Rebreather - Knowledge

1232: 1945: 1344: 315: 1005: 625: 774: 57: 973:; the other is a manual on-off valve called a bypass valve; both feed into the same hose which feeds the counterlung. Others are supplied via a demand valve on the counterlung. This will add gas at any time that the counterlung is emptied and the diver continues to inhale. Oxygen can also be added manually by a button which activates the demand valve. Some simple oxygen rebreathers had no automatic supply system, but only the manual feed valve, and the diver had to operate the valve at intervals to refill the breathing bag as the volume of oxygen decreased below a comfortable level. 996:

usually nitrogen and helium, and which is replenished by adding more of the mixture as the oxygen is used up, sufficient to maintain a breathable partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, and closed circuit rebreathers, where two parallel gas supplies are used: the diluent, to provide the bulk of the gas, and which is recycled, and oxygen, which is metabolically expended. Carbon dioxide is considered a waste product, and in a correctly functioning rebreather, is effectively removed when the gas passes through the scrubber.

797:, a fibre or cloth reinforced elastomer, or elastomer covered with a woven fabric for reinforcement or abrasion resistance. If the woven layer is bonded to the outside surface it protects the rubber from damage from scrapes but makes it more difficult to wash off contaminants. Breathing hoses typically come in two types of corrugation. Annular corrugations, as depicted in the photo, benefit from easier field repair if a tear or hole while helical corrugations allow efficient drainage after cleaning. 670:, through which the exhaled gas passes to remove the carbon dioxide. The absorbent may be granular or in the form of a moulded cartridge. Granular absorbent may be manufactured by breaking up lumps of lime and sorting the granules by size, or by moulding granules at a consistent size and shape. Gas flow through the scrubber may be in one direction in a loop rebreather, or both ways in a pendulum rebreather. The scrubber canister generally has an inlet on one side and an outlet on the other side. 988: 617: 1537: 532: 2354: 14710: 4526: 2067: 14780: 1651:

except changing to another breathing gas supply until the scrubber can be repacked. Continued use of a rebreather with an ineffective scrubber is not possible for very long, as the levels will become toxic and the user will experience extreme respiratory distress, ultimately leading to loss of consciousness and death. The rate at which these problems develop depends on the volume of the circuit and the metabolic rate of the user at the time.

14768: 14734: 4550: 1042:. A small volume oxygen cylinder is needed to fill and purge the loop at the start of use. This technology may be applied to both oxygen and mixed gas rebreathers, and can be used for diving and other applications. Potassium superoxide reacts vigorously with liquid water, releasing considerable heat and oxygen, and causing a fire hazard, so the more successful applications have been for space-suits, fire-fighting and mine rescue. 840:, that feeds gaseous oxygen into the ambient pressure breathing volume, either continuously, or when the user operates the oxygen addition valve, or via a demand valve in an oxygen rebreather, when the volume of gas in the breathing circuit becomes low and the pressure drops, or in an electronically controlled mixed gas rebreather, after a sensor has detected insufficient oxygen partial pressure, and activates a solenoid valve. 1718:, or spacers that prevent bypassing of the scrubber, are not present or not fitted properly, or if the scrubber canister has been incorrectly packed or fitted, it may allow the exhaled gas to bypass the absorbent, and the scrubber will be less effective. This failure mode is also called "tunneling" when absorbent settles to form void spaces inside the canister. Bypass will cause an unexpected early break-through. 1556: 750:+ 2NaOH. The sodium hydroxide is then available again to react with more carbonic acid. 100 grams (3.5 oz) of this absorbent can remove about 15 to 25 litres (0.53 to 0.88 cu ft) of carbon dioxide at standard atmospheric pressure. This process also heats and humidifies the air, which is desirable for diving in cold water, or climbing at high altitudes, but not for working in hot environments. 14722: 4538: 3839: 1057: 1335:

rebreather carried on the suit. An emergency gas supply rebreather may also be fitted to a suit with either surface supply or rebreather for primary breathing gas. As the internal pressure is maintained at one atmosphere, there is no risk of acute oxygen toxicity. This is an underwater diving application, but has more in common with industrial applications than with ambient pressure scuba rebreathers.

1321: 937: 913:: A closed circuit rebreather adds oxygen to the loop gas to make up for oxygen used by metabolic processes. These processes do not use diluent gas, so none is added unless the volume of the loop is reduced for other reasons, such as intentional dumping, flushing, or an ambient pressure change. Gas is dumped from the loop when it expands during a pressure reduction, or too much is added. 927:: A semi-closed circuit rebreather either dumps some loop gas nearly constantly or constantly adds gas to the loop, and consequently needs an inflow of both diluent and oxygen to make up the volume. Changes in ambient pressure also require changes in the number (mass) of gas in the loop to maintain the working volume. 1742:. The excessive wetting of the absorbent also reduces the rate of carbon dioxide removal and can cause premature break-through even if no caustic liquid reaches the diver. Work of breathing may also increase. Many modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce this caustic fluid if they get wet. 899:

deal with the complications of avoiding hyperbaric oxygen toxicity, while normobaric and hypobaric applications can use the relatively trivially simple oxygen rebreather technology, where there is no requirement to monitor oxygen partial pressure during use providing the ambient pressure is sufficient.

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scrubbed by rope yarn soaked in a solution of caustic potash; the system giving a duration of about three hours. Fleuss tested his device in 1879 by spending an hour submerged in a water tank, then one week later by diving to a depth of 5.5 m in open water, upon which occasion he was slightly injured

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In below-freezing operation (primarily mountain climbing), wet scrubber chemicals can freeze when oxygen bottles are changed, while there is a pause in the exothermic reaction of taking up the carbon dioxide, thus preventing carbon dioxide from reaching the scrubber material, and slowing the reaction

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and can cause burns to the eyes, mucous membranes and skin. A mixture of water and absorbent occurs when the scrubber floods and depending on the chemicals used, can produce a chalky taste or a burning sensation if the contaminated water reaches the mouthpiece, which should prompt the diver to switch

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Complete consumption of the active ingredient in a "general break through". Depending on scrubber design and user workload, this may be gradual, allowing the user to become aware of the problem in time to make a controlled exit or bailout to open circuit, or relatively sudden, triggering an urgent or

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In an oxygen rebreather this can occur if the loop is not sufficiently purged at the start of use. Purging is the replacement of the original gas content by fresh gas, and may have to be repeated to completely remove inert gas. Purging should be done while breathing off the unit so that the inert gas

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A helium reclaim system (or push-pull system) is used to recover helium based breathing gas after use by the diver when this is more economical than losing it to the environment in open circuit systems. The recovered gas is passed through a scrubber system to remove carbon dioxide, filtered to remove

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Another method of carbon dioxide removal occasionally used in portable rebreathers is to freeze it out, which is possible in a cryogenic rebreather which uses liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen absorbs heat from the carbon dioxide in a heat exchanger to convert the oxygen to gas, which is sufficient to

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content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a

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The term "break-through" means the failure of the scrubber to continue removing sufficient carbon dioxide from the gas circulating in the loop. This will inevitably happen if the scrubber is used too long, but can happen prematurely in some circumstances. There are several ways that the scrubber may

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Industrial rebreathers are often used where the ambient air is contaminated and may be toxic. Parts of the loop will be at a slightly lower than external ambient pressure during inhalation, and if the circuit is not airtight external gases may leak in. This is a particular issue around the edge of a

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Carbon dioxide buildup will occur if the scrubber medium is absent, badly packed, inadequate or exhausted. The normal human body is fairly sensitive to carbon dioxide partial pressure, and a buildup will be noticed by the user. However, there is not often much that can be done to rectify the problem

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carried on the suit. Both of these systems involve rebreather technology as they both remove carbon dioxide from the breathing gas and add oxygen to compensate for oxygen used by the wearer. Space suits usually use oxygen rebreathers as this allows a lower pressure in the suit which gives the wearer

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All rebreathers other than oxygen rebreathers may be considered mixed gas rebreathers, as the breathing gas is a mixture of oxygen and metabolically inactive diluent gas. These can be divided into semi-closed circuit, where the supply gas is a breathable mixture containing oxygen and inert diluents,

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for submarine escape and shallow water diving work, for mine rescue, high altitude mountaineering and flight, and in industrial applications from the early twentieth century. Oxygen rebreathers can be remarkably simple and mechanically reliable, and they were invented before open-circuit scuba. They

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Re breathers can be primarily categorised as diving rebreathers, intended for hyperbaric use, and other rebreathers used at pressures from slightly more than normal atmospheric pressure at sea level to significantly lower ambient pressure at high altitudes and in space. Diving rebreathers must often

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Oxygen sensors may be used to monitor partial pressure of oxygen in mixed gas rebreathers to ensure that it does not fall outside the safe limits, but are generally not used on oxygen rebreathers, as the oxygen content is fixed at 100%, and its partial pressure varies only with the ambient pressure.

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with one big face window, at first circular or oval and later rectangular (mostly flat, but the sides curved back to allow better vision sideways). Early British frogman's rebreathers had rectangular counterlungs on the chest like Italian frogman's rebreathers, but later designs had a square recess

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Bypassing the absorbent. The absorbent granules must be packed closely so that all exhaled gas comes into contact with the surface of soda lime and the canister is designed to avoid any large spaces or gaps between the absorbent granules or between the granules and the canister walls that would let

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on a rebreather is a flexible tube for breathing gas to pass through at ambient pressure. They are distinguished from the low-, intermediate-, and high-pressure hoses which may also be parts of rebreather apparatus. They have a wide enough bore to minimise flow resistance at the ambient pressure in

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The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of technological complexity and specific hazards, some of which depend on the application and type of rebreather used. Mass and bulk may be greater or less than open circuit depending on circumstances. Electronically controlled diving rebreathers may

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exceeds the capacity of the user. If this occurs where the user cannot reduce exertion sufficiently, it may be impossible to correct. This problem is more likely to occur with diving rebreathers at depths where the density of the breathing gas is severely elevated. The only recourse is to vent the

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The life support system for the bell provides and monitors the main supply of breathing gas, and the control station monitors the deployment and communications with the divers. Primary gas supply, power and communications to the bell are through a bell umbilical, made up from a number of hoses and

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A liquid oxygen supply can be used for oxygen or mixed gas rebreathers. If used underwater, the liquid-oxygen container must be well insulated against heat transfer from the water. Industrial sets of this type may not be suitable for diving, and diving sets of this type may not be suitable for use

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Gas supply valves, including a cylinder valve, to allow high pressure gas to flow from the cylinder. This may be manually operated by the user to directly supply make-up gas, or may provide the gas to a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to a few bar above ambient pressure, and supplies

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In the loop configuration, the user inhales gas through one hose, and exhales through a second hose. Exhaled gas flows into the scrubber from one side, and exits at the other side. There may be one large counterlung, on either side of the scrubber, or two smaller counterlungs, one on each side of

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through a breathing hose, and exhaled gas returns to the counterlung by flowing back through the same hose. The scrubber is usually between the breathing hose and the counterlung bag, and gas flow is bi-directional. All of the flow passages between the user and the active absorbent in the scrubber

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High partial pressures of oxygen greatly increase fire hazard, and many materials which are self-extinguishing in atmospheric air will burn continuously in a high oxygen concentration. This is more of a hazard for terrestrial applications such as rescue and firefighting than for diving, where the

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at a higher concentration than available from atmospheric air in a naturally hypoxic environment. They need to be lightweight and to be reliable in severe cold including not getting choked with deposited frost. A high rate of system failures due to extreme cold has not been solved. Breathing pure

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Gas injection system failure is also mainly a problem of mixed gas diving rebreathers. Oxygen rebreathers gas injection systems are generally robust and reliable and can be manually overridden if they fail, and this form of failure is identifiable by an inappropriate volume of gas in the ambient

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the scrubber. Flow is in one direction, enforced by non-return valves, which are usually in the breathing hoses where they join the mouthpiece. Only the flow passage in the mouthpiece before the split between inhalation and exhalation hoses is dead space, and this is not affected by hose volume.

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The endurance of a rebreather, the duration for which it can be safely and comfortably used, is dependent on the oxygen supply at the oxygen consumption rate of the user, and the capacity of the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide at the rate it is produced by the user. These variables are closely

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An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-man articulated submersible of roughly anthropomorphic form, with limb joints which allow articulation under external pressure while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. Breathing gas supply may be surface supplied by umbilical, or from a

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NaOH. The main component of soda lime is calcium hydroxide, which is relatively cheap and easily available. Other components may be present in the absorbent. Sodium hydroxide is added to accelerate the reaction with carbon dioxide. Other chemicals may be added to prevent unwanted decomposition

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of breathing gas due to depth makes the recirculation of exhaled gas even more desirable, as an even larger proportion of open circuit gas is wasted. Continued rebreathing of the same gas will deplete the oxygen to a level which will no longer support consciousness, and eventually life, so gas

1178:. High altitude reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient air, which reduces the ability of the climber to function effectively. Mountaineering rebreathers are closed-circuit oxygen sets that provide a higher partial pressure of oxygen to the climber than the ambient air. 641:

The counterlung is an airtight bag of strong flexible material that holds the volume of the exhaled gas until it is inhaled again. There may be a single counterlung, or one on each side of the scrubber, which allows a more even flow rate of gas through the scrubber, which can reduce

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There are some components that are common to almost all personal portable rebreathers. These include the ambient pressure breathing volume components, usually called the breathing loop in a circulating flow rebreather, and the make-up gas supply and control system.

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may be included to show when carbon dioxide has dissolved in the water of the soda lime and formed carbonic acid, changing the pH from basic to acid, as the change of colour shows that the absorbent has reached saturation with carbon dioxide and must be changed.

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The widest variety of rebreather types is used in diving, as the consequences of breathing under pressure complicate the requirements, and a large range of options are available depending on the specific application and available budget. A diving rebreather is

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The accommodation life support system maintains the chamber environment within the acceptable range for health and comfort of the occupants. Temperature, humidity, breathing gas quality, sanitation systems, and equipment function are monitored and controlled.

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has a greater oxygen partial pressure than breathing air at sea level. This results in being able to exert greater physical effort at altitude. The exothermic reaction helps keep the scrubber contents from freezing, and helps reduce heat loss from the user.

2194:, by adding an extra gas supply cylinder. Before a dive with such a set, the diver had to know the maximum or working depth of his dive, and how fast his body used his oxygen supply, and from those to calculate what to set his rebreather's gas flow rate to. 10913: 1721:

When the gas mix is under pressure at depth, the gas molecules are more densely packed, and the carbon dioxide molecules' mean path between collisions is shorter, so they are not so free to move around to reach the absorbent surface, and require a longer

1607:, and other living spaces occupied by several people over medium to long periods on a limited gas supply, are equivalent to closed circuit rebreathers in principle, but generally rely on mechanical circulation of breathing gas through the scrubbers. 129:, as well as for undisturbed observation of underwater wildlife. A rebreather is generally understood to be a portable apparatus carried by the user. The same technology on a vehicle or non-mobile installation is more likely to be referred to as a 2182:, needs arose in the armed forces to dive deeper than allowed by pure oxygen. That prompted, at least in Britain, design of simple constant-flow "mixture rebreather" variants of some of their diving oxygen rebreathers (= what is now called " 873:

Overpressure valve, to release excess gas. This is mainly used in diving rebreathers to compensate for expansion during ascent. Excess gas may also be vented past the skirt seal of a full-face mask, or through the nose when a mouthpiece is

1978:. Opening the cylinder's valve admitted oxygen to the bag and charged it to the pressure of the surrounding water. The rig also included an emergency buoyancy bag on the front of to help keep the wearer afloat. The DSEA was adopted by the 10851: 2136:

in the top of the counterlung so it could extend further up toward the shoulders. In front they had a rubber collar that was clamped around the absorbent canister. Some British armed forces divers used bulky thick diving suits called

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There are no constraints due to the physiological effects of breathing under pressure. Complex gas mixtures are unnecessary. Oxygen rebreathers can usually be used, which makes the design considerably simpler, and the mechanism more

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Buoyancy is not a consideration, but weight may be critical. Good ergonomic design for ease of carrying, comfort, and balance are important where the unit may be worn in confined spaces, while climbing and crawling through small

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Cooling of the gas in the breathing loop may be desirable, as the absorbent produces heat as it reacts with carbon dioxide, and the warming of the gas is not welcome in hot industrial situations such as firefighting and deep

714:. This reacts with the hydroxides to produce carbonates and water in an exothermic reaction. In the intermediate reaction, the carbonic acid reacts exothermically with sodium hydroxide to form sodium carbonate and water: H 1629:

Some of the hazards are due to the way the equipment works, while others are related to the environment in which the equipment is used, as rebreathers are usually used where no breathable ambient atmosphere is available.

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due to the danger of the air supply hose becoming fouled on submerged debris, and the strong water currents in the workings. In 1880 Fleuss, used a rebreather to inspect Seaham Colliery in the UK after a gas explosion.

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began mass production of their own version of standard diving dress with the air supply from a rebreather. The apparatus had been invented some years earlier by Hermann Stelzner, an engineer at the Dräger company, for

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of about 6 L/min, and a fit person working hard may ventilate at a rate of 95 L/min but will only metabolise about 4 L/min of oxygen. The oxygen metabolised is generally about 4% to 5% of the inspired volume at normal

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The oxygen enrichment systems primarily used by medical patients, high altitude mountaineers and commercial aircraft emergency systems, in which the user breathes ambient air which is enriched by the addition of pure

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However, if this is done without removing the carbon dioxide, it will rapidly build up in the recycled gas, resulting almost immediately in mild respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of

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The life support system provides breathing gas and other services to support life for the personnel under pressure in the accommodation chambers and closed diving bell. It includes the following components:

2504: 2502: 2500: 2119:, captured Italian frogmen's rebreathers influenced improved designs for British rebreathers. Many British frogmen's breathing sets used aircrew breathing oxygen cylinders salvaged from shot-down German 2497: 1759:

Gas leakage to or from the ambient pressure volume can occur. Since the volume of gas lost or gained is likely to be very small, it is most relevant when the surroundings contain toxic gases or fumes.

599:– volume containing gas which is rebreathed without modification by the rebreather. The dead space increases as the absorbent is depleted. Breathing hose volume must be minimised to limit dead space. 10865: 1369:

If a full-face mask is used, it may have viewports designed for convenience or improved field of vision, and they do not need to be flat and parallel to prevent visual distortion as when underwater.

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Breathing hoses are usually long enough to connect the apparatus to the user's head in all attitudes of their head, but should not be unnecessarily long, which will cause additional weight,

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of oxygen is low, for high altitude mountaineering. In aerospace there are applications in unpressurised aircraft and for high altitude parachute drops, and above the Earth's atmosphere, in

10858: 144:(as in firefighting), mine rescue, high-altitude operations, or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components, such as helium diluent or anaesthetic gases. 11734: 855:

Dive/surface valves on diving rebreathers, which prevent water from entering the breathing volume when the mouthpiece is removed, or the user elects to breathe ambient air at the surface.

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One of the functions of a space suit is to provide the wearer with breathing gas. This can be done via an umbilical from the life-support systems of the spacecraft or habitat, or from a

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Both semi-closed and fully closed circuit systems may be used for anaesthetic machines, and both push-pull (pendulum) two directional flow and one directional loop systems are used. The

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limited gas supply, while also eliminating the bubbles otherwise produced by an open circuit system. The latter advantage over other systems is useful for covert military operations by

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Open circuit breathing apparatus used by firefighters, underwater divers and some mountaineers, which supplies fresh gas for each breath, which is then discharged into the environment.

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A spring loaded counterlung pressurisation system may be used to provide slight positive pressure in the breathing loop, to prevent noxious gas entry if the mask seal is not perfect.

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expelled breath outside the closed system, therefore not reusing the oxygen, and thereby increasing use of the gas mixture, but this is not an option in every field of application.

1817:'s Imperial Navy. This early rebreather design worked with an oxygen reservoir, the oxygen being delivered progressively by the diver and circulating in a closed circuit through a 9805: 9731: 1185:

breathing systems – to supply controlled concentrations of anaesthetic gases to patients without contaminating the air that the staff breathe, and to conserve anaesthetic gas.

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the operational range for the equipment, are usually circular in cross section, and may be corrugated to let the user's head move about without the tube collapsing at kinks.

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A cryogenic rebreather removes the carbon dioxide by freezing it out in a "snow box" by the low temperature produced as liquid oxygen evaporates to replace the oxygen used.

1840: 2446:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. 1944: 9705: 12131: 11766: 11570: 11505: 8250: 7137: 1481:; with one "dural" 800l compressed oxygen cylinder and soda lime canister (the second (successful) assault team of Hillary and Tenzing used open-circuit equipment). 1343: 11479: 1125: 14303: 11784: 11606: 7359: 1272:

odours, and pressurised into storage containers, where it may be mixed with oxygen to the required composition for re-use, either immediately, or at a later date.

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Oxygen monitoring failure can lead to incorrect partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas. This is only relevant in mixed gas rebreathers used for diving.

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may be used where low mass is important, such as in space stations and space suits. Lithium peroxide also replenishes the oxygen during the scrubbing reaction.

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out of water due to conflicting heat transfer requirements. The set's liquid oxygen tank must be filled immediately before use. Examples of the type include:

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Demand valve which automatically adds gas when the volume of the counterlung(s) is too low, and pressure in the breathing volume drops below ambient pressure.

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in a pendulum rebreather. Breathing hoses can be tethered down to a diver's shoulders or ballasted for neutral buoyancy to minimise loads on the mouthpiece.

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in 1909. Although intended for use as a submarine escape apparatus, it was never accepted by the Royal Navy and was instead used for shallow water diving.

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to a patient during surgery or other procedures that require sedation. An absorbent is present in the machine to remove the carbon dioxide from the loop.

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Russian multipurpose rebreather IDA-71 with lid of casing opened showing interior – one of the scrubber canisters can optionally be filled with superoxide.

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in the inhaled gas quickly becomes intolerable; if a person tries to directly rebreathe their exhaled breathing gas, they will soon feel an acute sense of

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to supply controlled concentrations of anaesthetic gases to patients without contaminating the air that the staff breathe, and at high altitude, where the

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By adding sufficient oxygen to compensate for the metabolic usage, removing the carbon dioxide, and rebreathing the gas, most of the volume is conserved.

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O + heat. In the final reaction, the sodium carbonate reacts with the slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to form calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide: Na

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in a rebreather's scrubber it emits oxygen. This compound was first incorporated into a rebreather design by Captain S.S. Hall and Dr. O. Rees of the

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of a loop configured machine has two unidirectional valves so that only scrubbed gas flows to the patient while expired gas goes back to the machine.

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Fleuss continually improved his apparatus, adding a demand regulator and tanks capable of holding greater amounts of oxygen at higher pressure. Sir

11600: 9795: 8268: 2098: 2217:, most governments were reluctant to issue the technology into the public domain. In Britain rebreather use for civilians was negligible, and the 260: 11397: 10898: 9010: 7967: 7549: 4077: 3857:

Docket # 123, titled "Reevaluation of NIOSH limitations on and precaution for safe use of positive-pressure closed-circuit SCBA" is available at

1726:. Because of this effect, the scrubber must be bigger for deep diving than is needed for a shallow-water, industrial or high altitude rebreather. 1291:

Breathing gas supply, distribution and recycling equipment: scrubbers, filters, boosters, compressors, mixing, monitoring, and storage facilities

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Insulation may be needed for the breathing loop for use in sub-zero temperatures where freezing of the absorbent would reduce its effectiveness.

14459: 11863: 11808: 11802: 11790: 11660: 11654: 11642: 11630: 9109: 2303: 14641: 14392: 11440: 10879: 3885: 2511:, Chapter 15 - Electronically Controlled Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EC-UBA) Diving, Section 15-2 Principles of operation. 148: 3433: 2229:

at first each sold a model of sport diving rebreather, but after a while discontinued those models. Some home made rebreathers were used by

1149:, where personnel may be required to operate in an atmosphere immediately dangerous to life and health for longer periods than open-circuit 159:, where firefighters may be required to operate in an atmosphere immediately dangerous to life and health for extended periods, in hospital 14541: 14417: 14353: 11386: 9015: 7889: 3969: 2494:

Chapter 15 - Electronically Controlled Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EC-UBA) Diving, Section 15-2 Principles of operation

2089:; Italian manufacturers received a licence from the English patent holders to produce it. This practice soon came to the attention of the 14516: 14009: 12221: 11796: 11648: 11540: 10837: 9743: 9710: 9699: 8314: 4588: 4554: 3849: 3233: 1013: 2458:

CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company

14601: 14384: 12182: 11901: 11103: 8964: 1074: 11778: 11588: 3688: 2311:(Selected Elevated Flow Apparatus) – an industrial oxygen rebreather formerly made by Sabre Safety with 2 hours duration on a filling. 582:

There are two basic arrangements controlling the flow of breathing gas inside the rebreather, known as the pendulum and loop systems.

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Both chemical and compressed gas oxygen have been used in experimental closed-circuit oxygen systems – the first on Mount Everest in

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A constant mass flow system may be used to ensure a minimum fresh gas supply, with a demand valve to add gas if the loop is emptied.

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Hypoxia can occur in any rebreather which contains enough inert gas to allow breathing without triggering automatic gas addition.

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rebreathers, consideration must be given to making the set reasonably flame-proof and protecting it from heat and debris impacts.

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to keep the gas circulating the right way in a loop system. Depending on the service, they may be made of a flexible polymer, an

280:, or carbon dioxide toxicity. A high ventilation rate is usually necessary to eliminate the metabolic product carbon dioxide (CO 1393:

A system allowing the user to access drinking water from a bag may be fitted, A bite operated valve van be used to control flow.

523:, though not the only product. This is independent of depth, except for work of breathing increase due to gas density increase. 285: 14656: 9780: 8451: 7529: 6518: 6028: 5802: 5603: 2041: 2936: 2322:

The Savox was an oxygen rebreather with a use duration of 45 minutes. It had no hard casing and was worn in front of the body.

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In: Roach RC, Wagner PD, Hackett PH. Hypoxia: Into the Next Millennium (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Series)

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oxygen results in an elevated partial pressure of oxygen in the blood: a climber breathing pure oxygen at the summit of

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electrical cables twisted together and deployed as a unit. This is extended to the divers through the diver umbilicals.

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Characterization of Potassium Superoxide and a Novel Packed Bed Configuration for Closed Environment Air Revitalization

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for underwater warfare. Lambertsen held the first closed-circuit oxygen rebreather course in the United States for the

1929:, the first practical rebreather to be made in quantity. While intended primarily as an emergency escape apparatus for 1879: 1359:

There is no variation in ambient pressure on the components. The counterlung may be placed for comfort and convenience.

1150: 1140: 1104: 852:

Non-return valves in the breathing loop of loop rebreathers, which enforce one-directional flow to minimise dead space,

805: 596: 152: 96: 955:

only supply oxygen, so there is no requirement to control the gas composition other than removing the carbon dioxide.

848:

Valves are needed to control gas flow in the breathing volume, and gas feed from the storage container. They include:

14606: 9800: 9635: 8661: 8456: 8274: 7514: 7449: 7320: 6523: 5643: 5255: 4818: 4288: 4000: 3907: 3878: 3645: 3063: 2296: – A nitrox semi-closed-circuit rebreather with liquid gas storage made in England from 1910 onwards for use in 1952: 1175: 456: 10724: 74:

CCUBA (closed circuit underwater breathing apparatus); CCR (closed circuit rebreather), SCR (semi-closed rebreather)

14746: 14477: 13808: 12147: 12041: 11636: 10220: 9384: 9261: 8841: 8125: 7464: 7127: 6566: 4448: 4433: 4022: 2124: 2086: 2071: 1948: 1926: 1621:

There are several safety issues with rebreather equipment, and these tend to be more severe in diving rebreathers.

92: 7414: 3537: 902:

Rebreathers can also be subdivided by functional principle as closed circuit and semi-closed circuit rebreathers.

14811: 14561: 14328: 11906: 10482: 9687: 9681: 7519: 7315: 4581: 1524:

The anaesthetic machine can also provide gas to ventilated patients who cannot breathe on their own. A waste gas

9959: 1843:. It had a large back mounted oxygen tank with working pressure of about 13.3 bar, and two scrubbers containing 13088: 12152: 12103: 12087: 11996: 11869: 11445: 11368: 11204: 10498: 10262: 9419: 9379: 9278: 8998: 8401: 7917: 7750: 7718: 7524: 7132: 6887: 6106: 5772: 5417: 5366: 5106: 4257: 4184: 4007: 3520: 1408:

A water trap may be provided to collect condensed water from the absorbent reaction and from metabolic product.

884: 3134: 2283: 1894:

His apparatus was first used under operational conditions in 1880 by Alexander Lambert, the lead diver on the

13993: 13859: 13813: 13580: 13378: 12192: 11772: 11678: 10180: 9870: 9865: 9670: 9570: 9496: 9369: 8771: 8761: 8280: 7569: 7564: 7454: 7344: 7332: 7310: 6270: 6045: 5792: 4803: 4072: 3802: 3747: 3622: 2922: 2833: 2738: 1776: 1004: 3083: 2784: 2624: 765:

freeze the carbon dioxide. This process also chills the gas, which is sometimes, but not always, desirable.

14772: 14556: 14551: 14379: 13660: 13483: 13398: 13303: 13028: 12249: 12157: 12013: 11474: 11403: 11081: 10474: 10466: 9824: 9060: 8851: 8559: 7884: 7534: 7499: 7459: 7285: 6664: 5250: 4530: 3918: 3871: 3843: 2168: 1970:

and, in a pocket at the lower end of the bag, a steel pressure cylinder holding approximately 56 litres of

1548: 1489:

Similar requirement and working environment to mountaineering, but weight is less of a problem. The Soviet

982: 3565: 2565:

Gant, Nicholas; van Waart, Hanna; Ashworth, Edward T.; Mesley, Peter; Mitchell, Simon J. (December 2019).

1281: 1086: 945: 14631: 14077: 13845: 13198: 13033: 12807: 12361: 12001: 11851: 11820: 11690: 11594: 11517: 11450: 11354: 11093: 11041: 10490: 10200: 9590: 9455: 9404: 8421: 8027: 7627: 7122: 6917: 6475: 6221: 5727: 4618: 4443: 4428: 4100: 4060: 2405: 2172: 1578: 1564: 1493:

rebreather was also manufactured in a high altitude version, which was operated as an oxygen rebreather.

1478: 1266: 964: 476: 17: 12269: 5966: 14760: 14753: 14714: 14646: 14212: 14152: 13828: 13718: 13288: 13258: 12938: 12025: 11672: 10555: 9984: 9565: 8546: 8130: 7612: 7574: 7504: 6676: 6623: 5116: 4574: 4413: 4339: 3351:

Mitchell, Simon (August 2008). "Four: Carbon Dioxide Retention". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.).

2848: 2567:"Performance of cartridge and granular carbon dioxide absorbents in a closed-circuit diving rebreather" 2213:

Due to the military importance of the rebreather, amply demonstrated during the naval campaigns of the

1642:

in the user's lungs and body tissues that finds its way into the loop is also removed from the system.

1111:" as opposed to "open circuit scuba" where the diver exhales breathing gas into the surrounding water. 272:

containing oxygen must be added to the breathing gas to maintain the required concentration of oxygen.

777:

Draeger Ray dive/surface valve with bite grip scuba mouthpiece, non-return valves, and breathing hoses

14546: 13755: 11702: 11618: 11244: 11086: 11071: 11036: 10560: 10322: 10257: 9460: 9434: 9327: 9266: 8926: 8339: 7922: 7912: 7711: 7198: 7063: 6508: 6190: 6138: 6094: 5014: 4475: 4170: 3355:(1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 279–286. 2245: 1911: 1685:

Caused by a loop flood reaching the absorbent canister, so only applicable in immersed applications.

1470: 1449: 480: 10458: 1870:

The first commercially practical closed-circuit scuba was designed and built by the diving engineer

1257:

can kill the diver without warning, others can require immediate appropriate response for survival.

411: 14784: 14197: 14092: 12629: 12421: 11814: 11125: 10985: 10914:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

10692: 10607: 10506: 10348: 10168: 9974: 9840: 8911: 8873: 8637: 7559: 7479: 7260: 6937: 6857: 5880: 5301: 5134: 4179: 4153: 2983: 1694: 1511: 180: 172: 6837: 1974:

at a pressure of 120 bar. The cylinder was equipped with a control valve and was connected to the

1898:

construction project, who was able to travel 1000 feet in the darkness to close several submerged

14586: 14397: 14117: 13983: 13760: 13228: 13058: 12471: 12436: 12082: 11076: 11053: 10830: 10769: 10622: 10572: 10079: 10074: 10039: 9910: 9845: 9640: 9615: 9595: 9450: 9035: 8974: 8936: 8734: 8511: 8416: 8120: 8075: 8055: 8045: 7845: 7654: 7369: 6882: 6842: 6658: 6123: 6089: 5998: 5918: 5817: 5533: 5378: 5233: 4930: 4857: 4825: 4648: 4643: 4490: 4458: 4403: 4310: 4226: 3990: 3923: 3166:; Gabrielova, Ivana; Vann, Richard D (1999). "Mountaineering oxygen mask efficiency at 4572 m.". 2761: 2548:

An Introduction to Semi-Closed Circuit Rebreathers: The Dräger Series of Recreational Rebreathers

2393: 2365: 2164: 1918: 1723: 1560: 1379:

The need to ditch the set quickly may not arise, and harness straps may not need a quick-release.

1329: 1120: 1112: 970: 661: 624: 305: 141: 14190: 14160: 13988: 13869: 13549: 13188: 12872: 12847: 12451: 12284: 11684: 10372: 10190: 10089: 10029: 9575: 9424: 9256: 9251: 9189: 8702: 8697: 8678: 8607: 8526: 8431: 8411: 8309: 8201: 7762: 7745: 7733: 7706: 7439: 7305: 6216: 6003: 5476: 5201: 5034: 4877: 4830: 4785: 4765: 4042: 3190: 3161: 2571: 2402: – Self contained breathing apparatus providing gas to escape from a hazardous environment 2293: 2045: 1806: 1250: 1069: 773: 208: 56: 10744: 3411: 3241: 1982:

after further development by Davis in 1927. Various industrial oxygen rebreathers such as the

14636: 14318: 14313: 14072: 14060: 13907: 13621: 12988: 12943: 12727: 12401: 12067: 11896: 11760: 11558: 10545: 10530: 10225: 10215: 10148: 10143: 9999: 9994: 9979: 9941: 9860: 9855: 9194: 9177: 9045: 9040: 8959: 8564: 8471: 8226: 8040: 7728: 7723: 7649: 7544: 7434: 7364: 7225: 7220: 6832: 6705: 6238: 6013: 5837: 5688: 5663: 5613: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5267: 4882: 4872: 4840: 4320: 4298: 4283: 3796: 3741: 3616: 3293: 3268: 3212: 2916: 2827: 2732: 2218: 2148: 2109: 1903: 207:

of oxygen between programmable upper and lower limits, or set points, and be integrated with

9560: 1993:

Professor Georges Jaubert invented the chemical compound Oxylithe in 1907. It was a form of

1616: 1222:

Gas masks and respirators which filter contaminants from ambient air which is then breathed.

151:

which have provisions for both a primary and emergency gas supply. On land they are used in

14806: 14682: 14672: 14596: 14531: 13964: 13874: 13835: 13790: 13706: 13701: 13168: 13163: 13053: 12928: 12619: 12584: 12072: 11666: 10930: 10707: 10647: 10535: 10388: 10034: 9675: 9600: 9481: 9182: 9142: 8916: 8786: 8746: 8362: 8319: 8304: 8070: 8065: 7823: 7681: 7676: 7509: 7484: 7444: 6827: 6812: 6700: 6460: 6419: 6394: 6243: 6143: 6113: 5752: 5658: 5548: 5393: 5294: 5272: 5245: 5099: 5029: 4957: 4750: 4408: 4303: 2871: 2147:

The Dräger rebreathers, especially the DM20 and DM40 model series, were used by the German

1294:

Chamber climate control system - control of temperature and humidity, and filtration of gas

1022:, which gives off oxygen as it absorbs carbon dioxide, as the carbon dioxide absorbent: 4KO 1019: 836:

A store of oxygen, usually as compressed gas in a high pressure cylinder, but sometimes as

245: 236: 212: 292:

concentration in the blood, not by the oxygen concentration, so even a small buildup of CO

8: 14526: 14205: 13902: 13745: 13740: 13554: 13514: 13468: 13373: 13158: 12867: 12299: 12167: 11986: 11564: 11264: 11209: 11195: 11098: 10597: 10540: 10519: 10367: 10153: 10059: 10054: 9414: 9215: 8883: 8829: 8712: 8521: 8406: 8244: 8216: 8109: 8032: 7807: 7755: 7644: 7494: 7280: 7250: 7170: 7058: 7053: 6877: 6852: 6608: 6455: 6349: 6344: 5842: 5628: 5503: 5486: 5481: 5439: 5349: 4813: 4495: 4438: 4206: 4189: 4165: 4111: 3894: 2710:"Theoretical Considerations in the Design of Closed Circuit Oxygen Rebreathing Equipment" 2325: 2128: 1983: 1937:, being a handy shallow water diving apparatus with a thirty-minute endurance, and as an 1730: 1591: 1507: 1502: 1188: 969:

In some rebreathers the oxygen cylinder has oxygen supply mechanisms in parallel. One is

859:

this intermediate pressure gas to the gas feed system, which may contain one or more of:

698:

The carbon dioxide combines with water or water vapor to produce a weak carbonic acid: CO

423: 176: 160: 130: 39: 12329: 10774: 10662: 10612: 2856:. 44th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2014-192. Tucson, Arizona. 2408:, also known as Portable Life Support System – Life support device for a space suit 828:, or a sealed helmet is provided so that the user can breathe from the unit hands-free. 147:

Rebreathers are used in many environments: underwater, diving rebreathers are a type of

14581: 14427: 14169: 14082: 13954: 13942: 13818: 13263: 12842: 12772: 12609: 12574: 12559: 12531: 12491: 12481: 12126: 12077: 12046: 11708: 11499: 11274: 11259: 11175: 10823: 10637: 10565: 10437: 10185: 10009: 9785: 9720: 9645: 9610: 9605: 9585: 9525: 9465: 9364: 9246: 9030: 8863: 8739: 8476: 8012: 7740: 7701: 7639: 7374: 7117: 7007: 6932: 6862: 6749: 6571: 6450: 6265: 6255: 6057: 5852: 5456: 4867: 4835: 4707: 4453: 4293: 4268: 4029: 3208: 3026: 2593: 2566: 2546: 2331: 2037: 1987: 1600: 1518: 1484: 1196: 1116: 817: 253: 188: 43: 6922: 3183: 2266:

dwindled, and Western armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather

1829:(Greek for 'fish-man'). There is no evidence of a prototype having been manufactured. 789:

Each end has an airtight connection to the adjacent component, and they may contain a

318:

Relation of physiological effects to carbon dioxide concentration and exposure period.

14779: 14220: 14014: 13947: 13937: 13780: 13775: 13730: 13713: 13611: 13458: 13438: 13283: 13253: 13143: 13103: 13083: 13073: 13023: 13008: 12983: 12913: 12837: 12762: 12712: 12511: 12476: 12406: 12351: 11991: 11947: 11845: 11317: 11312: 11254: 11190: 11168: 11143: 11058: 10719: 10592: 10582: 9580: 9288: 9283: 9225: 9172: 9055: 9050: 8921: 8878: 8781: 8651: 8622: 8584: 8531: 8238: 8181: 8176: 7907: 7869: 7767: 7686: 7230: 7215: 7096: 7027: 7002: 6957: 6613: 6501: 6465: 6324: 6275: 6195: 6084: 6018: 5928: 5832: 5722: 5678: 5633: 5623: 5608: 5525: 5289: 5206: 4745: 4628: 4608: 4597: 4507: 4502: 4485: 4278: 4199: 3983: 3777: 3722: 3641: 3356: 3326: 3059: 2688: 2663: 2598: 2447: 2440: 2259: 2191: 2140:; one version of it had a flip-up single faceplate for both eyes to let the user get 2103: 2006: 1934: 1844: 1818: 1791: 1787: 1655: 1240: 1200: 801: 754: 678: 643: 395: 364: 192: 184: 35: 31: 13524: 13408: 13403: 12554: 12526: 12506: 12411: 6947: 5563: 3315:"Fatal Respiratory Failure During a "Technical" Rebreather Dive at Extreme Pressure" 3313:

Mitchell, Simon J.; Cronjé, Frans J.; Meintjes, W.A. Jack; Britz, Hermie C. (2007).

1417:

Estimated remaining duration of use until residual low pressure warning is activated

14576: 14295: 14266: 14258: 13696: 13333: 13308: 13273: 13243: 13233: 13153: 13048: 13018: 12953: 12923: 12827: 12812: 12697: 12579: 12496: 12461: 12391: 12294: 12008: 11284: 11279: 11269: 11249: 11163: 11148: 11046: 10759: 10587: 10550: 10393: 10004: 9989: 9535: 9530: 9099: 9025: 9020: 8981: 8969: 8906: 8901: 8666: 8466: 8196: 8186: 7935: 7429: 7255: 7193: 7022: 6927: 6618: 6072: 6067: 6062: 5971: 5898: 5812: 5807: 5568: 5427: 5412: 5316: 5238: 5111: 5009: 4670: 4231: 3018: 2649: 2588: 2580: 2214: 2116: 1960: 1525: 758: 686: 667: 204: 164: 140:

supply is limited, such as underwater, in space, where the environment is toxic or

7409: 5737: 3264: 1882:

consisted of a rubber mask connected to a breathing bag, with (estimated) 50–60% O

666:

The scrubber is a container filled with carbon dioxide absorbent material, mostly

14067: 13897: 13691: 13488: 13478: 13463: 13358: 13353: 13298: 13278: 13218: 13203: 13193: 13108: 13098: 13093: 13068: 13063: 13038: 13013: 12968: 12898: 12877: 12692: 12672: 12536: 12456: 12289: 11185: 11110: 10687: 10652: 10602: 10447: 10432: 10398: 10302: 10133: 10064: 10049: 9969: 9630: 9491: 9230: 9124: 9119: 9087: 8834: 8824: 8806: 8536: 8151: 7800: 7691: 7602: 7474: 7389: 7349: 7290: 7270: 6982: 6972: 6872: 6847: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6688: 6652: 6440: 6290: 6101: 6079: 6023: 6008: 5981: 5673: 5583: 5383: 4653: 3289: 2653: 1994: 1528:

removes any gasses from the operating room to avoid environmental contamination.

1366:

Absorbent containers may in some cases rely on gravity for preventing channeling.

1254: 1247: 1211:

This may be compared with some applications of open-circuit breathing apparatus:

10422: 10024: 6892: 14422: 13922: 13681: 13616: 13590: 13544: 13453: 13448: 13423: 13363: 13343: 13328: 13318: 13178: 13148: 13078: 12852: 12722: 12717: 12667: 12604: 12466: 12446: 12356: 12319: 12309: 12304: 11023: 10734: 10667: 10657: 10417: 10094: 10084: 10044: 9650: 9625: 9620: 9555: 9545: 9429: 8941: 8868: 8756: 8441: 7995: 7777: 7622: 6997: 6952: 6942: 6771: 6739: 6682: 6424: 6414: 6399: 6369: 6314: 6180: 5943: 5787: 5513: 5491: 5471: 5405: 5334: 5282: 5051: 5024: 4979: 4808: 4353: 4160: 4131: 4012: 2659: 2256: 2014: 1964: 1798: 1668:

full-face mask, where the rubber mask skirt must seal against the user's face.

1474: 1235:

SIVA Underwater Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Diving Apparatus (oxygen rebreather)

1130: 825: 821: 268: 240: 232: 200: 113: 12614: 6817: 3377: 2958: 2895: 1738:

and rinse their mouth out with water. This is known to rebreather divers as a

14800: 14687: 14369: 14361: 14242: 13917: 13840: 13750: 13575: 13473: 13443: 13428: 13418: 13393: 13383: 13323: 13268: 13248: 13238: 13208: 13183: 13128: 13113: 12973: 12918: 12862: 12832: 12817: 12782: 12742: 12702: 12682: 12677: 12624: 12521: 12501: 12431: 12426: 12386: 11115: 11063: 10951: 10944: 10749: 10739: 10427: 10195: 10158: 10125: 9964: 9167: 9162: 9147: 8729: 8719: 8461: 8385: 8329: 7957: 7815: 7793: 7696: 7671: 7666: 7634: 7017: 6967: 6907: 6902: 6867: 6807: 6802: 6670: 6644: 6586: 6491: 6379: 5913: 5538: 5400: 5329: 5311: 5306: 5277: 5084: 5019: 5004: 4907: 4887: 4740: 4722: 4393: 4363: 4273: 4194: 2584: 2271: 2132: 1975: 1895: 1810: 1735: 1604: 1454: 1146: 837: 790: 375: 264: 137: 6359: 5777: 5618: 3468: 2207: 2025: 1014:

Diving rebreather § Rebreathers using an absorbent that releases oxygen

987: 616: 14487: 14449: 13976: 13932: 13637: 13606: 13585: 13559: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13519: 13493: 13413: 13368: 13313: 13293: 13173: 13138: 13123: 12963: 12822: 12797: 12787: 12767: 12747: 12644: 12564: 12486: 12396: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 11981: 11335: 11180: 11158: 11120: 10642: 10230: 10205: 10019: 9917: 9893: 9790: 9550: 9374: 9157: 8858: 8846: 8776: 8766: 8751: 8685: 8632: 8574: 8426: 8206: 7661: 7394: 7300: 7245: 7203: 7188: 7091: 6992: 6897: 6822: 6694: 6603: 6591: 6404: 6185: 6163: 6040: 5993: 5923: 5847: 5822: 5573: 5156: 5094: 5074: 4902: 4633: 4463: 4315: 4236: 4126: 3781: 3726: 3661: 3330: 2769: 2602: 2316: 2156: 2090: 2082: 1959:

The rig comprised a rubber breathing/buoyancy bag containing a canister of

1922: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1848: 1825:, a solution of calcium hydroxide in water. Touboulic called his invention 1536: 1373: 691: 216: 156: 14127: 6354: 2687:(2nd ed.). Flagstaff, Arizona: Best Publishing Company. p. 198. 531: 374:

Initial signs/symptoms of hypoxia (normal environment oxygen in some very

14521: 14482: 14404: 14250: 14122: 14050: 13959: 13927: 13912: 13388: 13348: 13223: 13133: 13118: 13043: 12908: 12903: 12857: 12792: 12777: 12752: 12737: 12634: 12569: 12516: 12416: 12324: 12279: 12142: 11965: 11300: 10779: 10764: 10729: 10702: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10577: 10317: 9901: 9359: 9304: 8893: 8796: 8791: 8690: 8673: 8627: 8617: 8541: 8486: 8357: 8299: 8191: 8171: 8161: 8156: 7985: 7947: 7853: 7837: 7617: 7489: 7240: 7075: 7070: 6912: 6734: 6729: 6639: 6445: 6389: 6158: 6153: 6148: 5908: 5797: 5498: 5344: 5321: 5262: 5211: 5144: 5139: 5079: 5041: 4952: 4922: 4897: 4892: 4845: 4730: 4702: 4613: 4480: 4423: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4136: 4116: 2806: 2234: 2137: 2094: 2049: 2030: 1654:

Carbon dioxide buildup can also occur when a combination of exertion and

1540: 1402:

Gas supply and absorbent duration would usually be matched for efficiency

1182: 1165: 1136: 865:

Constant mass flow orifice or needle valve, to provide a continuous feed,

690:

products when used with standard halogenated inhalation anaesthetics. An

591: 297: 277: 100: 6339: 2353: 2342: – Russian military rebreather for underwater and high altitude use 2319: – British manufacturer of diving equipment and salvage contractor 2270:, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers with 1756:

Flooding of the ambient pressure volume can occur in diving rebreathers.

940:

Siebe Gorman Proto 1 mine rescue rebreather, a simple oxygen rebreather.

14571: 14566: 14536: 14469: 14282: 14274: 13971: 13498: 13213: 12978: 12802: 12732: 12687: 12662: 12441: 12051: 11340: 11305: 11153: 10937: 10697: 10408: 10286: 10235: 10117: 10069: 10014: 9309: 9152: 8602: 8579: 8166: 7399: 7210: 7043: 7012: 6977: 6962: 6598: 6576: 6548: 6496: 6334: 6231: 6226: 5986: 5903: 5762: 5747: 5388: 5354: 5228: 5223: 5089: 4974: 4780: 4735: 4638: 4623: 4143: 4037: 3960: 3163: 3030: 2847:

Holquist, Jordan B.; Klaus, David M.; Graf, John C. (13–17 July 2014).

2809:"Mechanical and Operational Tests of a Russian 'Superoxide' Rebreather" 2399: 2240:

Most high-altitude mountaineers use open-circuit oxygen equipment; the

2230: 2226: 2141: 2066: 2018: 1979: 1572: 1161: 1157: 1100: 168: 3863: 2123:

aircraft. The earliest of these breathing sets may have been modified

1859: 1124: 1018:

There have been a few rebreather designs (e.g. the Oxylite) which use

999: 14176: 14109: 14102: 13433: 13338: 12933: 12757: 12707: 12639: 12314: 10754: 10339: 10112: 9936: 9540: 9409: 9220: 9199: 8816: 8707: 8000: 7830: 6744: 6384: 6211: 6052: 5976: 5948: 5742: 5712: 5668: 5508: 5466: 5339: 5218: 5171: 5056: 5046: 4964: 4760: 4418: 4358: 4148: 4017: 2221:

formally prohibited rebreather use by its members. The Italian firms

2210:

oxygen rebreathers in the early 1940s for underwater cinematography.

2203: 2120: 1930: 1822: 1596: 1544: 1192: 1129:

carried by the diver. Rebreathers may also be used as self-contained

1108: 794: 674: 117: 82: 62: 42:. For surface recycling of breathing gas recovered from a diver, see 4566: 3022: 2486:

U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7 SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921

2131:, but in later operations different designs were used, leading to a 1714:

gas bypass contact with the absorbent. If any of the seals, such as

1485:

Rebreathers for unpressurised aircraft and high altitude parachuting

991:

Mixed gas electronically controlled closed circuit diving rebreather

647: 507:

nitrox recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 50 msw

14612:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

13000: 12274: 10903: 9354: 9349: 9271: 8724: 8612: 8496: 8481: 7990: 7785: 7048: 6754: 6409: 6173: 6133: 5933: 5653: 5178: 5149: 4999: 4947: 4940: 4935: 3978: 3594:"A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus" 2937:"DESCO 29019 U.S. Navy Helium Diving Helmet w/Double Exhaust Valve" 2252: 1925:, improved the oxygen rebreather in 1910 with his invention of the 1814: 1338: 1204: 3006: 2815:. NEDU-Evaluation-11-68. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008 2438:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 Feb 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).

120:

to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused

14591: 14412: 14227: 10138: 8931: 8022: 7940: 7584: 7419: 7404: 7379: 7295: 7235: 6764: 6759: 6581: 6470: 6374: 5732: 5183: 5166: 5161: 4969: 4912: 4712: 2263: 2222: 2160: 2152: 2061: 1662: 1297:

Instrumentation, control, monitoring and communications equipment

950:

This is the earliest type of rebreather and was commonly used by

256:. Exhaled air at sea level contains roughly 13.5% to 16% oxygen. 126: 9806:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

7102:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

2783:

US Navy (2006). "Chapter 19: Closed-Circuit Oxygen UBA Diving".

2625:"EBME & Clinical Engineering Articles: Soda lime production" 2244:

used both closed-circuit and open-circuit oxygen equipment: see

14139: 14134: 8080: 7962: 7424: 7384: 6319: 6285: 5857: 5827: 4775: 4770: 4755: 3838: 3601: 2717: 2396: – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas 2297: 2267: 2183: 1971: 1899: 1802: 1715: 1671: 1555: 1169: 1143:– where poisonous gases may be present or oxygen may be absent. 1056: 228: 121: 9732:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

1320: 1260: 434:

Recommended limit for recreational open circuit bottom sector

155:

where poisonous gases may be present or oxygen may be absent,

14348: 14327: 10959:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

9114: 8569: 6513: 5782: 5767: 5757: 5717: 5683: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5578: 3854: 3058:(revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. 2554:(Revision 4a ed.). Technical Diving International, 1995. 2339: 2328: – Industrial rescue and shallow water oxygen rebreather 2078: 1902:

doors in the tunnel; this had defeated his best efforts with

1490: 1428:

Optical and/or acoustic warning signals may be provided for:

620:

Oxygen rebreather KIP-8 interior showing the basic components

590:

In the pendulum configuration, the user inhales gas from the

495:

recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 18 msw

2789:. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. pp. 19–9 2262:, and as a result the perceived risk of sabotage attacks by 2093:, which developed an extensively upgraded model designed by 2036:

In the 1930s, after some tragic accidents in the 1920s, the

1477:

and his father for the first assault team of Bourdillon and

1115:

equipment may incorporate rebreather technology either as a

1052:

Diving_rebreather § Rebreathers which use liquid oxygen

936: 6329: 5558: 5553: 3654: 3312: 2896:

Richardson, Drew; Menduno, Michael; Shreeves, Karl (1996).

2564: 2308: 2179: 1938: 1839:

In 1853 Professor T. Schwann presented a rebreather at the

1352: 951: 442: 344: 9706:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

8507:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

2472:. Jalandhar, Punjab: Pradeep Publications. pp. V/101. 1990:, both invented in the early 1900s, were derived from it. 14343: 14338: 3711:"Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology" 1275: 1060:

Aerorlox liquid oxygen rebreather in a coal mining museum

249: 14304:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

11785:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

11607:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

7360:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

3162:

Hendricks, David M; Pollock, Neal W; Natoli, Michael J;

2807:

Kelley, JS; Herron, JM; Dean, WW; Sundstrom, EB (1968).

1891:

when his assistants abruptly pulled him to the surface.

14309:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

10852:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

8502:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

3469:"Breathing apparatus in mining: Don't hold your breath" 2904:: 286. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 1510:

can be configured as rebreathers to provide oxygen and

535:

Comparison of pendulum and loop rebreather architecture

323:

Effects of different levels of oxygen partial pressure

259:

The situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the

12178:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

11583:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

10167: 8263:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

7143:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

4682:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

3525:

website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)

3202: 3200: 3054:

Crawford, J. (2016). "8.5.1 Helium recovery systems".

2467: 2127:; their fullface masks were the type intended for the 1207:

system working on the same principles as a rebreather.

1045: 753:

Other reactions may be used in special circumstances.

3906: 2642: 2508: 2482: 2442:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

646:

and improve scrubber efficiency by a more consistent

11375:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

3948: 3598:

Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine

3129: 3127: 3125: 2951: 2714:

Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine

191:

used to recover the large volumes of helium used in

12212:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

9716:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

3680: 3521:Saint Simon Sicard's invention as mentioned by the 3306: 3234:"Anesthesia breathing machines: an in-depth review" 3197: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2986:. DiveScrap Index - the scrapbook of diving history 2840: 2468:Dhami, P.S.; Chopra, G.; Shrivastava, H.N. (2015). 1000:

Rebreathers using an absorbent that releases oxygen

13789: 12132:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11767:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11571:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11506:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 8251:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 7331: 7138:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 4256: 3638:The T-Class submarine – The Classic British Design 3182: 2439: 2437: 2055: 1951:being tested at the submarine escape test tank at 11925:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 9836:History of decompression research and development 2846: 2813:US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 2648: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2284:Diving rebreather § Manufacturers and models 1123:is returned and scrubbed at the surface, or as a 1107:, where it is sometimes known as "closed circuit 187:habitats, spacecraft, and space stations, and in 14798: 13659: 11858:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 11601:International Association for Handicapped Divers 9823: 9796:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 8269:International Association for Handicapped Divers 8011: 6254: 3604:-1-70. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008 3434:"Avec ou sans bulles? (With or without bubbles)" 3102: 3049: 3047: 2720:-4-69. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008 2492:. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 1339:Industrial and rescue self-contained rebreathers 38:. For breathing gas recycling in a habitat, see 12173:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 11577:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 11398:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10899:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 9011:Association of Diving Contractors International 8257:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 4099: 3766:"Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy" 3550: 2520: 1585: 447:Recreational/technical limit for decompression 30:For rebreathers used in underwater diving, see 14460:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 11864:National Association of Underwater Instructors 11809:Rebreather Association of International Divers 11803:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 11791:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 11661:Rebreather Association of International Divers 11655:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 11643:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 11631:National Association of Underwater Instructors 11553:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 9110:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 4338: 3404:"Cornelius Drebbel: inventor of the submarine" 3256: 3081: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2558: 2529: 1663:Leakage of toxic gases into the breathing loop 983:Diving rebreather § Mixed gas rebreathers 628:Russian firefighting rebreather KIP-8 exterior 519:linked, as the carbon dioxide is a product of 445:limit for maximum exposure for a working diver 248:, or about 20% of the available oxygen in the 61:A fully closed circuit electronic rebreather ( 14642:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 14393:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 11441:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 11012: 7776: 7450:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 7269: 4582: 3879: 3784:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008 3729:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008 3369: 3353:Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia 3344: 3281: 3155: 3090:. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command 3044: 3007:"Oxygen Equipment for Climbing Mount Everest" 2998: 2889: 2433: 2431: 2048:submarines with primitive rebreathers called 1443: 1282:Saturation diving § Life support systems 1087:Diving rebreather § Cryogenic rebreather 946:Diving rebreather § Oxygen rebreathers 2 804:, risk snagging on things, or contain excess 149:self-contained underwater breathing apparatus 14542:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 14418:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 11387:International Marine Contractors Association 9016:International Marine Contractors Association 7890:International Marine Contractors Association 5879: 2768:(6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2282:For diving rebreather makes and models, see 1832:A prototype rebreather was built in 1849 by 1672:Fire hazards of high concentration of oxygen 1267:Saturation diving § Gas reclaim systems 1133:for either scuba or surface-supplied diving. 965:Diving rebreather § Oxygen feed options 14517:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 14010:Environmental impact of recreational diving 12222:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 11797:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 11649:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 11541:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 10838:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 9744:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 9711:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 9700:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 8595: 8315:Environmental impact of recreational diving 3487: 3319:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 3265:"Mechanical and Manual Ventilation Systems" 3225: 3189:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 3077: 3075: 2976: 2865: 2863: 2609: 2277: 1355:rebreathers for use only out of the water: 1315: 1261:Surface supplied diving gas reclaim systems 239:requires about 0.25 L/min of oxygen from a 27:Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas 14733: 14602:Society for Underwater Historical Research 12183:South African Underwater Sports Federation 8965:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 8821:Hazard identification and risk assessment 4589: 4575: 4549: 3886: 3872: 3816:Hawkins T (Jan–Mar 2000). "OSS Maritime". 3809: 3514: 3440:(in French). plongeesout.com. Introduction 3135:"Dräger PSS BG 4 plus Breathing Apparatus" 2800: 2428: 1567:, with the life-support umbilical in view. 386:Normal environment oxygen (sea level air) 112:is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the 55: 14468: 13766:Physiological response to water immersion 11830: 11414:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 11393:List of diver certification organizations 10976:List of Divers Alert Network publications 10909:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 9726:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 7580:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 7555:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 3815: 3759: 3757: 3702: 3635: 3629: 3378:"Respiratory failure in technical diving" 3174: 2760: 2745: 2592: 1645: 1396:Radio voice communications may be fitted. 1347:Mine rescue rebreathers in a Czech museum 1176:Himalayan or high-altitude mountaineering 811: 267:is higher, and in underwater diving, the 13672:List of researchers in underwater diving 11381:International Diving Schools Association 10866:The new science of skin and scuba diving 9851:List of researchers in underwater diving 8397:Human factors in diving equipment design 4687:Human factors in diving equipment design 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3375: 3350: 3072: 3053: 3004: 2860: 2521:James W. Miller, ed. (1979). "Fig 2.4". 2334: – Industrial rescue rebreather set 2065: 1943: 1858: 1554: 1535: 1434:Alarm triggered by lack of user movement 1342: 1319: 1230: 1094: 1055: 1003: 986: 976: 935: 772: 623: 615: 548:2b Inhalation hose with non-return valve 545:2a Exhalation hose with non-return valve 530: 313: 227:As a person breathes, the body consumes 136:Rebreather technology may be used where 13771:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 11902:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 11779:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 11729:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 11589:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 10633:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 10308:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 10211:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 9876:US Navy decompression models and tables 9738:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 8108: 7169: 5544:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 3893: 3708: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3425: 3396: 3231: 2902:Diving Science and Technology Workshop. 2782: 2682: 2622: 2112:with good results during World War II. 1080: 14: 14799: 14657:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 14388:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 14357:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 9781:Civil liability in recreational diving 8452:List of diving hazards and precautions 7530:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 6519:Underwater acoustic positioning system 6029:High pressure breathing air compressor 3763: 3754: 3689:"Photos Draeger 1907 Rescue Apparatus" 3431: 2870:Robinson, Brian. Taylor, Fionn (ed.). 2461: 2188:Swimmer Canoeist's Breathing Apparatus 1910:Fleuss and Siebe Gorban developed the 1854: 1750: 1695:Diving rebreather § Failure modes 1496: 1423:Automatic recording of warning signals 1414:Cylinder pressure (analog and digital) 1276:Saturation diving life-support systems 958: 14039: 13658: 12248: 12247: 12217:Underwater Hockey World Championships 12163:British Underwater Sports Association 11946: 11945: 11435:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 11136: 11011: 10804: 10282:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 9822: 9769: 9085: 8383: 8107: 7470:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 7168: 6546: 6034:Low pressure breathing air compressor 5878: 4668: 4596: 4570: 4382: 4337: 4255: 4098: 3947: 3905: 3867: 3591: 3572: 3287: 3262: 3206: 3170:. Kluwer Academic: New York: 387–388. 2929: 2898:"Proceedings of Rebreather Forum 2.0" 2707: 2701: 2514: 2052:, which were in use until the 1960s. 1226: 931: 14721: 14493:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 13824:Thermodynamic model of decompression 12227:Underwater Rugby World Championships 11840:Cave Divers Association of Australia 11755:American Nitrox Divers International 11613:International Life Saving Federation 11547:American Nitrox Divers International 11512:Performance Freediving International 9694:European Diving Technology Committee 8335:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 8233:Cave Divers Association of Australia 7953:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 7550:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 7148:Performance Freediving International 6365:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 6281:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 4669: 4537: 3529: 3452: 3180: 2869: 2766:Deep Diving and Submarine Operations 2544: 2348: 1834:Pierre Aimable De Saint Simon Sicard 1797:The first basic rebreather based on 539:1 Mouthpiece with dive/surface valve 455:Commercial/military "Sur-D" chamber 34:. For diving with a rebreather, see 14678:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 13893:List of diving environments by type 12188:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 11697:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 11625:National Academy of Scuba Educators 11457:Department of Employment and Labour 10859:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 10313:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 9487:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 9086: 8987:Breathing performance of regulators 4399:Breathing performance of regulators 4122:Continuous positive airway pressure 3088:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision 2786:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision 2776: 1790:discovered that heating saltpetre ( 1699: 1680: 1448:Mountaineering rebreathers provide 1351:Different design criteria apply to 1046:Rebreathers which use liquid oxygen 414:; maximum saturation dive exposure 300:, so rebreathers must remove the CO 24: 14455:Submarine escape training facility 14056:Defense against swimmer incursions 11409:Recreational diver course referral 8325:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 8136:Outline of recreational dive sites 7540:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 6712:Variable weight apnea without fins 3996:Self-contained breathing apparatus 3931:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 3493: 2412:Self-contained breathing apparatus 2108:that was used by its frogman unit 1886:supplied from a copper tank and CO 1880:self-contained breathing apparatus 1766:pressure volume of the rebreather. 1411:Monitoring functions may include: 1151:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1105:self-contained breathing apparatus 893: 768: 222: 97:Self-contained breathing apparatus 25: 14823: 14607:Society for Underwater Technology 9801:Investigation of diving accidents 8384: 8275:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 7515:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 7355:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 6524:Underwater acoustic communication 5256:Underwater acoustic communication 4819:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 4289:Surface-supplied diving equipment 4001:Self-contained self-rescue device 3908:High altitude breathing apparatus 3831: 2300:rescue and other industrial uses. 2144:to his eyes when on the surface. 1933:crews, it was soon also used for 1677:ignition risk is relatively low. 878: 14778: 14766: 14732: 14720: 14709: 14708: 14478:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 13804:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 12148:Australian Underwater Federation 11637:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 10805: 10221:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 9385:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 9262:Inner ear decompression sickness 8842:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 8126:Index of recreational dive sites 7465:Naval Special Operations Command 7128:Australian Underwater Federation 4548: 4536: 4525: 4524: 4449:Respiratory protective equipment 4434:Open circuit breathing apparatus 4023:Powered air-purifying respirator 3949:Occupational breathing apparatus 3837: 3686: 3640:. Arms and Armour. p. 105. 3535: 3432:Bahuet, Eric (19 October 2003). 2352: 2125:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 1949:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 1927:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 1781: 1729:Carbon dioxide absorbent can be 1688: 1431:Low gas pressure in the cylinder 831: 563:7 Breathing gas storage cylinder 463:at 12 msw (meters of sea water) 175:. Similar technology is used in 14767: 14562:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 14238:-class deep submergence vehicle 11907:Underwater Escape Training Unit 9688:Diving Medical Advisory Council 9682:Diving Diseases Research Centre 7520:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 2676: 2272:oxygen partial pressure sensors 2070:A 1945 Royal Navy frogman with 2056:Rebreathers during World War II 1705:fail or become less efficient: 1617:Rebreather diving § Safety 1324:US Navy atmospheric diving suit 1172:without oxygen to support life. 526: 355:Unconsciousness in most people 12153:British Freediving Association 11870:Technical Diving International 11446:Divers Institute of Technology 11369:European Underwater Federation 11205:Surface-supplied diving skills 9420:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 9380:Salt water aspiration syndrome 9279:High-pressure nervous syndrome 8554:Diver behaviour and competence 8402:Human factors in diving safety 7918:Baited remote underwater video 7751:Underwater search and recovery 7719:Underwater cutting and welding 7525:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 7133:British Freediving Association 6888:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 6547: 6107:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 5773:Diving Unlimited International 5418:Mechanism of diving regulators 5107:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 4258:Underwater breathing apparatus 4185:Respiratory gas humidification 3959: 3496:"L'Ichtioandre (illustration)" 3473:Australian Mine Safety Journal 3056:Offshore Installation Practice 2770:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd 2572:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 2476: 1531: 1121:surface-supplied breathing gas 919:Semi-closed circuit rebreather 885:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 781:A breathing hose or sometimes 636: 13: 1: 13994:Underwater diving environment 13814:Reduced gradient bubble model 13809:Haldane's decompression model 12193:Underwater Society of America 11773:Diving Science and Technology 11679:Scuba Educators International 10873:Professional Diver's Handbook 10181:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 9871:Pearling in Western Australia 9866:Timeline of diving technology 9671:Aerospace Medical Association 9571:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 9497:Psychological fitness to dive 9370:Instinctive drowning response 8772:Gas blending for scuba diving 8281:Woodville Karst Plain Project 7570:Underwater Demolition Command 7565:Underwater Construction Teams 7455:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 7415:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 7345:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 7311:United States military divers 6271:Continental Shelf Station Two 6046:Gas blending for scuba diving 2422: 1777:Timeline of diving technology 862:Manually operated feed valve, 611: 179:in submarines, submersibles, 161:anaesthesia breathing systems 14557:Nautical Archaeology Society 14552:Nautical Archaeology Program 14380:NATO Submarine Rescue System 13661:Science of underwater diving 13399:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 13304:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 12158:British Octopush Association 11475:Divers Academy International 11404:Nautical Archaeology Society 11082:Public safety diver training 11068:Occupational diver training 9960:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 9825:History of underwater diving 9061:Standard operating procedure 8852:Hierarchy of hazard controls 7885:Helix Energy Solutions Group 7535:Special Service Group (Navy) 7500:Special Air Service Regiment 7460:Naval Service Diving Section 7286:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 6665:Constant weight without fins 5251:Through-water communications 3919:Aviation breathing apparatus 3850:Anesthesia breathing systems 3502:(in French). plongeesout.com 2984:"The OBS A/S reclaim helmet" 2683:Bozanic, Jeffery E. (2010). 2197: 2169:Office of Strategic Services 1866:, inventor of the rebreather 1734:to an alternative source of 1586:Habitat life-support systems 1582:better freedom of movement. 1549:portable life support system 521:metabolic oxygen consumption 513: 347:ultimately leading to death 215:of the diver and record the 7: 14632:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 14078:Underwater domain awareness 13846:Physiology of decompression 13034:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 11852:Global Underwater Explorers 11691:Scuba Schools International 11595:Global Underwater Explorers 11518:Scuba Schools International 11451:Health and Safety Executive 11094:Recreational diver training 10201:Motorised Submersible Canoe 9591:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 9456:Diving Medical Practitioner 9405:Demand valve oxygen therapy 8422:Underwater diving emergency 8028:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 7628:Recreational diver training 7123:Scuba Schools International 6222:Combat rubber raiding craft 5728:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 4619:Atmospheric pressure diving 4444:Positive pressure breathing 4429:Negative pressure breathing 4383: 4101:Medical breathing apparatus 2623:Sandham, John, ed. (2009). 2483:US Navy (1 December 2016). 2406:Primary life support system 2387: 1874:in 1878, while working for 1801:absorption was patented in 1579:primary life support system 1565:International Space Station 655: 585: 321: 10: 14828: 14647:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 13829:Varying Permeability Model 13719:Underwater computer vision 12026:Underwater target shooting 11673:Scuba Diving International 11033:Competence and assessment 10556:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 8547:Uncontrolled decompression 8131:List of wreck diving sites 7613:Commercial offshore diving 7575:Underwater Demolition Team 7505:Special Actions Detachment 6677:Dynamic apnea without fins 6624:Underwater target shooting 6169:Launch and recovery system 5939:Launch and recovery system 5117:Submersible pressure gauge 4414:Escape breathing apparatus 4340:User respiratory interface 4078:GB2626 (China), and others 2509:US Navy Diving Manual 2016 2281: 2059: 1841:Belgian Academy of Science 1774: 1770: 1692: 1633: 1624: 1614: 1589: 1570: 1500: 1444:Mountaineering rebreathers 1327: 1279: 1264: 1238: 1084: 1049: 1011: 980: 962: 943: 882: 659: 572:10 Cylinder pressure gauge 363:Serious signs/symptoms of 304:in a component known as a 29: 14704: 14665: 14620: 14547:Karst Underwater Research 14505: 14440: 14294: 14091: 14046: 14040: 14035: 14002: 13885: 13858: 13756:Equivalent narcotic depth 13729: 13680: 13667: 13654: 13630: 13599: 13568: 13507: 12999: 12886: 12653: 12593: 12545: 12338: 12260: 12256: 12243: 12204: 12112: 12096: 12060: 12034: 11974: 11958: 11954: 11941: 11915: 11887: 11743: 11735:CMAS Scientific Committee 11717: 11703:United Diving Instructors 11619:Israeli Diving Federation 11527: 11488: 11465: 11423: 11353: 11328: 11293: 11245:Advanced Open Water Diver 11237: 11222: 11087:Scientific diver training 11072:Commercial diver training 11037:Competency-based learning 11022: 11018: 11013:Training and registration 11007: 10984: 10968: 10922: 10889: 10815: 10811: 10800: 10621: 10561:Johnson Sea Link accident 10518: 10446: 10407: 10381: 10360: 10338: 10331: 10323:Women Divers Hall of Fame 10295: 10274: 10258:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 10248: 10103: 9950: 9927: 9884: 9831: 9818: 9776: 9765: 9659: 9512: 9505: 9474: 9461:Diving Medical Technician 9443: 9435:Therapeutic recompression 9397: 9340: 9328:Carbon monoxide poisoning 9318: 9297: 9267:Isobaric counterdiffusion 9239: 9208: 9133: 9098: 9094: 9081: 8997: 8950: 8927:Diving systems technician 8892: 8805: 8650: 8440: 8392: 8379: 8348: 8340:Underwater diving on Guam 8290: 8215: 8144: 8116: 8103: 7976: 7923:In-water surface cleaning 7898: 7868: 7712:Archaeology of shipwrecks 7601: 7199:Commercial offshore diver 7181: 7177: 7164: 7110: 7084: 7036: 6780: 6722: 6632: 6559: 6555: 6542: 6484: 6433: 6303: 6204: 6191:Recreational Dive Planner 6139:Built-in breathing system 6122: 6095:Pressure swing adsorption 5957: 5891: 5887: 5874: 5701: 5642: 5524: 5455: 5365: 5192: 5125: 5067: 5015:Lightweight demand helmet 4990: 4921: 4856: 4794: 4721: 4695: 4677: 4664: 4604: 4520: 4476:Closed circuit rebreather 4389: 4378: 4346: 4333: 4264: 4251: 4171:Built-in breathing system 4107: 4094: 4073:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 4061:42 CFR 84 (United States) 4053: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3914: 3901: 3801:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3746:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3621:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2921:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2832:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2737:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2655:Chemistry of the Elements 2652:; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). 2186:"): SCMBA from the SCBA ( 1914:for mine rescue in 1911. 1912:Proto breathing apparatus 1794:) would generate oxygen. 1610: 1437:Manually triggered alarm. 909:Closed circuit rebreather 843: 818:mouthpiece with bite-grip 557:5 Automatic make-up valve 426:closed circuit set point 183:, underwater and surface 88: 78: 70: 54: 14652:Space Systems Laboratory 12422:Fernando Garfella Palmer 12270:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 11821:Technical Extended Range 11815:Trimix Scuba Association 11126:Stress exposure training 10693:Fernando Garfella Palmer 9975:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 9841:History of Diving Museum 8912:Diver medical technician 8662:Ascending and descending 8638:Non-freezing cold injury 7480:Russian commando frogmen 7261:Underwater archaeologist 5881:Diving support equipment 5302:Emergency locator beacon 5135:Diver propulsion vehicle 4180:Positive airway pressure 4154:Non-invasive ventilation 3668:. www.divingheritage.com 3376:Mitchell, Simon (2015). 3011:The Geographical Journal 2585:10.28920/dhm49.4.298-303 2545:Odom, J. (August 1999). 2278:Manufacturers and models 2024:In 1912 the German firm 1939:industrial breathing set 1543:on the Moon on the 1969 1316:Atmospheric diving suits 1300:Fire suppression systems 542:2 Two way breathing hose 181:atmospheric diving suits 173:extra-vehicular activity 14587:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 14398:Russian submarine AS-34 14118:American submarine NR-1 13984:Recreational dive sites 13761:Maximum operating depth 13508:Writers and journalists 13029:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 12472:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 12437:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 12083:Underwater orienteering 11077:Military diver training 11054:Diver training standard 10831:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 10750:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 10573:Gerard Anthony Prangley 10075:Willard Franklyn Searle 10040:Christian J. Lambertsen 9846:History of scuba diving 9770: 9641:Charles Wesley Shilling 9616:Christian J. Lambertsen 9596:Henry Valence Hempleman 9451:Diving Medical Examiner 9036:Emergency response plan 8975:Sustained load cracking 8937:Life support technician 8512:Single point of failure 8417:Scuba diving fatalities 8121:Recreational dive sites 8076:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 8056:AAI underwater revolver 8046:SPP-1 underwater pistol 7655:Underwater construction 7370:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 6883:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 6659:Constant weight bi-fins 6090:Membrane gas separation 5999:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5919:Diving platform (scuba) 5534:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5379:Atmospheric diving suit 4931:Atmospheric diving suit 4826:Diving weighting system 4649:Surface-supplied diving 4644:Surface oriented diving 4491:Carbon dioxide scrubber 4459:Constant flow regulator 4311:Atmospheric diving suit 4227:Partial rebreather mask 3991:Supplied-air respirator 3924:Emergency oxygen system 3687:Bech, Janwillem (ed.). 3662:"Dräger diving helmets" 3290:"The Scavenging System" 3082:Staff, US Navy (2006). 3005:Roxburgh, H.L. (1947). 2876:Bob's History of Mining 2394:Carbon dioxide scrubber 2255:ended, and in 1989 the 2242:1953 Everest expedition 2165:Christian J. Lambertsen 1559:Orlan space suit on an 1473:equipment developed by 1330:Atmospheric diving suit 1153:(SCBA) can provide air. 1141:industrial applications 1113:Surface-supplied diving 673:A typical absorbent is 662:Carbon dioxide scrubber 602: 569:9 Regulator first stage 477:recompression treatment 336:Application and effect 306:carbon dioxide scrubber 209:decompression computers 153:industrial applications 14812:Spaceflight technology 13989:Underwater environment 13870:Underwater exploration 13800:Decompression models: 12873:John Ernest Williamson 12452:Anna Marguerite McCann 12285:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 12104:Underwater photography 12088:Underwater photography 11975:Snorkeling/breath-hold 11685:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 11480:Norwegian diver school 11104:ISO training standards 10373:Tham Luang cave rescue 10191:Dry Combat Submersible 10090:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 10030:Karl Heinrich Klingert 9576:Kenneth William Donald 9425:In-water recompression 9257:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 9252:Decompression sickness 9190:Compression arthralgia 8703:Decompression practice 8679:Canoe and kayak diving 8608:Decompression sickness 8432:Water surface searches 8412:Safety-critical system 8310:Diving in the Maldives 8202:Underwater photography 8041:Heckler & Koch P11 7763:Underwater videography 7746:Underwater photography 7734:Nondestructive testing 7707:Underwater archaeology 7440:Marine Raider Regiment 7306:Royal Navy ships diver 7064:Shallow-water blackout 6217:Canoe and kayak diving 6004:Cascade filling system 5477:Decompression cylinder 5202:Alternative air source 5035:Standard diving helmet 4878:Decompression cylinder 4043:Elastomeric respirator 4008:Particulate respirator 2190:), and CDMBA from the 2163:were developed by Dr. 2159:. Rebreathers for the 2074: 1956: 1867: 1807:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 1646:Carbon dioxide buildup 1568: 1552: 1420:Temperature indication 1348: 1325: 1251:life-support equipment 1236: 1061: 1009: 992: 941: 812:Mouthpiece or facemask 778: 677:, which is made up of 629: 621: 579: 575:11 Over-pressure valve 319: 201:automatically maintain 14637:Neutral buoyancy pool 14319:Submarine rescue ship 14314:McCann Rescue Chamber 14073:Rugged compact camera 14061:Diver detection sonar 13908:Confined water diving 13622:James Joseph Magennis 13259:Michael López-Alegría 12989:Aristotelis Zervoudis 12728:John Christopher Fine 12402:John Christopher Fine 12068:Immersion finswimming 11897:Defence Diving School 11761:British Sub-Aqua Club 11559:British Sub-Aqua Club 10546:Francis P. Hammerberg 10226:Siluro San Bartolomeo 10216:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 10149:Standard diving dress 9995:Charles Anthony Deane 9980:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 9942:Jason deCaires Taylor 9861:Man in the Sea Museum 9856:Lyons Maritime Museum 9195:Decompression illness 9178:Middle ear barotrauma 9046:Diving superintendent 9041:Diving safety officer 8960:Breathing gas quality 8565:Overconfidence effect 8227:British Sub-Aqua Club 8052:Underwater revolvers 7729:Underwater inspection 7724:Underwater demolition 7650:Offshore construction 7545:Tactical Divers Group 7435:Marinejegerkommandoen 7365:Decima Flottiglia MAS 7321:U.S.Navy master diver 7226:Diving superintendent 7221:Diving safety officer 6833:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 6706:Variable weight apnea 6239:Diving support vessel 6014:Diving air compressor 5689:Standard diving dress 5664:Diving air compressor 5447:Full-face diving mask 5435:Single-hose regulator 5423:Regulator malfunction 5326:Navigation equipment 5268:Diving safety harness 4883:Decompression trapeze 4873:Decompression chamber 4321:Helium reclaim system 4299:Helicopter escape set 4284:Full-face diving mask 3764:Butler, F.K. (2004). 3558:"Henry Albert Fleuss" 3500:La Plongée Souterrain 3438:La Plongée Souterrain 3384:. DAN Southern Africa 3294:University of Florida 3269:University of Florida 3213:University of Florida 3185:The Ascent of Everest 2872:"Breathing Apparatus" 2685:Mastering Rebreathers 2470:A Textbook of Biology 2171:maritime unit at the 2110:Decima Flottiglia MAS 2069: 2060:Further information: 1947: 1904:standard diving dress 1862: 1693:Further information: 1558: 1547:mission, showing the 1539: 1346: 1323: 1234: 1131:diver bailout systems 1095:Fields of application 1085:Further information: 1059: 1050:Further information: 1012:Further information: 1007: 990: 981:Further information: 977:Mixed gas rebreathers 963:Further information: 944:Further information: 939: 776: 627: 619: 560:6 Manual bypass valve 534: 457:surface decompression 317: 14683:Scuba diving therapy 14673:Nautilus Productions 14597:Sea Research Society 14532:Divers Alert Network 13965:Torricellian chamber 13875:Deep-sea exploration 13836:Equivalent air depth 13707:Modulated ultrasound 13702:Underwater acoustics 13169:Christopher E. Gerty 13164:Michael L. Gernhardt 13054:Timothy J. Broderick 12929:William Hogarth Main 12620:Jean-Michel Cousteau 12585:Krzysztof Starnawski 11667:Sub-Aqua Association 10931:The Darkness Beckons 10462:diving bell accident 10389:John Day (carpenter) 9911:Queen Anne's Revenge 9676:Divers Alert Network 9601:Leonard Erskine Hill 9482:Atrial septal defect 9183:Pulmonary barotrauma 9143:Alternobaric vertigo 8787:Scuba gas management 8747:Diver communications 8363:Underwater Bike Race 8320:Scuba diving tourism 8305:Diving in East Timor 8071:APS underwater rifle 8066:ADS amphibious rifle 7682:Public safety diving 7677:Potable water diving 7510:Special Boat Service 7485:Sappers Divers Group 7445:Minedykkerkommandoen 6843:Leonardo D'Imporzano 6701:Skandalopetra diving 6461:Hyperbaric stretcher 6420:T1200 Trenching Unit 6395:Sea Dragon-class ROV 6244:HMS Challenger (K07) 6144:Decompression tables 6114:Oxygen compatibility 5549:Cryogenic rebreather 5394:Scuba cylinder valve 5295:Screw gate carabiner 5273:Emergency gas supply 5234:Diver's cutting tool 5100:Helium release valve 5030:Shallow water helmet 4958:Standard diving suit 4804:Buoyancy compensator 4751:Emergency gas supply 4409:Emergency gas supply 4304:Submarine escape set 3846:at Wikimedia Commons 3288:staff (2003-08-18). 3263:staff (2003-08-18). 3207:staff (2003-08-18). 2650:Greenwood, Norman N. 1953:HMS Dolphin, Gosport 1508:Anaesthetic machines 1469:used closed-circuit 1189:Life-support systems 1081:Cryogenic rebreather 1020:potassium superoxide 246:atmospheric pressure 213:decompression status 177:life-support systems 14527:Coral Reef Alliance 13903:Benign water diving 13746:Cold shock response 13515:Michael C. Barnette 13469:Douglas H. Wheelock 13374:David Saint-Jacques 13159:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 12868:Michele Westmorland 12168:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11987:Underwater football 11565:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11265:Introductory diving 11210:Underwater searches 11196:Diamond Reef System 11099:Introductory diving 10923:General non-fiction 10845:Underwater Handbook 10745:François de Roubaix 10598:Lothar Michael Ward 10541:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 10368:Alpazat cave rescue 10275:Scientific projects 10154:Sub Marine Explorer 10060:Joseph Salim Peress 10055:Ernest William Moir 9415:Hyperbaric medicine 9216:Freediving blackout 8884:Situation awareness 8830:Job safety analysis 8713:Ratio decompression 8522:Cold shock response 8472:Entanglement hazard 8407:Life-support system 8245:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 8110:Recreational diving 8037:Underwater pistols 7931:Cavitation cleaning 7756:Underwater searches 7645:Marine construction 7495:Special Air Service 7281:Army engineer diver 7251:Public safety diver 7171:Professional diving 7059:Deep-water blackout 7054:Freediving blackout 6878:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 6609:Underwater football 6456:Hyperbaric lifeboat 6350:Goldfish-class ROUV 6345:Global Explorer ROV 6307:underwater vehicles 5843:Shearwater Research 5504:Scuba configuration 5487:Manifolded twin set 5482:Independent doubles 5440:Twin-hose regulator 5350:Surface marker buoy 4496:Semi-closed circuit 4439:Oxygen concentrator 4207:Non-rebreather mask 4190:Supplemental oxygen 4166:Hyperbaric medicine 4112:Anaesthetic machine 3895:Breathing apparatus 3770:Undersea Hyperb Med 3715:Undersea Hyperb Med 3562:scubahalloffame.com 3523:Musée du Scaphandre 3238:www.capnography.com 3209:"Breathing Circuit" 3181:Hunt, John (1953). 2326:Siebe Gorman Salvus 2294:Blackett's Aerophor 2289:Industrial/rescue: 2274:started to appear. 2202:The diving pioneer 2129:Siebe Gorman Salvus 1984:Siebe Gorman Salvus 1855:Working rebreathers 1751:Other failure modes 1710:emergency response. 1601:underwater habitats 1592:Life-support system 1503:Anaesthetic machine 1497:Anaesthesia systems 1197:underwater habitats 1168:is, effectively, a 1070:Blackett's Aerophor 959:Oxygen feed options 479:gas for use in the 324: 189:gas reclaim systems 131:life-support system 51: 40:Life-support system 14625:Astronaut training 14582:Rubicon Foundation 14428:URF (Swedish Navy) 14213:Russian submarine 14201:-class submersible 14171:Deepsea Challenger 14156:-class bathyscaphe 14083:Underwater vehicle 13955:Penetration diving 13943:Black-water diving 13819:Thalmann algorithm 13631:Commercial salvors 13264:Joseph B. MacInnis 12773:Joseph B. MacInnis 12610:David Attenborough 12532:Peter Throckmorton 12492:Andreas Rechnitzer 12482:Mendel L. Peterson 12343:archaeologists and 12127:AIDA International 12078:Underwater cycling 12061:Open Circuit Scuba 12047:Apnoea finswimming 11959:Surface snorkeling 11709:YMCA SCUBA Program 11500:AIDA International 11275:Master Scuba Diver 11260:CMAS** scuba diver 11238:Core diving skills 11176:Finning techniques 11042:Refresher training 10824:NOAA Diving Manual 10638:Ricardo Armbruster 10566:Edwin Clayton Link 10438:Natalia Molchanova 10186:Cosmos CE2F series 10144:Porpoise regulator 10010:Auguste Denayrouze 9786:Diving regulations 9721:Rubicon Foundation 9646:Edward D. Thalmann 9611:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 9606:Brian Andrew Hills 9586:John Scott Haldane 9561:Albert A. Bühlmann 9526:Arthur J. Bachrach 9466:Hyperbaric nursing 9365:Immersion diuresis 9247:Avascular necrosis 9031:Diving regulations 8740:Scuba gas planning 8062:Underwater rifles 7741:Underwater logging 7702:Submarine pipeline 7640:Hyperbaric welding 7375:Fuerzas Especiales 7118:AIDA International 7008:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 6933:Natalia Molchanova 6863:Francisco Ferreras 6750:Snorkel (swimming) 6572:Apnoea finswimming 6476:Reserve gas supply 6451:ENOS Rescue-System 6266:Aquarius Reef Base 6058:Gas reclaim system 5853:Submarine Products 5526:Diving rebreathers 4868:Decompression buoy 4836:Integrated weights 4454:Pressure regulator 4269:Open-circuit scuba 4030:Chemical cartridge 3636:Paul Kemp (1990). 3592:Quick, D. (1970). 3040:– via JSTOR. 2963:divingheritage.com 2708:Older, P. (1969). 2523:NOAA Diving Manual 2364:. You can help by 2332:Siebe Gorman Proto 2075: 2038:United States Navy 1988:Siebe Gorman Proto 1957: 1955:, 14 December 1942 1868: 1569: 1553: 1349: 1326: 1303:Sanitation systems 1237: 1227:Diving rebreathers 1117:gas reclaim system 1062: 1010: 993: 942: 932:Oxygen rebreathers 779: 630: 622: 580: 412:whole-body effects 322: 320: 288:is triggered by CO 49: 44:Gas reclaim system 14794: 14793: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14501: 14500: 14436: 14435: 14148:class bathyscaphe 14031: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14015:Low impact diving 13948:Blue-water diving 13938:Open-water diving 13854: 13853: 13781:Work of breathing 13776:Underwater vision 13714:Underwater vision 13650: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13612:Ian Edward Fraser 13459:John Morgan Wells 13439:Mark T. Vande Hei 13284:K. Megan McArthur 13254:Kjell N. Lindgren 13189:José M. Hernández 13144:Andrew J. Feustel 13104:Philippe Cousteau 13084:Catherine Coleman 13074:Gregory Chamitoff 13044:Robert L. Behnken 13024:Richard R. Arnold 13009:Andrew Abercromby 12984:Valerie van Heest 12914:Jochen Hasenmayer 12838:Philippe Tailliez 12763:Henry Way Kendall 12713:Bernard Delemotte 12512:Stephanie Schwabe 12477:John Peter Oleson 12407:George R. Fischer 12352:Michael Arbuthnot 12345:environmentalists 12250:Underwater divers 12239: 12238: 12235: 12234: 11992:Underwater hockey 11948:Underwater sports 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11846:Cave Diving Group 11466:Commercial diving 11349: 11348: 11329:Specialist skills 11318:Master Instructor 11313:Diving instructor 11294:Leadership skills 11255:CMAS* scuba diver 11218: 11217: 11191:Low impact diving 11169:Valsalva maneuver 11144:Combat sidestroke 11059:Diving instructor 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10892:Codes of Practice 10796: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10720:Henry Way Kendall 10593:Richard A. Walker 10583:Robert John Smyth 10296:Awards and events 10251:covert operations 10244: 10243: 9814: 9813: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9581:William Paul Fife 9516:diving physiology 9393: 9392: 9336: 9335: 9289:Nitrogen narcosis 9284:Hydrogen narcosis 9173:Dental barotrauma 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9056:Operations manual 9051:Diving supervisor 8922:Diving supervisor 8917:Diver's attendant 8879:Safety data sheet 8782:Rebreather diving 8646: 8645: 8585:Willful violation 8532:Nitrogen narcosis 8375: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8239:Cave Diving Group 8182:Rebreather diving 8177:Open-water diving 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 7908:Abrasive waterjet 7864: 7863: 7768:Underwater survey 7687:Scientific diving 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7231:Diving supervisor 7216:Diving instructor 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7097:Octopus wrestling 7028:Nataliia Zharkova 7003:William Trubridge 6958:Umberto Pelizzari 6614:Underwater hockey 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6502:Saturation spread 6325:Atlantis ROV Team 6305:Remotely operated 6299: 6298: 6276:Helgoland Habitat 6196:Saturation system 6085:Nitrox production 6019:Diving air filter 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5833:Oceanic Worldwide 5723:Aqua Lung America 5697: 5696: 5679:Scuba replacement 5659:Diver's umbilical 5624:Siebe Gorman CDBA 5609:Mark IV Amphibian 5246:Diver's telephone 5207:Octopus regulator 4746:Decompression gas 4629:Saturation diving 4609:Diving activities 4598:Underwater diving 4564: 4563: 4516: 4515: 4508:Escape respirator 4503:Work of breathing 4486:Oxygen rebreather 4374: 4373: 4329: 4328: 4279:Diving rebreather 4247: 4246: 4200:Reservoir cannula 4090: 4089: 4086: 4085: 3939: 3938: 3842:Media related to 3538:"Theodor Schwann" 3536:Bech, Janwillem. 3475:. 19 October 2020 3362:978-0-915539-10-9 2694:978-1-930536-57-9 2669:978-0-08-022057-4 2453:978-0-941332-70-5 2382: 2381: 2192:Siebe Gorman CDBA 2178:During and after 2085:began to use the 2013:). As it absorbs 2007:sodium superoxide 1963:to scrub exhaled 1792:potassium nitrate 1788:Cornelius Drebbel 1656:work of breathing 1603:, bomb shelters, 1526:scavenging system 1519:breathing circuit 1512:anaesthetic gases 1241:Diving rebreather 1201:saturation diving 802:hydrodynamic drag 757:and particularly 755:Lithium hydroxide 679:calcium hydroxide 644:work of breathing 511: 510: 422:Common range for 193:saturation diving 106: 105: 36:Rebreather diving 32:Diving rebreather 16:(Redirected from 14819: 14782: 14770: 14769: 14736: 14735: 14724: 14723: 14712: 14711: 14621:Neutral buoyancy 14577:Reef Life Survey 14466: 14465: 14442:Submarine escape 14329:Deep-submergence 14325: 14324: 14296:Submarine rescue 14093:Deep-submergence 14089: 14088: 14037: 14036: 13883: 13882: 13787: 13786: 13697:Neutral buoyancy 13678: 13677: 13656: 13655: 13484:Jeffrey Williams 13334:Nicholas Patrick 13309:Andreas Mogensen 13274:Thomas Marshburn 13244:Dominic Landucci 13234:Karen Kohanowich 13154:Satoshi Furukawa 13049:Randolph Bresnik 13019:Clayton Anderson 12954:Arthur C. Clarke 12924:Jarrod Jablonski 12828:Wesley C. Skiles 12813:Leni Riefenstahl 12698:Jacques Cousteau 12580:Claudia Serpieri 12497:William R. Royal 12462:Charles T. Meide 12392:James P. Delgado 12330:Arne Zetterström 12295:Jacques Cousteau 12258: 12257: 12245: 12244: 12113:Sports governing 12009:Underwater rugby 11956: 11955: 11943: 11942: 11918:training courses 11890:training centres 11828: 11827: 11718:Scientific diver 11424:Commercial diver 11421: 11420: 11359:and registration 11285:Supervised diver 11280:Open Water Diver 11270:Low Impact Diver 11250:Autonomous diver 11235: 11234: 11164:Frenzel maneuver 11149:Diver navigation 11134: 11133: 11047:Skill assessment 11020: 11019: 11009: 11008: 10813: 10812: 10802: 10801: 10775:Esbjörn Svensson 10760:Wesley C. Skiles 10663:Cláudio Coutinho 10613:Arne Zetterström 10588:Albert D. Stover 10551:Craig M. Hoffman 10394:Charles Spalding 10336: 10335: 10165: 10164: 10005:Louis de Corlieu 9990:Jacques Cousteau 9882: 9881: 9820: 9819: 9767: 9766: 9536:Peter B. Bennett 9531:Albert R. Behnke 9510: 9509: 9206: 9205: 9131: 9130: 9096: 9095: 9083: 9082: 9026:Contingency plan 9021:Code of practice 8982:Diving regulator 8970:Hydrostatic test 8907:Chamber operator 8890: 8889: 8667:Emergency ascent 8593: 8592: 8438: 8437: 8381: 8380: 8197:Technical diving 8187:Sidemount diving 8142: 8141: 8105: 8104: 8009: 8008: 7936:Pressure washing 7774: 7773: 7430:Marine Commandos 7329: 7328: 7267: 7266: 7256:Scientific diver 7194:Commercial diver 7179: 7178: 7166: 7165: 7023:Alessia Zecchini 6928:Alexey Molchanov 6838:Yasemin Dalkılıç 6619:Underwater rugby 6557: 6556: 6544: 6543: 6509:Hot water system 6434:Safety equipment 6252: 6251: 6073:Gas storage tube 6068:Gas storage quad 6063:Gas storage bank 5972:Activated carbon 5899:Boarding stirrup 5892:Access equipment 5889: 5888: 5876: 5875: 5813:Johnson Outdoors 5808:HeinrichsWeikamp 5646:diving equipment 5644:Surface-supplied 5569:Halcyon PVR-BASC 5453: 5452: 5428:Regulator freeze 5413:Diving regulator 5317:Shark-proof cage 5112:Pneumofathometer 5010:Free-flow helmet 4693: 4692: 4671:Diving equipment 4666: 4665: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4552: 4551: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4380: 4379: 4335: 4334: 4253: 4252: 4232:Simple face mask 4096: 4095: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3944: 3903: 3902: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3841: 3826: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3709:Vann RD (2004). 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3589: 3570: 3569: 3564:. Archived from 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3408:Dutch Submarines 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3240:. Archived from 3232:Ravishankar, M. 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3131: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2758: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2596: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2435: 2417: 2377: 2374: 2356: 2349: 2215:Second World War 2175:on 17 May 1943. 2117:Second World War 2107: 2087:Davis rebreather 1961:barium hydroxide 1813:, a mechanic in 1746:when used again. 1740:caustic cocktail 1700:Scrubber failure 1681:Caustic cocktail 1255:modes of failure 1128: 923:also known as a 921: 920: 911: 910: 759:lithium peroxide 722:+ 2NaOH –> Na 687:sodium hydroxide 651: 566:8 Cylinder valve 325: 286:breathing reflex 205:partial pressure 165:partial pressure 59: 52: 48: 21: 14827: 14826: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14692: 14661: 14624: 14622: 14616: 14509: 14507: 14497: 14464: 14432: 14330: 14323: 14290: 14207:Limiting Factor 14094: 14087: 14068:Offshore survey 14042: 14019: 13998: 13898:Altitude diving 13881: 13861: 13850: 13792: 13785: 13732: 13725: 13692:Metre sea water 13683: 13676: 13663: 13642: 13626: 13595: 13564: 13503: 13489:Sunita Williams 13479:Dafydd Williams 13464:Joachim Wendler 13359:Kathleen Rubins 13354:Garrett Reisman 13299:Simone Melchior 13279:Matthias Maurer 13219:Norishige Kanai 13204:Akihiko Hoshide 13194:John Herrington 13109:Timothy Creamer 13099:Fabien Cousteau 13094:Craig B. Cooper 13069:Scott Carpenter 13064:Berry L. Cannon 13039:Robert A. Barth 13014:Joseph M. Acaba 12995: 12969:John Chatterton 12899:Graham Balcombe 12888: 12882: 12878:J. Lamar Worzel 12693:Neville Coleman 12673:Georges Beuchat 12655: 12649: 12597: 12595: 12589: 12547: 12541: 12537:Cristina Zenato 12457:Innes McCartney 12344: 12342: 12340: 12334: 12290:James F. Cahill 12262: 12252: 12231: 12200: 12117:and federations 12116: 12114: 12108: 12092: 12056: 12030: 11970: 11950: 11929: 11917: 11911: 11889: 11875: 11832: 11826: 11747: 11745: 11744:Technical diver 11739: 11721: 11719: 11713: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11523: 11492: 11490: 11484: 11467: 11461: 11427: 11425: 11419: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11345: 11324: 11289: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11214: 11186:Buddy breathing 11132: 11111:Teaching method 11025: 11014: 10995: 10980: 10964: 10918: 10891: 10885: 10807: 10784: 10725:Artur Kozłowski 10688:Maurice Fargues 10653:Berry L. Cannon 10624: 10617: 10608:Bradley Westell 10603:Joachim Wendler 10521: 10514: 10510:diving accident 10502:diving accident 10494:diving accident 10486:diving accident 10484:Stena Seaspread 10478:diving accident 10470:diving accident 10449: 10442: 10433:Nicholas Mevoli 10403: 10399:Ebenezer Watson 10377: 10356: 10327: 10303:Hans Hass Award 10291: 10270: 10265:Rainbow Warrior 10263:Sinking of the 10250: 10240: 10172: 10170: 10163: 10134:Magnesium torch 10105: 10099: 10065:Auguste Piccard 10050:John Lethbridge 9970:Georges Beuchat 9952: 9946: 9929: 9923: 9886: 9880: 9827: 9810: 9772: 9749: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9631:Neal W. Pollock 9517: 9515: 9501: 9492:Fitness to dive 9470: 9439: 9389: 9342: 9332: 9320: 9314: 9293: 9235: 9231:Oxygen toxicity 9204: 9135: 9129: 9120:Motion sickness 9101: 9090: 9088:Diving medicine 9065: 9002: 9000: 8993: 8952: 8946: 8888: 8835:Risk assessment 8825:Hazard analysis 8808: 8801: 8653: 8642: 8591: 8537:Oxygen toxicity 8443: 8436: 8388: 8367: 8350: 8344: 8292: 8286: 8218: 8211: 8152:Altitude diving 8140: 8112: 8087: 8014: 8007: 7978: 7972: 7900: 7894: 7871: 7860: 7772: 7692:Ships husbandry 7604: 7589: 7475:Royal Engineers 7390:Grup Gerak Khas 7350:Commando Hubert 7336: 7334: 7327: 7316:U.S. Navy diver 7291:Clearance diver 7272: 7265: 7173: 7152: 7106: 7080: 7032: 6988:Martin Štěpánek 6983:Aharon Solomons 6973:Stig Severinsen 6923:Stéphane Mifsud 6873:Flavia Eberhard 6848:Flavia Eberhard 6813:Derya Can Göçen 6798:Peppo Biscarini 6793:Simone Arrigoni 6788:Deborah Andollo 6776: 6718: 6689:No-limits apnea 6653:Constant weight 6628: 6551: 6530: 6480: 6441:Diver down flag 6429: 6306: 6295: 6291:Tektite habitat 6257: 6250: 6200: 6125: 6118: 6102:Oxygen analyser 6080:Helium analyzer 6024:Water separator 5982:Molecular sieve 5959: 5953: 5883: 5862: 5705: 5703: 5693: 5645: 5638: 5584:Interspiro DCSC 5520: 5458: 5451: 5384:Diving cylinder 5370: 5368: 5361: 5194: 5188: 5127: 5121: 5068:Instrumentation 5063: 4992: 4986: 4917: 4859: 4852: 4796: 4790: 4717: 4696:Basic equipment 4691: 4673: 4660: 4654:Unmanned diving 4600: 4595: 4565: 4560: 4512: 4385: 4370: 4350:Breathing mask 4342: 4325: 4260: 4243: 4103: 4082: 4066:ANSI K13.1-1973 4049: 3963: 3950: 3935: 3910: 3897: 3892: 3859:web.archive.org 3834: 3829: 3814: 3810: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3762: 3755: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3634: 3630: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3573: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3382:www.youtube.com 3374: 3370: 3363: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3198: 3179: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3142:www.draeger.com 3137: 3133: 3132: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3052: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3023:10.2307/1789440 3017:(4/6): 207–16. 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2759: 2746: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2621: 2610: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2530: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2362:needs expansion 2287: 2280: 2251:Eventually the 2200: 2101: 2072:Davis apparatus 2064: 2058: 2040:began to equip 2012: 2004: 2000: 1995:sodium peroxide 1968: 1889: 1885: 1878:in London. His 1857: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1753: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1648: 1636: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1594: 1588: 1575: 1534: 1505: 1499: 1487: 1467:1953 expedition 1446: 1341: 1332: 1318: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1263: 1248:safety-critical 1243: 1229: 1097: 1089: 1083: 1054: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1002: 985: 979: 967: 961: 948: 934: 918: 917: 908: 907: 896: 894:System variants 887: 881: 846: 834: 814: 771: 769:Breathing hoses 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 684: 664: 658: 639: 614: 605: 588: 578: 529: 516: 506: 494: 474: 462: 446: 401: 396:saturation dive 332: 331: 303: 295: 291: 283: 261:oxygen fraction 237:Base metabolism 225: 223:General concept 211:to monitor the 93:Davis apparatus 66: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14825: 14815: 14814: 14809: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14776: 14764: 14757: 14750: 14742: 14730: 14718: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14628: 14626: 14623:facilities for 14618: 14617: 14615: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14513: 14511: 14503: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14474: 14472: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14446: 14444: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14423:Type 7103 DSRV 14420: 14415: 14410: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14395: 14382: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14367: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14335: 14333: 14331:rescue vehicle 14322: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14300: 14298: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14280: 14272: 14264: 14256: 14248: 14240: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14210: 14203: 14195: 14188: 14181: 14174: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14158: 14150: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14120: 14115: 14107: 14099: 14097: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14053: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14012: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13945: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13923:Inshore diving 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13889: 13887: 13886:Classification 13880: 13879: 13878: 13877: 13866: 13864: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13797: 13795: 13784: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13737: 13735: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13721: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13699: 13694: 13688: 13686: 13675: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13617:Sydney Knowles 13614: 13609: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13593: 13591:John Volanthen 13588: 13583: 13581:Richard Harris 13578: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13550:Trevor Jackson 13547: 13545:Hillary Hauser 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13525:Philippe Diolé 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13454:Shannon Walker 13451: 13449:Rex J. Walheim 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13424:Daniel M. Tani 13421: 13416: 13411: 13409:Hervé Stevenin 13406: 13404:Robert Sténuit 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13364:Dick Rutkowski 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13344:Thomas Pesquet 13341: 13336: 13331: 13329:Luca Parmitano 13326: 13321: 13319:John D. Olivas 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13289:Craig McKinley 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13179:Chris Hadfield 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13149:Michael Fincke 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13079:Steve Chappell 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13005: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12892: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12853:Albert Tillman 12850: 12848:Valerie Taylor 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12723:Candice Farmer 12720: 12718:David Doubilet 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12668:Tamara Benitez 12665: 12659: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12605:Samir Alhafith 12601: 12599: 12598:and presenters 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12555:Pascal Bernabé 12551: 12549: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12527:Robert Sténuit 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12507:Gunter Schöbel 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12467:Mark M. Newell 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12447:Robert F. Marx 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12412:Anders Franzén 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12357:Robert Ballard 12354: 12348: 12346: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12320:Dick Rutkowski 12317: 12312: 12310:Trevor Hampton 12307: 12305:Dottie Frazier 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12254: 12253: 12241: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12129: 12123:International 12120: 12118: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12064: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12038: 12036: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11962: 11960: 11952: 11951: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11927: 11921: 11919: 11916:Military diver 11913: 11912: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11893: 11891: 11888:Military diver 11885: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11834: 11825: 11824: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11776: 11770: 11764: 11758: 11751: 11749: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11725: 11723: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11537: 11535: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11496: 11494: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11431: 11429: 11418: 11417: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11365: 11363: 11355:Diver training 11351: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11232: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11140: 11138: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11030: 11028: 11016: 11015: 11005: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10834: 10827: 10819: 10817: 10809: 10808: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10735:Kirsty MacColl 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10668:E. Yale Dawson 10665: 10660: 10658:Cotton Coulson 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10627: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10527: 10525: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10504: 10500:Waage Drill II 10496: 10488: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10460:Byford Dolphin 10455: 10453: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10418:Stephen Keenan 10414: 10412: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349:Sinking of MV 10345: 10343: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10175: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10123: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10095:Jacques Triger 10092: 10087: 10085:Augustus Siebe 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10045:Yves Le Prieur 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9985:John R. Clarke 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9933: 9931: 9928:Underwater art 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9890: 9888: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9816: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9660:Diving medical 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9651:Jacques Triger 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9626:Charles Momsen 9623: 9621:Simon Mitchell 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:John R. Clarke 9563: 9558: 9556:Alf O. Brubakk 9553: 9548: 9546:George F. Bond 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514:Researchers in 9507: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9430:Oxygen therapy 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9346: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9298:Carbon dioxide 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9150: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9092: 9091: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8942:Stand-by diver 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8869:Permit To Work 8866: 8864:Lockout–tagout 8861: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8844: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:Doing It Right 8759: 8757:Diver training 8754: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8735:Rule of thirds 8727: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8658: 8656: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8518:Physiological 8516: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8454: 8448: 8446: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8294: 8291:Diving tourism 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7996:Hawaiian sling 7988: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7851: 7843: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7780: 7778:Salvage diving 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7623:Diver training 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7175: 7174: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6998:Tanya Streeter 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6953:Herbert Nitsch 6950: 6948:Guillaume Néry 6945: 6943:Patrick Musimu 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6918:Kate Middleton 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Şahika Ercümen 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6772:Water polo cap 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Hawaiian sling 6737: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6683:Free immersion 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6552: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6425:VideoRay UROVs 6422: 6417: 6415:SJT-class ROUV 6412: 6407: 6402: 6400:Seabed tractor 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Mini Rover ROV 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6315:8A4-class ROUV 6311: 6309: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6181:Diving chamber 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5967:Air filtration 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5944:Messenger line 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5885: 5884: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Maurice Fernez 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5514:Sling cylinder 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5492:Scuba manifold 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:Bailout bottle 5463: 5461: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5406:Reclaim helmet 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5335:Diving compass 5332: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5283:Bailout bottle 5280: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5052:Full-face mask 5049: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Reclaim helmet 5022: 5017: 5012: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4980:Hot-water suit 4977: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4809:Power inflator 4800: 4798: 4797:trim equipment 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4354:Full facepiece 4347: 4344: 4343: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4161:Oxygen therapy 4158: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4132:Bag valve mask 4124: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4013:N95 respirator 4005: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3964: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3852: 3847: 3833: 3832:External links 3830: 3828: 3827: 3808: 3753: 3701: 3679: 3653: 3646: 3628: 3571: 3568:on 2015-01-12. 3549: 3528: 3513: 3494:Bahuet, Eric. 3486: 3451: 3424: 3395: 3368: 3361: 3343: 3305: 3280: 3255: 3244:on 17 May 2013 3224: 3196: 3173: 3154: 3101: 3071: 3064: 3043: 2997: 2975: 2950: 2928: 2888: 2859: 2839: 2799: 2775: 2772:. p. 693. 2744: 2700: 2693: 2675: 2668: 2660:Pergamon Press 2641: 2629:www.ebme.co.uk 2608: 2579:(4): 298–303. 2557: 2528: 2513: 2496: 2475: 2460: 2452: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2301: 2279: 2276: 2257:Communist Bloc 2246:bottled oxygen 2199: 2196: 2099:Angelo Belloni 2077:In the 1930s, 2057: 2054: 2015:carbon dioxide 2010: 2002: 1998: 1966: 1887: 1883: 1856: 1853: 1799:carbon dioxide 1783: 1780: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1647: 1644: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1612: 1609: 1605:space stations 1587: 1584: 1571:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1486: 1483: 1475:Tom Bourdillon 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1340: 1337: 1328:Main article: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1277: 1274: 1262: 1259: 1239:Main article: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1203:systems use a 1186: 1179: 1173: 1154: 1144: 1134: 1096: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1001: 998: 978: 975: 960: 957: 933: 930: 929: 928: 914: 895: 892: 880: 879:Oxygen sensors 877: 876: 875: 871: 870: 869: 866: 863: 856: 853: 845: 842: 833: 830: 826:full-face mask 822:oro-nasal mask 813: 810: 783:breathing tube 770: 767: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 682: 660:Main article: 657: 654: 638: 635: 613: 610: 604: 601: 587: 584: 577: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 536: 528: 525: 515: 512: 509: 508: 504: 501: 497: 496: 492: 489: 485: 484: 472: 469: 465: 464: 460: 453: 449: 448: 440: 436: 435: 432: 428: 427: 420: 416: 415: 410:Threshold for 408: 404: 403: 399: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 372: 368: 367: 361: 357: 356: 353: 349: 348: 342: 338: 337: 334: 329: 301: 293: 289: 281: 241:breathing rate 233:carbon dioxide 224: 221: 118:exhaled breath 114:carbon dioxide 104: 103: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14824: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14765: 14763: 14762: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14751: 14749: 14748: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14731: 14729: 14728: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14689: 14688:Seabed mining 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14619: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14504: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14374: 14373: 14368: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14326: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14265: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14241: 14239: 14237: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14209: 14208: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14194: 14193: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14182: 14180: 14179: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14163: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14045: 14038: 14034: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13918:Inland diving 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13857: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13841:Oxygen window 13839: 13837: 13834: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13794: 13791:Decompression 13788: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13751:Diving reflex 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13728: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13679: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13657: 13653: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:Craig Challen 13574: 13573: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13474:Peggy Whitson 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13444:Koichi Wakata 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13429:Robert Thirsk 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13419:James Talacek 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13394:Steve Squyres 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13384:Robert Sheats 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13324:Takuya Onishi 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13269:Sandra Magnus 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13249:Jon Lindbergh 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13239:Timothy Kopra 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13209:Mark Hulsbeck 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13184:Jeremy Hansen 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13129:Jeanette Epps 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13114:Jonathan Dory 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12998: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12974:Clive Cussler 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12939:Jack Sheppard 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12919:Jill Heinerth 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12885: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12863:Stan Waterman 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12833:E. Lee Spence 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12818:Peter Scoones 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12783:Agnes Milowka 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12743:Stephen Frink 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12703:John D. Craig 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12683:Jonathan Bird 12681: 12679: 12678:Adrian Biddle 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12656:photographers 12652: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12625:Richie Kohler 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12592: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12544: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:E. Lee Spence 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12502:Margaret Rule 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12432:Graham Jessop 12430: 12428: 12427:David Gibbins 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12387:Eugenie Clark 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12337: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12246: 12242: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12115:organisations 12111: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12019:United States 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11944: 11940: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11886: 11871: 11868: 11865: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11829: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746:certification 11742: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11720:certification 11716: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11532:certification 11526: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11491:certification 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11426:certification 11422: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11361:organisations 11357:certification 11352: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228:certification 11221: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11116:Muscle memory 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11064:Diving school 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11010: 11006: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10952:Shadow Divers 10949: 10947: 10946: 10945:The Last Dive 10942: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10890:Standards and 10888: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10799: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740:Agnes Milowka 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10531:Roger Baldwin 10529: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10428:Audrey Mestre 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361:Diver rescues 10359: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10247: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Human torpedo 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10166: 10160: 10159:Vintage scuba 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965:William Beebe 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953:and inventors 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885:Archeological 9883: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9768: 9764: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664:organisations 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9511: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319:Breathing gas 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9168:Barodontalgia 9166: 9164: 9163:Aerosinusitis 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9148:Barostriction 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8996: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8730:Dive planning 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8720:Dive briefing 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8698:Decompression 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8580:Trait anxiety 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8527:Decompression 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8457:Environmental 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8386:Diving safety 8382: 8378: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351:and festivals 8349:Diving events 8347: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Shark tourism 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8219:organisations 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7968:Water jetting 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Thermal lance 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697:Sponge diving 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7672:Police diving 7670: 7668: 7667:Pearl hunting 7665: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Hazmat diving 7633: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:US Navy SEALs 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410:JW Komandosów 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7330: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111:Organisations 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:Danai Varveri 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Annelie Pompe 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6908:Audrey Mestre 6906: 6904: 6903:Jacques Mayol 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868:Pierre Frolla 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808:Sara Campbell 6806: 6804: 6803:Michael Board 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6671:Dynamic apnea 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6645:Vertical Blue 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6587:Pearl hunting 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6492:Diving spread 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:ROV KIEL 6000 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6124:Decompression 6121: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5958:Breathing gas 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Diving ladder 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:René Cavalero 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706:manufacturers 5700: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539:Carleton CDBA 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5401:Diving helmet 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Distance line 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Safety helmet 5310: 5308: 5307:Rescue tether 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Bailout block 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5239:Diver's knife 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Dive computer 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5020:Orinasal mask 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005:Diving helmet 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Jersey upline 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4888:Dive computer 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4858:Decompression 4855: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831:Ankle weights 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4741:Breathing air 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4723:Breathing gas 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394:Breathing gas 4392: 4391: 4388: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4364:orinasal mask 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Diving helmet 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4195:Nasal cannula 4193: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3968:Regulated by 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3690: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3647:0-85368-958-X 3643: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3618: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3414:on 2012-05-30 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3164:Hobbs, Gene W 3158: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3065:9781483163192 3061: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2985: 2979: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2938: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2471: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2360:This section 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:combat divers 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2233:to penetrate 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2173:Naval Academy 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:helmet divers 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2133:fullface mask 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2008: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:breathing bag 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Severn Tunnel 1892: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1786:Around 1620, 1782:Early history 1778: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736:breathing gas 1732: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1689:Failure modes 1686: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1455:Mount Everest 1451: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1273: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1233: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147:Fire fighting 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1053: 1043: 1021: 1015: 1006: 997: 989: 984: 974: 972: 971:constant flow 966: 956: 953: 947: 938: 926: 922: 915: 912: 905: 904: 903: 900: 891: 886: 872: 867: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 849: 841: 839: 838:liquid oxygen 832:Oxygen supply 829: 827: 823: 819: 809: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 791:one-way valve 787: 784: 775: 766: 762: 760: 756: 751: 696: 693: 688: 680: 676: 671: 669: 663: 653: 650: 645: 634: 626: 618: 609: 600: 598: 593: 583: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 554:4 Counterlung 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 537: 533: 524: 522: 502: 499: 498: 490: 487: 486: 482: 478: 470: 467: 466: 458: 454: 451: 450: 444: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 429: 425: 421: 418: 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 397: 393: 390: 389: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376:high altitude 373: 370: 369: 366: 362: 359: 358: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 340: 339: 335: 327: 326: 316: 312: 309: 307: 299: 287: 279: 273: 270: 266: 265:breathing gas 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 238: 234: 231:and produces 230: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 138:breathing gas 134: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 102: 98: 94: 91: 89:Related items 87: 84: 83:Breathing set 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 58: 53: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 14783: 14771: 14759: 14752: 14744: 14737: 14725: 14713: 14488:Steinke hood 14450:Escape trunk 14406: 14385: 14371: 14363: 14354: 14284: 14276: 14269:Shinkai 6500 14268: 14261:Shinkai 2000 14260: 14252: 14244: 14235: 14228: 14221: 14214: 14206: 14198: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14170: 14161: 14153: 14145: 14128: 14111: 14103: 13977:Wreck diving 13933:Night diving 13862:environments 13638:Keith Jessop 13607:Lionel Crabb 13586:Rick Stanton 13560:John Mattera 13540:Bob Halstead 13535:Bret Gilliam 13530:Gary Gentile 13520:Victor Berge 13494:Reid Wiseman 13414:Nicole Stott 13379:Josef Schmid 13369:Tara Ruttley 13314:Karen Nyberg 13294:Jessica Meir 13174:David Gruber 13139:Albert Falco 13124:Sylvia Earle 13059:Justin Brown 12964:Leigh Bishop 12823:Brian Skerry 12808:Pierre Petit 12798:Steve Parish 12788:Noel Monkman 12768:Rudie Kuiter 12748:Peter Gimbel 12645:Andrew Wight 12565:Mark Ellyatt 12546:Scuba record 12487:Richard Pyle 12397:Sylvia Earle 12382:Cathy Church 12377:Hugh Bradner 12372:Louis Boutan 12367:Mensun Bound 12205:Competitions 12073:Sport diving 11982:Spearfishing 11528:Recreational 11336:Rescue Diver 11224:Recreational 11181:Scuba skills 11159:Ear clearing 11121:Overlearning 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10806:Publications 10648:David Bright 10643:Allan Bridge 10623:Scuba diving 10536:John Bennett 10520:Professional 10507: 10499: 10491: 10483: 10476:Star Canopus 10475: 10468:Drill Master 10467: 10459: 10423:Loïc Leferme 10382:Early diving 10350: 10264: 10249:Military and 10231:Welfreighter 10206:Necker Nymph 10127: 10119: 10080:Gordon Smith 10035:Peter Kreeft 10025:Émile Gagnan 10020:Henry Fleuss 9918:Whydah Gally 9916: 9909: 9903: 9895: 9791:Duty of care 9636:John Rawlins 9551:Robert Boyle 9518:and medicine 9375:Laryngospasm 9321:contaminants 9158:Air embolism 9125:Surfer's ear 8999:Occupational 8859:Incident pit 8847:Risk control 8777:Night diving 8767:Drift diving 8752:Diver rescue 8686:Buddy diving 8633:Hyperthermia 8596:Consequences 8575:Task loading 8427:Water safety 8207:Wreck diving 7854: 7848:Royal George 7847: 7839: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7662:Media diving 7395:Jagdkommando 7301:Minentaucher 7246:Police diver 7204:Hazmat diver 6993:Walter Steyn 6938:Dave Mullins 6898:Enzo Maiorca 6893:Loïc Leferme 6858:Emma Farrell 6828:Robert Croft 6823:Carlos Coste 6695:Static apnea 6649:Disciplines 6633:Competitions 6604:Spearfishing 6405:Seafox drone 6186:Diving stage 6164:Clump weight 6041:Gas blending 6009:Diver's pump 5994:Booster pump 5924:Diving stage 5848:Siebe Gorman 5823:Morse Diving 5574:Halcyon RB80 5457:Open-circuit 5157:Diving stage 5095:Diving watch 5075:Bottom timer 4903:Diving stage 4841:Trim weights 4795:Buoyancy and 4634:Scuba diving 4614:Diving modes 4553: 4541: 4529: 4470: 4464:Demand valve 4316:Gas extender 4237:Venturi mask 4127:Resuscitator 3821: 3817: 3811: 3797:cite journal 3786:. Retrieved 3773: 3769: 3742:cite journal 3731:. Retrieved 3721:(1): 21–31. 3718: 3714: 3704: 3692:. Retrieved 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3665: 3656: 3637: 3631: 3617:cite journal 3606:. Retrieved 3597: 3566:the original 3561: 3552: 3541:. Retrieved 3531: 3522: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3499: 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3472: 3442:. Retrieved 3437: 3427: 3416:. Retrieved 3412:the original 3407: 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3381: 3371: 3352: 3346: 3334:. Retrieved 3325:(2): 81–86. 3322: 3318: 3308: 3297:. Retrieved 3283: 3272:. Retrieved 3258: 3246:. Retrieved 3242:the original 3237: 3227: 3216:. Retrieved 3184: 3176: 3167: 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3141: 3092:. Retrieved 3087: 3055: 3034:. Retrieved 3014: 3010: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2962: 2959:"Going deep" 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2931: 2917:cite journal 2906:. Retrieved 2901: 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2875: 2849: 2842: 2828:cite journal 2817:. Retrieved 2812: 2802: 2791:. Retrieved 2785: 2778: 2765: 2733:cite journal 2722:. 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Retrieved 2628: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2547: 2522: 2516: 2485: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2441: 2383: 2373:October 2022 2370: 2366:adding to it 2361: 2345: 2317:Siebe Gorman 2304:Sabre Safety 2288: 2250: 2239: 2212: 2201: 2177: 2157:World War II 2146: 2138:Sladen suits 2114: 2091:Italian Navy 2083:spearfishers 2076: 2050:Momsen lungs 2046:Salmon-class 2035: 2023: 1992: 1958: 1923:Siebe Gorman 1919:Robert Davis 1916: 1909: 1893: 1876:Siebe Gorman 1872:Henry Fleuss 1869: 1864:Henry Fleuss 1849:caustic soda 1847:soaked in a 1838: 1831: 1826: 1796: 1785: 1739: 1703: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1620: 1595: 1576: 1523: 1516: 1506: 1488: 1460: 1447: 1374:firefighting 1350: 1333: 1310: 1306: 1285: 1270: 1244: 1210: 1126:gas extender 1119:, where the 1090: 1063: 1017: 994: 968: 949: 925:gas extender 924: 916: 906: 901: 897: 888: 847: 835: 815: 799: 788: 782: 780: 763: 752: 697: 672: 668:strong bases 665: 640: 631: 606: 589: 581: 527:Architecture 517: 424:recreational 310: 274: 258: 226: 217:dive profile 197: 157:firefighting 146: 135: 116:of a user's 109: 107: 65:Inspiration) 14807:Rebreathers 14522:CMAS Europe 14483:Momsen lung 14123:Bathyscaphe 14051:Bathysphere 13960:Cave diving 13928:Muck diving 13913:Deep diving 13741:Blood shift 13555:Steve Lewis 13389:Dewey Smith 13349:Marc Reagan 13229:Scott Kelly 13224:Les Kaufman 13134:Sheck Exley 13119:Pedro Duque 12909:Martyn Farr 12904:Sheck Exley 12858:John Veltri 12793:Pete Oxford 12778:Luis Marden 12753:Monty Halls 12738:Ric Frazier 12635:Andy Torbet 12615:Ramón Bravo 12570:Sheck Exley 12517:Myriam Seco 12417:Honor Frost 12362:George Bass 12325:Teseo Tesei 12300:Billy Deans 12280:Mary Bonnin 12143:AIDA Hellas 12035:Breath-hold 11966:Finswimming 11722:authorities 11489:Free-diving 11428:authorities 11301:Dive leader 10986:Dive guides 10880:Basic Scuba 10780:Josef Velek 10770:Rob Stewart 10765:Dewey Smith 10730:Yuri Lipski 10703:Steve Irwin 10683:Sheck Exley 10678:Milan Dufek 10673:Deon Dreyer 10578:Per Skipnes 10492:Venture One 10318:NOGI Awards 9930:and artists 9360:Hypothermia 9305:Hypercapnia 9240:Inert gases 8894:Diving team 8797:Wall diving 8792:Solo diving 8691:buddy check 8674:Boat diving 8628:Hypercapnia 8618:Hypothermia 8542:Seasickness 8487:Wave action 8358:Diversnight 8300:Dive center 8192:Solo diving 8172:Muck diving 8162:Deep diving 8157:Cave diving 8145:Specialties 7986:Limpet mine 7948:Lifting bag 7872:contractors 7618:Dive leader 7490:Shayetet 13 7241:Media diver 7182:Occupations 7076:Hypothermia 7071:Hypercapnia 6913:Karol Meyer 6818:Goran Čolak 6735:Diving suit 6730:Diving mask 6640:Nordic Deep 6446:Diving shot 6390:Scorpio ROV 6159:Closed bell 6154:Bell cursor 6149:Diving bell 5909:Diving bell 5798:Oscar Gugen 5499:Pony bottle 5345:Line marker 5322:Snoopy loop 5263:Diving bell 5212:Pony bottle 5145:Closed bell 5140:Diving bell 5080:Depth gauge 5042:Diving mask 4953:Sladen suit 4923:Diving suit 4898:Diving shot 4893:Diving bell 4846:Weight belt 4731:Bailout gas 4703:Diving mask 4481:Counterlung 4424:Hazmat suit 4222:Oxygen tent 4217:Oxygen mask 4212:Oxygen hood 4137:Pocket mask 4117:Bubble CPAP 4054:Regulations 4034:Facepieces 3844:Rebreathers 3776:(1): 3–20. 3694:19 December 3672:12 December 3336:21 November 2881:27 December 2231:cave divers 2151:and German 2115:During the 2102: [ 2095:Teseo Tesei 2031:mine rescue 1827:Ichtioandre 1805:in 1808 by 1541:Buzz Aldrin 1532:Space suits 1183:anaesthesia 1166:outer space 1162:space suits 1137:Mine rescue 637:Counterlung 592:counterlung 298:suffocation 278:hypercapnia 269:compression 169:space suits 101:Escape hood 18:Rebreathers 14801:Categories 14747:Dive sites 14572:Reef Check 14567:PADI AWARE 14537:Green Fins 14470:Escape set 14162:Trieste II 13972:Ice diving 13733:physiology 13499:Kimiya Yui 13214:Emma Hwang 13089:Robin Cook 12979:Bill Nagle 12944:Bill Stone 12887:Underwater 12843:Ron Taylor 12803:Zale Parry 12733:Rodney Fox 12688:Eric Cheng 12663:Doug Allan 12654:Underwater 12596:filmmakers 12594:Underwater 12575:Nuno Gomes 12560:Jim Bowden 12442:Pilar Luna 12341:scientists 12339:Underwater 12097:Rebreather 12052:Freediving 11341:Solo diver 11306:Divemaster 11154:Diver trim 10938:Goldfinder 10698:Guy Garman 10625:fatalities 10524:fatalities 10411:fatalities 10409:Freediving 10351:Conception 10287:Mission 31 10236:Wet Nellie 10171:propulsion 10104:Historical 10070:Joe Savoie 10015:Ted Eldred 10000:John Deane 9310:Hypocapnia 9153:Barotrauma 9001:safety and 8874:Redundancy 8809:management 8654:procedures 8603:Barotrauma 8560:competence 8493:Equipment 8167:Ice diving 8013:Underwater 7977:Underwater 7927:Brush cart 7603:Underwater 7400:JW Formoza 7211:Divemaster 7085:Historical 7044:Barotrauma 7013:Fatma Uruk 6978:Tom Sietas 6963:Liv Philip 6781:Freedivers 6599:Snorkeling 6577:Freediving 6560:Activities 6549:Freediving 6497:Air spread 6360:Kaşif ROUV 6335:Deep Drone 6256:Underwater 6232:Subskimmer 6227:Liveaboard 5987:Silica gel 5904:Diver lift 5778:Drägerwerk 5763:Dive Xtras 5748:Cressi-Sub 5389:Burst disc 5367:Underwater 5355:Silt screw 5229:Dive light 5224:Buddy line 5090:Dive timer 4975:Dive skins 4814:Dump valve 4781:Travel gas 4736:Bottom gas 4639:Snorkeling 4624:Freediving 4471:Rebreather 4404:Dead space 4144:Ventilator 4038:Smoke hood 3972:and others 3961:Respirator 3788:2008-04-25 3733:2008-04-25 3666:Drägerwerk 3608:2009-03-03 3543:2008-02-23 3506:5 February 3479:31 October 3444:5 February 3418:2008-02-23 3299:2013-04-25 3274:2013-04-25 3218:2013-04-25 3147:30 October 2908:2008-08-20 2819:2009-01-31 2793:2008-06-15 2724:2008-06-14 2658:. Oxford: 2634:24 October 2423:References 2400:Escape set 2235:cave sumps 2227:Cressi-Sub 2142:binoculars 2019:Royal Navy 1980:Royal Navy 1921:, head of 1851:solution. 1821:soaked in 1775:See also: 1724:dwell time 1615:See also: 1597:Submarines 1590:See also: 1573:Space suit 1280:See also: 1265:See also: 1193:submarines 1158:spacecraft 1139:and other 1101:Underwater 883:See also: 806:dead space 746:–> CaCO 649:dwell time 612:Components 597:dead space 551:3 Scrubber 483:at 50 msw 185:saturation 110:rebreather 50:Rebreather 14745:Indexes: 14245:Sea Cliff 14178:Ictineu 3 14129:Archimède 14104:Aluminaut 13434:Bill Todd 13339:Tim Peake 13199:Paul Hill 13001:Aquanauts 12934:Tom Mount 12889:explorers 12758:Hans Hass 12708:Ben Cropp 12640:Ivan Tors 12630:Paul Rose 12315:Hans Hass 12263:of diving 12139:National 12042:Aquathlon 11997:Australia 11687:(ScotSAC) 10755:Dave Shaw 10715:Jim Jones 10452:incidents 10342:incidents 10340:Dive boat 10332:Incidents 10113:Aqua-Lung 10106:equipment 9951:Engineers 9937:The Diver 9896:Commodore 9541:Paul Bert 9475:Screening 9444:Personnel 9410:First aid 9398:Treatment 9341:Immersion 9221:Hyperoxia 9200:Dysbarism 9102:disorders 8951:Equipment 8817:Checklist 8708:Pyle stop 8033:Powerhead 8001:Polespear 7901:equipment 7899:Tools and 7832:Mary Rose 7818:Lusitania 7810:Laurentic 6745:Polespear 6723:Equipment 6567:Aquathlon 6385:ROV PHOCA 6355:Kaikō ROV 6212:Dive boat 6205:Platforms 6126:equipment 6053:Gas panel 5977:Hopcalite 5949:Moon pool 5793:Technisub 5743:Cis-Lunar 5713:AP Diving 5704:equipment 5669:Gas panel 5509:Sidemount 5467:Scuba set 5371:apparatus 5369:breathing 5340:Dive reel 5219:Bolt snap 5195:equipment 5172:PowerSwim 5128:equipment 5057:Half mask 5047:Band mask 4993:and masks 4965:Rash vest 4860:equipment 4761:Hydreliox 4419:Facepiece 4359:Half mask 4149:Iron lung 4018:Dust mask 3818:The Blast 3388:6 October 2762:Davis, RH 2260:collapsed 2204:Hans Hass 2198:Post-WWII 2121:Luftwaffe 2042:Porpoise- 1931:submarine 1823:limewater 1563:from the 1545:Apollo 11 1390:reliable. 795:elastomer 706:O –> H 692:indicator 675:soda lime 514:Endurance 459:on 100% O 391:0.35–0.40 371:0.14-0.16 360:0.09-0.10 352:0.08-0.10 254:sea level 63:AP Diving 14739:Glossary 14715:Category 14508:interest 14215:Losharik 14192:Jiaolong 14154:Sea Pole 13569:Rescuers 12275:Aquanaut 12261:Pioneers 12014:Colombia 11805:(ProTec) 11748:agencies 11657:(ProTec) 11585:(FFESSM) 11534:agencies 11493:agencies 11026:training 10969:Research 10904:DIN 7876 10508:Wildrake 10448:Offshore 10173:vehicles 9734:(SAUHMA) 9662:research 9506:Research 9355:Drowning 9350:Asphyxia 9272:Taravana 9134:Pressure 8725:Dive log 8613:Drowning 8558:Lack of 8497:Freeflow 8482:Silt out 8477:Overhead 8293:industry 8265:(FFESSM) 7991:Speargun 7802:La Belle 7333:Military 7271:Military 7049:Drowning 6760:Swimfins 6755:Speargun 6466:Jackstay 6410:SeaPerch 6340:Épaulard 6174:Wet bell 6134:Air-lock 5960:handling 5934:Jackstay 5929:Downline 5838:Porpoise 5654:Air line 5614:Porpoise 5290:Lifeline 5179:Towboard 5150:Wet bell 5126:Mobility 5000:Anti-fog 4948:Dry suit 4941:Newtsuit 4936:JIM suit 4555:Glossary 4531:Category 3984:Canister 3979:Gas mask 3782:15233156 3727:15233157 3331:17310877 3248:30 April 3036:5 August 2764:(1955). 2603:31828749 2388:See also 2346:Others: 2253:Cold War 1986:and the 1815:Napoleon 1205:scrubber 1181:Medical 1075:Aerorlox 742:+ Ca(OH) 656:Scrubber 586:Pendulum 419:1.0–1.20 341:<0.08 14773:Outline 14727:Commons 14592:SeaKeys 14506:Special 14413:SRV-300 14370:DSRV-2 14362:DSRV-1 14253:Shinkai 14229:Nautile 14146:Harmony 14095:vehicle 13684:physics 13600:Frogmen 12960:Wrecks 12548:holders 11787:(IANTD) 11609:(IANTD) 11579:(FEDAS) 11468:schools 11416:(WRSTC) 11377:(IDRCF) 10816:Manuals 10139:Nikonos 10126:SP-350 10120:Calypso 9904:Monitor 9728:(SPUMS) 9343:related 9226:Hypoxia 9136:related 8932:Gas man 8902:Bellman 8623:Hypoxia 8467:Delta-P 8462:Current 8444:hazards 8259:(FEDAS) 8023:Gyrojet 8015:firearm 7979:weapons 7941:Pigging 7913:Airlift 7840:Monitor 7585:UNGERIN 7420:KOPASKA 7405:JW GROM 7380:Fukuryu 7296:Frogman 7236:Haenyeo 7037:Hazards 6765:Monofin 6582:Haenyeo 6485:General 6471:Jonline 6375:OpenROV 6258:habitat 5733:Beuchat 5564:Dolphin 5184:Wet sub 5167:Monofin 5162:Swimfin 4991:Helmets 4970:Wetsuit 4913:Jonline 4713:Swimfin 4708:Snorkel 4543:Commons 4384:General 4294:Snorkel 3094:15 June 3031:1789440 2939:. DESCO 2594:7039778 2268:patents 2223:Pirelli 2161:US Navy 2155:during 2153:frogmen 2079:Italian 2062:Frogman 1845:sponges 1771:History 1731:caustic 1716:O-rings 1634:Hypoxia 1625:Hazards 1253:– some 1216:oxygen, 1156:Crewed 1103:– as a 481:chamber 475:nitrox 394:Normal 378:areas) 365:hypoxia 284:). The 263:of the 142:hypoxic 127:frogmen 71:Acronym 14785:Portal 14761:Diving 14754:Divers 14510:groups 14407:Remora 14372:Avalon 14364:Mystic 14355:Mystic 14283:DSV-5 14277:Turtle 14236:Pisces 14199:Konsul 14140:FNRS-3 14135:FNRS-2 14003:Impact 13860:Diving 13793:theory 13731:Diving 13682:Diving 12950:Reefs 12895:Caves 12002:Turkey 11866:(NAUI) 11842:(CDAA) 11833:diving 11811:(RAID) 11799:(PDIC) 11793:(PADI) 11781:(FIAS) 11775:(DSAT) 11769:(CMAS) 11763:(BSAC) 11757:(ANDI) 11731:(AAUS) 11699:(TSSF) 11663:(RAID) 11651:(PDIC) 11645:(PADI) 11633:(NAUI) 11627:(NASE) 11621:(TIDF) 11603:(IAHD) 11591:(FIAS) 11573:(CMAS) 11561:(BSAC) 11555:(ANMP) 11549:(ANDI) 11543:(ACUC) 11508:(CMAS) 11502:(AIDA) 11437:(ADAS) 11400:(NOAA) 11389:(IMCA) 11383:(IDSA) 11230:levels 11137:Skills 10522:diving 10450:diving 10128:Denise 9746:(NEDU) 9740:(UHMS) 9702:(EUBS) 9696:(EDTC) 9690:(DMAC) 9684:(DDRC) 9209:Oxygen 9100:Diving 9003:health 8953:safety 8652:Diving 8442:Diving 8283:(WKPP) 8277:(QRSS) 8271:(IAHD) 8253:(CMAS) 8235:(CDAA) 8229:(BSAC) 8081:QBS-06 7963:Tremie 7870:Diving 7795:Kronan 7425:MARCOS 7385:GRUMEC 7335:diving 7273:diving 6661:(CWTB) 6320:ABISMO 6286:SEALAB 5858:Suunto 5828:Nemrod 5803:Heinke 5702:Diving 5674:Hookah 5629:Salvus 5193:Safety 4786:Trimix 4776:Oxygen 4771:Nitrox 4766:Hydrox 4756:Heliox 3780: 3725: 3644: 3602:RANSUM 3359: 3329: 3062: 3029: 2990:2 July 2968:2 July 2943:2 July 2718:RANSUM 2691: 2666: 2601: 2591: 2450: 2208:Dräger 2184:nitrox 2081:sport 2026:Dräger 1972:oxygen 1935:diving 1900:sluice 1819:sponge 1803:France 1611:Safety 1471:oxygen 1465:. The 1450:oxygen 1363:mines. 1199:, and 1170:vacuum 952:navies 844:Valves 685:, and 681:Ca(OH) 491:100% O 402:level 333:(bar) 229:oxygen 122:oxygen 14666:Other 14405:ASRV 14349:MSM-1 14112:Alvin 14041:Other 11872:(TDI) 11860:(CDG) 11854:(GUE) 11848:(CDG) 11823:(TXR) 11817:(TSA) 11705:(UDI) 11693:(SSI) 11681:(SEI) 11675:(SDI) 11669:(SAA) 11639:(NOB) 11615:(ILS) 11597:(GUE) 11567:(CFT) 11530:scuba 11520:(SSI) 11453:(HSE) 11371:(EUF) 11226:scuba 11024:Diver 10708:death 10169:Diver 9887:sites 9678:(DAN) 9115:Cramp 8570:Panic 8247:(CFT) 8241:(CDG) 8217:Diver 7880:COMEX 7788:Egypt 7337:units 6708:(VWT) 6697:(STA) 6691:(NLT) 6685:(FIM) 6679:(DNF) 6673:(DYN) 6667:(CNF) 6655:(CWT) 6514:Sonar 5818:Mares 5783:Fenzy 5768:Divex 5758:DESCO 5753:Dacor 5718:Apeks 5684:Snuba 5599:LAR-V 5594:LAR-6 5589:LAR-5 5579:IDA71 5459:scuba 3970:NIOSH 3855:NIOSH 3193:–262. 3138:(PDF) 3027:JSTOR 2854:(PDF) 2552:(PDF) 2490:(PDF) 2340:IDA71 2206:used 2106:] 2005:) or 1811:Brest 1809:from 1491:IDA71 1479:Evans 1383:gaps. 1109:scuba 1026:+ 2CO 874:used. 820:, an 503:50% O 471:40% O 14386:Priz 14285:Nemo 14275:DSV 14267:DSV 14259:DSV 14251:DSV 14243:DSV 14185:JAGO 14110:DSV 11831:Cave 11514:(PI) 9902:USS 8807:Risk 7855:Vasa 7846:HMS 7838:USS 7825:Mars 7816:RMS 7605:work 6330:CURV 5634:Siva 5604:LARU 5559:DSEA 5554:CUMA 3824:(1). 3803:link 3778:PMID 3748:link 3723:PMID 3696:2017 3674:2016 3642:ISBN 3623:link 3508:2017 3481:2022 3446:2017 3390:2021 3357:ISBN 3338:2019 3327:PMID 3250:2013 3149:2022 3096:2008 3084:"15" 3060:ISBN 3038:2023 2992:2019 2970:2019 2945:2019 2923:link 2883:2013 2834:link 2739:link 2689:ISBN 2664:ISBN 2636:2022 2599:PMID 2448:ISBN 2416:SCBA 2309:SEFA 2298:mine 2225:and 2219:BSAC 2180:WWII 2097:and 2044:and 2009:(NaO 1463:1938 1353:SCBA 1160:and 1038:+ 3O 1030:= 2K 824:, a 730:+ 2H 603:Loop 595:are 500:3.00 488:2.80 468:2.40 452:2.20 443:NOAA 439:1.60 431:1.40 407:0.50 383:0.21 345:Coma 171:for 79:Uses 14344:LR7 14339:LR5 14222:Mir 10118:RV 9894:SS 9771:Law 7808:SS 7786:SS 7189:Ama 7092:Ama 6592:Ama 5619:Ray 3191:257 3019:doi 3015:109 2589:PMC 2581:doi 2368:. 1997:(Na 1561:EVA 1372:In 1191:of 702:+ H 252:at 250:air 14803:: 3822:32 3820:. 3799:}} 3795:{{ 3774:31 3772:. 3768:. 3756:^ 3744:}} 3740:{{ 3719:31 3717:. 3713:. 3664:. 3619:}} 3615:{{ 3600:. 3596:. 3574:^ 3560:. 3498:. 3471:. 3454:^ 3436:. 3406:. 3380:. 3323:78 3321:. 3317:. 3292:. 3267:. 3236:. 3211:. 3199:^ 3140:. 3104:^ 3086:. 3074:^ 3046:^ 3025:. 3013:. 3009:. 2961:. 2919:}} 2915:{{ 2900:. 2874:. 2862:^ 2830:}} 2826:{{ 2811:. 2747:^ 2735:}} 2731:{{ 2716:. 2712:. 2662:. 2627:. 2611:^ 2597:. 2587:. 2577:49 2575:. 2569:. 2531:^ 2499:^ 2430:^ 2248:. 2237:. 2104:it 2033:. 1965:CO 1941:. 1836:, 1599:, 1195:, 1164:– 1034:CO 816:A 738:CO 726:CO 718:CO 710:CO 652:. 398:PO 328:PO 308:. 235:. 219:. 203:a 195:. 133:. 108:A 99:, 95:, 12195:) 12134:) 4590:e 4583:t 4576:v 3887:e 3880:t 3873:v 3805:) 3791:. 3750:) 3736:. 3698:. 3676:. 3650:. 3625:) 3611:. 3546:. 3510:. 3483:. 3448:. 3421:. 3392:. 3365:. 3340:. 3302:. 3277:. 3252:. 3221:. 3151:. 3098:. 3068:. 3021:: 2994:. 2972:. 2947:. 2925:) 2911:. 2885:. 2836:) 2822:. 2796:. 2741:) 2727:. 2697:. 2672:. 2638:. 2605:. 2583:: 2456:. 2414:( 2375:) 2371:( 2286:. 2011:2 2003:2 2001:O 1999:2 1967:2 1888:2 1884:2 1551:. 1040:2 1036:3 1032:2 1028:2 1024:2 748:3 744:2 740:3 736:2 732:2 728:3 724:2 720:3 716:2 712:3 708:2 704:2 700:2 683:2 505:2 493:2 473:2 461:2 400:2 330:2 302:2 294:2 290:2 282:2 46:. 20:)

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