and the orifice size and shape, but once the flow reached the speed of sound in

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pumps to remove water from the water traps, and a few of the passive addition SCRs automatically pump water out along with the gas during the exhaust stroke of the bellows counterlung. Others use internal pressure to expel water through the manually overridden dump valve when it is in a low position.

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Some simple oxygen rebreathers had no automatic supply system, only the manual feed valve, and the diver had to operate the valve at intervals to refill the breathing bag as the volume of oxygen decreased below a comfortable level. This is task loading, but the diver cannot remain unaware of the need

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Others, such as the USN Mk25 UBA, are supplied automatically via a demand valve on the counterlung, which will add gas at any time that the counterlung is emptied and the diver continues to inhale. Oxygen can also be added manually by a button which activates the demand valve, equivalent to the purge

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counterlungs, where the exhaled gas expands both the counterlungs, and while the larger volume outer bellows discharges back to the loop when the diver inhales the next breath, the inner bellows discharges its contents to the surroundings, using non return valves to ensure a one-directional flow. The

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Sidemount allows a low profile to penetrate tight restrictions in cave and wreck diving, and is convenient for carrying a bailout rebreather. A sidemount rebreather as the main breathing apparatus can be mounted on one side of the diver's body and can be balanced weight-wise and hydrodynamically by a

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Many rebreathers have their main components in a hard casing for support, protection and/or streamlining. This casing must be sufficiently vented and drained to let surrounding water or air in and out freely to allow for volume changes as the counterlung inflates and deflates, and to prevent trapping

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A twin counterlung rebreather has two breathing bags, so the exhaled gas inflates the exhalation counterlung while starting to pass through the scrubber and starting to inflate the inhalation counterlung. By the time the diver starts to inhale, the inhalation counterlung has built up a volume buffer,

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Some recreational diver certification agencies distinguish a class of rebreather which they deem suitable for recreational diving. These rebreathers are unsuitable for decompression diving, and when electronically controlled, will not allow the diver to do dives with obligatory decompression, thereby

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when inhaled at pressure, recreational diver certification agencies limit oxygen decompression to a maximum depth of 6 metres (20 ft) and this restriction has been extended to oxygen rebreathers; In the past they have been used deeper (up to 20 metres (66 ft)) but such dives were more risky

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One of the main design challenges in developing a closed circuit bailout system for rebreathers is to maintain the bailout set in a condition ready for use at all depths. This implies breathable gas for the depth, though not necessarily optimised, as the mix can be brought to set point quite rabidly

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A trend in rebreather displays that is predicted to become more widespread, is the use of advanced head-up displays, which can provide a wider range of information by using an array of coloured lights or more complex graphical or alphanumeric displays that remain peripherally visible to the diver at

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An effective display ensures that the user gets the information they need when they need it, and the information they want when they want it, in a form that is immediately recognised and unambiguously understood. When too much information is presented at a time of stress, the user may be confused or

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Research and development of carbon dioxide sensors goes back at least as far as the early 1990s when Teledyne Analytical Instruments and Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories worked on a sensor for the Cis-Lunar MK-III rebreather, which was accurate in laboratory conditions but in the field susceptible

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Accurate and reliable oxygen partial pressure measurement is one of the most problematic factors in rebreather diving safety. Control systems using this data have developed to the extent that they are robust and reliable, and the use of an independent backup improves the reliability to about as good

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The term "breakthrough" means the failure of the scrubber to continue removing sufficient carbon dioxide from the gas circulating in the loop. This will inevitably happen if the scrubber is used too long, but can happen prematurely in some circumstances. There are several ways that the scrubber may

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Carbon dioxide buildup will occur if the scrubber medium is absent, badly packed, inadequate or exhausted. The normal human body is fairly sensitive to carbon dioxide partial pressure, and a buildup will be noticed by the user. However, there is not often much that can be done to rectify the problem

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Work of breathing of a rebreather has two main components: Resistive work of breathing is due to the flow restriction of the gas passages causing resistance to flow of the breathing gas, and exists in all applications where there is no externally powered ventilation. Hydrostatic work of breathing is

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Instrumentation may vary from the minimal depth, time and remaining gas pressure necessary for a closed circuit oxygen rebreather or semi-closed nitrox rebreather to redundant electronic controllers with multiple oxygen sensors, redundant integrated decompression computers, carbon dioxide monitoring

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In manually controlled closed circuit rebreathers (MCCCR), also known as diver-controlled closed-circuit rebreathers (DCCCR), the diver monitors the loop mix using one or more oxygen sensors, and controls the gas mixture and volume in the loop by injecting the appropriate available gases to the loop

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Constant mass flow gas addition is used on active addition semi-closed rebreathers, where it is the normal method of addition at constant depth, and in many closed circuit rebreathers, where it is the primary method of oxygen addition, at a rate less than metabolically required by the diver at rest,

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This has a similar function to an open circuit demand valve., and in many cases uses the mechanism from a commonly available open circuit demand valve. It adds gas to the circuit if the volume in the circuit is too low. The mechanism is either operated by a dedicated diaphragm like in a scuba second

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The distribution of grain sizes of the sorb affects the porosity of the packed canister. a wider distribution of grain size gives a low porosity. Porosity ranges from about 32% for uniformly sized (well sorted) approximately spherical grains down to less than 12% for a poorly sorted grain sizes with

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In rebreather diving, the typical effective endurance of the scrubber will be half an hour to several hours of breathing, depending on the grain size distribution and composition of the absorbent, the ambient temperature, the size of the canister, the dwell time of the gas in the absorbent material,

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In fully automatic closed-circuit systems, an electronically controlled solenoid valve injects oxygen into the loop when the control system detects that the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop has fallen below the required level. Electronically controlled CCRs can be switched to manual control in

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Military, photographic, and recreational divers use closed circuit rebreathers because they allow long dives and produce no bubbles. Closed circuit rebreathers supply two breathing gases to the loop: one is pure oxygen and the other is a diluent or diluting gas such as air, nitrox, heliox or trimix.

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All rebreathers other than oxygen rebreathers may be considered mixed gas rebreathers. These can be divided into semi-closed circuit, where the supply gas is a breathable mixture containing oxygen and inert diluents, usually nitrogen and helium, and which is replenished by adding more of the mixture

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A single counterlung in a loop rebreather can be an exhalation or inhalation counterlung, or fitted between split scrubber canisters. If it is an exhalation counterlung it is inflated on exhalation, but no gas flows through the scrubber until inhalation starts, at which point the diver sucks the gas

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content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the diver. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of

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A major logistical problem for long and deep rebreather dives is the volume of bailout equipment that must be carried to allow a safe return to the surface from any point of the dive after irrecoverable failure of the primary system. The open circuit option can become extremely bulky and awkward to

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A challenge of designing effective alarms is to ensure that the diver is not distracted by irrelevant information and that they are not triggered too easily, which habituates the diver to paying less attention, and while possibly fulfilling legal requirements regarding warnings and alarms, may make

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of the injected gas, ambient temperature, duration of gas injection, and calibration values for the sensor for that dive to predict how the sensor should respond over the next few seconds after each gas injection, and compares that with the measured results to produce a confidence level for correct

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The standard method for improving reliability of oxygen monitoring has been multiple redundancy – the use of 3 or more sensors – and using the multiple data inputs with a voting logic system to try to identify failure of a sensor in time to make a controlled and safe termination of the dive. Voting

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Multiple set-points automatically selected by depth – Electronic rebreather control systems can be programmed to change set-point above and below selectable limiting depths to limit oxygen exposure during the working dive, but increase the limit during decompression above the limiting depth to

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An electronically controlled rebreather is a complex system. The control unit receives input from several sensors, evaluates the data, calculates the appropriate next action or actions, updates the system status and displays, and performs the actions, in some cases using real-time feedback to adapt

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While carbon dioxide gas sensors exist, they are not useful as a tool for predicting remaining scrubber endurance as they measure the carbon dioxide in the scrubbed gas, and the onset of scrubber break through generally occurs quite rapidly. Such systems are fitted as a safety device to warn divers

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exceeds the capacity of the user. If this occurs where the user cannot reduce exertion sufficiently, it may be impossible to correct. In this case it is not the scrubber that fails to remove carbon dioxide, but the inability of the diver to circulate gas efficiently through the scrubber against the

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Voting logic error Where there are three of more oxygen cells, in the system, the voting logic will assume that the two with most similar outputs are correct. This may not be the case – there have been cases where two cells with almost identical history have failed in the same way at the same time,

2506:

Resistive work of breathing is the sum of all the restrictions to flow due to bends, corrugations, changes of flow direction, valve cracking pressures, flow through scrubber media, etc., and the resistance to flow of the gas, due to inertia and viscosity, which are influenced by density, which is a

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If a rebreather alarm goes off there is a high probability that the gas mixture is deviating from the set mixture. There is a high risk that the gas in the rebreather loop will soon be unsuitable to support consciousness. A good general response is to add diluent gas to the loop as this is known to

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The volume in the loop is usually controlled by a pressure or volume triggered automatic diluent valve, and an overpressure relief valve. The automatic diluent valve works on the same principle as a demand valve to add diluent when the pressure in the loop is reduced below ambient pressure, such as

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If not enough oxygen is added, the concentration of oxygen in the loop may be too low to support life. In humans, the urge to breathe is normally caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, rather than lack of oxygen. Hypoxia can cause blackout with little or no warning, followed by death.

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The fixed ratio systems usually discharge between 10% (1/10) and 25% (1/4) of the volume of each breath overboard. As a result, gas endurance is from 10 times to four times that of open circuit, and depends on breathing rate and depth in the same way as for open circuit. Oxygen fraction in the loop

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Rebreathers can be primarily categorised as diving rebreathers, intended for hyperbaric use, and other rebreathers used at pressures from slightly more than normal atmospheric pressure at sea level to significantly lower ambient pressure at high altitudes and in space. Diving rebreathers must often

892:

Although there are several design variations of diving rebreather, all types have a gas-tight reservoir to contain the breathing gas at ambient pressure that the diver inhales from and exhales into. The breathing gas reservoir consists of several components connected together by water- and airtight

662:

The widest variety of rebreather types is used in diving, as the physical and physiological consequences of breathing under pressure complicate the requirements, and a large range of engineering options are available depending on the specific application and available budget. A diving rebreather is

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Data logged from rebreather dives is useful for accident analysis, testing and development of rebreathers, and for diver educational purposes. Dive profile logging by integrated decompression computers is also of value for research into effectiveness of decompression schedules. Aggregation of such

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Most rebreather designs have relied on very conservative time-based limits for absorbent duration based on experimental testing, using cold conditions and high workloads and high depth pressures. The usually unnecessarily high conservatism encourages divers to stretch the absorbent duration, which

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If a sensor gives relatively static output with little response to variations in depth and temperature, and changes in gas composition due to use, gas addition, incomplete mixing or loop turbulence, it is likely that the sensor may not be responding correctly, and when two sensors follow a similar

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and skin. The mixture is generally a liquid or watery slurry with a chalky and bitter taste, which should prompt the diver to switch to an alternative source of breathing gas and immediately rinse their mouth out well with water. Some modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce

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There are safety issues specific to rebreather equipment, and these tend to be more severe in diving rebreathers. Methods of addressing these issues can be categorised as engineering and operational approaches. Development of engineering solutions to these issues is ongoing and has been relatively

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On some technical diving rebreathers it is possible to connect an alternative gas supply into the rebreather, usually using a wet quick-connect system. This is usually a feature of bailout rebreathers and other side-mounted rebreathers, where the rebreather unit is intentionally kept as compact as

2135:

Many rebreathers have "water traps" in the counterlungs or scrubber casing, to stop large volumes of water from entering the scrubber media if the diver removes the mouthpiece underwater without closing the valve, or if the diver's lips get slack and let water leak in. Some rebreathers have manual

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The scrubber gas flow path may be axial, where the gas flows in at one end and out at the other, or radial, where the gas flows from the centre of the scrubber to the periphery (usually) or vice versa. The flow path should be of consistent length to minimise early breakthrough of some parts of the

1980:

The exhaled gas expands the counterlungs, and some of it flows into the inner bellows. On inhalation, the diver only breathes from the outer counterlung – return flow from the inner bellows is blocked by a non-return valve. The inner bellows also connects to another non-return valve opening to the

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when breathing. This lets the loop expand and contract when the user breathes, letting the total volume of gas in the lungs and the loop remain constant throughout the breathing cycle. The volume of the counterlung should allow for the maximum likely breath volume of a user, but does not generally

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A liquid oxygen supply can be used for oxygen or mixed gas rebreathers. If used underwater, the liquid-oxygen container must be well insulated against heat transfer from the water. Industrial sets of this type may not be suitable for diving, and diving sets of this type may not be suitable for use

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of Lübeck introduced a version of standard diving dress using a gas supply from an oxygen rebreather and no surface supply. The system used a copper diving helmet and standard heavy diving suit with a back-mounted set of cylinders and scrubber. The breathing gas was circulated by using an injector

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The depth compensating systems discharge a portion of the diver's tidal volume which varies in inverse proportion to the absolute pressure. At the surface they generally discharge between 20% (1/5) and 33% (1/3) of each breath, but that decreases with depth, to keep the oxygen fraction in the loop

1207:

This type of rebreather works on the principle of adding fresh gas to compensate for reduced volume in the breathing circuit. A portion of the respired gas is discharged that is in some way proportional to oxygen consumption. Generally it is a fixed volumetric fraction of the respiratory flow, but

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By adding sufficient oxygen to compensate for the metabolic usage, removing the carbon dioxide, and rebreathing the gas, most of the volume is conserved. There will still be minor losses when gas must be vented as it expands during ascent, and additional gas will be needed to make up volume as the

268:

The first attempts at making practical rebreathers were simple oxygen rebreathers, when advances in industrial metalworking made high-pressure gas storage cylinders possible. From 1878 on they were used for work in unbreathable atmospheres in industry and firefighting, at high altitude, for escape

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rebreather for intensive shallow water work and clandestine special forces operations made by AquaLung, which has been used in France since October 2002. The unit can be worn on the chest, or with an adaptor frame, on the back. The scrubber has an endurance of about 4 hours at 4°C and respiratory

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A more direct and empirical approach is to take advantage of the production of heat and rise in temperature of the active zone of the absorbent in the scrubber. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by the first zone of relatively unused absorbent that it reaches as the breathing gas passes through the

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This type of sensor validation test can identify several modes of failure by the ways the measured values deviate from expected values with variations of calculated partial pressure of the test gas, and is capable of detecting failures due to incorrect temperature readings, incorrect input of the

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Early work on design of an automatic sensor validation system, in which the rebreather control system would periodically inject gas of known composition onto the oxygen sensors during the dive and use the output to determine the viability of the sensor response with greater precision and accuracy

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To automatically detect and identify oxygen sensor malfunction, either the sensors must be calibrated with a known gas, which is very inconvenient at most times during a dive, but is possible as an occasional test when a fault is suspected, or several cells can be compared and the assumption made

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There are no formal statistics on underwater electronics failure rates, but it is likely that human error is more frequent than the error rate of electronic dive computers, which are the basic component of rebreather control electronics, which process information from multiple sources and have an

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Carbon dioxide absorbent when mixed with water from a leak, can produce a caustic cocktail. The excessive wetting of the sorb also reduces the rate of carbon dioxide removal and can cause premature breakthrough even if no caustic liquid reaches the diver. Work of breathing may also increase. Many

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Bypassing the absorbent. The absorbent granules must be packed closely so that all exhaled gas comes into contact with the surface of soda lime and the canister is designed to avoid any spaces or gaps between the absorbent granules or between the granules and the canister walls that would let gas

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During ascent the gas in the breathing circuit will expand, and must have some way of escape before the pressure difference causes injury to the diver or damage to the loop. The simplest way to do this is for the diver to allow excess gas to escape around the mouthpiece or through the nose, but a

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could be set to anything from 0.2 to 2 bars (3 to 30 psi) without electronics, by controlling the temperature of the liquid oxygen, thus controlling the equilibrium pressure of oxygen gas above the liquid. The diluent could be either nitrogen or helium depending on the depth of the dive. The

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at a time. The gas is injected into the loop at a constant rate to replenish oxygen consumed from the loop by the diver. Excess gas must be constantly vented from the loop in small volumes to make space for fresh, oxygen-rich gas. As the oxygen in the vented gas cannot be separated from the inert

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The components may be mounted on a frame or inside a casing to hold them together. Sometimes the structure of the scrubber canister forms part of the framework, particularly in side-mount configuration. Position of most parts is not critical to function, but the counterlungs must be positioned so

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An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-man articulated submersible of roughly anthropomorphic form, with limb joints which allow articulation under external pressure while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. Breathing gas supply could be surface supplied by umbilical, but would

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The user interface of the rebreather control system is where information is exchanged between the diver and the electronic control system, and is an area with several possibilities for errors, both of user input and data interpretation, some of which could have serious or fatal consequences. The

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None of these methods can detect canister bypass and they have little ability to identify completely spent absorbent, channeling, badly packed, or inappropriate absorbent material, but this can be done by a direct measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the inhalation side of the loop.

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The three aspects of a fault tolerant rebreather are hardware redundancy, robust software and a fault detection system. The software is complex and comprises several modules with their own tasks, such as oxygen partial pressure measurement, ambient pressure measurement, Oxygen injection control,

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The purely mechanical components are relatively robust and reliable and tend to degrade non-catastrophically, and are bulky and heavy, so the electronic sensors and control systems have been the components where improved fault tolerance has generally been sought. Oxygen cell failures have been a

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In a minimal eCCR the system is very vulnerable. A single critical fault can necessitate manual procedures for fault recovery or the need to bail out to an alternative breathing gas supply. Some faults may have fatal consequences if not noticed and managed very quickly. Critical failures include

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had a red indicator dye, which was said to go white when the absorbent was exhausted. With a transparent canister, this may show the position of the reaction front. This is useful where the canister is visible to the user, which is seldom possible on diving equipment, where the canister is often

2263:

In passive addition semi-closed rebreathers, gas is usually added by a demand type valve actuated by the bellows counterlung when the bellows is empty. This is the same actuation condition as the automatic diluent valve of any rebreather, but the actual trigger mechanism is slightly different. A

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The KISS Sidewinder is a sidemount MCCR that reduces this problem by mounting the two relatively small scrubber canisters on both sides of the diver, connected by a single 8-litre counterlung, across the diver's back, and is worn with a regular sidemount harness. This configuration is claimed to

917:

The loop configuration uses a one directional circulation of the breathing gas which on exhalation leaves the mouthpiece, passes through a non-return valve into the exhalation hose, and then through the counterlung and scrubber, to return to the mouthpiece through the inhalation hose and another

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with a shut-off valve, the dive/surface valve, which is closed when the diver is not breathing from the unit to prevent flooding if the set is in the water. This is connected to one or two breathing hoses ducting inhaled and exhaled gas between the diver and a counterlung or breathing bag, which

811:

Operational scope and restrictions of CCRs: Closed circuit rebreathers are mainly restricted by physiological limitations on the diver, such as maximum operating depth of the diluent mix while remaining breathable up to the surface, though this can be worked around by switching diluent. Work of

156:

The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of technological complexity and additional hazards, which depend on the specific application and type of rebreather used. Mass and bulk may be greater or less than equivalent open circuit scuba depending on circumstances. Electronically controlled

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High partial pressures of oxygen greatly increase fire hazard, and many materials which are self-extinguishing in atmospheric air will burn continuously in a high oxygen concentration. This is more of a risk for terrestrial applications such as rescue and firefighting than for diving, where the

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Scrubber design and size is a compromise between bulk, cost of consumables, and work of breathing. Bulk affects the size of the unit and the amount of ballast weight needed, which affect the logistics of the dive. Work of breathing can be safety critical at greater depths, where it can become a

1864:

A dive/surface valve which can be switched to close the loop and simultaneously open a connection to an open circuit demand valve is known as a bailout valve (BOV), as its function is to switch over to open circuit bailout without having to remove the mouthpiece. An important safety device when

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Semi-closed circuit rebreathers (SCRs) used for diving may use active or passive gas addition, and the gas addition systems may be depth compensated. They use a mixed supply gas with a higher oxygen fraction than the steady state loop gas mixture. Usually only one gas mixture is used, but it is

3222:

Following the strong endorsement by Rebreather Forum 3 of the use of written checklists to improve safety, Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories programmed an electronic pre-dive checklist into their MK-5P rebreather operating system, as a way to prevent the user from neglecting to carry out the

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The oxygen sensors for most rebreathers are calibrated at the surface before the dive using air or 100% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure. These are reliable calibration points but the range of operational partial pressures may extend beyond these calibration points, and if the sensors are

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to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault

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Complete consumption of the active ingredient in a "general breakthrough". Depending on scrubber design and diver workload, this may be gradual, allowing the diver to become aware of the problem in time to make a controlled bailout to open circuit, or relatively sudden, triggering an urgent or

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Flexible corrugated synthetic rubber hoses are used to connect the mouthpiece to the rest of the breathing circuit, as these allow free movement of the diver's head. These hoses are corrugated to allow greater flexibility while retaining a high resistance to collapse. The hoses are designed to

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in 1939. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet is based on the standard Mark V Helmet, with a scrubber canister mounted on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve

1394:

The fresh gas addition is made by controlling the pressure in a dosage chamber proportional to the counterlung bellows volume. The dosage chamber is filled with fresh gas to a pressure proportional to bellows volume, with the highest pressure when the bellows is in the empty position. When the

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Chest mount is fairly common for military oxygen rebreathers, which are usually relatively compact and light. It allows easy reach of the components underwater, and leaves the back free for other equipment for amphibious operations. The rebreather can be unclipped from a common harness without

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of breathing gas due to depth makes the recirculation of exhaled gas even more desirable, as an even larger proportion of open circuit gas is wasted. Continued rebreathing of the same gas will deplete the oxygen to a level which will no longer support consciousness, and eventually life, so gas

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The forum recommends that all rebreathers incorporate data-logging systems that record functional parameters relevant to the particular unit and dive data and that allow download of these data. Diagnostic reconstruction of dives with as many relevant parameters as possible is the goal of this

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Constant mass flow orifice blockage:– In a CCR, blockage of a CMF oxygen injection orifice will increase the frequency of manual or solenoid valve injection, which is an inconvenience rather than an emergency. In active addition SCRs the unnoticed failure of gas injection will lead to the mix

1847:

The dive/surface valve (DSV) is a valve on the mouthpiece which can switch between the loop and ambient surroundings. It is used to close the loop at the surface to allow the diver to breathe atmospheric air, and may also be used underwater to isolate the loop so that it will not flood if the

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per hour from the loop, corresponding to an oxygen consumption of 2 litres per minute as carbon dioxide will freeze out of the gaseous state at -43.3 °C or below. If oxygen was consumed faster due to a high workload, a regular scrubber was needed. No electronics were needed as everything

1078:

Sidemount rebreathers usually use a form factor equivalent to a single sidemount open circuit cylinder, which mimics the streamlining of a sidemount cylinder, but has hydrostatic work of breathing variability issues if the unit isn't perfectly rigged and mounted. The work of breathing is only

1026:

Back mount is common on the more bulky and heavier units. This is good for support of the weight out of the water, and keeps the front of the diver clear for working underwater. Back mount usually uses back or over the shoulder counterlungs, which have a centroid above the lung in most common

921:

The pendulum configuration uses a two-directional flow. Exhaled gas flows from the mouthpiece through a single hose to the scrubber, into the counterlung, and on inhalation the gas is drawn back through the scrubber and the same hose back to the mouthpiece. The pendulum system is structurally

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Since then other manufacturers have introduced their products to the market but they have not gained widespread use. They are relatively expensive, give unreliable readings in some circumstances, can only detect failure of the scrubber, and do not predict remaining duration. A combination of

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Hypercapnia has been identified as one of the most prevalent factors in rebreather diving fatalities. This is generally a consequence of scrubber failure to remove carbon dioxide as fast as it is produced, which may be caused by any one or a combination of spent, wet, or inadequately packed,

2336:

The fundamental requirements for the control of the gas mixture in the breathing circuit for any rebreather application are that the carbon dioxide is removed, and kept at a tolerable level, and that the partial pressure of oxygen is kept within safe limits. For rebreathers which are used at

2311:

Bailout gas and bailout procedure are closely linked. The procedure must be appropriate for the gas supply configuration. Initial bailout to open circuit is often the first step, even when a bailout rebreather is carried, as it is simple and robust, and some time is needed to get the bailout

2272:

Electronically controlled closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers may have part of the oxygen feed provided by a constant mass flow orifice, but the fine control of partial pressure is done by solenoid operated valves actuated by the control circuits. Timed opening of the solenoid valve will be

1976:

This is done by using concentric bellows counterlungs – the counterlung is configured as a bellows with a rigid top and bottom, and has a flexible corrugated membrane forming the side walls. There is a second, smaller bellows inside, also connected to the rigid top and bottom surfaces of the

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to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. The partial pressure of oxygen in the loop can generally be controlled within reasonable tolerance of a fixed value. This set point is chosen to provide an acceptable risk of both long-term and acute oxygen toxicity, while minimizing the

1243:

Partially depth compensating systems are part way between the fixed ratio and the depth compensating systems. They provide a high discharge ratio near the surface, but the discharge ratio is not fixed either as a proportion of respired volume or mass. Gas oxygen fraction is more difficult to

2937:

The basic closed circuit oxygen rebreather is a very simple and mechanically reliable device, but it has severe operational limitations due to oxygen toxicity. The approaches to safely extending the depth range necessitate a variable breathing gas mixture. Semi-closed rebreathers tend to be

1208:

more complex systems have been developed which exhaust a close approximation of a ratio to the surface respiratory flow rate. These are described as depth compensated or partially depth compensated systems. Gas addition is triggered by low counterlung volume which activates a demand valve.

833:

criteria for "R" class rebreathers include electronic prompts for pre-dive checks, automatic setpoint control, status warnings, a heads up display for warnings, a bailout valve, pre-packed scrubber canisters and a system for estimating scrubber duration. While these constraints do make the

2731:

Flooding of the breathing loop can occur due to a leak at a low point in the loop where internal gas pressure is less than the external water pressure. One of the more common ways this can happen is if the mouthpiece is dislodged or removed from the diver's mouth without first closing the

1936:

Over the shoulder: The hydrostatic pressure will vary depending on how much gas is in the counterlungs, and increases as the volume increases and the lowest part of the gas space moves downward. The resistive work of breathing often negates the gains of good positioning close to the lung

1660:

The gas mixture is controlled by the diver in manually controlled closed circuit rebreathers. The diver can manually control the mixture by adding diluent gas or oxygen. Adding diluent can prevent the loop gas mixture becoming too oxygen rich, and adding oxygen is done to increase oxygen

1101:

as the oxygen is used up, sufficient to maintain a breathable partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, and closed circuit rebreathers, where two parallel gas supplies are used: the diluent, to provide the bulk of the gas, and which is recycled, and oxygen, which is metabolically expended.

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is triggered by carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, not by the oxygen concentration, so even a small buildup of carbon dioxide in the inhaled gas quickly becomes intolerable; if a person tries to directly rebreathe their exhaled breathing gas, they will soon feel an acute sense of

2721:

In below-freezing surface conditions while preparing for diving, wet scrubber chemicals can freeze while there is a pause in the exothermic reaction of taking up the carbon dioxide, thus preventing carbon dioxide from reaching the scrubber material, and slowing the reaction when used

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during descent or if gas is lost from the loop. The set may also have a manual addition valve, sometimes called a bypass. In some early oxygen rebreathers the user had to manually open and close the valve to the oxygen cylinder to refill the counterlung each time the volume got low.

775:

Oxygen rebreathers are no longer commonly used in recreational diving because of the depth limit imposed by oxygen toxicity, but are extensively used for military attack swimmer applications where greater depth is not required, due to their simplicity, light weight and compact size.

935:

A pendulum rebreather only has one counterlung, on the far side of the scrubber from the single breathing hose. The diver blows exhaled gas through the scrubber, then sucks it back during inhalation. Gas flow rate through the scrubber is forced by the breathing rate of the diver.

1517:

from the early twentieth century. Oxygen rebreathers can be remarkably simple designs, and they were invented before open-circuit scuba. They only supply oxygen, so there is no requirement to control the gas mixture other than purging before use and removing the carbon dioxide.

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of the diluent at the current depth. In the implementation in the Poseidon rebreathers the computer automatically injects either diluent or oxygen directly onto a single primary oxygen sensor every five minutes during a dive. The algorithm takes into account current depth,

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is the effort required to breathe. Part of the work of breathing is due to inherent physiological factors, part is due to the mechanics of the external breathing apparatus, and part is due to the characteristics of the breathing gas. A high work of breathing may result in

2226:

Closed circuit rebreathers usually allow the diver to add gas manually. In oxygen rebreathers this is just oxygen, but mixed gas rebreathers usually have a separate manual addition valve for oxygen and diluent, as either might be required to correct the composition of the

1114:

than oxygen rebreathers and can be fairly simple and cheap. They do not rely on electronics for control of gas composition, but may use electronic monitoring for improved safety and more efficient decompression. An alternative term for this technology is "gas extender".

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that their centroid of volume is at a similar depth to the centroid of the diver's lungs at most times while underwater, and the breathing tubes to the mouthpiece should not encumber the diver more than necessary, and allow free movement of the head as much as possible.

1109:

These are almost exclusively used for underwater diving, as they are bulkier, heavier, and more complex than closed circuit oxygen rebreathers. Military and recreational divers use these because they provide better underwater duration than open circuit, have a deeper

3209:

in inspired gas is only one cause of hypercapnia. It is also affected by work of breathing, diver fitness, respiratory ventilation patterns, and other behavioural, physiological, and mechanical factors. A better option would be to measure both inhaled and exhaled

796:

Constant mass flow SCRs provide a gas mixture which is not consistent over variation in diver exertion. This also limits safe operating depth range unless gas composition is monitored, also at the expense of increased complexity and additional potential failure

3291:

Some of the logged data is specific to the rebreather model, and is not appropriate for general analysis, but some data is useful for external analysis of user population and diving practices which could improve understanding of behaviour and safety analysis.

820:). To some extent work of breathing can be reduced or limited by breathing circuit design, but there are physiological limits too, and the work of circulating the gas through the breathing loop and scrubber can be a large part of the total work of breathing. 303:, by adding an extra gas supply cylinder. Before a dive with such a set, the diver had to know the maximum or working depth of his dive, and how fast his body used his oxygen supply, and from those to calculate what to set his rebreather's gas flow rate to. 13007: 2709:

When the gas mix is under pressure at depth, the gas molecules are more densely packed, and the carbon dioxide molecules' mean path between collisions is shorter, so they are not so free to move around to reach the absorbent surface, and require a longer

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becoming hypoxic. If there is instrumentation monitoring the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, the diver can compensate by manual injection or forcing automatic injection via the ADV by dumping gas into the environment by exhaling through the nose.

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normobaric or hypobaric pressures, this only requires that there is sufficient oxygen, which is easily achieved in an oxygen rebreather. Hyperbaric applications, as in diving, also require that the maximum partial pressure of oxygen is limited, to avoid

2901:

Temperature monitoring. As the reaction between carbon dioxide and soda lime is exothermic, temperature sensors along the length of the scrubber can be used to measure the position of the reaction front and therefore the estimated remaining life of the

1017:

The parts of a diving rebreather (counterlung, absorbent canister, gas cylinder(s), tubes and hoses linking them), can be arranged on the wearer's body in four basic ways, with the position of the counterlung having a major effect on work of breathing.

241:

diving operations by five times while retaining the original mixed-gas storage footprint on the support ship. The Soviet IDA-72 semi-closed rebreather has a scrubber endurance of 4 hours on surface supply, and bailout endurance at 200m of 40 minutes on

1972:

Most passive addition semi-closed diving rebreathers control the gas mixture by removing a fixed volumetric proportion of the exhaled gas, and replacing it with fresh feed gas from a demand valve, which is triggered by low volume of the counterlung.

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unable to distinguish the useful information in time to use it effectively. At other times more detailed information may be useful or necessary to make a correct decision. Multiple displays, or multiple views on the same display can help with this.

3197:

content of inspired gas. Measuring gas in the mouthpiece has problems due to dead space, and mounting in the inhalation hose near the mouthpiece makes the sensor sensitive to small leaks in the inhalation check valve, while also able to detect high

792:

Non-depth compensated passive addition SCRs reduce the safe range of operating depths in inverse proportion to gas endurance extension. This can be compensated by gas switching, at the expense of complexity and increased number of potential failure

2252:

the orifice, any further reduction of downstream pressure has no influence on the flow rate. This requires a gas source at a fixed pressure, and it only works at depths which have a low enough ambient pressure to provide sonic flow in the orifice.

3103:

than a human diver, was started in 2002, and further developed to be used on the Poseidon/Cis-Lunar MK-VI rebreather. This "Active Sensor Validation" (ASV) system has been refined over thousands of hours of field test diving in varied conditions

1925:

Recreational, technical and many professional divers will spend most of their time underwater swimming face down and trimmed horizontally. Counterlungs should function well with low work of breathing in this position, and with the diver upright.

3178:

to high humidity and condensation causing unreliable readings, which was a recurring problem with real-time carbon dioxide measurement. High pressures also caused problems for depth compensation. In 2009 VR Technologies released a commercial CO

1643:

in the loop and to warn the diver if it becomes dangerously low or high. Too low a concentration of oxygen results in hypoxia leading to unconsciousness and ultimately death. Too high a concentration of oxygen results in hyperoxia, leading to

291:, needs arose in the armed forces to dive deeper than allowed by pure oxygen. That prompted, at least in Britain, design of simple constant-flow "mixture rebreather" variants of some of their diving oxygen rebreathers (= what is now called " 2810:

Oxygen monitoring failure can lead to incorrect partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas. The consequences can include hypoxia, hyperoxia, and incorrect decompression information, all three of which are potentially life-threatening.

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system where the added gas entrained the loop gas and produced a stream of scrubbed gas past the diver inside the helmet, which eliminated external dead space and resistive work of breathing, but was not suitable for high breathing rates.

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helmet and the DM20 oxygen rebreather system for depths up to 20 m, and the DM40 mixed gas rebreather which used an oxygen cylinder and an air cylinder for the gas supply, producing a nitrox mixture, for depths up to 40 m.

1130:

A gas mix which has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the depth of the dive being planned, and which will provide a breathable mixture at the surface must be used, or it will be necessary to change mixtures during the dive.

2650:

frictional resistance of the circuit causing the problem. This is more likely to occur with diving rebreathers at depths where the density of the breathing gas is severely elevated, or when water in the scrubber obstructs gas flow.

2264:

passive addition rebreather of this type does not need a separate ADV as the passive addition valve already serves this function, though for engineering redundancy two such demand valves may be fitted, which operate simultaneously.

1235:

rebreathers. Passive addition rebreathers with small discharge ratios may become hypoxic near the surface when moderate or low oxygen fraction supply gas is used, making it necessary to switch gases between deep and shallow diving.

3004:, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and 225:, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and 2557:

In an oxygen rebreather this can occur if the loop is not sufficiently purged at the start of use. Purging should be done while breathing off the unit so that the inert gas from the user's lungs is also removed from the system.

2188:

of the rebreather. The diluent is not normally an oxygen-free gas, such as pure nitrogen or helium, and is breathable so it may be used in an emergency either to flush the loop with breathable gas of a known composition or as a

1898:

provide low resistance to flow of the breathing gas. A single breathing hose is used for pendulum (push-pull) configuration, and two hoses for a one-way loop configuration. Hose weights may be used to reduce excessive buoyancy.

803:

Depth compensated passive addition provides reliable gas mixture over the potential operating depth range, which is only slightly reduced from the open circuit operational range for the gas in use at the cost of more mechanical

926:

of unscrubbed gas in the combined exhalation and inhalation tube, which is rebreathed. There are conflicting requirements for minimising the volume of dead space while minimising the flow resistance of the breathing passages.

905:

There may be valves allowing venting of gas, sensors to measure partial pressure of oxygen and possibly carbon dioxide, and a monitoring and control system. Critical components may be duplicated for engineering redundancy.

3320:

minute volume of 40 litres per minute, and a 2.1 litre 207 bar cylinder. It is manufactured in non-magnetic and magnetic versions and can use either 2.6kg of granular sorb or a moulded carbon dioxide absorbent insert.

391:

of about 6 L/min, and a fit person working hard may ventilate at a rate of 95 L/min but will only metabolise about 4 L/min of oxygen The oxygen metabolised is generally about 4% to 5% of the inspired volume at normal

2942:

algorithm for controlling the oxygen injection solenoid. The sealed dive computer package has been around for long enough for the better quality models to have become reliable and robust in design and construction.

232:

Semi-closed rebreather technology is also used in diver carried surface supplied gas extenders, mainly to reduce helium use. Some units also function as an emergency gas supply using on-board bailout cylinders: The

423:

However, if this is done without removing the carbon dioxide, it will rapidly build up in the recycled gas, resulting almost immediately in mild respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of

944:

so there is less flow resistance as the gas continues to flow through the scrubber during inhalation at a slower rate than if there was only one counterlung, This decreases work of breathing, and also increases

113:

or observation of underwater life, to eliminate the bubbles produced by an open circuit system. A diving rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user, and is therefore a type of

2481:

If the partial pressure of oxygen is not known the rebreather can not be trusted to be breathable, and the diver should immediately bailout to open circuit to reduce the risk of losing consciousness without

2293:

possible, and the gas supply may be slung on the other side of the diver for convenience and balance. This facility also allows all of the gas carried by a diver to be potentially supplied via a rebreather.

4192: 4190: 4188: 3008:. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. 1739:; it had a very small oxygen cylinder to fill the loop at the start of the dive. This system is dangerous because of the explosively hot reaction that happens if water gets on the potassium superoxide. The 229:. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. 3539: 4185: 746:

from a deep open-circuit dive, as breathing pure oxygen helps the nitrogen diffuse out of the body tissues more rapidly, and the use of a rebreather may be more convenient for long decompression stops.

3149:

during descent. A variation of the ASV system using oxygen, called a hyperoxic linearity test (HLT), uses oxygen as the flushing gas at 6 m, which can check that the sensor is linear to 1.6 bar PO

800:

Demand controlled active gas addition provides reliable gas mixtures throughout the potential operating depth range, and do not require oxygen monitoring, but at the cost of more mechanical complexity.

3242:

the equipment functionally less safe to use. One strategy to avoid this problem is to target different senses – auditory, visual and tactile – sometimes based on a vibratory output to the mouthpiece.

2233:, either as the standard operating method for manually controlled CCRs, or as a backup system on electronically controlled CCRs. The manual diluent addition is sometimes by a purge button on the ADV. 12959: 3634: 2097:

scrubber, which constrains radial designs to circular cylinders of variable length to diameter ratio, and axial scrubbers to approximately constant sectional shape along the flow (length) axis.

9195: 2499:

in the diver, and reduces the diver's ability to produce useful physical effort. In extreme cases work of breathing may exceed the aerobic work capacity of the diver, with fatal consequences.

1933:

Back mounted: When horizontal they are under less hydrostatic pressure than the diver's lungs. The amount varies, as some are closer to the back than others. Harder to inhale, easier to exhale.

1707:

Both these systems were semi-closed and did not monitor partial pressures of oxygen. They both used an injector system to recirculate the breathing gas and did not increase work of breathing.

12952: 3065:

Carbon dioxide level monitoring systems – Gas sensing cell and interpretive electronics which detect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the rebreather loop downstream from the scrubber.

2882:

predictable and is not measured. Manufacturers recommendations for replacement periods tend to allow for worst cases to reduce risk, and this is relatively uneconomical in absorbent usage.

2114:

The scrubber absorbent (sorb) reaction rate is reduced at lower temperatures due to lower kinetic energy of gas molecules reducing the mean time before contact with the reactive material (

13828: 10600: 3051:

Gas integrated decompression computers – these allow divers to take advantage of the actual gas mixture, as measured by one or more oxygen cells in real time, to generate a schedule for

2152:

A rebreather must have a source of oxygen to replenish that which is consumed by the diver. Depending on the rebreather design variant, the oxygen source will either be pure oxygen or a

968: 13676: 10356: 9236: 3016:

Rebreather technology has advanced considerably, often driven by the growing market in recreational diving equipment, particularly in underwater cave exploration. Innovations include:

2427:

Alarms may be provided for a few malfunctions. The alarms are electronically controlled and may rely on input from a sensor and processing by the control circuitry. These may include:

1083:

provides good work of breathing in most diver orientations. A small butt-mounted transverse oxygen cylinder and standard sidemount diluent/bailout cylinders (usually two) are carried.

16705: 12966: 10595: 4761:

Shreeves, K; Richardson, D (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Mixed-Gas Closed-Circuit Rebreathers: An Overview of Use in Sport Diving and Application to Deep Scientific Diving.

5615: 2352:

In an oxygen rebreather, once the loop has been thoroughly flushed, the mixture is effectively static at 100% oxygen, and the partial pressure is a function only of ambient pressure.

2667:

Loop flooding that reaches the scrubber can cause a "caustic cocktail" when the alkaline components of carbon dioxide absorbent materials are mixed with the water. This mixture is

11899: 3720: 3514: 3044:– input to a dive computer from the oxygen sensors of the rebreather allow divers to take advantage of the actual partial pressure of oxygen to generate an optimised schedule for 3024:

demand valve and can be switched to provide gas from either the loop or the demand valve without the diver taking the mouthpiece from their mouth. An important safety device when

2193:. Diluent gas is commonly referred to as diluent, dilutant, or just "dil" by divers. Diluent gas composition also affects gas density, and thereby the work of breathing at depth. 1782: 1401:

The volume of the dosage chamber is matched to a specific supply gas mixture, and is changed when the gas is changed. The DCSC uses two standard mixtures of nitrox: 28% and 46%.

902:

exhaled by the diver. There will also be at least one valve allowing addition of gas, such as oxygen, and often a diluent gas, from a gas storage container, into the reservoir.

2518:, using oxygen or nitrox, and the US Navy Mark V Heliox helmet developed in the 1930s for deep diving, circulated the breathing gas through the helmet and scrubber by using an 11825: 13052: 1778:

A cryogenic rebreather removes the carbon dioxide by freezing it out in a "snow box" by the low temperature produced as liquid oxygen evaporates to replace the oxygen used.

2321: 4155:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. 3128:

of the diluent condensation on the oxygen sensor, a defective oxygen sensor, validation gas supply failure and other reasons that would not be detected by voting logic.

2749:

lost the leak may be tolerable for the rest of the dive, but a leak may become more severe, depending on the cause, and may in some cases deteriorate catastrophically.

11799: 3746: 3447: 2035: 238: 14225: 13860: 13664: 13599: 10344: 9231: 3145:

of 1.6 bar during the dive, or at 1.6 bar or more in a calibration pressure pot. Both these methods are cumbersome and the in-water method may cause spiking of the PO

3639: 2276:

If the constant mass flow orifice is compromised and does not deliver the correct flow, the control circuit will compensate by firing the solenoid valve more often.

1310:

An active addition system adds feed gas to the breathing circuit and excess gas is dumped to the environment. These rebreathers tend to operate near maximum volume.

234: 13573: 2229: 16397: 13878: 13700: 9453: 16402: 2073: 14266: 13670: 10350: 2889:

that changes colour when the active ingredient is consumed may be included in the absorbent. For example, a rebreather absorbent called "Protosorb" supplied by

2413: 6775: 3571: 834:

recreational class of rebreather inherently less hazardous, they do not reduce the risk to the same level as open circuit equipment for the same dive profile.

10647: 12938: 11607: 10024: 3628: 3602: 2168:

Pure oxygen is not considered to be safe for recreational diving deeper than 6 meters, so closed circuit rebreathers for deeper use also have a cylinder of

1977:

counterlung, so that as the rigid surfaces move towards and away from each other, the volumes of the inner and outer bellows change in the same proportion.

948:

of the gas in the scrubber, as it flows through the scrubber during both exhalation and inhalation. Most mixed gas diving rebreathers use this arrangement.

13468: 9648: 3473: 5926: 5696: 3866: 3202:

due to major check valve leaks which would cause a big increase in dead space, which would not be detected if the sensor is further upstream in the loop.

2590:

Use of a diluent with too high oxygen fraction for the planned depth in a CCR. In this case a diluent flush will not produce a breathable gas in the loop.

14305: 11809: 6159: 16535: 14271: 4378:

Mitchell, S.J.; Cronje, F.; Meintjies, W.A.J.; Britz, H.C. (2007). "Fatal respiratory failure during a technical rebreather dive at extreme pressure".

4265: 3673: 3622:– A technical diving rebreather built to allow mounting of large cylinders to enable carrying larger quantities of bailout gas on the rebreather frame. 3287:

initiative. An ideal goal would be to incorporate redundancy in data-logging systems and, as much as practical, to standardize the data to be collected

1014:

Early oxygen rebreathers were often built without frame or casing, and relied on the harness and a strong counterlung to hold the components together.

1048:

disturbing the load on the back. Front mounted counterlungs have a centroid which is generally slightly below the lung centroid, and result in slight

14018: 11929: 3484: 3478: 1398:

The result is the addition of a mass of gas proportional to ventilation volume, and the oxygen fraction is stable over the normal range of exertion.

13646: 5810: 13694: 11889: 10362: 3654: 3106:

The ASV system has become more sophisticated than the manual implementation in the Cis-Lunar MK-5P. It involves more than comparing the measured PO

898:

expands to accommodate gas when it is not in the diver's lungs. The reservoir also includes a scrubber containing absorbent material to remove the

306:

During this long period before the modern age of automatic sport nitrox rebreathers, there were some sport oxygen diving clubs, mostly in the USA.

1134:

As the amount of oxygen required by the diver increases with work rate, the gas injection rate must be carefully chosen and controlled to prevent

408: 13491: 12992: 11104: 10061: 9643: 6171: 3644: 2714:. Because of this effect, the scrubber must be bigger for deep diving than is needed for a shallow-water, industrial or high altitude rebreather. 2255:

Regulators which have their control components isolated from the ambient pressure are used to supply gas at a pressure independent of the depth.

2466:

Control panel displays (usually with digital readout of the value and status of the measured parameter, often with blinking or flashing display)

1700: 1219:

Towards the end of inhalation the bellows bottoms out and activates an addition valve, in much the way that a regulator diaphragm activates the

16553: 13957: 13902: 13896: 13884: 13754: 13748: 13736: 13724: 11203: 3396: – Early submarine escape oxygen rebreather also used for shallow water diving. – One of the first rebreathers to be produced in quantity. 2365:

work rate, and therefore the oxygen consumption rate, which controls the rate of oxygen depletion, and therefore the resulting oxygen fraction.

657: 1318:

The most common system of active addition of make-up gas in semi-closed rebreathers is by use of a constant mass flow injector, also known as

16735: 16486: 13534: 12973: 5979: 4199:, Chapter 15 - Electronically Controlled Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EC-UBA) Diving, Section 15-2 Principles of operation. 3758: 808:

Closed circuit diving rebreathers may be manually or electronically controlled, and use both pure oxygen and a breathable mixed gas diluent.

115: 705:

no critical single-point failure modes – The user should be able to deal with any single reasonably foreseeable failure without outside help

16635: 16511: 16447: 13480: 11109: 9983: 6063: 4989: 3668: 3665:– Notable for a radial scrubber and high-current oxygen cells from the Navy MK15 unit enabling an analogue gauge to read the oxygen levels. 4571: 2860:

one in which the injection valves are kept open, resulting in an increasingly hyperoxic gas mix in the loop, which may pose the danger of

2580:, it will register a partial pressure lower than reality, and the control system may attempt to correct by continuous injection of oxygen. 16910: 16610: 16103: 14315: 13890: 13742: 13634: 12931: 11837: 11804: 11793: 10408: 6682: 6648: 5500: 5028: 3794: 3468: 1751: 1740: 4167:

CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company

2546:

Some of the hazards are due to the way the equipment works, while others are related to the environment in which the equipment is used.

16695: 16478: 14276: 13995: 13197: 11058: 5873: 4844:

Kelley, J.S.; Herron, J.M.; Dean, W.W.; Sundstrom, E.B. (1968). Mechanical and Operational Tests of a Russian 'Superoxide' Rebreather.

3625: 2019:

The exhaled gases are directed through the chemical scrubber, a canister full of a suitable carbon dioxide absorbent such as a form of

1922:. This is due to the pressure difference between the counterlung and the diver's lung caused by the vertical distance between the two. 13872: 13682: 5725: 1930:

Front mounted: When horizontal they are under greater hydrostatic pressure than the diver's lungs. Easier to inhale, harder to exhale.

16832: 15859: 13507: 13486: 13069: 13002: 11819: 9673: 5173:

Chapple, JCB; Eaton, David J. "Development of the Canadian Underwater Mine Apparatus and the CUMA Mine Countermeasures dive system".

3662: 3510: 2973:

Full automation of the control system would avoid a range of user errors, provided the control system is reliable and fault tolerant.

296: 15765: 13474: 12808: 11944: 10490: 6780: 4127: 3619: 2066: 5645: 2554:

Hypoxia can occur in any rebreather which contains enough inert gas to allow breathing without triggering automatic gas addition.

1918:

Underwater, the position of the counterlung – on the chest, over the shoulders, or on the back – has an effect on the hydrostatic

16905: 16238: 15864: 13951: 13822: 13317: 12726: 12401: 12304: 11969: 11831: 7637: 5753: 5614:

Pyle, Richard L (2016). "Rebreather Evolution in the Foreseeable Future". In Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.).

4340: 2877:

The methods available for monitoring the condition of the scrubber and predicting and identifying imminent breakthrough include:

1770:

out of water due to conflicting heat transfer requirements. The set's liquid oxygen tank must be filled immediately before use.

428:, or carbon dioxide toxicity. A high ventilation rate is usually necessary to eliminate the metabolic product carbon dioxide (CO 17: 3951:

Sieber, Arne; Schuster, Andreas; Reif, Sebastian; Kessler, Michael; Lucyshyn, Thomas; Buzzacott, Peter; Enoksson, Peter (2013).

433: 16750: 11874: 10545: 9623: 8612: 8122: 7896: 7697: 3461: 3351: 1228: 5423: 4092: 2362:

the type of gas addition system and its setting, combined with the gas mixture in use, which control the rate of oxygen added.

2348:

The method used for controlling the range of oxygen partial pressure in the breathing loop depends on the type of rebreather.

1223:, to make up the gas discharged by the inner bellows. This type of rebreather therefore tends to operate at a minimal volume. 16328: 14310: 14256: 14112: 13528: 12375: 9563: 8127: 5628: 5523: 4160: 2577: 5265: 4514: 2288:

Off-board gas carried in a side mounted cylinder plumbed in to the rebreather bailout valve using wet-connectable couplers.

1761:

This technology may be applied to both oxygen and mixed gas rebreathers, and can be used for diving and other applications.

452: 16586: 15917: 14320: 14281: 13933: 13848: 13790: 13706: 13640: 13605: 11787: 10428: 10326: 10046: 9241: 8458: 8398: 8374: 6636: 4250:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC.: US Dept of Commerce - National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 2–7. 3312: 2201:

Gas must be added to the breathing loop if the volume gets too small or if it is necessary to change the gas composition.

1648:, a condition causing convulsions which can make the diver lose the mouthpiece when they occur underwater, and can lead to 1060: 9081: 5823: 3924: 3427: – Special duty oxygen breathing apparatus, a military rebreather. – A type of frogman's oxygen rebreather. It has a 2023:, which removes the carbon dioxide from the gas mixture and leaves the oxygen and other gases available for re-breathing. 16771: 16745: 15986: 13718: 13550: 12406: 11580: 11080: 9448: 8262: 8032: 6492: 6215: 5951: 3848:) – Breathing gas supply system carried by the user (surface-only (industrial) breathing sets including rebreathers) 3820:, also known as escape set – Self contained breathing apparatus providing gas to escape from a hazardous environment 3770: 2408:

Integrated oxygen sensor displays on a dive computer showing oxygen partial pressure of three sensors in the centre row.

195:, where the amount of breathing gas carried by the diver is limited, but are also occasionally used as gas extenders for 15897: 5771: 3719:

The current US Navy Mark 16 Mod 2 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) and Mark 16 Mod 3 (Naval Special Warfare) units use the

16820: 16548: 16277: 16149: 13502: 10418: 10229: 9973: 9633: 8805: 6089: 6024: 3841: 3610: – Manual closed circuit mixed gas rebreather – line of manually operated closed circuit rebreathers designed by 1758:

showed that the IDA71 could give significantly longer dive time with superoxide in one of the canisters than without.

16700: 11894: 11729: 10755: 10550: 10368: 9608: 9543: 9414: 8617: 7737: 7349: 6912: 6382: 6094: 6001: 5972: 4671: 3900: 2934:. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation. 594: 12818: 4007: 2469:

Head-up displays (usually a colour coded LED display, sometimes providing more information by the rate of flashing.)

2387:, injecting more oxygen if necessary and issuing an audible, visual and/or vibratory warning to the diver if the ppO 2341:, which is technically a more complex process, and may require dilution of the oxygen with metabolically inert gas. 62:

CCUBA (closed circuit underwater breathing apparatus); CCR (closed circuit rebreather), SCR (semi-closed rebreather)

16840: 16571: 15902: 14241: 14135: 13730: 12314: 11478: 11355: 10935: 10219: 9558: 9221: 8660: 6542: 6527: 6116: 5189: 3406: 3393: 2213:

Internal view of a constant mass flow orifice and automatic diluent valve from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather

2209: 9508: 5451:

Lillo RS, Ruby A, Gummin DD, Porter WR, Caldwell JM (March 1996). "Chemical safety of U.S. Navy Fleet soda lime".

3058:

Carbon dioxide scrubber life monitoring systems – temperature sensors monitor the progress of the reaction of the

1995: 877:

Back view of an electronically controlled closed circuit technical recreational rebreather, with the casing opened

141:

diluent. Diving rebreathers have applications for primary and emergency gas supply. Similar technology is used in

16655: 16422: 14000: 12576: 11781: 11775: 9613: 9409: 6675: 5811:

https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/defence-divers-equipment/underwater-life-support-systems/stealth-cdlse-mk2-ed/

3182:

sensor using hydrophobic membranes to keep the sensors dry without excessively reducing gas flow to the sensors.

12053: 3214:

levels, and this would require sensors that are fast and reliable in wet conditions, and reasonably inexpensive

2801: 2026:

Some of the absorbent chemicals are produced in granular format for diving applications, such as Atrasorb Dive,

1244:

calculate, but will be somewhere between the limiting values for fixed ratio and fully compensated systems. The

420:

containing oxygen must be added to the recycled breathing gas to maintain the required concentration of oxygen.

15182: 14246: 14197: 14181: 14090: 13963: 13539: 13462: 13298: 12592: 12356: 11513: 11473: 11372: 11092: 10495: 10011: 9844: 9812: 9618: 9226: 8981: 8200: 7866: 7511: 7460: 7200: 6351: 6278: 6101: 2794: 2478:

Ascending while breathing off the loop without identifying the problem may increase risk of a hypoxia blackout.

2380: 1696: 1653: 93: 2084:

The usual arrangement is a single scrubber, but configurations with two scrubbers have been used, such as the

1420:

Schematic diagram of a closed circuit oxygen rebreather with a pendulum configuration and radial flow scrubber

137:

supply is limited, or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components, such as

16087: 15953: 15907: 15674: 15472: 14286: 13866: 13772: 12274: 11964: 11959: 11764: 11664: 11590: 11463: 10865: 10855: 10374: 9663: 9658: 9548: 9438: 9426: 9404: 8364: 8139: 7886: 6897: 6166: 5076:

Norfleet, W & Horn, W (2003). Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Two New Non-Powered Technologies.

4720:

Older, P. (1969). "Theoretical Considerations in the Design of Closed Circuit Oxygen Rebreathing Equipment".

4036:"MK 29 Underwater Breathing Apparatus (UBA) Project Team extends Navy Mobile Diving and Salvage Capabilities" 1906:

The counterlung is a part of the loop which is designed to change in volume by the same amount as the user's

263: 4271: 3259:

manage, and while more compact and efficient, the rebreather option has its own set of logistic challenges.

1668:

Addition of gas to compensate for compression during descent is usually done by an automatic diluent valve.

16866: 16650: 16645: 16473: 15754: 15577: 15492: 15397: 15122: 14343: 14251: 14107: 13568: 13497: 13175: 12568: 12560: 11918: 11154: 10945: 10653: 9978: 9628: 9593: 9553: 9379: 8758: 7344: 6624: 6012: 5965: 259: 3278:

data can provide insights into diving patterns across the population of users and help in analysing risk.

2684:

Diving rebreathers are susceptible to some failure modes which cannot occur in other breathing apparatus.

2302: 2045:

passing through the scrubber absorbent is removed when it reacts with the absorbent in the canister; this

1893:

Dive-surface valve and breathing hoses of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather. Two hose weights are shown

16725: 16171: 15939: 15292: 15127: 14901: 14455: 14095: 13945: 13914: 13784: 13688: 13611: 13544: 13448: 13187: 13135: 12584: 12294: 11684: 11549: 11498: 10515: 10121: 9721: 9216: 9011: 8569: 8315: 7821: 6712: 6537: 6522: 6194: 6154: 5149: 4941: 4063: 3823: 3782: 3455: 3450:– one of the first electronic closed circuit rebreathers to be mass produced for the recreational market. 3306: 2584:

and the voting logic has dismissed the one remaining correctly functioning cell, with fatal consequences.

1465:

Schematic diagram of a closed circuit oxygen rebreather with a loop configuration and axial flow scrubber

1049: 1028: 614: 14363: 8060: 4967: 4896: 4880: 2830: 2768: 2612: 1715:

There have been a few rebreather designs (e.g. the Oxylite) which had an absorbent canister filled with

1677: 1039: 982: 351: 16854: 16847: 16808: 16740: 16306: 16246: 15922: 15812: 15382: 15352: 15032: 14119: 13766: 12649: 12078: 11659: 10640: 10224: 9706: 9668: 9598: 8770: 8717: 7210: 6668: 6507: 6433: 4035: 3817: 2955: 1878: 1538:. There is no necessity for a second stage and the gas can be turned on and off at the cylinder valve. 269:

from submarines; and occasionally for swimming underwater; but the usual way to work underwater was in

3953:"Compact Recreational Rebreather With Innovative Gas Sensing Concept and Low Work of Breathing Design" 2573:

Failure to correctly maintain the loop mixture within tolerance of the set point. This may be due to:

2218:

stage, or may be operated by the top of a bellows type counterlung reaching the bottom of its travel.

16640: 15849: 13796: 13712: 13338: 13180: 13165: 13130: 12654: 12416: 12351: 11554: 11528: 11421: 11360: 11020: 10433: 10016: 10006: 9805: 9292: 9157: 8602: 8284: 8232: 8188: 7108: 6569: 6264: 4546: 618: 12552: 5320: 1957: 1154:

Schematic diagram of the breathing gas circuit of a passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather.

674:

can kill the diver without warning, others can require immediate appropriate response for survival.

549: 16878: 16291: 16186: 14723: 14515: 13908: 13219: 13079: 13008:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

12786: 12701: 12600: 12442: 12262: 12068: 11934: 11005: 10967: 10731: 9653: 9573: 9354: 9031: 8951: 7974: 7395: 7228: 6273: 6247: 4921: 3025: 2976:

A highly reliable oxygen sensor system would reduce the risk of hypoxia or hyperoxic breathing gas.

2718:

modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce this caustic fluid if they get wet.

2566:

A dangerously high partial pressure of oxygen can occur in the breathing loop for several reasons:

2368:

ambient pressure, as partial pressure varies in proportion to ambient pressure and oxygen fraction.

1866: 8931: 2248:

and the rest is made up by the control system through a solenoid valve, or manually by the diver.

2148:

Regulator, bailout DV, CMF dosage and ADV, SPG and hoses from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather

1007:

large volumes of buoyant air as the diver submerges, and of water as the diver emerges into air.

16680: 16491: 16211: 16077: 15854: 15322: 15152: 14565: 14530: 14176: 13170: 13147: 12924: 12863: 12716: 12666: 12173: 12168: 12133: 12004: 11939: 11734: 11709: 11689: 11544: 11129: 11068: 11030: 10828: 10605: 10510: 10214: 10169: 10149: 10139: 9939: 9748: 9463: 8976: 8936: 8752: 8217: 8183: 8092: 8012: 7911: 7627: 7472: 7327: 7024: 6951: 6919: 6742: 6737: 6584: 6552: 6497: 6404: 6320: 6084: 6017: 5239: 4739: 4470:

An Introduction to Semi-Closed Circuit Rebreathers: The Dräger Series of Recreational Rebreathers

3811: 3647:– the world's first fully automatic closed circuit rebreather for recreational use, based on the 3611: 2711: 2185: 1990: 1531: 1111: 945: 923: 843: 442: 215: 196: 4815: 4663: 2570:

Descent below the maximum operating depth with an oxygen rebreather or a semi-closed rebreather.

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possible to switch gas mixtures during a dive to extend the available depth range of some SCRs.

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An oxygen sensor system that can reliably detect sensor failures and identify the failure mode.

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gas. This diluent cylinder may be filled with compressed air or another diving gas mix such as

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Schematic diagram of the breathing loop of the Interspiro DCSC semi-closed circuit rebreather

218:

also carry rebreather technology to recycle breathing gas as part of the life-support system.

16730: 16412: 16407: 16166: 16154: 16001: 15715: 15082: 15037: 14821: 14495: 14161: 13990: 13854: 13652: 12639: 12624: 12319: 12309: 12242: 12237: 12093: 12088: 12073: 12035: 11954: 11949: 11288: 11271: 11139: 11134: 11053: 10658: 10565: 10320: 10134: 9822: 9817: 9743: 9638: 9528: 9458: 9319: 9314: 8926: 8799: 8332: 8107: 7931: 7782: 7757: 7707: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7361: 6976: 6966: 6934: 6414: 6392: 6377: 5091: 3530: – Manufacturer of electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers for scuba diving 3492: 3363: 3357: 3190:

measurement can give both prediction and failure warning, for increased cost and complexity.

2515: 2419:

sensors and a head-up display of warning and alarm lights with a sound and vibration alarm.

2404: 2284: 1942: 1856: 894: 854: 280: 270: 221:

Rebreathers are usually more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential

165:

of oxygen between programmable upper and lower limits, or set points, and be integrated with

11654: 5881: 4655: 4488: 2532: 2273:

triggered when the oxygen partial pressure in the loop mix drops below the lower set-point.

1785:. It had a duration of 6 hours and a maximum dive depth of 200 metres (660 ft). Its ppO 16900: 16776: 16766: 16690: 16625: 16058: 15968: 15929: 15884: 15800: 15795: 15262: 15257: 15147: 15022: 14713: 14678: 14166: 13760: 13024: 12801: 12741: 12629: 12482: 12128: 11769: 11694: 11575: 11276: 11236: 11010: 10880: 10840: 10456: 10413: 10398: 10164: 10159: 9917: 9775: 9770: 9603: 9578: 9538: 8921: 8906: 8794: 8554: 8513: 8488: 8337: 8237: 8207: 7846: 7752: 7642: 7487: 7388: 7366: 7339: 7193: 7123: 7051: 6844: 6502: 6397: 5671: 5623:. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS Workshop, June 16–19, 2015. Durham, NC. pp. 40–65. 4440:"Rebreather Courses: PADI Type R and Type T Rebreathers: What is a PADI Type R Rebreather?" 1755: 1716: 393: 384: 170: 8: 16620: 16299: 15996: 15839: 15834: 15648: 15608: 15562: 15467: 15252: 14961: 14393: 14261: 14080: 13658: 13358: 13303: 13289: 13192: 12691: 12634: 12613: 12461: 12247: 12153: 12148: 11508: 11309: 10977: 10923: 10806: 10615: 10500: 10338: 10310: 10203: 10126: 9901: 9849: 9738: 9588: 9374: 9344: 9264: 9152: 9147: 8971: 8946: 8702: 8549: 8443: 8438: 7936: 7722: 7597: 7580: 7575: 7533: 7443: 6907: 6589: 6532: 6300: 6283: 6259: 6205: 5988: 5848: 5524:

Adaptive Fault Tolerance and Graceful Degradation Under Dynamic Hard Real-Time Scheduling

4414: 3399: 2144: 2011: 2003: 1527: 850: 561: 211: 142: 127: 14423: 12868: 12756: 12706: 4990:"Rebreather Training Council. Mouthpiece Retraining Strap Safety Guidance Notice, Issue" 4699: 4118: 3826:, also known as Portable Life Support System – Life support device for a space suit 3551: 3325: 2894:

inside the counterlung or a back mounted casing. Colour indicating dye was removed from

2031: 742:

than what is now considered acceptable. Oxygen rebreathers are also sometimes used when

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Warkander, Dan E. (2007). "Development of a scrubber gauge for closed-circuit diving".

4656: 4468: 3690: – Type of diving rebreather used by the Royal Navy – also CDMBA, SCBA, SCMBA, UBA 3546:) – An electronic closed circuit rebreather allowing diving to 60 metres (200 ft). 3504: 3141:

than the upper set point by exposing it to pure oxygen at a depth of 6 m, for a PO

2115: 1387:

Only one model using this gas mixture control principle has been marketed. This is the

743: 401: 204: 146: 9016: 5849:"User manual, CCR Liberty, Manual version: 2.17 CU HW rev 1.0, HS HW rev 3.0, FW 2.17" 5750: 4789: 1150: 456:

Relation of physiological effects to carbon dioxide concentration and exposure period.

324:

dwindled, and Western armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather

283:, the first unit of combat frogmen, was founded in 1938 and went into action in 1940. 16873: 16314: 16108: 16041: 16031: 15874: 15869: 15824: 15807: 15705: 15552: 15532: 15377: 15347: 15237: 15197: 15177: 15167: 15117: 15102: 15077: 15007: 14931: 14856: 14806: 14605: 14570: 14500: 14445: 14085: 14041: 13939: 13411: 13406: 13348: 13284: 13262: 13237: 13152: 12813: 12686: 12676: 11674: 11382: 11377: 11319: 11266: 11149: 11144: 11015: 10972: 10875: 10745: 10716: 10678: 10625: 10332: 10275: 10270: 10001: 9963: 9861: 9780: 9324: 9309: 9190: 9121: 9096: 9051: 8707: 8595: 8559: 8418: 8369: 8289: 8178: 8112: 8022: 7926: 7816: 7772: 7727: 7717: 7702: 7383: 7300: 6839: 6722: 6702: 6691: 6601: 6596: 6579: 6293: 6077: 5624: 5460: 5294: 4766: 4667: 4610: 4602: 4387: 4221: 4156: 4149: 3896: 3835: 3713: 3687: 3607: 3498: 3387: 3381: 3000:

Rebreathers are more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential

2995: 2927: 2646: 2491: 2046: 1961: 1919: 1139: 533: 502: 441:, so rebreathers must chemically remove the carbon dioxide in a component known as a 317: 300: 287:

saw a great expansion of military-related use of rebreather diving. During and after

214:, but in these applications the gas recycling equipment is not carried by the diver. 208: 186: 150: 31: 15618: 15502: 15497: 14648: 14620: 14600: 14505: 9041: 7657: 3557: 2982:

Carbon dioxide sensors that can reliably detect the beginning of a scrubber failure.

1823:

The diver breathes from the rebreather circuit through a bite-grip mouthpiece or an

1142:. A higher gas addition rate reduces the likelihood of hypoxia but wastes more gas. 690:

low work of breathing in all diver attitudes and over the full operating depth range

16670: 16389: 16360: 16352: 15790: 15427: 15402: 15367: 15337: 15327: 15247: 15142: 15112: 15047: 15017: 14921: 14906: 14791: 14673: 14590: 14555: 14485: 14388: 14102: 13378: 13373: 13363: 13343: 13257: 13242: 13140: 12853: 12681: 12644: 12487: 12098: 12083: 11629: 11624: 11193: 11119: 11114: 11075: 11063: 11000: 10995: 10760: 10560: 10290: 10280: 10029: 9523: 9349: 9287: 9116: 9021: 8712: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8065: 7992: 7906: 7901: 7662: 7521: 7506: 7410: 7332: 7205: 7103: 6764: 6325: 3964: 3576: 3001: 2474:

be breathable. This will also reduce carbon dioxide concentration if that is high.

2306: 1836: 1640: 1558:

Schematic diagram of electronically controlled closed circuit mixed gas rebreather.

1534:, and the other is a manual on-off valve called a bypass valve. Both feed into the 1245: 1069: 222: 200: 162: 9503: 7831: 3522: – Military rebreather by Cobham plc – Clearance Diver's Breathing Apparatus. 2160:. In a few cases oxygen is supplied as liquid oxygen or from a chemical reaction. 887: 16161: 15991: 15785: 15582: 15572: 15557: 15452: 15447: 15392: 15372: 15312: 15297: 15287: 15202: 15192: 15187: 15162: 15157: 15132: 15107: 15062: 14992: 14971: 14786: 14766: 14630: 14550: 14383: 13279: 13204: 12781: 12746: 12696: 12541: 12526: 12492: 12396: 12227: 12158: 12143: 12063: 11724: 11585: 11324: 11218: 11213: 11181: 10928: 10918: 10900: 10630: 10245: 9894: 9785: 9696: 9568: 9483: 9443: 9384: 9364: 9076: 9066: 8966: 8941: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8782: 8746: 8534: 8384: 8195: 8173: 8117: 8102: 8075: 7767: 7677: 7477: 6747: 5757: 3596: 3232: 2916: 2861: 2737: 2338: 1687:

system in the loop powered by the added gas. This was developed further with the

1645: 1388: 1330: 1135: 817: 738: 671: 664: 12516: 12118: 8986: 5522:

González, Oscar; Shrikumar, H.; Stankovic, John. A; Ramamritham, Krithi (1997).

5117: 4217: 3838: – Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus 3579: – Semi-closed circuit depth compensated passive addition diving rebreather 2898:

fleet use in 1996 when it was suspected of releasing chemicals into the circuit.

1416: 1216:

amount processed during each breath depends on the tidal volume of that breath.

1118:

Semi-closed circuit equipment generally supplies one breathing gas such as air,

696:

easy and quick release of harness and unaided removal of the unit from the diver

145:

in submarines, submersibles, underwater and surface saturation habitats, and in

16516: 16016: 15775: 15710: 15684: 15638: 15547: 15542: 15517: 15457: 15437: 15422: 15412: 15272: 15242: 15172: 14946: 14816: 14811: 14761: 14698: 14560: 14540: 14450: 14413: 14403: 14398: 13117: 12828: 12761: 12751: 12511: 12188: 12178: 12138: 11744: 11719: 11714: 11649: 11639: 11523: 11035: 10962: 10850: 10535: 10089: 9871: 9716: 9091: 9046: 9036: 8865: 8833: 8776: 8518: 8508: 8493: 8463: 8408: 8274: 8037: 7881: 7607: 7585: 7565: 7499: 7428: 7376: 7145: 7118: 7073: 6902: 6447: 6254: 6225: 6106: 5827: 3917: 3726:

The Orca ECR is a CCR design that has both carbon dioxide and oxygen monitoring

3021: 3005: 2169: 2042: 1912: 1828: 1824: 1791: 1554: 899: 813: 416: 388: 380: 314: 255: 226: 158: 97: 14708: 8911: 5397: 5349: 4816:"Diving apparatus 'Modell 1912' Draegerwerk Lübeck, helmet with 'lock system'" 3507: – Electronically-controlled closed circuit mixed gas military rebreather 3458: – French company manufacturing breathing apparatus and diving equipment 3309: – French company manufacturing breathing apparatus and diving equipment 118:(scuba). A semi-closed rebreather carried by the diver may also be known as a 16894: 16781: 16463: 16455: 16336: 16011: 15934: 15844: 15669: 15567: 15537: 15522: 15512: 15487: 15477: 15417: 15362: 15342: 15332: 15302: 15277: 15222: 15207: 15067: 15012: 14956: 14926: 14911: 14876: 14836: 14796: 14776: 14771: 14718: 14615: 14595: 14525: 14520: 14480: 13209: 13157: 13045: 13038: 12843: 12833: 12521: 12289: 12252: 12219: 12058: 11261: 11256: 11241: 10823: 10813: 10555: 10479: 10423: 10051: 9909: 9887: 9790: 9765: 9760: 9728: 9111: 9061: 9001: 8996: 8961: 8901: 8896: 8764: 8738: 8680: 8585: 8473: 8007: 7632: 7494: 7423: 7405: 7400: 7371: 7178: 7113: 7098: 7001: 6981: 6834: 6816: 6487: 6457: 6367: 6288: 4606: 4410: 3585: – Non-depth-compensated passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather 3519: 2950:

power supply, non-redundant oxygen sensor, solenoid valves or control unit.

2668: 2355:

In a semi-closed rebreather the loop mix depends on a combination of factors:

2153: 1832: 513: 412: 134: 8453: 7871: 7712: 5375: 4770: 4614: 3563: 3315: – Closed circuit oxygen diving rebreather – a model of closed circuit 3020:

Bailout valves – a device in the mouthpiece of the loop which connects to a

2511: 2414:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Instrumentation and displays

1945:

due to location and shape of the counterlungs, if they are not in a casing.

1683: 1461: 16581: 16543: 16070: 16026: 15731: 15700: 15679: 15653: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15613: 15587: 15507: 15462: 15407: 15387: 15267: 15232: 15217: 15057: 14916: 14891: 14881: 14861: 14841: 14738: 14658: 14580: 14490: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14075: 13429: 13274: 13252: 13214: 12736: 12324: 12299: 12113: 12011: 11987: 11884: 11644: 11468: 11251: 10952: 10940: 10870: 10860: 10845: 10779: 10726: 10668: 10520: 10300: 9755: 9488: 9394: 9339: 9297: 9282: 9185: 9086: 8991: 8916: 8788: 8697: 8685: 8498: 8279: 8257: 8134: 8087: 8017: 7941: 7916: 7667: 7250: 7188: 7168: 6996: 6727: 6557: 6409: 6330: 6220: 5424:"Understanding oxygen sensors and why NOT change them all at the same time" 5376:"Deep Life Design Team: databases and analysis of rebreather accident data" 4747: 4391: 4270:. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. p. 19–9. Archived from 4225: 3694: 3681: 3582: 3375: 2890: 2733: 2157: 1907: 1815: 1799: 1639:

A major function of the closed circuit rebreather is to control the oxygen

1530:, the oxygen cylinder has two oxygen supply mechanisms in parallel. One is 1232: 914:

There are two basic gas passage configurations: The loop and the pendulum.

243: 192: 174: 16221: 8448: 5464: 4632: 2184:. The diluent reduces the percentage of oxygen breathed and increases the 1952:

counterlungs which are not in an enclosed casing should be sheltered from

1819:

Mouthpiece with dive/surface valve of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1546:

to top up. Control of the volume in the loop would also control buoyancy.

1260:

Diagram of the loop in a constant mass flow semi-closed circuit rebreather

1127:

gas, semi-closed circuit is wasteful of both oxygen and inert components.

512:

Initial signs/symptoms of hypoxia (normal environment oxygen in some very

30:

This article is about the equipment. For the activity and procedures, see

16615: 16576: 16498: 16344: 16216: 16144: 16053: 16021: 16006: 15482: 15442: 15317: 15227: 15212: 15137: 15002: 14997: 14951: 14886: 14871: 14846: 14831: 14728: 14663: 14610: 14510: 14418: 14373: 14236: 14059: 13394: 12873: 12858: 12823: 12796: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12671: 12411: 11995: 11453: 11398: 10987: 10890: 10885: 10784: 10767: 10721: 10711: 10635: 10580: 10451: 10393: 10285: 10265: 10255: 10250: 10079: 10041: 9947: 9931: 9711: 9583: 9334: 9169: 9164: 9006: 8828: 8823: 8733: 8539: 8483: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8002: 7891: 7592: 7438: 7415: 7356: 7305: 7238: 7233: 7173: 7135: 7046: 7016: 6991: 6986: 6939: 6824: 6796: 6707: 6574: 6517: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6230: 6210: 4476:(Revision 4a ed.). Technical Diving International, 1995. p. 14. 4093:"Commercial Dive Gear: Diving Helmets: DESCO 29019D Mark V Diving Helmet" 3410: 3272: 2645:

Carbon dioxide buildup can also occur when a combination of exertion and

2324:

Narked at 90 Ltd – Deep Pursuit Advanced electronic rebreather controller

2242: 2076:

of the diver, and can be overwhelming when it exceeds the diver's limit.

1535: 1514: 1319: 1256: 1211:

The simple case of a fixed ratio discharge can be achieved by concentric

865: 438: 425: 329: 207:

used for deep heliox diving use similar technology to rebreathers, as do

123: 8433: 3969: 3952: 3684: – British manufacturer of diving equipment and salvage contractor 3593: – Russian military rebreather for underwater and high altitude use 3421: – Russian military rebreather for underwater and high altitude use 3378: – British manufacturer of diving equipment and salvage contractor 2818: 2756: 2600: 2328: 966: with: diagram of twin scrubber single counterlung arrangement from 955: 339: 328:, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers with 16665: 16660: 16630: 16563: 16376: 16368: 16065: 15592: 15307: 15072: 14896: 14826: 14781: 14756: 14535: 14145: 13434: 13399: 13247: 13031: 12791: 12502: 12380: 12329: 12211: 12163: 12108: 11403: 11246: 10696: 10673: 10260: 9493: 9304: 9137: 9106: 9071: 9056: 8692: 8670: 8642: 8590: 8428: 8325: 8320: 8080: 7997: 7856: 7841: 7482: 7448: 7322: 7317: 7183: 7068: 6874: 6829: 6732: 6717: 6564: 6237: 6131: 6054: 3829: 3599: – Military semi-closed circuit passive addition diving rebreather 3367: 3193:

Placement of the sensor in the loop can affect sensitivity to actual CO

2496: 2379:

Most electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers (ECCCR) have

2050: 80: 5957: 5903: 4593:

Elliott, David (1997). "Some limitations of semi-closed rebreathers".

2228: 1710: 16270: 16203: 16196: 15527: 15432: 15027: 14851: 14801: 14733: 14408: 12848: 12433: 12206: 12030: 11634: 11503: 11314: 11293: 10910: 10801: 10094: 9924: 8838: 8478: 8305: 8146: 8070: 8042: 7836: 7806: 7762: 7602: 7560: 7433: 7312: 7265: 7150: 7140: 7058: 6854: 6512: 6452: 6242: 6111: 5521: 4515:"Ask an Expert: Is the New Breed of Rebreathers Really Recreational?" 3648: 3527: 3441: 3059: 2027: 2020: 2015:

Interior of scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1598:

13 Electronically controlled solenoid operated oxygen injection valve

1248:

uses a variable volume inner bellows system to compensate for depth.

101: 70: 50: 6660: 5928:

U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7 SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921

5214: 3536: – Scottish provider of diving equipment and related services. 1941:

The design of the counterlungs can also affect the swimming diver's

869:

A simple naval-type diving oxygen rebreather with the parts labelled

645:

nitrox recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 50 msw

16706:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

15094: 14368: 12997: 11448: 11443: 11365: 10818: 10706: 10590: 10575: 10084: 9879: 9142: 8848: 8503: 8267: 8227: 8027: 7747: 7272: 7243: 7093: 7041: 7034: 7029: 6072: 3250:

all times, and only require eye movement to become fully readable.

2519: 1953: 1649: 873: 310: 4147:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 Feb 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).

1743:

was designed to be run in this mode or as an ordinary rebreather.

104:

to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused

16685: 16506: 16321: 12232: 11025: 10116: 10034: 9678: 9513: 9498: 9473: 9389: 9329: 8858: 8853: 8675: 8564: 8468: 7826: 7277: 7260: 7255: 7063: 7006: 6806: 4176: 3709: 3705: 3062:

and provide an indication of when the scrubber will be exhausted.

2895: 2443:

Gas other than pure oxygen in the oxygen supply system. (unusual)

1509:

This is the earliest type of rebreather and was commonly used by

1212: 693:

the unit should not adversely affect the diver's trim and balance

404:. Exhaled air at sea level contains roughly 13.5% to 16% oxygen. 321: 110: 11900:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

9196:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

5266:"The RB80 Semi-closed Rebreather: A Successful Exploration Tool" 4264:

US Navy (2006). "Chapter 19: Closed-Circuit Oxygen UBA Diving".

4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 2702:

bypass contact with the absorbent. If any of the seals, such as

2121: 1781:

A cryogenic rebreather prototype called the S-1000 was built by

1371:

12 Mouthpiece with dive/surface valve and loop non-return valves

16233: 16228: 10174: 10056: 9518: 9478: 8413: 8379: 7951: 7921: 6869: 6864: 6849: 5946: 4725: 4216:

Walker, J R. III; Murphy-Lavoie, Heather M. (11 January 2021).

3814: – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas 3428: 3316: 2922: 2703: 2672: 2653: 2181: 2173: 1949: 1119: 376: 325: 292: 138: 105: 11826:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

4008:"Building A Fault Tolerant Rebreather: Our Path to Simplicity" 3501: – Range of military rebreathers military rebreather, and 3085: 2267: 2109: 969:"A digital tour of the KISS Spirit and Sidewinder rebreathers" 572:

Recommended limit for recreational open circuit bottom sector

126:

or surface installation is more likely to be referred to as a

16442: 16421: 13053:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

11208: 10663: 8607: 7876: 7861: 7851: 7811: 7777: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7672: 5057:

Reynolds, Glen Harlan (December 2006). "Seeking New Depths".

4202: 3895:(revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. 3590: 3533: 3418: 3405:

The "Universal" rebreather was a long-dive derivative of the

3402: – Industrial rescue and shallow water oxygen rebreather 3343: 3337: 3331: 2320: 2085: 1747: 857:

by using a mouthpiece and counterlung to form a closed loop.

754:

Normal working limit 25 feet (7.6 m) for 240 minutes. (P

687:

acceptably streamlined, to minimize added swimming resistance

633:

recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 18 msw

5792: 5528:

Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series. 188.

5029:"Back Mounted Counterlungs: User Instruction Manual Issue 5" 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4377: 3444: – British manufacturer of underwater diving equipment 764:

Maximum working limit 50 feet (15 m) for 10 minutes. (P

320:, and as a result the perceived risk of sabotage attacks by 8423: 7652: 7647: 5078:

US Naval Submarine Medical Research Center Technical Report

4647: 3918:

A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits

3424: 1699:

for heliox diving. These were successfully used during the

1510: 830: 658:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Rebreathers

580: 482: 288: 284: 11800:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

10601:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

4181:. Jalandhar, Punjab: Pradeep Publications. pp. V/101. 4126:. Vol. 2. Washington DC: Navy Department. July 1981. 3867:"JFD | COBRA (Compact bailout rebreathing apparatus)" 3631:

Back and sidemount mixed gas technical diving rebreathers.

3560: – Semi-closed circuit recreational diving rebreather 1719:, which gives off oxygen as it absorbs carbon dioxide: 4KO 1353:

6 Dosage mechanism with control linkage from bellows cover

16437: 16432: 5368: 5010: 4843: 4820:

Chronology of Diving in Holland: 1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck

3950: 2886: 2007:

Scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1657:

decompression requirements for the planned dive profile.

702:

unambiguous feedback to the diver of critical information

397: 16398:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

13879:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

13701:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

9454:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

5190:"Scuba Force Bellow Part Counterlung for SF2 Rebreather" 4760: 3390: – Type of diving rebreather used by the Royal Navy 1064:

Liberty sidemount rebreather for low profile cave diving

16403:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

12946:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

10596:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

4878:: 29–31, 85–87 – via Aqua Corps magazine, N7, 28. 4120:

US Navy Diving Manual Revision 1 Navsea-0994-LP001-9020

1549: 1362:

9 Exhaust valve with control linkage from bellows cover

1145: 461:

Effects of different levels of oxygen partial pressure

407:

The situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the

14272:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

13677:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

12261: 10357:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

9237:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

6776:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

5172: 5069: 4859:

Fischel, H. (1970). "Closed circuit cryogenic SCUBA".

4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 3891:

Crawford, J. (2016). "8.5.1 Helium recovery systems".

3495: – Subsidiary of Cobham based in Davenport, Iowa 2383:

and electronic control circuits, which monitor the ppO

1764: 1251: 909: 684:

reasonably close to neutrally buoyant after ballasting

109:

a limited gas supply, and, for covert military use by

6000: 5924: 5450: 4863:. Washington, DC: Marine Technology Society: 229–244. 4196: 4151:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

3354: – Early closed circuit oxygen diving rebreather 893:

joints. The diver breathes through a mouthpiece or a

13469:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

6042: 5390: 4722:

Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine

2514:

in the early 20th century as a scuba gas supply for

1671: 728:

minimal additional task-loading for normal operation

149:

used to recover the large volumes of helium used in

14306:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

11810:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

5751:

https://www.apdiving.com/shop/en_gb/rebreather.html

5515: 4987: 4765:(Report). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 4362: 4215: 3946: 3944: 3832: – Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas 3708:MK-25 and the MK-16 mixed-gas rebreather), and the 3554: – German manufacturer of breathing equipment 3328: – German manufacturer of breathing equipment 2969:Characteristics that would improve safety include: 2315: 2100: 2057:and the production of carbon dioxide by the diver. 1711:

Rebreathers using an absorbent that releases oxygen

15883: 14226:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13861:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13665:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13600:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 10345:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 9425: 9232:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 6350: 5116:Bulman, Jake; Coffield, Skanda (27 October 2022). 5075: 4988:Haynes, P; Menduno, M; Toomer, P (21 March 2023). 4890: 4888: 4807: 4763:Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop 4462: 4460: 4148: 4146: 3676:– Back or sidemount ECCR with bellows counterlung. 1967: 1860:Mouthpiece with bailout valve and head-up display 1313: 1104: 699:accessibility of control and adjustment components 14019:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 11930:History of decompression research and development 5476: 5474: 4846:US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 4662:(7th ed.). Kogakusha: McGraw-Hill. pp. 4653: 4595:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 3752:IDA-71 with lid of casing opened showing interior 3697:, being an update of the BioMarine/Carleton MK16: 3072:Automated pre-dive checklists and systems checks. 2446:High carbon dioxide levels in the loop. (unusual) 1798:Cryogenic rebreathers were widely used in Soviet 1701:rescue of the crew and salvage of the USS Squalus 1325: 16892: 15753: 13952:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 13695:International Association for Handicapped Divers 11917: 11890:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 10363:International Association for Handicapped Divers 10105: 8348: 5934:. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 5530:(Report). University of Massachusetts - Amherst. 5493: 5444: 5343: 5341: 5050: 4914: 4861:Equipment for the Working Diver - 1970 Symposium 4405: 4403: 4401: 4030: 4028: 3941: 3712:CCS50 and CCS100 rebreathers, were developed by 3346: – Military oxygen rebreather by Drägerwerk 3340: – Military oxygen rebreather by Drägerwerk 3334: – Military oxygen tebreather by Drägerwerk 3217: 2510:The semi-closed rebreather systems developed by 2457:Visible (digital screen displays, flashing LEDs) 2204: 1469:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non return valves 1264:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non-return valves 1158:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non-return valves 273:, breathing open circuit surface-supplied air. 14267:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 13671:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 13492:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 12993:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 11105:Association of Diving Contractors International 10351:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 6193: 5763: 5415: 5312: 4885: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4457: 4432: 4245: 4001: 2921:Fault tolerance is the property that enables a 2849: 2399: 2079: 2034:, or Sodasorb. Other systems use a prepackaged 1562:1 Dive/surface valve and loop non-return valves 1079:optimised when the diver is trimmed correctly. 1027:orientations of the diver, resulting in slight 750:US Navy restrictions on oxygen rebreather use: 681:waterproof and corrosion resistant construction 585:Recreational/technical limit for decompression 133:Diving rebreather technology may be used where 16554:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 13958:National Association of Underwater Instructors 13903:Rebreather Association of International Divers 13897:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 13885:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 13755:Rebreather Association of International Divers 13749:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 13737:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 13725:National Association of Underwater Instructors 13647:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 11204:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 6432: 5726:"Ted Eldred's Porpoise Oxygen Rebreather 1946" 5471: 5115: 4220:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 4177:P.S.Dhami; G.Chopra; H.N. Shrivastava (2015). 4142: 4140: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3776:Inspiration with casing open showing interior 2640: 1652:. The monitoring system uses oxygen-sensitive 583:limit for maximum exposure for a working diver 396:, or about 20% of the available oxygen in the 203:systems for scuba or surface-supplied diving. 49:A fully closed circuit electronic rebreather ( 16736:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 16487:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 13535:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 13106: 9870: 9544:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 9363: 6676: 5973: 5874:"BioMarine/Carleton MK16 and Royal Navy CDBA" 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5356:. DAN Southern Africa. Event occurs at 48:00 5338: 5143: 5141: 5139: 4881:Also available online via the Rebreather Site 4874:Cushman, L. (1979) . "Cryogenic Rebreather". 4839: 4837: 4658:Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications 4398: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4087: 4085: 4056: 4025: 3566: – Semi-closed circuit diving rebreather 2576:Oxygen sensor malfunction: If the cell fails 2303:Rebreather diving § Emergency procedures 2122:Gas venting – Overpressure valve and diffuser 1872: 1810: 1625:22 Electronic control and monitoring circuits 1595:12 Oxygen constant mass flow metering orifice 1404: 116:self-contained underwater breathing apparatus 16636:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 16512:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 13481:International Marine Contractors Association 11110:International Marine Contractors Association 9984:International Marine Contractors Association 7973: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 4867: 4746:(6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: 4680: 4586: 4532: 4506: 4480: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 3909: 3884: 3186:temperature measurement and post scrubber CO 3156: 3110:value from the sensor with the calculated PO 3034:Active and passive oxygen sensor validation. 3011: 2787: 2654:Fire hazards of high concentration of oxygen 2440:High partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. 2156:mixture, which is almost always stored in a 1956:when not in use, to prevent the rubber from 1805: 1034: 930: 788:Operational scope and restrictions of SCRs: 16611:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 16104:Environmental impact of recreational diving 14316:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 13891:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 13743:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 13635:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 12932:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 11838:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 11805:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 11794:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 10689: 10409:Environmental impact of recreational diving 5841: 5730:Historical Diving Times, No. 38 Winter 2006 5295:"Rubicon Shop – Choosing an SF2 Rebreather" 5232: 4970:. www.therebreathersite.nl. 8 November 2010 4784: 4782: 4780: 4738: 4137: 3978: 3704:Some military rebreathers (for example the 3295: 3131: 3086:Active and passive oxygen sensor validation 2437:Low partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. 2268:Electronically controlled (solenoid valves) 2110:Effect of temperature on scrubber endurance 2060: 1752:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 1741:Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather 1665:the event of some control system failures. 1055: 1052:for most common orientations of the diver. 1021: 837: 823: 387:requires about 0.25 L/min of oxygen from a 16827: 16696:Society for Underwater Historical Research 14277:South African Underwater Sports Federation 11059:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 10915:Hazard identification and risk assessment 6683: 6669: 6643: 5980: 5966: 5769: 5421: 5289: 5287: 5136: 5109: 4922:"Popular mechanics (ru), №7(81) June 2009" 4848:(Report). Vol. NEDU-Evaluation-11-68. 4834: 4112: 4110: 4082: 3916:Thornton, Michael Albert (December 2000). 3435: 3384: – British military oxygen rebreather 2422: 1984: 1095: 922:simpler, but inherently contains a larger 677:General operational requirements include: 524:Normal environment oxygen (sea level air) 191:Diving rebreathers are generally used for 43: 16562: 15860:Physiological response to water immersion 13924: 13508:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 13487:List of diver certification organizations 13070:List of Divers Alert Network publications 13003:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 11820:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 9674:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 9649:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 5732:. Historical Diving Society. pp. 5–8 5534: 5483:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Abstract 5480: 5350:"Operational Aspects of Technical Diving" 5257: 5084: 4934: 4732: 4564: 4285: 4095:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: DESCO Corporation 3968: 3253: 2631: 2449:Impending scrubber breakthrough (unusual) 918:non-return valve when the diver inhales. 415:is higher, and in underwater diving, the 15766:List of researchers in underwater diving 13475:International Diving Schools Association 12960:The new science of skin and scuba diving 11945:List of researchers in underwater diving 10491:Human factors in diving equipment design 6781:Human factors in diving equipment design 5637: 5453:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 5347: 5318: 5056: 4897:"S-600 G and SS100 cryogenic rebreather" 4777: 4754: 4409: 4246:James W. Miller, ed. (1979). "Fig 2.4". 3915: 3890: 3859: 3540:Clearance Divers' Life Support Equipment 3366: – Australian oxygen rebreather – 2910: 2403: 2327: 2319: 2283: 2208: 2143: 2067:Human factors in diving equipment design 2010: 2002: 1994: 1888: 1855: 1814: 1553: 1542:button on an open-circuit demand valve. 1460: 1415: 1329: 1255: 1149: 1059: 1038: 872: 864: 779: 451: 375:As a person breathes, the body consumes 15865:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 13996:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 13873:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 13823:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 13683:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 12727:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 12402:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 12305:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 11970:US Navy decompression models and tables 11832:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 10202: 9263: 7638:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 5987: 5284: 5175:Defence R&D Canada Technical Report 4981: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4697: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4592: 4512: 4486: 4263: 4170: 4107: 4005: 3300: 3075:Head-up displays for status and alarms. 2926:tolerance is particularly important in 2726: 2391:reaches dangerously high or low levels. 2091: 1773: 1695:The US Navy developed a variant of the 1678:Standard diving dress § Variations 1411: 1167:4 Non-return valve to discharge bellows 881: 709:Special applications may also require: 14: 16893: 16751:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 16482:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 16451:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 11875:Civil liability in recreational diving 10546:List of diving hazards and precautions 9624:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 8613:Underwater acoustic positioning system 8123:High pressure breathing air compressor 5717: 5177:(DCIEM 92–06). Defence R&D Canada. 5147: 4962: 4960: 4338: 4259: 4257: 4239: 3651:MK5 design and further developed into, 3635:Mark 29 Underwater Breathing Apparatus 3360: – Australian scuba manufacturer 3352:Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit 2958:, and sensitivity to the environment. 2872: 2196: 1848:mouthpiece is taken out of the mouth. 1628:23 Primary and secondary display units 1521: 1297:12 Constant Mass Flow metering orifice 1001: 971:. Divetech Grand Cayman·. 13 June 2020 816:, which is affected by flow velocity ( 297:Swimmer Canoeist's Breathing Apparatus 16133: 15752: 14342: 14341: 14311:Underwater Hockey World Championships 14257:British Underwater Sports Association 14040: 14039: 13529:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 13230: 13105: 12898: 12376:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 11916: 11863: 11179: 10477: 10201: 9564:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 9262: 8640: 8128:Low pressure breathing air compressor 7972: 6762: 6690: 6664: 6476: 6431: 6349: 6192: 6041: 5999: 5961: 5740:– via www.therebreathersite.nl. 5207: 4719: 4713: 4489:"Rise of the Recreational Rebreather" 3800:rEvo rebreather back view, right side 2740:, or manually by using a small pump. 2236: 1842: 1610:17 Diluent submersible pressure gauge 732: 716:low emission of bubbles/small bubbles 651: 16815: 16587:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 15918:Thermodynamic model of decompression 14321:Underwater Rugby World Championships 13934:Cave Divers Association of Australia 13849:American Nitrox Divers International 13707:International Life Saving Federation 13641:American Nitrox Divers International 13606:Performance Freediving International 11788:European Diving Technology Committee 10429:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 10327:Cave Divers Association of Australia 10047:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 9644:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 9242:Performance Freediving International 8459:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 8375:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 6763: 6631: 5866: 5816: 5723: 5613: 5422:Raymaekers, Paul (18 October 2010). 5263: 5166: 5154:. Rebreather Forum 4. Valetta, Malta 4744:Deep Diving and Submarine Operations 4654:Daucherty, RL; Franzini, JB (1977). 4621: 4466: 3923:(Report). Texas A&M University. 3764:IDA-71 mask, DSV and breathing hoses 3313:FROGS (Full Range Oxygen Gas System) 2813: 2751: 2676:"caustic cocktail" if they get wet. 2671:and can cause chemical burns to the 2595: 2486: 1589:10 Oxygen submersible pressure gauge 1586:9 Absolute pressure oxygen regulator 1550:Closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers 1146:Passive addition semi-closed circuit 950: 593:Commercial/military "Sur-D" chamber 334: 16772:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 15987:List of diving environments by type 14282:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 13791:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 13719:National Academy of Scuba Educators 13551:Department of Employment and Labour 12953:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 12407:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 11581:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 11180: 11081:Breathing performance of regulators 6493:Breathing performance of regulators 6216:Continuous positive airway pressure 5182: 4957: 4942:"Sportsmen-podvodnik journal, 1977" 4487:Menduno, Michael (8 January 2014). 4267:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision 4254: 3226: 3205:Furthermore, increased levels of CO 2687: 2662: 2258: 1765:Rebreathers which use liquid oxygen 1252:Active addition semi-closed circuit 1043:Diver with chest-mounted rebreather 910:Breathing gas passage configuration 552:; maximum saturation dive exposure 276:(Draeger and Mark V Helium helmet) 27:Closed or semi-closed circuit scuba 24: 16911:Self-contained breathing apparatus 16549:Submarine escape training facility 16150:Defense against swimmer incursions 13503:Recreational diver course referral 10419:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 10230:Outline of recreational dive sites 9634:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 8806:Variable weight apnea without fins 6090:Self-contained breathing apparatus 6025:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 5646:"Equipements des Commandos Marine" 5080:(Report). Vol. NSMRL-TR-1228. 4813: 4133:from the original on July 2, 2019. 4006:Šimánek, Jakub (2 February 2021). 3842:Self-contained breathing apparatus 3788:Liberty closed circuit rebreathers 2460:Audible (buzzer or tone generator) 2221: 2072:significant part of the available 1884: 1086: 449:gas is compressed during descent. 370: 25: 16922: 16701:Society for Underwater Technology 11895:Investigation of diving accidents 10478: 10369:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 9609:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 9449:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 8618:Underwater acoustic communication 7350:Underwater acoustic communication 6913:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 6383:Surface-supplied diving equipment 6095:Self-contained self-rescue device 6002:High altitude breathing apparatus 5939: 5770:Juergensen, Kevin (16 Jul 1998). 5643: 5617:Rebreathers and Scientific Diving 5148:Clarke, John (20–22 April 2023). 4790:"Rebreathers guide for beginners" 3957:Marine Technology Society Journal 3693:A type introduced in 1999 in the 2906:to bail off the loop immediately. 2659:ignition risk is relatively low. 1672:Standard diving dress rebreathers 1188:11 Breathing gas storage cylinder 16872: 16860: 16826: 16814: 16803: 16802: 16572:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 15898:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 14242:Australian Underwater Federation 13731:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 12899: 12315:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 11479:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 11356:Inner ear decompression sickness 10936:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 10220:Index of recreational dive sites 9559:Naval Special Operations Command 9222:Australian Underwater Federation 6642: 6630: 6619: 6618: 6543:Respiratory protective equipment 6528:Open circuit breathing apparatus 6117:Powered air-purifying respirator 6043:Occupational breathing apparatus 5945: 5824:"KISS Closed Circuit Rebreather" 5319:Šimánekk, Jakub (10 June 2020). 4894: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3407:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 3394:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 2817: 2755: 2679: 2599: 2316:Control of the breathing gas mix 2279: 2190: 2130: 2101:Grain size and size distribution 1851: 1487:7 Breathing gas storage cylinder 1442:7 Breathing gas storage cylinder 1347:4 Feed gas first stage regulator 1270:3 Scrubber canister (axial flow) 954: 621:at 50 msw (meters of sea water) 338: 16861: 16656:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 16332:-class deep submergence vehicle 14001:Underwater Escape Training Unit 11782:Diving Medical Advisory Council 11776:Diving Diseases Research Centre 9614:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 5896: 5804: 5744: 5689: 5664: 5264:Rhea, David (2 February 2021). 4513:Douglas, Eric (31 March 2014). 3930:from the original on 2023-03-19 3409:, intended to be used with the 3266: 2795:electro-galvanic oxygen sensors 2693:fail or become less efficient: 2533:Rebreather diving § Safety 2434:Failure of one or more sensors. 2381:electro-galvanic oxygen sensors 1968:Concentric bellows counterlungs 1901: 1314:Constant mass flow gas addition 1282:7 Breathing gas supply cylinder 1105:Semi-closed circuit rebreathers 860: 493:Unconsciousness in most people 237:can extend the duration of the 180: 16906:Underwater breathing apparatus 14247:British Freediving Association 13964:Technical Diving International 13540:Divers Institute of Technology 13463:European Underwater Federation 13299:Surface-supplied diving skills 11514:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 11474:Salt water aspiration syndrome 11373:High-pressure nervous syndrome 10648:Diver behaviour and competence 10496:Human factors in diving safety 10012:Baited remote underwater video 9845:Underwater search and recovery 9813:Underwater cutting and welding 9619:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 9227:British Freediving Association 8982:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 8641: 8201:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 7867:Diving Unlimited International 7512:Mechanism of diving regulators 7201:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 6352:Underwater breathing apparatus 6279:Respiratory gas humidification 6053: 5918: 5348:Mitchell, Simon (April 2015). 4748:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd 4415:"Diving Sidemount Rebreathers" 3893:Offshore Installation Practice 3721:Juergensen Defense Corporation 3515:Juergensen Defense Corporation 2743: 2431:Failure of the control system. 2296: 2163: 2139: 1783:Sub-Marine Systems Corporation 1616:19 Manual diluent bypass valve 1526:In some rebreathers, e.g. the 1326:Demand controlled gas addition 94:underwater breathing apparatus 13: 1: 16088:Underwater diving environment 15908:Reduced gradient bubble model 15903:Haldane's decompression model 14287:Underwater Society of America 13867:Diving Science and Technology 13773:Scuba Educators International 12967:Professional Diver's Handbook 12275:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 11965:Pearling in Western Australia 11960:Timeline of diving technology 11765:Aerospace Medical Association 11665:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 11591:Psychological fitness to dive 11464:Instinctive drowning response 10866:Gas blending for scuba diving 10375:Woodville Karst Plain Project 9664:Underwater Demolition Command 9659:Underwater Construction Teams 9549:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 9509:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 9439:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 9405:United States military divers 8365:Continental Shelf Station Two 8140:Gas blending for scuba diving 5501:"Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd" 5124:. Global Underwater Explorers 5038:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd 4997:rebreathertrainingcouncil.org 4631:Larsson, Åke (15 July 2002). 4350:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd 3852: 3218:Automated pre-dive checklists 2205:Automatic diluent valve (ADV) 1999:Inspiration scrubber canister 1592:11 Oxygen manual bypass valve 1496:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1451:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1291:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1288:9 Absolute pressure regulator 1197:14 Submersible pressure gauge 719:low electromagnetic signature 264:Timeline of diving technology 16651:Nautical Archaeology Society 16646:Nautical Archaeology Program 16474:NATO Submarine Rescue System 15755:Science of underwater diving 15493:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 15398:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 14252:British Octopush Association 13569:Divers Academy International 13498:Nautical Archaeology Society 13176:Public safety diver training 13162:Occupational diver training 12054:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 11919:History of underwater diving 11155:Standard operating procedure 10946:Hierarchy of hazard controls 9979:Helix Energy Solutions Group 9629:Special Service Group (Navy) 9594:Special Air Service Regiment 9554:Naval Service Diving Section 9380:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 8759:Constant weight without fins 7345:Through-water communications 6013:Aviation breathing apparatus 5321:"Using a Bailout Rebreather" 2989: 2850:Gas injection system failure 2561: 2400:Instrumentation and displays 2080:Single or multiple scrubbers 1802:in the period 1980 to 1990. 1356:7 Hinged bellows counterlung 888:Rebreather § Components 485:ultimately leading to death 260:History of underwater diving 173:of the diver and record the 7: 16726:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 16172:Underwater domain awareness 15940:Physiology of decompression 15128:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 13946:Global Underwater Explorers 13785:Scuba Schools International 13689:Global Underwater Explorers 13612:Scuba Schools International 13545:Health and Safety Executive 13188:Recreational diver training 12295:Motorised Submersible Canoe 11685:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 11550:Diving Medical Practitioner 11499:Demand valve oxygen therapy 10516:Underwater diving emergency 10122:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 9722:Recreational diver training 9217:Scuba Schools International 8316:Combat rubber raiding craft 7822:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 6713:Atmospheric pressure diving 6538:Positive pressure breathing 6523:Negative pressure breathing 6477: 6195:Medical breathing apparatus 5925:US Navy (1 December 2016). 5904:"Carbon Dioxide Monitoring" 5648:(in French). Archived from 5118:"Keep It Simple Sidewinder" 4968:"OC – DSV – BOV – FFM page" 4339:Parker, Martin (Nov 2012). 3824:Primary life support system 3805: 3456:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 3307:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 2641:Excessive work of breathing 1654:electro-galvanic fuel cells 1050:positive pressure breathing 1029:negative pressure breathing 459: 122:. The same technology on a 10: 16927: 16741:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 15923:Varying Permeability Model 15813:Underwater computer vision 14120:Underwater target shooting 13767:Scuba Diving International 13127:Competence and assessment 12650:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 10641:Uncontrolled decompression 10225:List of wreck diving sites 9707:Commercial offshore diving 9669:Underwater Demolition Team 9599:Special Actions Detachment 8771:Dynamic apnea without fins 8718:Underwater target shooting 8263:Launch and recovery system 8033:Launch and recovery system 7211:Submersible pressure gauge 6508:Escape breathing apparatus 6434:User respiratory interface 6172:GB2626 (China), and others 5772:"The History of BioMarine" 4197:US Navy Diving Manual 2016 3818:Escape breathing apparatus 3270: 3230: 2993: 2914: 2549: 2541: 2530: 2411: 2300: 2240: 2064: 1988: 1879:mouthpiece retaining strap 1873:Mouthpiece retaining strap 1811:User respiratory interface 1675: 1619:20 Automatic diluent valve 1499:11 Automatic make-up valve 1405:Closed circuit rebreathers 1338:1 Nitrox feed gas cylinder 1294:11 Automatic Diluent Valve 1176:7 Main counterlung bellows 1164:3 Counterlung fore-chamber 1067: 885: 841: 655: 501:Serious signs/symptoms of 253: 249: 184: 29: 16798: 16759: 16714: 16641:Karst Underwater Research 16599: 16534: 16388: 16185: 16140: 16134: 16129: 16096: 15979: 15952: 15850:Equivalent narcotic depth 15823: 15774: 15761: 15748: 15724: 15693: 15662: 15601: 15093: 14980: 14747: 14687: 14639: 14432: 14354: 14350: 14337: 14298: 14206: 14190: 14154: 14128: 14068: 14052: 14048: 14035: 14009: 13981: 13837: 13829:CMAS Scientific Committee 13811: 13797:United Diving Instructors 13713:Israeli Diving Federation 13621: 13582: 13559: 13517: 13447: 13422: 13387: 13339:Advanced Open Water Diver 13331: 13316: 13181:Scientific diver training 13166:Commercial diver training 13131:Competency-based learning 13116: 13112: 13107:Training and registration 13101: 13078: 13062: 13016: 12983: 12909: 12905: 12894: 12715: 12655:Johnson Sea Link accident 12612: 12540: 12501: 12475: 12454: 12432: 12425: 12417:Women Divers Hall of Fame 12389: 12368: 12352:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 12342: 12197: 12044: 12021: 11978: 11925: 11912: 11870: 11859: 11753: 11606: 11599: 11568: 11555:Diving Medical Technician 11537: 11529:Therapeutic recompression 11491: 11434: 11422:Carbon monoxide poisoning 11412: 11391: 11361:Isobaric counterdiffusion 11333: 11302: 11227: 11192: 11188: 11175: 11091: 11044: 11021:Diving systems technician 10986: 10899: 10744: 10534: 10486: 10473: 10442: 10434:Underwater diving on Guam 10384: 10309: 10238: 10210: 10197: 10070: 10017:In-water surface cleaning 9992: 9962: 9806:Archaeology of shipwrecks 9695: 9293:Commercial offshore diver 9275: 9271: 9258: 9204: 9178: 9130: 8874: 8816: 8726: 8653: 8649: 8636: 8578: 8527: 8397: 8298: 8285:Recreational Dive Planner 8233:Built-in breathing system 8216: 8189:Pressure swing adsorption 8051: 7985: 7981: 7968: 7795: 7736: 7618: 7549: 7459: 7286: 7219: 7161: 7109:Lightweight demand helmet 7084: 7015: 6950: 6888: 6815: 6789: 6771: 6758: 6698: 6614: 6570:Closed circuit rebreather 6483: 6472: 6440: 6427: 6358: 6345: 6265:Built-in breathing system 6201: 6188: 6167:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 6155:42 CFR 84 (United States) 6147: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6037: 6008: 5995: 4572:"What is a "Rebreather"?" 3157:Carbon dioxide monitoring 3069:accelerate decompression. 3037:Hyperoxic linearity test. 3012:Technological innovations 2788:Oxygen monitoring failure 2526: 1839:for the loop are fitted. 1806:Components and subsystems 1604:15 Diluent cylinder valve 1436:5 Automatic make-up valve 1276:5 Loop overpressure valve 1035:Chest-mounted rebreathers 931:Counterlung configuration 564:closed circuit set point 295:"): SCMBA from the SCBA ( 256:Rebreather § History 76: 66: 58: 42: 16746:Space Systems Laboratory 14516:Fernando Garfella Palmer 14364:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 13915:Technical Extended Range 13909:Trimix Scuba Association 13220:Stress exposure training 12787:Fernando Garfella Palmer 12069:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 11935:History of Diving Museum 11006:Diver medical technician 10756:Ascending and descending 10732:Non-freezing cold injury 9574:Russian commando frogmen 9355:Underwater archaeologist 7975:Diving support equipment 7396:Emergency locator beacon 7229:Diver propulsion vehicle 6274:Positive airway pressure 6248:Non-invasive ventilation 5779:www.therebreathersite.nl 5431:www.revo-rebreathers.com 4633:"Le Spirotechnique DC55" 4467:Odom, J. (August 1999). 4341:"Rebreather user manual" 4068:www.therebreathersite.nl 3296:Manufacturers and models 3132:Hyperoxic linearity test 3026:carbon dioxide poisoning 2587:Power supply malfunction 2061:Scrubber design and size 2036:Reactive Plastic Curtain 1948:A rebreather which uses 1867:carbon dioxide poisoning 1682:In 1912 the German firm 1430:3 Scrubber (radial flow) 1427:2 Two way breathing hose 1380:15 Low gas warning valve 1194:13 Regulator first stage 1056:Side-mounted rebreathers 1022:Back-mounted rebreathers 838:Atmospheric diving suits 824:Recreational rebreathers 239:Flyaway Mixed Gas System 216:Atmospheric diving suits 16681:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 16492:Russian submarine AS-34 16212:American submarine NR-1 16078:Recreational dive sites 15855:Maximum operating depth 15602:Writers and journalists 15123:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 14566:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 14531:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 14177:Underwater orienteering 13171:Military diver training 13148:Diver training standard 12925:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 12844:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 12667:Gerard Anthony Prangley 12169:Willard Franklyn Searle 12134:Christian J. Lambertsen 11940:History of scuba diving 11864: 11735:Charles Wesley Shilling 11710:Christian J. Lambertsen 11690:Henry Valence Hempleman 11545:Diving Medical Examiner 11130:Emergency response plan 11069:Sustained load cracking 11031:Life support technician 10606:Single point of failure 10511:Scuba diving fatalities 10215:Recreational dive sites 10170:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 10150:AAI underwater revolver 10140:SPP-1 underwater pistol 9749:Underwater construction 9464:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 8977:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 8753:Constant weight bi-fins 8184:Membrane gas separation 8093:Carbon dioxide scrubber 8013:Diving platform (scuba) 7628:Carbon dioxide scrubber 7473:Atmospheric diving suit 7025:Atmospheric diving suit 6920:Diving weighting system 6743:Surface-supplied diving 6738:Surface oriented diving 6585:Carbon dioxide scrubber 6553:Constant flow regulator 6405:Atmospheric diving suit 6321:Partial rebreather mask 6085:Supplied-air respirator 6018:Emergency oxygen system 5799:Historical Diving Times 5697:"F.R.O.G.S. Rebreather" 5676:www.opstechnologies.com 4551:www.kissrebreathers.com 4380:Aviat Space Environ Med 3812:Carbon dioxide scrubber 3640:Poseidon Diving Systems 3513:– made by Carleton and 3042:decompression computers 3031:Closed circuit bailout. 2932:safety-critical systems 2423:Alarms for malfunctions 2186:maximum operating depth 1991:Carbon dioxide scrubber 1985:Carbon dioxide scrubber 1915:of all possible users. 1827:which may be part of a 1613:18 Bailout demand valve 1583:8 Oxygen cylinder valve 1568:3 Scrubber (axial flow) 1493:9 Regulator first stage 1475:3 Scrubber (axial flow) 1448:9 Regulator first stage 1365:10 Radial flow scrubber 1303:14 Bailout demand valve 1200:15 Bailout demand valve 1182:9 Scrubber (axial flow) 1112:maximum operating depth 844:Atmospheric diving suit 615:recompression treatment 474:Application and effect 443:carbon dioxide scrubber 235:US Navy MK29 rebreather 197:surface-supplied diving 167:decompression computers 157:diving rebreathers may 18:Automatic diluent valve 16083:Underwater environment 15964:Underwater exploration 15894:Decompression models: 14967:John Ernest Williamson 14546:Anna Marguerite McCann 14379:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 14198:Underwater photography 14182:Underwater photography 14069:Snorkeling/breath-hold 13779:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 13574:Norwegian diver school 13198:ISO training standards 12467:Tham Luang cave rescue 12285:Dry Combat Submersible 12184:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 12124:Karl Heinrich Klingert 11670:Kenneth William Donald 11519:In-water recompression 11351:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 11346:Decompression sickness 11284:Compression arthralgia 10797:Decompression practice 10773:Canoe and kayak diving 10702:Decompression sickness 10526:Water surface searches 10506:Safety-critical system 10404:Diving in the Maldives 10296:Underwater photography 10135:Heckler & Koch P11 9857:Underwater videography 9840:Underwater photography 9828:Nondestructive testing 9801:Underwater archaeology 9534:Marine Raider Regiment 9400:Royal Navy ships diver 9158:Shallow-water blackout 8311:Canoe and kayak diving 8098:Cascade filling system 7571:Decompression cylinder 7296:Alternative air source 7129:Standard diving helmet 6972:Decompression cylinder 6137:Elastomeric respirator 6102:Particulate respirator 5672:"Military Rebreathers" 5151:Demystifying scrubbers 5096:www.apollomilitary.com 3723:Mark V Control System. 3289: 3254:Closed circuit bailout 2985:Low work of breathing. 2632:Carbon dioxide buildup 2497:carbon dioxide buildup 2409: 2333: 2325: 2289: 2214: 2149: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1894: 1861: 1820: 1689:Modell 1915 "Bubikopf" 1632: 1622:21 Oxygen sensor cells 1506: 1502:12 Manual bypass valve 1458: 1384: 1377:14 Manual bypass valve 1307: 1300:13 Manual bypass valve 1204: 1065: 1044: 878: 870: 668:life-support equipment 457: 313:ended and in 1989 the 299:), and CDMBA from the 159:automatically maintain 16731:Neutral buoyancy pool 16413:Submarine rescue ship 16408:McCann Rescue Chamber 16167:Rugged compact camera 16155:Diver detection sonar 16002:Confined water diving 15716:James Joseph Magennis 15353:Michael López-Alegría 15083:Aristotelis Zervoudis 14822:John Christopher Fine 14496:John Christopher Fine 14162:Immersion finswimming 13991:Defence Diving School 13855:British Sub-Aqua Club 13653:British Sub-Aqua Club 12640:Francis P. Hammerberg 12320:Siluro San Bartolomeo 12310:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 12243:Standard diving dress 12089:Charles Anthony Deane 12074:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 12036:Jason deCaires Taylor 11955:Man in the Sea Museum 11950:Lyons Maritime Museum 11289:Decompression illness 11272:Middle ear barotrauma 11140:Diving superintendent 11135:Diving safety officer 11054:Breathing gas quality 10659:Overconfidence effect 10321:British Sub-Aqua Club 10146:Underwater revolvers 9823:Underwater inspection 9818:Underwater demolition 9744:Offshore construction 9639:Tactical Divers Group 9529:Marinejegerkommandoen 9459:Decima Flottiglia MAS 9415:U.S.Navy master diver 9320:Diving superintendent 9315:Diving safety officer 8927:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 8800:Variable weight apnea 8333:Diving support vessel 8108:Diving air compressor 7783:Standard diving dress 7758:Diving air compressor 7541:Full-face diving mask 7529:Single-hose regulator 7517:Regulator malfunction 7420:Navigation equipment 7362:Diving safety harness 6977:Decompression trapeze 6967:Decompression chamber 6415:Helium reclaim system 6393:Helicopter escape set 6378:Full-face diving mask 5908:Lungfish Dive Systems 5760:AP Diving rebreathers 4822:. www.divinghelmet.nl 4700:"The Interspiro DCSC" 4179:A Textbook of Biology 3493:Carleton Life Support 3436:Mixed gas rebreathers 3370:'s oxygen rebreather. 3364:Porpoise (rebreather) 3284: 3081:Sidemount rebreathers 2911:Fault tolerant design 2516:Standard diving dress 2407: 2331: 2323: 2287: 2212: 2147: 2074:aerobic work capacity 2014: 2006: 1998: 1989:Further information: 1892: 1859: 1818: 1557: 1464: 1454:11 Overpressure valve 1439:6 Manual bypass valve 1419: 1333: 1259: 1153: 1096:Mixed gas rebreathers 1063: 1042: 895:full-face diving mask 876: 868: 855:mechanical dead space 780:Mixed gas rebreathers 595:surface decompression 455: 281:Decima Flottiglia MAS 271:standard diving dress 16777:Scuba diving therapy 16767:Nautilus Productions 16691:Sea Research Society 16626:Divers Alert Network 16059:Torricellian chamber 15969:Deep-sea exploration 15930:Equivalent air depth 15801:Modulated ultrasound 15796:Underwater acoustics 15263:Christopher E. Gerty 15258:Michael L. Gernhardt 15148:Timothy J. Broderick 15023:William Hogarth Main 14714:Jean-Michel Cousteau 14679:Krzysztof Starnawski 13761:Sub-Aqua Association 13025:The Darkness Beckons 12556:diving bell accident 12483:John Day (carpenter) 12005:Queen Anne's Revenge 11770:Divers Alert Network 11695:Leonard Erskine Hill 11576:Atrial septal defect 11277:Pulmonary barotrauma 11237:Alternobaric vertigo 10881:Scuba gas management 10841:Diver communications 10457:Underwater Bike Race 10414:Scuba diving tourism 10399:Diving in East Timor 10165:APS underwater rifle 10160:ADS amphibious rifle 9776:Public safety diving 9771:Potable water diving 9604:Special Boat Service 9579:Sappers Divers Group 9539:Minedykkerkommandoen 8937:Leonardo D'Imporzano 8795:Skandalopetra diving 8555:Hyperbaric stretcher 8514:T1200 Trenching Unit 8489:Sea Dragon-class ROV 8338:HMS Challenger (K07) 8238:Decompression tables 8208:Oxygen compatibility 7643:Cryogenic rebreather 7488:Scuba cylinder valve 7389:Screw gate carabiner 7367:Emergency gas supply 7328:Diver's cutting tool 7194:Helium release valve 7124:Shallow water helmet 7052:Standard diving suit 6898:Buoyancy compensator 6845:Emergency gas supply 6503:Emergency gas supply 6398:Submarine escape set 5954:at Wikimedia Commons 5801:#42 Summer 2007, p27 5244:Halcyon Dive Systems 5092:"Micropore Brochure" 4901:therebreathersite.nl 4698:Larsson, A. (2000). 4218:"Diving Rebreathers" 3572:Halcyon Dive Systems 3431:variant called ONBA. 3120:sensor performance. 2727:Flooding of the loop 2463:Tactile (Vibrations) 2092:Axial or radial flow 1774:Cryogenic rebreather 1756:Panama City, Florida 1717:potassium superoxide 1607:16 Diluent regulator 1574:5 Overpressure valve 1481:5 Overpressure valve 1424:1 Dive/surface valve 1173:6 Overpressure valve 1138:in the diver due to 979:– via YouTube. 882:Essential components 739:pure oxygen is toxic 394:atmospheric pressure 212:life support systems 171:decompression status 143:life-support systems 16621:Coral Reef Alliance 15997:Benign water diving 15840:Cold shock response 15609:Michael C. Barnette 15563:Douglas H. Wheelock 15468:David Saint-Jacques 15253:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 14962:Michele Westmorland 14262:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 14081:Underwater football 13659:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 13359:Introductory diving 13304:Underwater searches 13290:Diamond Reef System 13193:Introductory diving 13017:General non-fiction 12939:Underwater Handbook 12839:François de Roubaix 12692:Lothar Michael Ward 12635:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 12462:Alpazat cave rescue 12369:Scientific projects 12248:Sub Marine Explorer 12154:Joseph Salim Peress 12149:Ernest William Moir 11509:Hyperbaric medicine 11310:Freediving blackout 10978:Situation awareness 10924:Job safety analysis 10807:Ratio decompression 10616:Cold shock response 10566:Entanglement hazard 10501:Life-support system 10339:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 10204:Recreational diving 10131:Underwater pistols 10025:Cavitation cleaning 9850:Underwater searches 9739:Marine construction 9589:Special Air Service 9375:Army engineer diver 9345:Public safety diver 9265:Professional diving 9153:Deep-water blackout 9148:Freediving blackout 8972:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 8703:Underwater football 8550:Hyperbaric lifeboat 8444:Goldfish-class ROUV 8439:Global Explorer ROV 8401:underwater vehicles 7937:Shearwater Research 7598:Scuba configuration 7581:Manifolded twin set 7576:Independent doubles 7534:Twin-hose regulator 7444:Surface marker buoy 6590:Semi-closed circuit 6533:Oxygen concentrator 6301:Non-rebreather mask 6284:Supplemental oxygen 6260:Hyperbaric medicine 6206:Anaesthetic machine 5989:Breathing apparatus 5878:www.cybermaps.co.uk 4876:Skin Diver Magazine 4043:www.secnav.navy.mil 3970:10.4031/MTSJ.47.6.5 3629:Liberty rebreathers 3603:Jetsam Technologies 3487:military rebreather 3481:military rebreather 2873:Scrubber monitoring 2698:emergency response. 2332:Oxygen sensor cells 2197:Gas addition valves 1601:14 Diluent cylinder 1528:Siebe Gorman Salvus 1522:Oxygen feed options 1170:5 Discharge bellows 1002:General arrangement 851:life-support system 725:light weight in air 722:rugged construction 617:gas for use in the 462: 332:started to appear. 205:Gas reclaim systems 147:gas reclaim systems 128:life-support system 39: 16719:Astronaut training 16676:Rubicon Foundation 16522:URF (Swedish Navy) 16307:Russian submarine 16295:-class submersible 16265:Deepsea Challenger 16250:-class bathyscaphe 16177:Underwater vehicle 16049:Penetration diving 16037:Black-water diving 15913:Thalmann algorithm 15725:Commercial salvors 15358:Joseph B. MacInnis 14867:Joseph B. MacInnis 14704:David Attenborough 14626:Peter Throckmorton 14586:Andreas Rechnitzer 14576:Mendel L. Peterson 14437:archaeologists and 14221:AIDA International 14172:Underwater cycling 14155:Open Circuit Scuba 14141:Apnoea finswimming 14053:Surface snorkeling 13803:YMCA SCUBA Program 13594:AIDA International 13369:Master Scuba Diver 13354:CMAS** scuba diver 13332:Core diving skills 13270:Finning techniques 13136:Refresher training 12918:NOAA Diving Manual 12732:Ricardo Armbruster 12660:Edwin Clayton Link 12532:Natalia Molchanova 12280:Cosmos CE2F series 12238:Porpoise regulator 12104:Auguste Denayrouze 11880:Diving regulations 11815:Rubicon Foundation 11740:Edward D. Thalmann 11705:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 11700:Brian Andrew Hills 11680:John Scott Haldane 11655:Albert A. Bühlmann 11620:Arthur J. Bachrach 11560:Hyperbaric nursing 11459:Immersion diuresis 11341:Avascular necrosis 11125:Diving regulations 10834:Scuba gas planning 10156:Underwater rifles 9835:Underwater logging 9796:Submarine pipeline 9734:Hyperbaric welding 9469:Fuerzas Especiales 9212:AIDA International 9102:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 9027:Natalia Molchanova 8957:Francisco Ferreras 8844:Snorkel (swimming) 8666:Apnoea finswimming 8570:Reserve gas supply 8545:ENOS Rescue-System 8360:Aquarius Reef Base 8152:Gas reclaim system 7947:Submarine Products 7620:Diving rebreathers 6962:Decompression buoy 6930:Integrated weights 6548:Pressure regulator 6363:Open-circuit scuba 6124:Chemical cartridge 5952:Diving rebreathers 5756:2021-07-09 at the 5402:divingheritage.com 5240:"Design Specifics" 4248:NOAA Diving Manual 3474:BioMarine CCR 1000 3448:Inspiration series 3301:Oxygen rebreathers 2829:. You can help by 2806:Failure of display 2767:. You can help by 2611:. You can help by 2410: 2334: 2326: 2290: 2237:Constant mass flow 2215: 2150: 2116:Arrhenius equation 2017: 2009: 2001: 1911:need to match the 1895: 1862: 1843:Dive/surface valve 1821: 1633: 1577:6 Inhalation valve 1507: 1459: 1412:Oxygen rebreathers 1385: 1374:13 Inhalation hose 1368:11 Exhalation hose 1308: 1279:6 Inhalation valve 1205: 1185:10 Inhalation hose 1066: 1045: 981:. You can help by 879: 871: 733:Oxygen rebreathers 652:Design constraints 550:whole-body effects 460: 458: 350:. You can help by 193:scuba applications 37: 16888: 16887: 16794: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16595: 16594: 16530: 16529: 16242:class bathyscaphe 16125: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16109:Low impact diving 16042:Blue-water diving 16032:Open-water diving 15948: 15947: 15875:Work of breathing 15870:Underwater vision 15808:Underwater vision 15744: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15706:Ian Edward Fraser 15553:John Morgan Wells 15533:Mark T. Vande Hei 15378:K. Megan McArthur 15348:Kjell N. Lindgren 15283:José M. Hernández 15238:Andrew J. Feustel 15198:Philippe Cousteau 15178:Catherine Coleman 15168:Gregory Chamitoff 15138:Robert L. Behnken 15118:Richard R. Arnold 15103:Andrew Abercromby 15078:Valerie van Heest 15008:Jochen Hasenmayer 14932:Philippe Tailliez 14857:Henry Way Kendall 14807:Bernard Delemotte 14606:Stephanie Schwabe 14571:John Peter Oleson 14501:George R. Fischer 14446:Michael Arbuthnot 14439:environmentalists 14344:Underwater divers 14333: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14086:Underwater hockey 14042:Underwater sports 14031: 14030: 14027: 14026: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13940:Cave Diving Group 13560:Commercial diving 13443: 13442: 13423:Specialist skills 13412:Master Instructor 13407:Diving instructor 13388:Leadership skills 13349:CMAS* scuba diver 13312: 13311: 13285:Low impact diving 13263:Valsalva maneuver 13238:Combat sidestroke 13153:Diving instructor 13097: 13096: 13093: 13092: 12986:Codes of Practice 12890: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12814:Henry Way Kendall 12687:Richard A. Walker 12677:Robert John Smyth 12390:Awards and events 12345:covert operations 12338: 12337: 11908: 11907: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11675:William Paul Fife 11610:diving physiology 11487: 11486: 11430: 11429: 11383:Nitrogen narcosis 11378:Hydrogen narcosis 11267:Dental barotrauma 11171: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11150:Operations manual 11145:Diving supervisor 11016:Diving supervisor 11011:Diver's attendant 10973:Safety data sheet 10876:Rebreather diving 10740: 10739: 10679:Willful violation 10626:Nitrogen narcosis 10469: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10333:Cave Diving Group 10276:Rebreather diving 10271:Open-water diving 10193: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10002:Abrasive waterjet 9958: 9957: 9862:Underwater survey 9781:Scientific diving 9691: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9325:Diving supervisor 9310:Diving instructor 9254: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9191:Octopus wrestling 9122:Nataliia Zharkova 9097:William Trubridge 9052:Umberto Pelizzari 8708:Underwater hockey 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8596:Saturation spread 8419:Atlantis ROV Team 8399:Remotely operated 8393: 8392: 8370:Helgoland Habitat 8290:Saturation system 8179:Nitrox production 8113:Diving air filter 7964: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7927:Oceanic Worldwide 7817:Aqua Lung America 7791: 7790: 7773:Scuba replacement 7753:Diver's umbilical 7718:Siebe Gorman CDBA 7703:Mark IV Amphibian 7340:Diver's telephone 7301:Octopus regulator 6840:Decompression gas 6723:Saturation diving 6703:Diving activities 6692:Underwater diving 6658: 6657: 6610: 6609: 6602:Escape respirator 6597:Work of breathing 6580:Oxygen rebreather 6468: 6467: 6423: 6422: 6373:Diving rebreather 6341: 6340: 6294:Reservoir cannula 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6033: 6032: 5950:Media related to 5704:www.ihchytech.com 5630:978-0-9800423-9-9 5299:rubicondiving.com 5194:www.divestock.com 5059:Popular Mechanics 4814:Dekker, David L. 4547:"KISS Sidewinder" 4444:www.idcphuket.com 4413:(10 March 2019). 4162:978-0-941332-70-5 4064:"IDA-72 (ИДА-72)" 3871:www.jfdglobal.com 3836:Rebreather diving 3688:Siebe Gorman CDBA 3382:Mark IV Amphibian 3002:points of failure 2996:Rebreather diving 2928:high availability 2847: 2846: 2785: 2784: 2647:work of breathing 2629: 2628: 2492:Work of breathing 2487:Work of breathing 2047:chemical reaction 1962:ultraviolet light 1920:work of breathing 1837:non-return valves 1580:7 Oxygen cylinder 1484:6 Inhalation hose 1191:12 Cylinder valve 1161:2 Exhalation hose 999: 998: 649: 648: 560:Common range for 368: 367: 301:Siebe Gorman CDBA 223:points of failure 209:saturation diving 187:Rebreather diving 151:saturation diving 96:that absorbs the 90:Diving rebreather 86: 85: 38:Diving rebreather 32:Rebreather diving 16:(Redirected from 16918: 16876: 16864: 16863: 16830: 16829: 16818: 16817: 16806: 16805: 16715:Neutral buoyancy 16671:Reef Life Survey 16560: 16559: 16536:Submarine escape 16423:Deep-submergence 16419: 16418: 16390:Submarine rescue 16187:Deep-submergence 16183: 16182: 16131: 16130: 15977: 15976: 15881: 15880: 15791:Neutral buoyancy 15772: 15771: 15750: 15749: 15578:Jeffrey Williams 15428:Nicholas Patrick 15403:Andreas Mogensen 15368:Thomas Marshburn 15338:Dominic Landucci 15328:Karen Kohanowich 15248:Satoshi Furukawa 15143:Randolph Bresnik 15113:Clayton Anderson 15048:Arthur C. Clarke 15018:Jarrod Jablonski 14922:Wesley C. Skiles 14907:Leni Riefenstahl 14792:Jacques Cousteau 14674:Claudia Serpieri 14591:William R. Royal 14556:Charles T. Meide 14486:James P. Delgado 14424:Arne Zetterström 14389:Jacques Cousteau 14352: 14351: 14339: 14338: 14207:Sports governing 14103:Underwater rugby 14050: 14049: 14037: 14036: 14012:training courses 13984:training centres 13922: 13921: 13812:Scientific diver 13518:Commercial diver 13515: 13514: 13453:and registration 13379:Supervised diver 13374:Open Water Diver 13364:Low Impact Diver 13344:Autonomous diver 13329: 13328: 13258:Frenzel maneuver 13243:Diver navigation 13228: 13227: 13141:Skill assessment 13114: 13113: 13103: 13102: 12907: 12906: 12896: 12895: 12869:Esbjörn Svensson 12854:Wesley C. Skiles 12757:Cláudio Coutinho 12707:Arne Zetterström 12682:Albert D. Stover 12645:Craig M. Hoffman 12488:Charles Spalding 12430: 12429: 12259: 12258: 12099:Louis de Corlieu 12084:Jacques Cousteau 11976: 11975: 11914: 11913: 11861: 11860: 11630:Peter B. Bennett 11625:Albert R. Behnke 11604: 11603: 11300: 11299: 11225: 11224: 11190: 11189: 11177: 11176: 11120:Contingency plan 11115:Code of practice 11076:Diving regulator 11064:Hydrostatic test 11001:Chamber operator 10984: 10983: 10761:Emergency ascent 10687: 10686: 10532: 10531: 10475: 10474: 10291:Technical diving 10281:Sidemount diving 10236: 10235: 10199: 10198: 10103: 10102: 10030:Pressure washing 9868: 9867: 9524:Marine Commandos 9423: 9422: 9361: 9360: 9350:Scientific diver 9288:Commercial diver 9273: 9272: 9260: 9259: 9117:Alessia Zecchini 9022:Alexey Molchanov 8932:Yasemin Dalkılıç 8713:Underwater rugby 8651: 8650: 8638: 8637: 8603:Hot water system 8528:Safety equipment 8346: 8345: 8167:Gas storage tube 8162:Gas storage quad 8157:Gas storage bank 8066:Activated carbon 7993:Boarding stirrup 7986:Access equipment 7983: 7982: 7970: 7969: 7907:Johnson Outdoors 7902:HeinrichsWeikamp 7740:diving equipment 7738:Surface-supplied 7663:Halcyon PVR-BASC 7547: 7546: 7522:Regulator freeze 7507:Diving regulator 7411:Shark-proof cage 7206:Pneumofathometer 7104:Free-flow helmet 6787: 6786: 6765:Diving equipment 6760: 6759: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6646: 6645: 6634: 6633: 6622: 6621: 6474: 6473: 6429: 6428: 6347: 6346: 6326:Simple face mask 6190: 6189: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6038: 5997: 5996: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5949: 5935: 5933: 5912: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5880:. Archived from 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5853:www.divesoft.com 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5826:. Archived from 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5622: 5611: 5532: 5531: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5507:. Archived from 5497: 5491: 5490: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5378:. Deeplife.co.uk 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5145: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5036:www.apdiving.com 5033: 5025: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4794:www.apdiving.com 4786: 4775: 4774: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4695: 4678: 4677: 4661: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4635:. Teknosofen.com 4628: 4619: 4618: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4578:. Archived from 4576:bishopmuseum.org 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4407: 4396: 4395: 4375: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4348:www.apdiving.com 4345: 4336: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4213: 4200: 4194: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4154: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4125: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3863: 3847: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3674:SF2 (rebreather) 3577:Halcyon PVR-BASC 3545: 3227:Head-up displays 2842: 2839: 2821: 2814: 2780: 2777: 2759: 2752: 2688:Scrubber failure 2663:Caustic cocktail 2624: 2621: 2603: 2596: 2453:Alarm displays: 2307:Bailout cylinder 2259:Passive addition 2232: 1641:partial pressure 1490:8 Cylinder valve 1445:8 Cylinder valve 1359:8 Bellows weight 1350:5 Dosage chamber 1344:3 Pressure gauge 1341:2 Cylinder valve 1285:8 Cylinder valve 1246:Halcyon PVR-BASC 1179:8 Addition valve 1070:Sidemount diving 994: 991: 980: 978: 976: 958: 951: 713:low noise signal 672:modes of failure 463: 434:breathing reflex 363: 360: 342: 335: 163:partial pressure 47: 40: 36: 21: 16926: 16925: 16921: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16916: 16915: 16891: 16890: 16889: 16884: 16786: 16755: 16718: 16716: 16710: 16603: 16601: 16591: 16558: 16526: 16424: 16417: 16384: 16301:Limiting Factor 16188: 16181: 16162:Offshore survey 16136: 16113: 16092: 15992:Altitude diving 15975: 15955: 15944: 15886: 15879: 15826: 15819: 15786:Metre sea water 15777: 15770: 15757: 15736: 15720: 15689: 15658: 15597: 15583:Sunita Williams 15573:Dafydd Williams 15558:Joachim Wendler 15453:Kathleen Rubins 15448:Garrett Reisman 15393:Simone Melchior 15373:Matthias Maurer 15313:Norishige Kanai 15298:Akihiko Hoshide 15288:John Herrington 15203:Timothy Creamer 15193:Fabien Cousteau 15188:Craig B. Cooper 15163:Scott Carpenter 15158:Berry L. Cannon 15133:Robert A. Barth 15108:Joseph M. Acaba 15089: 15063:John Chatterton 14993:Graham Balcombe 14982: 14976: 14972:J. Lamar Worzel 14787:Neville Coleman 14767:Georges Beuchat 14749: 14743: 14691: 14689: 14683: 14641: 14635: 14631:Cristina Zenato 14551:Innes McCartney 14438: 14436: 14434: 14428: 14384:James F. Cahill 14356: 14346: 14325: 14294: 14211:and federations 14210: 14208: 14202: 14186: 14150: 14124: 14064: 14044: 14023: 14011: 14005: 13983: 13969: 13926: 13920: 13841: 13839: 13838:Technical diver 13833: 13815: 13813: 13807: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13617: 13586: 13584: 13578: 13561: 13555: 13521: 13519: 13513: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13439: 13418: 13383: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13308: 13280:Buddy breathing 13226: 13205:Teaching method 13119: 13108: 13089: 13074: 13058: 13012: 12985: 12979: 12901: 12878: 12819:Artur Kozłowski 12782:Maurice Fargues 12747:Berry L. Cannon 12718: 12711: 12702:Bradley Westell 12697:Joachim Wendler 12615: 12608: 12604:diving accident 12596:diving accident 12588:diving accident 12580:diving accident 12578:Stena Seaspread 12572:diving accident 12564:diving accident 12543: 12536: 12527:Nicholas Mevoli 12497: 12493:Ebenezer Watson 12471: 12450: 12421: 12397:Hans Hass Award 12385: 12364: 12359:Rainbow Warrior 12357:Sinking of the 12344: 12334: 12266: 12264: 12257: 12228:Magnesium torch 12199: 12193: 12159:Auguste Piccard 12144:John Lethbridge 12064:Georges Beuchat 12046: 12040: 12023: 12017: 11980: 11974: 11921: 11904: 11866: 11843: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11725:Neal W. Pollock 11611: 11609: 11595: 11586:Fitness to dive 11564: 11533: 11483: 11436: 11426: 11414: 11408: 11387: 11329: 11325:Oxygen toxicity 11298: 11229: 11223: 11214:Motion sickness 11195: 11184: 11182:Diving medicine 11159: 11096: 11094: 11087: 11046: 11040: 10982: 10929:Risk assessment 10919:Hazard analysis 10902: 10895: 10747: 10736: 10685: 10631:Oxygen toxicity 10537: 10530: 10482: 10461: 10444: 10438: 10386: 10380: 10312: 10305: 10246:Altitude diving 10234: 10206: 10181: 10108: 10101: 10072: 10066: 9994: 9988: 9965: 9954: 9866: 9786:Ships husbandry 9698: 9683: 9569:Royal Engineers 9484:Grup Gerak Khas 9444:Commando Hubert 9430: 9428: 9421: 9410:U.S. Navy diver 9385:Clearance diver 9366: 9359: 9267: 9246: 9200: 9174: 9126: 9082:Martin Štěpánek 9077:Aharon Solomons 9067:Stig Severinsen 9017:Stéphane Mifsud 8967:Flavia Eberhard 8942:Flavia Eberhard 8907:Derya Can Göçen 8892:Peppo Biscarini 8887:Simone Arrigoni 8882:Deborah Andollo 8870: 8812: 8783:No-limits apnea 8747:Constant weight 8722: 8645: 8624: 8574: 8535:Diver down flag 8523: 8400: 8389: 8385:Tektite habitat 8351: 8344: 8294: 8219: 8212: 8196:Oxygen analyser 8174:Helium analyzer 8118:Water separator 8076:Molecular sieve 8053: 8047: 7977: 7956: 7799: 7797: 7787: 7739: 7732: 7678:Interspiro DCSC 7614: 7552: 7545: 7478:Diving cylinder 7464: 7462: 7455: 7288: 7282: 7221: 7215: 7162:Instrumentation 7157: 7086: 7080: 7011: 6953: 6946: 6890: 6884: 6811: 6790:Basic equipment 6785: 6767: 6754: 6748:Unmanned diving 6694: 6689: 6659: 6654: 6606: 6479: 6464: 6444:Breathing mask 6436: 6419: 6354: 6337: 6197: 6176: 6160:ANSI K13.1-1973 6143: 6057: 6044: 6029: 6004: 5991: 5986: 5942: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5758:Wayback Machine 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5724:Williams, Des. 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5620: 5612: 5535: 5520: 5516: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5479: 5472: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5354:www.youtube.com 5346: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5074: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4886: 4872: 4868: 4857: 4853: 4842: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4737: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4674: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4591: 4587: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4419:www.youtube.com 4408: 4399: 4376: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4262: 4255: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4214: 4203: 4195: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4004: 3979: 3949: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3845: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3789: 3786: 3777: 3774: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3750: 3738: 3597:Interspiro DCSC 3543: 3485:BioMarine Mk-16 3479:BioMarine Mk-15 3438: 3303: 3298: 3275: 3269: 3256: 3235: 3233:Head-up display 3229: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3088: 3014: 2998: 2992: 2956:time to failure 2919: 2917:Fault tolerance 2913: 2875: 2862:oxygen toxicity 2852: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2827:needs expansion 2790: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2765:needs expansion 2746: 2738:Interspiro DCSC 2729: 2690: 2682: 2665: 2656: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2609:needs expansion 2578:current limited 2564: 2552: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2489: 2425: 2416: 2402: 2390: 2386: 2339:oxygen toxicity 2318: 2309: 2299: 2282: 2270: 2261: 2245: 2239: 2224: 2222:Manual addition 2207: 2199: 2166: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2082: 2069: 2063: 1993: 1987: 1970: 1904: 1887: 1885:Breathing hoses 1875: 1854: 1845: 1813: 1808: 1788: 1776: 1767: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1680: 1674: 1661:concentration. 1646:oxygen toxicity 1631: 1552: 1524: 1505: 1457: 1414: 1407: 1389:Interspiro DCSC 1383: 1328: 1316: 1306: 1254: 1203: 1148: 1136:unconsciousness 1107: 1098: 1089: 1087:System variants 1072: 1058: 1037: 1024: 1004: 995: 989: 986: 974: 972: 967: 964:needs expansion 933: 912: 890: 884: 863: 846: 840: 826: 818:Reynolds number 782: 770: 769: 760: 759: 735: 665:safety-critical 660: 654: 644: 632: 612: 600: 584: 539: 534:saturation dive 470: 469: 431: 409:oxygen fraction 385:Base metabolism 373: 371:General concept 364: 358: 355: 348:needs expansion 309:Eventually the 266: 252: 189: 183: 169:to monitor the 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16924: 16914: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16882: 16870: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16836: 16824: 16812: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16722: 16720: 16717:facilities for 16712: 16711: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16607: 16605: 16597: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16568: 16566: 16557: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16540: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16517:Type 7103 DSRV 16514: 16509: 16504: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16476: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16461: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16429: 16427: 16425:rescue vehicle 16416: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16394: 16392: 16386: 16385: 16383: 16382: 16374: 16366: 16358: 16350: 16342: 16334: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16304: 16297: 16289: 16282: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16252: 16244: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16214: 16209: 16201: 16193: 16191: 16180: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16147: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16111: 16106: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16017:Inshore diving 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15983: 15981: 15980:Classification 15974: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15960: 15958: 15950: 15949: 15946: 15945: 15943: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15926: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15891: 15889: 15878: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15831: 15829: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15793: 15788: 15782: 15780: 15769: 15768: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15746: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15734: 15728: 15726: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15713: 15711:Sydney Knowles 15708: 15703: 15697: 15695: 15691: 15690: 15688: 15687: 15685:John Volanthen 15682: 15677: 15675:Richard Harris 15672: 15666: 15664: 15660: 15659: 15657: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15644:Trevor Jackson 15641: 15639:Hillary Hauser 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15619:Philippe Diolé 15616: 15611: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15548:Shannon Walker 15545: 15543:Rex J. Walheim 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15518:Daniel M. Tani 15515: 15510: 15505: 15503:Hervé Stevenin 15500: 15498:Robert Sténuit 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15458:Dick Rutkowski 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15438:Thomas Pesquet 15435: 15430: 15425: 15423:Luca Parmitano 15420: 15415: 15413:John D. Olivas 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15383:Craig McKinley 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15273:Chris Hadfield 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15243:Michael Fincke 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15173:Steve Chappell 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15099: 15097: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15042: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14986: 14984: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14947:Albert Tillman 14944: 14942:Valerie Taylor 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14817:Candice Farmer 14814: 14812:David Doubilet 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14762:Tamara Benitez 14759: 14753: 14751: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14699:Samir Alhafith 14695: 14693: 14692:and presenters 14685: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14649:Pascal Bernabé 14645: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14621:Robert Sténuit 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14601:Gunter Schöbel 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14561:Mark M. Newell 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14541:Robert F. Marx 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14506:Anders Franzén 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14451:Robert Ballard 14448: 14442: 14440: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14414:Dick Rutkowski 14411: 14406: 14404:Trevor Hampton 14401: 14399:Dottie Frazier 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14360: 14358: 14348: 14347: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14290: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14231: 14230: 14229: 14223: 14217:International 14214: 14212: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14158: 14156: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14132: 14130: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14116: 14115: 14110: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14056: 14054: 14046: 14045: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14015: 14013: 14010:Military diver 14007: 14006: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13987: 13985: 13982:Military diver 13979: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13930: 13928: 13919: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13845: 13843: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13819: 13817: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13805: 13800: 13794: 13788: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13740: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13638: 13631: 13629: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13609: 13603: 13597: 13590: 13588: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13525: 13523: 13512: 13511: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13466: 13459: 13457: 13449:Diver training 13445: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13335: 13333: 13326: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13282: 13272: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13225: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13124: 13122: 13110: 13109: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13066: 13064: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12970: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12921: 12913: 12911: 12903: 12902: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12829:Kirsty MacColl 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12762:E. Yale Dawson 12759: 12754: 12752:Cotton Coulson 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12723: 12721: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12621: 12619: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12598: 12594:Waage Drill II 12590: 12582: 12574: 12566: 12558: 12554:Byford Dolphin 12549: 12547: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12512:Stephen Keenan 12508: 12506: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12443:Sinking of MV 12439: 12437: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12393: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12354: 12348: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12271: 12269: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12203: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12189:Jacques Triger 12186: 12181: 12179:Augustus Siebe 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12139:Yves Le Prieur 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12079:John R. Clarke 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12050: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12022:Underwater art 12019: 12018: 12016: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11984: 11982: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11759: 11754:Diving medical 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11745:Jacques Triger 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11720:Charles Momsen 11717: 11715:Simon Mitchell 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11660:John R. Clarke 11657: 11652: 11650:Alf O. Brubakk 11647: 11642: 11640:George F. Bond 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11608:Researchers in 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11524:Oxygen therapy 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11495: 11493: 11489: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11418: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11393: 11392:Carbon dioxide 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11343: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11306: 11304: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11200: 11198: 11186: 11185: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11101: 11099: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11036:Stand-by diver 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10963:Permit To Work 10960: 10958:Lockout–tagout 10955: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10938: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10856:Doing It Right 10853: 10851:Diver training 10848: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10829:Rule of thirds 10821: 10816: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10752: 10750: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10691: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10612:Physiological 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10448: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10390: 10388: 10385:Diving tourism 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10090:Hawaiian sling 10082: 10076: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9876: 9874: 9872:Salvage diving 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9717:Diver training 9714: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9269: 9268: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9092:Tanya Streeter 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9047:Herbert Nitsch 9044: 9042:Guillaume Néry 9039: 9037:Patrick Musimu 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9012:Kate Middleton 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8947:Şahika Ercümen 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8866:Water polo cap 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8834:Hawaiian sling 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8777:Free immersion 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8646: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8519:VideoRay UROVs 8516: 8511: 8509:SJT-class ROUV 8506: 8501: 8496: 8494:Seabed tractor 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8464:Mini Rover ROV 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8409:8A4-class ROUV 8405: 8403: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8275:Diving chamber 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8061:Air filtration 8057: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8038:Messenger line 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7979: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7882:Maurice Fernez 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7608:Sling cylinder 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7586:Scuba manifold 7578: 7573: 7568: 7566:Bailout bottle 7557: 7555: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7500:Reclaim helmet 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7429:Diving compass 7426: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7377:Bailout bottle 7374: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7146:Full-face mask 7143: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7119:Reclaim helmet 7116: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7074:Hot-water suit 7071: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6903:Power inflator 6894: 6892: 6891:trim equipment 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Full facepiece 6441: 6438: 6437: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6255:Oxygen therapy 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6226:Bag valve mask 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6107:N95 respirator 6099: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6006: 6005: 5993: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5941: 5940:External links 5938: 5937: 5936: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5895: 5865: 5840: 5815: 5803: 5791: 5762: 5743: 5716: 5688: 5663: 5652:on 26 May 2013 5636: 5629: 5533: 5514: 5511:on 2013-11-06. 5492: 5470: 5443: 5414: 5389: 5367: 5337: 5325:www.tdisdi.com 5311: 5283: 5256: 5231: 5215:"Counterlungs" 5206: 5181: 5165: 5135: 5108: 5083: 5068: 5049: 5009: 4980: 4956: 4933: 4913: 4884: 4866: 4851: 4833: 4806: 4776: 4753: 4750:. p. 693. 4731: 4712: 4679: 4672: 4646: 4620: 4585: 4582:on 2019-06-11. 4563: 4531: 4505: 4479: 4456: 4431: 4411:Heinerth, Jill 4397: 4361: 4284: 4253: 4238: 4201: 4184: 4169: 4161: 4136: 4106: 4081: 4055: 4024: 3977: 3940: 3908: 3901: 3883: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655:Poseidon SE7EN 3652: 3637: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3558:Dräger Dolphin 3549: 3548: 3547: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3271:Main article: 3268: 3265: 3255: 3252: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3013: 3010: 3006:fault recovery 2994:Main article: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2883: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2742: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2699: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2606: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2563: 2560: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2528: 2525: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2424: 2421: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2317: 2314: 2298: 2295: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2220: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2165: 2162: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2062: 2059: 2043:carbon dioxide 1986: 1983: 1969: 1966: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1913:vital capacity 1903: 1900: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1829:full-face mask 1825:oro-nasal mask 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1792:carbon dioxide 1786: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1709: 1673: 1670: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565:2 Exhaust hose 1563: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1523: 1520: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472:2 Exhaust hose 1470: 1466: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267:2 Exhaust hose 1265: 1261: 1253: 1250: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1144: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1057: 1054: 1036: 1033: 1023: 1020: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 961: 959: 932: 929: 911: 908: 900:carbon dioxide 883: 880: 862: 859: 842:Main article: 839: 836: 825: 822: 814:turbulent flow 806: 805: 801: 798: 794: 781: 778: 773: 772: 767: 765: 762: 757: 755: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 653: 650: 647: 646: 642: 639: 635: 634: 630: 627: 623: 622: 610: 607: 603: 602: 598: 591: 587: 586: 578: 574: 573: 570: 566: 565: 558: 554: 553: 548:Threshold for 546: 542: 541: 537: 530: 526: 525: 522: 518: 517: 510: 506: 505: 499: 495: 494: 491: 487: 486: 480: 476: 475: 472: 467: 429: 389:breathing rate 381:carbon dioxide 372: 369: 366: 365: 345: 343: 315:Communist Bloc 251: 248: 227:fault recovery 185:Main article: 182: 179: 102:exhaled breath 98:carbon dioxide 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16923: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16881: 16880: 16875: 16871: 16869: 16868: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16845: 16843: 16842: 16837: 16835: 16834: 16825: 16823: 16822: 16813: 16811: 16810: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16783: 16782:Seabed mining 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16758: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16713: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16598: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16481: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16462: 16460: 16459: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16391: 16387: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16343: 16341: 16340: 16335: 16333: 16331: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16305: 16303: 16302: 16298: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16288: 16287: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16276: 16274: 16273: 16269: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16257: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16243: 16241: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16202: 16200: 16199: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16184: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16152: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16139: 16132: 16128: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16012:Inland diving 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15959: 15957: 15951: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15935:Oxygen window 15933: 15931: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15885:Decompression 15882: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15845:Diving reflex 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15830: 15828: 15822: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15779: 15773: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15751: 15747: 15733: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15723: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15692: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15670:Craig Challen 15668: 15667: 15665: 15661: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15568:Peggy Whitson 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15538:Koichi Wakata 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15523:Robert Thirsk 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15513:James Talacek 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15488:Steve Squyres 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15478:Robert Sheats 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15418:Takuya Onishi 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15363:Sandra Magnus 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15343:Jon Lindbergh 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15333:Timothy Kopra 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15303:Mark Hulsbeck 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15278:Jeremy Hansen 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15223:Jeanette Epps 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15208:Jonathan Dory 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15092: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15068:Clive Cussler 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15033:Jack Sheppard 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15013:Jill Heinerth 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14990: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14979: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14957:Stan Waterman 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14927:E. Lee Spence 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14912:Peter Scoones 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14877:Agnes Milowka 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14837:Stephen Frink 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14797:John D. Craig 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14777:Jonathan Bird 14775: 14773: 14772:Adrian Biddle 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14750:photographers 14746: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14719:Richie Kohler 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14686: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14638: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14616:E. Lee Spence 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14596:Margaret Rule 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14526:Graham Jessop 14524: 14522: 14521:David Gibbins 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14481:Eugenie Clark 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14431: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14340: 14336: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14209:organisations 14205: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14127: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14113:United States 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14043: 14038: 14034: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14008: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13980: 13965: 13962: 13959: 13956: 13953: 13950: 13947: 13944: 13941: 13938: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13923: 13916: 13913: 13910: 13907: 13904: 13901: 13898: 13895: 13892: 13889: 13886: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13874: 13871: 13868: 13865: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13840:certification 13836: 13830: 13827: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13814:certification 13810: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13626:certification 13620: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13585:certification 13581: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13520:certification 13516: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13476: 13473: 13470: 13467: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13455:organisations 13451:certification 13446: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322:certification 13315: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13210:Muscle memory 13208: 13207: 13206: 13203: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13158:Diving school 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13121: 13115: 13111: 13104: 13100: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13046:Shadow Divers 13043: 13041: 13040: 13039:The Last Dive 13036: 13034: 13033: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12984:Standards and 12982: 12976: 12975: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12950: 12948: 12947: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12893: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Agnes Milowka 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12714: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12625:Roger Baldwin 12623: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:Audrey Mestre 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455:Diver rescues 12453: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12341: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12290:Human torpedo 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12260: 12254: 12253:Vintage scuba 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12059:William Beebe 12057: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047:and inventors 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12009: 12007: 12006: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979:Archeological 11977: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11915: 11911: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11869: 11862: 11858: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758:organisations 11752: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11433: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11413:Breathing gas 11411: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11262:Barodontalgia 11260: 11258: 11257:Aerosinusitis 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11242:Barostriction 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11090: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10824:Dive planning 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10814:Dive briefing 10812: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10792:Decompression 10790: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10743: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674:Trait anxiety 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10621:Decompression 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551:Environmental 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10480:Diving safety 10476: 10472: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445:and festivals 10443:Diving events 10441: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10424:Shark tourism 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10383: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10313:organisations 10308: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10104: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10062:Water jetting 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10052:Thermal lance 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9791:Sponge diving 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9766:Police diving 9764: 9762: 9761:Pearl hunting 9759: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9729:Hazmat diving 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9694: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9654:US Navy SEALs 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:JW Komandosów 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9424: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205:Organisations 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:Danai Varveri 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:Annelie Pompe 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:Audrey Mestre 9000: 8998: 8997:Jacques Mayol 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8962:Pierre Frolla 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Sara Campbell 8900: 8898: 8897:Michael Board 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8765:Dynamic apnea 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8739:Vertical Blue 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681:Pearl hunting 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8586:Diving spread 8584: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8474:ROV KIEL 6000 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8396: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8218:Decompression 8215: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052:Breathing gas 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008:Diving ladder 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7832:René Cavalero 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800:manufacturers 7794: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Carleton CDBA 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7495:Diving helmet 7493: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7424:Distance line 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7406:Safety helmet 7404: 7402: 7401:Rescue tether 7399: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:Bailout block 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7333:Diver's knife 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Dive computer 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114:Orinasal mask 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099:Diving helmet 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Jersey upline 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:Dive computer 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6952:Decompression 6949: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6925:Ankle weights 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Breathing air 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6817:Breathing gas 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6651: 6650: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Breathing gas 6486: 6485: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6459: 6458:orinasal mask 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Diving helmet 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6289:Nasal cannula 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6062:Regulated by 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5884:on 2008-02-19 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5830:on 2008-09-19 5829: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5179:section 1.2.a 5176: 5169: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4943: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4673:0-07-085144-1 4669: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4650: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274:on 2008-05-02 4273: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3966: 3963:(27): 27–41. 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3902:9781483163192 3898: 3894: 3887: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3729:The Megalodon 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645:Poseidon MkVI 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3520:Carleton CDBA 3518: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3129: 3121: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3078:Data logging. 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3055:in real time. 3054: 3053:decompression 3050: 3047: 3046:decompression 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2885:An indicator 2884: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2825:This section 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2763:This section 2761: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2680:Failure modes 2677: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2638: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2607:This section 2605: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2330: 2322: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2286: 2280:Off-board gas 2277: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154:breathing gas 2146: 2137: 2131:Loop drainage 2128: 2119: 2117: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2068: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2005: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1852:Bailout valve 1849: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833:diving helmet 1830: 1826: 1817: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1746:Tests on the 1744: 1742: 1718: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697:Mark V system 1693: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571:4 Counterlung 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532:constant flow 1529: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478:4 Counterlung 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1433:4 Counterlung 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1273:4 Counterlung 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1032: 1030: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1008: 993: 984: 970: 965: 962:This section 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 947: 941: 937: 928: 925: 919: 915: 907: 903: 901: 896: 889: 875: 867: 858: 856: 852: 845: 835: 832: 821: 819: 815: 809: 802: 799: 795: 791: 790: 789: 786: 777: 763: 753: 752: 751: 748: 745: 744:decompressing 740: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 711: 710: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 679: 678: 675: 673: 669: 666: 659: 640: 637: 636: 628: 625: 624: 620: 616: 608: 605: 604: 596: 592: 589: 588: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 567: 563: 559: 556: 555: 551: 547: 544: 543: 535: 531: 528: 527: 523: 520: 519: 515: 514:high altitude 511: 508: 507: 504: 500: 497: 496: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 478: 477: 473: 465: 464: 454: 450: 446: 444: 440: 435: 427: 421: 418: 414: 413:breathing gas 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 379:and produces 378: 362: 353: 349: 346:This section 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 331: 327: 323: 322:combat divers 319: 316: 312: 307: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 274: 272: 265: 261: 257: 247: 245: 240: 236: 230: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 188: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135:breathing gas 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 107: 103: 100:of a diver's 99: 95: 91: 82: 79: 77:Related items 75: 72: 71:Breathing set 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 46: 41: 33: 19: 16877: 16865: 16853: 16846: 16838: 16831: 16819: 16807: 16582:Steinke hood 16544:Escape trunk 16500: 16479: 16465: 16457: 16448: 16378: 16370: 16363:Shinkai 6500 16362: 16355:Shinkai 2000 16354: 16346: 16338: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16300: 16292: 16285: 16278: 16271: 16264: 16255: 16247: 16239: 16222: 16205: 16197: 16071:Wreck diving 16027:Night diving 15956:environments 15732:Keith Jessop 15701:Lionel Crabb 15680:Rick Stanton 15654:John Mattera 15634:Bob Halstead 15629:Bret Gilliam 15624:Gary Gentile 15614:Victor Berge 15588:Reid Wiseman 15508:Nicole Stott 15473:Josef Schmid 15463:Tara Ruttley 15408:Karen Nyberg 15388:Jessica Meir 15268:David Gruber 15233:Albert Falco 15218:Sylvia Earle 15153:Justin Brown 15058:Leigh Bishop 14917:Brian Skerry 14902:Pierre Petit 14892:Steve Parish 14882:Noel Monkman 14862:Rudie Kuiter 14842:Peter Gimbel 14739:Andrew Wight 14659:Mark Ellyatt 14640:Scuba record 14581:Richard Pyle 14491:Sylvia Earle 14476:Cathy Church 14471:Hugh Bradner 14466:Louis Boutan 14461:Mensun Bound 14299:Competitions 14167:Sport diving 14076:Spearfishing 13622:Recreational 13430:Rescue Diver 13318:Recreational 13275:Scuba skills 13253:Ear clearing 13215:Overlearning 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12900:Publications 12742:David Bright 12737:Allan Bridge 12717:Scuba diving 12630:John Bennett 12614:Professional 12601: 12593: 12585: 12577: 12570:Star Canopus 12569: 12562:Drill Master 12561: 12553: 12517:Loïc Leferme 12476:Early diving 12444: 12358: 12343:Military and 12325:Welfreighter 12300:Necker Nymph 12221: 12213: 12174:Gordon Smith 12129:Peter Kreeft 12119:Émile Gagnan 12114:Henry Fleuss 12012:Whydah Gally 12010: 12003: 11997: 11989: 11885:Duty of care 11730:John Rawlins 11645:Robert Boyle 11612:and medicine 11469:Laryngospasm 11415:contaminants 11252:Air embolism 11219:Surfer's ear 11093:Occupational 10953:Incident pit 10941:Risk control 10871:Night diving 10861:Drift diving 10846:Diver rescue 10780:Buddy diving 10727:Hyperthermia 10690:Consequences 10669:Task loading 10521:Water safety 10301:Wreck diving 9948: 9942:Royal George 9941: 9933: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9756:Media diving 9489:Jagdkommando 9395:Minentaucher 9340:Police diver 9298:Hazmat diver 9087:Walter Steyn 9032:Dave Mullins 8992:Enzo Maiorca 8987:Loïc Leferme 8952:Emma Farrell 8922:Robert Croft 8917:Carlos Coste 8789:Static apnea 8743:Disciplines 8727:Competitions 8698:Spearfishing 8499:Seafox drone 8280:Diving stage 8258:Clump weight 8135:Gas blending 8103:Diver's pump 8088:Booster pump 8018:Diving stage 7942:Siebe Gorman 7917:Morse Diving 7668:Halcyon RB80 7619: 7551:Open-circuit 7251:Diving stage 7189:Diving watch 7169:Bottom timer 6997:Diving stage 6935:Trim weights 6889:Buoyancy and 6728:Scuba diving 6708:Diving modes 6647: 6635: 6623: 6558:Demand valve 6410:Gas extender 6372: 6331:Venturi mask 6221:Resuscitator 5927: 5907: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5882:the original 5877: 5868: 5856:. Retrieved 5852: 5843: 5832:. Retrieved 5828:the original 5818: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5782:. Retrieved 5778: 5765: 5746: 5734:. Retrieved 5729: 5719: 5707:. Retrieved 5703: 5691: 5679:. Retrieved 5675: 5666: 5654:. Retrieved 5650:the original 5639: 5616: 5527: 5517: 5509:the original 5505:apdiving.com 5504: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5459:(1): 43–53. 5456: 5452: 5446: 5436:28 September 5434:. Retrieved 5430: 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5401: 5398:"Going deep" 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5370: 5360:28 September 5358:. Retrieved 5353: 5328:. Retrieved 5324: 5314: 5302:. Retrieved 5298: 5274:. Retrieved 5269: 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5243: 5234: 5222:. Retrieved 5218: 5209: 5197:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5174: 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5150: 5126:. Retrieved 5121: 5111: 5099:. Retrieved 5095: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5035: 5000:. Retrieved 4996: 4983: 4972:. Retrieved 4948:. Retrieved 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4916: 4904:. Retrieved 4900: 4875: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4826:17 September 4824:. Retrieved 4819: 4809: 4797:. Retrieved 4793: 4762: 4756: 4743: 4734: 4721: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4657: 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4598: 4594: 4588: 4580:the original 4575: 4566: 4554:. Retrieved 4550: 4522:. Retrieved 4519:Scuba Diving 4518: 4508: 4496:. Retrieved 4492: 4482: 4469: 4447:. Retrieved 4443: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4386:(2): 81–86. 4383: 4379: 4352:. Retrieved 4347: 4276:. Retrieved 4272:the original 4266: 4247: 4241: 4229:. Retrieved 4178: 4172: 4150: 4119: 4097:. Retrieved 4072:. Retrieved 4067: 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4042: 4015:. Retrieved 4011: 3960: 3956: 3932:. Retrieved 3911: 3892: 3886: 3874:. Retrieved 3870: 3861: 3732:The rEvo III 3695:British Navy 3682:Siebe Gorman 3612:Gordon Smith 3583:Halcyon RB80 3376:Siebe Gorman 3290: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3267:Data logging 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3221: 3204: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3135: 3122: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3015: 2999: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2920: 2891:Siebe Gorman 2876: 2835: 2831:adding to it 2826: 2809: 2802:voting logic 2773: 2769:adding to it 2764: 2747: 2734:Halcyon RB80 2730: 2691: 2683: 2666: 2657: 2644: 2635: 2617: 2613:adding to it 2608: 2565: 2556: 2553: 2545: 2536: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2490: 2472: 2452: 2426: 2417: 2394: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2310: 2291: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2230:loop mixture 2225: 2216: 2200: 2167: 2158:gas cylinder 2151: 2134: 2125: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2083: 2070: 2055: 2040: 2025: 2018: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1947: 1943:streamlining 1940: 1924: 1917: 1908:tidal volume 1905: 1902:Counterlungs 1896: 1876: 1863: 1846: 1822: 1800:oceanography 1797: 1780: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1745: 1714: 1706: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1638: 1634: 1544: 1540: 1525: 1508: 1408: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1317: 1309: 1242: 1238: 1233:Halcyon RB80 1225: 1221:demand valve 1218: 1210: 1206: 1133: 1129: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1046: 1025: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 987: 983:adding to it 973:. Retrieved 963: 942: 938: 934: 920: 916: 913: 904: 891: 861:Architecture 847: 827: 810: 807: 787: 783: 774: 749: 736: 708: 676: 661: 562:recreational 447: 422: 406: 374: 359:October 2022 356: 352:adding to it 347: 330:ppO2 sensors 308: 305: 279:The Italian 278: 275: 267: 244:on-board gas 231: 220: 190: 181:Applications 175:dive profile 155: 132: 120:gas extender 119: 89: 87: 53:Inspiration) 16901:Rebreathers 16616:CMAS Europe 16577:Momsen lung 16217:Bathyscaphe 16145:Bathysphere 16054:Cave diving 16022:Muck diving 16007:Deep diving 15835:Blood shift 15649:Steve Lewis 15483:Dewey Smith 15443:Marc Reagan 15323:Scott Kelly 15318:Les Kaufman 15228:Sheck Exley 15213:Pedro Duque 15003:Martyn Farr 14998:Sheck Exley 14952:John Veltri 14887:Pete Oxford 14872:Luis Marden 14847:Monty Halls 14832:Ric Frazier 14729:Andy Torbet 14709:Ramón Bravo 14664:Sheck Exley 14611:Myriam Seco 14511:Honor Frost 14456:George Bass 14419:Teseo Tesei 14394:Billy Deans 14374:Mary Bonnin 14237:AIDA Hellas 14129:Breath-hold 14060:Finswimming 13816:authorities 13583:Free-diving 13522:authorities 13395:Dive leader 13080:Dive guides 12974:Basic Scuba 12874:Josef Velek 12864:Rob Stewart 12859:Dewey Smith 12824:Yuri Lipski 12797:Steve Irwin 12777:Sheck Exley 12772:Milan Dufek 12767:Deon Dreyer 12672:Per Skipnes 12586:Venture One 12412:NOGI Awards 12024:and artists 11454:Hypothermia 11399:Hypercapnia 11334:Inert gases 10988:Diving team 10891:Wall diving 10886:Solo diving 10785:buddy check 10768:Boat diving 10722:Hypercapnia 10712:Hypothermia 10636:Seasickness 10581:Wave action 10452:Diversnight 10394:Dive center 10286:Solo diving 10266:Muck diving 10256:Deep diving 10251:Cave diving 10239:Specialties 10080:Limpet mine 10042:Lifting bag 9966:contractors 9712:Dive leader 9584:Shayetet 13 9335:Media diver 9276:Occupations 9170:Hypothermia 9165:Hypercapnia 9007:Karol Meyer 8912:Goran Čolak 8829:Diving suit 8824:Diving mask 8734:Nordic Deep 8540:Diving shot 8484:Scorpio ROV 8253:Closed bell 8248:Bell cursor 8243:Diving bell 8003:Diving bell 7892:Oscar Gugen 7593:Pony bottle 7439:Line marker 7416:Snoopy loop 7357:Diving bell 7306:Pony bottle 7239:Closed bell 7234:Diving bell 7174:Depth gauge 7136:Diving mask 7047:Sladen suit 7017:Diving suit 6992:Diving shot 6987:Diving bell 6940:Weight belt 6825:Bailout gas 6797:Diving mask 6575:Counterlung 6518:Hazmat suit 6316:Oxygen tent 6311:Oxygen mask 6306:Oxygen hood 6231:Pocket mask 6211:Bubble CPAP 6148:Regulations 6128:Facepieces 5919:Works cited 5888:19 February 5736:12 December 5276:16 February 5249:19 December 5219:flexccr.com 4740:Davis, R.H. 4070:. J.W. Bech 4017:12 February 3411:Sladen Suit 3273:Data logger 3040:Integrated 2800:Failure of 2793:Failure of 2744:Gas leakage 2297:Bailout gas 2243:Choked flow 2191:bailout gas 2164:Diluent gas 2140:Gas sources 1536:counterlung 1515:mine rescue 1320:choked flow 804:complexity. 761:= 1.76 bar) 439:suffocation 426:hypercapnia 417:compression 124:submersible 16895:Categories 16841:Dive sites 16666:Reef Check 16661:PADI AWARE 16631:Green Fins 16564:Escape set 16256:Trieste II 16066:Ice diving 15827:physiology 15593:Kimiya Yui 15308:Emma Hwang 15183:Robin Cook 15073:Bill Nagle 15038:Bill Stone 14981:Underwater 14937:Ron Taylor 14897:Zale Parry 14827:Rodney Fox 14782:Eric Cheng 14757:Doug Allan 14748:Underwater 14690:filmmakers 14688:Underwater 14669:Nuno Gomes 14654:Jim Bowden 14536:Pilar Luna 14435:scientists 14433:Underwater 14191:Rebreather 14146:Freediving 13435:Solo diver 13400:Divemaster 13248:Diver trim 13032:Goldfinder 12792:Guy Garman 12719:fatalities 12618:fatalities 12505:fatalities 12503:Freediving 12445:Conception 12381:Mission 31 12330:Wet Nellie 12265:propulsion 12198:Historical 12164:Joe Savoie 12109:Ted Eldred 12094:John Deane 11404:Hypocapnia 11247:Barotrauma 11095:safety and 10968:Redundancy 10903:management 10748:procedures 10697:Barotrauma 10654:competence 10587:Equipment 10261:Ice diving 10107:Underwater 10071:Underwater 10021:Brush cart 9697:Underwater 9494:JW Formoza 9305:Divemaster 9179:Historical 9138:Barotrauma 9107:Fatma Uruk 9072:Tom Sietas 9057:Liv Philip 8875:Freedivers 8693:Snorkeling 8671:Freediving 8654:Activities 8643:Freediving 8591:Air spread 8454:Kaşif ROUV 8429:Deep Drone 8350:Underwater 8326:Subskimmer 8321:Liveaboard 8081:Silica gel 7998:Diver lift 7872:Drägerwerk 7857:Dive Xtras 7842:Cressi-Sub 7483:Burst disc 7461:Underwater 7449:Silt screw 7323:Dive light 7318:Buddy line 7184:Dive timer 7069:Dive skins 6908:Dump valve 6875:Travel gas 6830:Bottom gas 6733:Snorkeling 6718:Freediving 6565:Rebreather 6498:Dead space 6238:Ventilator 6132:Smoke hood 6066:and others 6055:Respirator 5834:2013-10-09 5656:11 October 5330:7 February 5272:. In Depth 4974:2010-12-29 4950:2008-07-17 4927:2009-07-17 4895:Bech, JW. 4524:25 October 4498:25 October 4449:25 October 4424:24 October 4278:2008-06-15 4099:17 January 4074:25 October 4048:25 October 3934:2023-09-15 3876:25 October 3853:References 3830:Rebreather 3669:ScubaForce 3564:Dräger Ray 3368:Ted Eldred 3231:See also: 2915:See also: 2712:dwell time 2531:See also: 2512:Drägerwerk 2412:See also: 2301:See also: 2241:See also: 2065:See also: 2051:exothermic 2032:Dragersorb 1684:Drägerwerk 1676:See also: 1068:See also: 946:dwell time 924:dead space 886:See also: 771:= 2.5 bar) 656:See also: 601:at 12 msw 254:See also: 81:Rebreather 16839:Indexes: 16339:Sea Cliff 16272:Ictineu 3 16223:Archimède 16198:Aluminaut 15528:Bill Todd 15433:Tim Peake 15293:Paul Hill 15095:Aquanauts 15028:Tom Mount 14983:explorers 14852:Hans Hass 14802:Ben Cropp 14734:Ivan Tors 14724:Paul Rose 14409:Hans Hass 14357:of diving 14233:National 14136:Aquathlon 14091:Australia 13781:(ScotSAC) 12849:Dave Shaw 12809:Jim Jones 12546:incidents 12436:incidents 12434:Dive boat 12426:Incidents 12207:Aqua-Lung 12200:equipment 12045:Engineers 12031:The Diver 11990:Commodore 11635:Paul Bert 11569:Screening 11538:Personnel 11504:First aid 11492:Treatment 11435:Immersion 11315:Hyperoxia 11294:Dysbarism 11196:disorders 11045:Equipment 10911:Checklist 10802:Pyle stop 10127:Powerhead 10095:Polespear 9995:equipment 9993:Tools and 9926:Mary Rose 9912:Lusitania 9904:Laurentic 8839:Polespear 8817:Equipment 8661:Aquathlon 8479:ROV PHOCA 8449:Kaikō ROV 8306:Dive boat 8299:Platforms 8220:equipment 8147:Gas panel 8071:Hopcalite 8043:Moon pool 7887:Technisub 7837:Cis-Lunar 7807:AP Diving 7798:equipment 7763:Gas panel 7603:Sidemount 7561:Scuba set 7465:apparatus 7463:breathing 7434:Dive reel 7313:Bolt snap 7289:equipment 7266:PowerSwim 7222:equipment 7151:Half mask 7141:Band mask 7087:and masks 7059:Rash vest 6954:equipment 6855:Hydreliox 6513:Facepiece 6453:Half mask 6243:Iron lung 6112:Dust mask 5065:(12): 58. 4607:0813-1988 3649:Cis-Lunar 3528:Cis-Lunar 3469:BioMarine 3442:AP Diving 3060:soda lime 2990:Operation 2902:scrubber. 2562:Hyperoxia 2028:Sofnolime 2021:soda lime 1958:perishing 1937:centroid. 597:on 100% O 529:0.35–0.40 509:0.14-0.16 498:0.09-0.10 490:0.08-0.10 402:sea level 318:collapsed 51:AP Diving 16833:Glossary 16809:Category 16602:interest 16309:Losharik 16286:Jiaolong 16248:Sea Pole 15663:Rescuers 14369:Aquanaut 14355:Pioneers 14108:Colombia 13899:(ProTec) 13842:agencies 13751:(ProTec) 13679:(FFESSM) 13628:agencies 13587:agencies 13120:training 13063:Research 12998:DIN 7876 12602:Wildrake 12542:Offshore 12267:vehicles 11828:(SAUHMA) 11756:research 11600:Research 11449:Drowning 11444:Asphyxia 11366:Taravana 11228:Pressure 10819:Dive log 10707:Drowning 10652:Lack of 10591:Freeflow 10576:Silt out 10571:Overhead 10387:industry 10359:(FFESSM) 10085:Speargun 9896:La Belle 9427:Military 9365:Military 9143:Drowning 8854:Swimfins 8849:Speargun 8560:Jackstay 8504:SeaPerch 8434:Épaulard 8268:Wet bell 8228:Air-lock 8054:handling 8028:Jackstay 8023:Downline 7932:Porpoise 7748:Air line 7708:Porpoise 7384:Lifeline 7273:Towboard 7244:Wet bell 7220:Mobility 7094:Anti-fog 7042:Dry suit 7035:Newtsuit 7030:JIM suit 6649:Glossary 6625:Category 6078:Canister 6073:Gas mask 5858:23 March 5754:Archived 5158:29 April 4771:70691158 4742:(1955). 4705:30 April 4615:16986801 4392:17310877 4226:29494076 4128:Archived 4012:In Depth 3925:Archived 3806:See also 3739:ptima CM 3626:Divesoft 3358:Porpoise 2838:May 2021 2776:May 2021 2736:and the 2620:May 2021 2520:injector 1954:sunlight 1869:occurs. 1650:drowning 1513:and for 990:May 2024 557:1.0–1.20 479:<0.08 311:Cold War 16867:Outline 16821:Commons 16686:SeaKeys 16600:Special 16507:SRV-300 16464:DSRV-2 16456:DSRV-1 16347:Shinkai 16323:Nautile 16240:Harmony 16189:vehicle 15778:physics 15694:Frogmen 15054:Wrecks 14642:holders 13881:(IANTD) 13703:(IANTD) 13673:(FEDAS) 13562:schools 13510:(WRSTC) 13471:(IDRCF) 12910:Manuals 12233:Nikonos 12220:SP-350 12214:Calypso 11998:Monitor 11822:(SPUMS) 11437:related 11320:Hypoxia 11230:related 11026:Gas man 10996:Bellman 10717:Hypoxia 10561:Delta-P 10556:Current 10538:hazards 10353:(FEDAS) 10117:Gyrojet 10109:firearm 10073:weapons 10035:Pigging 10007:Airlift 9934:Monitor 9679:UNGERIN 9514:KOPASKA 9499:JW GROM 9474:Fukuryu 9390:Frogman 9330:Haenyeo 9131:Hazards 8859:Monofin 8676:Haenyeo 8579:General 8565:Jonline 8469:OpenROV 8352:habitat 7827:Beuchat 7658:Dolphin 7278:Wet sub 7261:Monofin 7256:Swimfin 7085:Helmets 7064:Wetsuit 7007:Jonline 6807:Swimfin 6802:Snorkel 6637:Commons 6478:General 6388:Snorkel 5784:27 July 5644:Staff. 5465:8653065 5382:31 July 5270:gue.com 5122:InDepth 5002:3 April 4639:31 July 3714:Oceanic 3710:Phibian 3706:US Navy 3663:Prism 2 3511:Viper E 3028:occurs. 3022:bailout 2896:US Navy 2704:O-rings 2669:caustic 2550:Hypoxia 2542:Hazards 2482:warning 2170:diluent 1960:due to 1750:at the 1213:bellows 1140:hypoxia 797:points. 793:points. 670:– some 619:chamber 613:nitrox 532:Normal 516:areas) 503:hypoxia 432:). The 411:of the 326:patents 250:History 201:bailout 199:and as 111:frogmen 59:Acronym 16879:Portal 16855:Diving 16848:Divers 16604:groups 16501:Remora 16466:Avalon 16458:Mystic 16449:Mystic 16377:DSV-5 16371:Turtle 16330:Pisces 16293:Konsul 16234:FNRS-3 16229:FNRS-2 16097:Impact 15954:Diving 15887:theory 15825:Diving 15776:Diving 15044:Reefs 14989:Caves 14096:Turkey 13960:(NAUI) 13936:(CDAA) 13927:diving 13905:(RAID) 13893:(PDIC) 13887:(PADI) 13875:(FIAS) 13869:(DSAT) 13863:(CMAS) 13857:(BSAC) 13851:(ANDI) 13825:(AAUS) 13793:(TSSF) 13757:(RAID) 13745:(PDIC) 13739:(PADI) 13727:(NAUI) 13721:(NASE) 13715:(TIDF) 13697:(IAHD) 13685:(FIAS) 13667:(CMAS) 13655:(BSAC) 13649:(ANMP) 13643:(ANDI) 13637:(ACUC) 13602:(CMAS) 13596:(AIDA) 13531:(ADAS) 13494:(NOAA) 13483:(IMCA) 13477:(IDSA) 13324:levels 13231:Skills 12616:diving 12544:diving 12222:Denise 11840:(NEDU) 11834:(UHMS) 11796:(EUBS) 11790:(EDTC) 11784:(DMAC) 11778:(DDRC) 11303:Oxygen 11194:Diving 11097:health 11047:safety 10746:Diving 10536:Diving 10377:(WKPP) 10371:(QRSS) 10365:(IAHD) 10347:(CMAS) 10329:(CDAA) 10323:(BSAC) 10175:QBS-06 10057:Tremie 9964:Diving 9889:Kronan 9519:MARCOS 9479:GRUMEC 9429:diving 9367:diving 8755:(CWTB) 8414:ABISMO 8380:SEALAB 7952:Suunto 7922:Nemrod 7897:Heinke 7796:Diving 7768:Hookah 7723:Salvus 7287:Safety 6880:Trimix 6870:Oxygen 6865:Nitrox 6860:Hydrox 6850:Heliox 5813:images 5627: 5463: 5407:2 July 5128:31 May 4906:28 May 4799:11 May 4769: 4728:-4-69. 4726:RANSUM 4670: 4666:–261. 4613: 4605: 4556:31 May 4390: 4354:11 May 4231:11 May 4224: 4159: 4117:"12". 3899: 3620:JJ CCR 3552:Dräger 3429:nitrox 3400:Salvus 3326:Dräger 3317:oxygen 2923:system 2722:again. 2673:mucosa 2527:Safety 2305:, and 2182:heliox 2178:trimix 2174:nitrox 1950:rubber 1511:navies 1124:trimix 1120:nitrox 975:31 May 629:100% O 540:level 471:(bar) 377:oxygen 293:nitrox 262:, and 139:helium 106:oxygen 92:is an 16760:Other 16499:ASRV 16443:MSM-1 16206:Alvin 16135:Other 13966:(TDI) 13954:(CDG) 13948:(GUE) 13942:(CDG) 13917:(TXR) 13911:(TSA) 13799:(UDI) 13787:(SSI) 13775:(SEI) 13769:(SDI) 13763:(SAA) 13733:(NOB) 13709:(ILS) 13691:(GUE) 13661:(CFT) 13624:scuba 13614:(SSI) 13547:(HSE) 13465:(EUF) 13320:scuba 13118:Diver 12802:death 12263:Diver 11981:sites 11772:(DAN) 11209:Cramp 10664:Panic 10341:(CFT) 10335:(CDG) 10311:Diver 9974:COMEX 9882:Egypt 9431:units 8802:(VWT) 8791:(STA) 8785:(NLT) 8779:(FIM) 8773:(DNF) 8767:(DYN) 8761:(CNF) 8749:(CWT) 8608:Sonar 7912:Mares 7877:Fenzy 7862:Divex 7852:DESCO 7847:Dacor 7812:Apeks 7778:Snuba 7693:LAR-V 7688:LAR-6 7683:LAR-5 7673:IDA71 7553:scuba 6064:NIOSH 5932:(PDF) 5775:(PDF) 5709:4 May 5700:(PDF) 5681:4 May 5621:(PDF) 5427:(PDF) 5304:5 May 5224:6 May 5199:6 May 5101:6 May 5042:6 May 5032:(PDF) 4993:(PDF) 4945:(PDF) 4601:(1). 4493:Diver 4474:(PDF) 4344:(PDF) 4131:(PDF) 4124:(PDF) 4039:(PDF) 3928:(PDF) 3921:(PDF) 3735:The O 3591:IDA71 3544:CDLSE 3534:Divex 3505:Viper 3419:IDA71 3344:LAR-V 3338:LAR-6 3332:LAR-5 2180:, or 2086:IDA71 1748:IDA71 1723:+ 2CO 641:50% O 609:40% O 16480:Priz 16379:Nemo 16369:DSV 16361:DSV 16353:DSV 16345:DSV 16337:DSV 16279:JAGO 16204:DSV 13925:Cave 13608:(PI) 11996:USS 10901:Risk 9949:Vasa 9940:HMS 9932:USS 9919:Mars 9910:RMS 9699:work 8424:CURV 7728:Siva 7698:LARU 7653:DSEA 7648:CUMA 5890:2008 5860:2024 5786:2021 5738:2016 5711:2021 5683:2021 5658:2013 5625:ISBN 5461:PMID 5438:2021 5409:2019 5384:2013 5362:2021 5332:2024 5306:2021 5278:2021 5251:2016 5226:2021 5201:2021 5160:2024 5130:2024 5103:2021 5044:2021 5004:2024 4908:2019 4828:2016 4801:2021 4767:OCLC 4707:2013 4668:ISBN 4641:2013 4611:OCLC 4603:ISSN 4558:2024 4526:2022 4500:2022 4451:2022 4426:2022 4388:PMID 4356:2021 4233:2021 4222:PMID 4157:ISBN 4101:2019 4076:2022 4050:2022 4019:2021 3897:ISBN 3878:2022 3846:SCBA 3608:KISS 3499:Siva 3462:DC55 3425:SDBA 3388:CDBA 2041:The 1735:+ 3O 1727:= 2K 1231:and 1229:DC55 977:2024 831:PADI 638:3.00 626:2.80 606:2.40 590:2.20 581:NOAA 577:1.60 569:1.40 545:0.50 521:0.21 483:Coma 289:WWII 285:WWII 67:Uses 16438:LR7 16433:LR5 16316:Mir 12212:RV 11988:SS 11865:Law 9902:SS 9880:SS 9283:Ama 9186:Ama 8686:Ama 7713:Ray 5063:183 4664:257 3965:doi 2930:or 2887:dye 2833:. 2771:. 2615:. 2049:is 1831:or 1754:in 1122:or 985:. 737:As 400:at 398:air 354:. 153:. 16897:: 5906:. 5876:. 5851:. 5777:. 5728:. 5702:. 5674:. 5536:^ 5526:. 5503:. 5487:34 5485:. 5473:^ 5457:23 5455:. 5429:. 5400:. 5352:. 5340:^ 5323:. 5297:. 5286:^ 5268:. 5242:. 5217:. 5192:. 5138:^ 5120:. 5094:. 5061:. 5034:. 5012:^ 4995:. 4959:^ 4899:. 4887:^ 4836:^ 4818:. 4792:. 4779:^ 4724:. 4682:^ 4623:^ 4609:. 4599:27 4597:. 4574:. 4549:. 4534:^ 4517:. 4491:. 4459:^ 4442:. 4417:. 4400:^ 4384:78 4382:. 4364:^ 4346:. 4287:^ 4256:^ 4204:^ 4187:^ 4139:^ 4109:^ 4084:^ 4066:. 4041:. 4027:^ 4010:. 3980:^ 3961:47 3959:. 3955:. 3943:^ 3869:. 3210:CO 3198:CO 3124:FO 3115:FO 2176:, 2030:, 1964:. 1877:A 1731:CO 1031:. 536:PO 466:PO 445:. 383:. 258:, 177:. 161:a 130:. 88:A 14289:) 14228:) 6684:e 6677:t 6670:v 5981:e 5974:t 5967:v 5910:. 5892:. 5862:. 5837:. 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