Diving rebreather - Knowledge

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recommended checks before use. This was considered successful and implemented on later generations in the Poseidon MK-VI and SE7EN rebreathers, and developed to include robust internal diagnostics for the core electronic components and software, and automatic calibration of the oxygen sensor cells at normobaric pressures. Failure to complete the full checklist results in a range of alarms if the user attempts to dive with the unit. While not entirely foolproof – Oxygen cells are not calibrated at hyperbaric working pressures – a number of safety critical errors will be picked up and the diver made aware of them. The software also logs the steps and data from the pre-dive check and this has been valuable for accident analysis. The pre-dive checks also take less time and require no paper or user logging effort. This system has been shown to reduce risk and has been adopted by several manufacturers.

2042:. Most of this reaction occurs along a "front" which is a region across the flow of gas through the soda-lime in the canister. This front moves through the scrubber canister, from the gas input end to the gas output end, as the reaction consumes the active ingredients. This front would be a zone with a thickness depending on the grain size, reactivity, and gas flow velocity because the carbon dioxide in the gas going through the canister needs time to reach the surface of a grain of absorbent, and then time to penetrate to the interior of each grain of absorbent as the outside of the grain becomes exhausted. Eventually gas with remaining carbon dioxide will reach the far end of the canister and "breakthrough" will occur. After this the carbon dioxide content of the scrubbed gas will tend to rise as the effectiveness of the scrubber falls until it becomes noticeable to the user, then unbreathable. 2951:

that cells with near identical output are functioning correctly. This voting logic requires a minimum of three cells, and reliability increases with number. To combine cell redundancy with monitoring circuit, control circuit and display redundancy, the cell signals should all be available to all monitoring and control circuits in normal conditions. This can be done by sharing signals at the analog or digital stage – the cell output voltage can be supplied to the input of all monitoring units, or the voltages of some cells can be supplied to each monitor, and the processed digital signals shared. The sharing of digital signals may allow easier isolation of defective components if short circuits occur. The minimum number of cells in this architecture is two per monitoring unit, with two monitoring units for redundancy, which is more than the minimum three for basic voting logic capability.

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helium. The helium helmet uses the same breastplate as a standard Mark V except that the locking mechanism is relocated to the front, there is no spitcock, there is an additional electrical connection for heated underwear, and on later versions a two or three-stage exhaust valve was fitted to reduce the risk of flooding the scrubber. The gas supply at the diver was controlled by two valves. The "Hoke valve" controlled flow through the injector to the "aspirator" which circulated gas from the helmet through the scrubber, and the main control valve used for bailout to open circuit, flushing the helmet, and for extra gas when working hard or descending. Flow rate of the injector nozzle was nominally 0.5 cubic foot per minute at 100 psi above ambient pressure, which would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber.

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after bailout, and a gas volume that does not vary excessively, so that buoyancy control is not unduly complicated. The bulk of the system must be manageable, and the bailout set mouthpiece must be easily accessible, but secure. Since bailout rebreathers are most likely to be used on dives with large decompression obligations, the switch to bailout must be accommodated by the decompression management system. If real-time monitoring of oxygen partial pressure is included in decompression computation, it must be possible to transfer this facility between units, without compromising their independence. Task-loading of the diver in managing the two loops must not be excessive, as the diver is recognised as the least reliable aspect of the operation, and may be under significant stress when bailout becomes necessary.

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calibrated for a linear response between these conditions and the response is extrapolated, for set points above 1 bar, which is standard practice, the control system must operate outside of the range for which response is known to be linear. One of the most common modes of failure is for a cell to become current-limited as it ages. The internal impedance changes as the anode is consumed by the reaction which produces the output current, and the response becomes non-linear at higher oxygen partial pressures. The signal may indicate a lower partial pressure and does not increase proportionately as oxygen is added, leading to a loop oxygen partial pressure that may increase to dangerous levels without warning. A way of validating the sensors at high partial pressures is to expose the sensor to higher PO

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depends on the discharge ratio, and to a lesser extent on the breathing rate and work rate of the diver. As some gas is recycled after breathing, the oxygen fraction will always be lower than that of the make-up gas, but can closely approximate the make-up gas after a loop flush, so the gas is generally chosen to be breathable at maximum depth, which allows it to be used for open circuit bailout. The loop gas oxygen fraction will increase with depth, as the mass rate of metabolic oxygen use remains almost constant with a change in depth. This is the opposite tendency of what is done in a closed circuit rebreather, where the oxygen partial pressure is controlled to be more or less the same within limits throughout the dive. The fixed ratio system has been used in the

442: 1050: 1311:. This is easily achieved by using a sonic orifice, as provided the pressure drop over the orifice is sufficient to ensure sonic flow, the mass flow for a specific gas will be independent of the downstream pressure. The mass flow through a sonic orifice is a function of the upstream pressure and the gas mixture, so the upstream pressure must remain constant for the working depth range of the rebreather to provide a reliably predictable mixture in the breathing circuit, and a modified regulator is used which is not affected by changes in ambient pressure. Gas addition is independent of oxygen use, and the gas fraction in the loop is strongly dependent on exertion of the diver – it is possible to dangerously deplete the oxygen by excessive physical exertion. 3159:

scrubber, and this relatively active zone progresses through the canister as the zone first reached by the gas is exhausted, and more reaction occurs further along. This reaction front is at a higher temperature than the spent absorbent, and the absorbent not yet exposed to high carbon dioxide levels, and the front progresses along the scrubber until part of it reaches the end of the absorbent, and unscrubbed gas breaks through to the other side of the loop, after which there is a fairly constant and irreversible increase in inspired carbon dioxide. Some rebreather manufacturers have developed linear temperature probes which identify the position of the reactive front, allowing the user to estimate the remaining duration of the canister.

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as for any other component. The weakest point is the sensors, which are prone to several modes of failure, some of which are relatively insidious as the cell may pass a normobaric calibration and fail when the partial pressure is near the high end of the acceptable working range, which is also the range in which constant partial pressure diving has the maximum benefit. When it has been possible to infer the cause, the leading cause of rebreather fatalities is hypoxia, at approximately 17%, with hyperoxia assumed in an additional 4% of cases. If these trends extend into the range of indeterminate cases, it is possible that inappropriate oxygen content is involved in 30% of rebreather fatalities.

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pattern of response this is a warning that both may be defective. Algorithms that track sensor output against expected output taking known changes into account can indicate reliability of the sensors. This method of monitoring sensors is known as passive sensor validation (PSV), can be used to improve reliability of sensor integrity assessment, and can be used in the control system to make more reliable decisions on which sensors are most likely to be giving trustworthy output in comparison with voting logic based only on calibration values for the sensors. PSV is an improvement on simple voting logic but is still susceptible to errors related to statistical independence of components.

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rapid, but depends on the affordable availability of suitable technology, and some of the engineering problems, such as reliability of oxygen partial pressure measurement, have been relatively intractable. Other problems, such as scrubber breakthrough monitoring and automated control of gas mixture have advanced considerably in the 21st century, but remain relatively expensive. Work of breathing is another issue that has room for improvement, and is a severe limitation on acceptable maximum depth of operation, as the circulation of gas through the scrubber is almost always powered by the lungs of the diver. Fault tolerant design can help with making failures survivable.

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through at a rate forced by inhalation rate. If it is an inhalation counterlung, the diver must blow gas through the scrubber during exhalation, but inhales from the full inhalation counterlung, with no further flow through the scrubber. IIf it is between split scrubbers the diver must blow the gas through the exhalation scrubber during exhalation, and suck it through the inhalation scrubber. In all these cases there is no buffer, and peak flow rates are relatively high, which means peak flow resistance is relatively high and may be in one half of the breathing cycle or split between both halves, analogous to the pendulum configuration, but without the large dead space.

3748: 1029: 842:. Since there is usually an adequate power supply for other services, powered circulation through the scrubber should not normally be an issue for normal service, and is more comfortable for the operator, as it keeps the face area clear and facilitates voice communication. As the internal pressure is maintained at one atmosphere, there is no risk of acute oxygen toxicity. Endurance depends on the scrubber capacity and oxygen supply. Circulation through the scrubber could be powered by the diver's breathing, and this is an option for an emergency backup rebreather, which may also be fitted to the suit. A breathing driven system requires reduction of 2853:. Two basic approaches for preventing loss of availability are possible. Either a redundant independent control system may be used, or the risk of the single system failing may be accepted, and the diver takes the responsibility for manual gas mixture control in the event of failure. Both methods depend on continued reliable oxygen monitoring. Most (possibly all) electronically controlled CCRs have manual injection override. If the electronic injection fails, the user can take manual control of the gas mixture provided that the oxygen monitoring is still reliably functioning. Alarms are usually provided to warn the diver of failure. 2721:

dive/surface valve or switching to bailout. This can happen due to accidental impact or through momentary inattention. Depending on the layout of the loop and the attitude of the rebreather in the water, the amount of water ingress can vary, as can the distance it travels into the air passages of the breathing loop. In some models of rebreather a moderate amount of water will be trapped at a low point in a counterlung or the scrubber housing, and prevented from reaching the absorbent in the scrubber. Some rebreathers have a system to expel water trapped in this way, either automatically through the vent valve, such as in the

3784: 2107:). The sorb reaction releases heat, and cold water surroundings absorb heat through the canister walls, so the reaction front moves from the inlet end to outlet end, heating the sorb, and the heat is lost through the walls, which are around the sides in axial flow canisters. Carbon dioxide gets further through the colder parts of the sorb before it is absorbed, so tends to break through along the walls first. Breakthrough occurs in practice at about 50% of the theoretical canister endurance in 1.7°C water. This effect can be reduced by insulating the canister walls where they are in contact with absorbent material 1064:

large bailout cylinder side mounted on the other side. Sidemount rebreathers are sensitive to diver orientation, which can change hydrostatic work of breathing over a larger range than for back or chest mount, and the resisistive work of breathing is also relatively large due to the long breathing hoses and multiple bends necessary to fit the components into a long narrow format. As of 2019, no sidemount rebreather had passed the CE test for work of breathing. Sidemount rebreathers may also be more susceptible to major loop flooding due to lack of a convenient exhalation counterlung position to form a water trap.

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logic normally assumes that if one sensor produces a reading significantly differing from two or more others when exposed to the same environment, the outlier is faulty, and the input of the others is assumed accurate. Unfortunately this is not always the case, and there have been cases where the outlier sensor was most correct. It has been shown that the reliability of this system is lower than originally expected due to a lack of sufficient statistical independence of the three sensors, and that outcomes are not symmetrical – the effects of faulty low or high partial pressure readings are also depth dependent.

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function of molecular weight and pressure. Rebreather design can limit the mechanical aspects of flow resistance, particularly by the design of the scrubber, counterlungs and breathing hoses. Diving rebreathers are influenced by the variations of work of breathing due to gas mixture choice and depth. Helium content reduces work of breathing, and increased depth increases work of breathing. Work of breathing can also be increased by excessive wetness of the scrubber media, usually a consequence of a leak in the breathing loop, or by using a grain size of absorbent that is too small.

1870:(MRS) is an item of safety equipment which is a mandatory design feature for rebreathers sold in the EU and UK, following European rebreather standard EN14143:2013. Mouthpiece retaining straps have been shown in navy experience over several years to be effective at protecting the airway in an unconscious rebreather diver as an alternative to a full-face mask. The arrangement is required to be adjustable or self adjusting, to hold the mouthpiece firmly and comfortably in the user's mouth, and to maintain a seal. The MRS also reduces stress on the jaw during the dive. 2134: 2001: 1993: 838:

then have to be exhausted back to the surface to maintain internal pressure below the external ambient pressure, which is possible but presents pressure-hull breach hazards if the umbilical hoses are damaged, or from a rebreather system built into the suit. As there is a similar problem in venting excess gas, the simple and efficient solution is to make up oxygen as it is consumed and scrub out the carbon dioxide, with no change to the inert gas component, which simply recirculates. In effect, a simple closed circuit oxygen rebreather arrangement used as a

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followed the setting of the nitrogen release pressure from the cooling unit, and the refrigeration by evaporation of liquid nitrogen maintained a steady temperature until the liquid nitrogen was exhausted. The loop gas flow was passed through a counterflow heat exchanger, which re-heated the gas returning to the diver by chilling the gas headed for the snow box (the cryogenic scrubber). The first prototype, the S-600G, was completed and shallow-water tested in October 1967. The S1000 was announced in 1969, but the systems were never marketed.

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intrinsically higher risk of mechanical failure due to high complexity can be compensated by engineering redundancy, both of the control system and bailout gas supply, and appropriate training. The design of the human–machine interface (HMI) can be improved to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and error, and training can focus on correct interpretation of the information and appropriate response. The HMI usually has two main components, displays and alarms, and many of the alarms are associated with specific visual information.

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rebreather ready for use. Bailout gas supply must be sufficient for safe return to the surface from any point in the planned dive, including any required decompression, so it is not unusual for two bailout cylinders to be carried, and the diluent cylinder to be used as the first bailout to get to a depth where the other gas can be used. On a deep dive, or a long penetration, open circuit bailout can easily be heavier and more bulky than the rebreather, and for some dives a bailout rebreather is a more practical option.

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allowing an immediate ascent at any point of the planned dive without undue risk of developing symptomatic decompression sickness. This limitation reduces the necessity to carry offboard bailout gas, and the need for the skills to bail out with a staged decompression obligation. This class of rebreather diving provides an opportunity to sell training and certification which omits a large part of the more complex and difficult skills, and reduces the amount of equipment that the diver needs to carry.

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a large standard deviation, where the smaller granules occupy much of the space between the larger granules. A low porosity requires higher flow velocity for the same volume flow rate in the same scrubber canister. High flow rate produces high frictional resistance and low residence time (dwell time). The high resistance causes high work of breathing, and the low residence time makes breakthrough of carbon dioxide from the far side of the sorb occur sooner, i.e; shorter canister duration.

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breathing at depth can be a constraint, as there is a point where the breathing effort required to counter metabolic carbon dioxide production rate exceeds the work capacity of the diver, after which hypercapnia increases and distress followed by loss of consciousness and death is inevitable. Work of breathing is affected by gas density, so use of a low density helium rich diluent can increase depth range at acceptable work of breathing for a given configuration. WoB is also increased by

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works well enough until it doesn't, often without warning, which can have serious consequences. A more sophisticated method is to base absorbent duration limits on metabolic oxygen consumption, as a proxy for metabolic carbon dioxide production, which is reasonably stable for most people most of the time, and can compensate fairly well for variations in exertion and base metabolism, but does not compensate reliably for depth and pressure effects on absorbent function.

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approximately constant and reduce gas consumption. A fully depth compensated system will discharge a volume of gas, inversely proportional to pressure, so that the volume discharged at 90m depth (10 bar absolute pressure) will be 10% of the surface discharge. This system will provide an approximately fixed oxygen fraction regardless of depth, when used with the same make-up gas, because the effective mass discharge remains constant.

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absorbent material, incorrectly designed or assembled canisters, mismatch of absorbent and canister design, or absorbent used beyond its operational range. Higher carbon dioxide partial pressure in the loop leads to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissue, which can have a range of symptoms including respiratory distress, increased susceptibility to CNS oxygen toxicity, disorientation, and loss of consciousness.

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and by venting the loop. In this application the diver needs to know the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop and correct it as it drifts away from the set point. A common method for increasing the time between corrections is to use a constant mass flow orifice set to the diver's relaxed diving metabolic oxygen consumption rate to add oxygen at a rate that is unlikely to increase the partial pressure at a constant depth.

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except changing to another breathing gas supply until the scrubber can be repacked. Continued use of a rebreather with an ineffective scrubber is not possible for very long, as the levels will become toxic and the user will experience extreme respiratory distress, followed by loss of consciousness and death. The rate at which these problems develop depends on the volume of the circuit and the metabolic rate of the user.

2695:, or spacers that prevent bypassing of the scrubber, are not present or not fitted properly, or if the scrubber canister has been incorrectly packed or fitted, it may allow the exhaled gas to bypass the absorbent, and the scrubber will be less effective. This failure mode is also called "tunneling" when absorbent settles to form void spaces inside the canister. Bypass will cause an unexpected early breakthrough. 16805: 6621: 5936: 2116:

simple overpressure valve is reliable and can be adjusted to control the permitted overpressure. The overpressure valve is typically mounted on the counterlung and in military diving rebreathers it may be fitted with a diffuser, which helps to conceal the diver's presence by masking the release of bubbles, by breaking them up to sizes which are less easily detected. A diffuser also reduces bubble noise.

3142:, and if it fails, the set point can be automatically reduced to within the linear range established during calibration. A single sensor with PSV and ASV has been shown to be more reliable than three sensors with conventional voting logic. The effectiveness of cell validation algorithms is expected to improve with the acquisition of more field data gathered by the rebreather control systems. 2077:, which has the scrubbers mounted in parallel (for some applications one of them may be filled with a superoxide type absorbent, which generates oxygen to replace the carbon dioxide) and the KISS Sidewinder, which has the scrubbers in series, with a single back mounted counterlung between the scrubbers so that transverse buoyancy shifts do not occur during the breathing cycle. 2492:

only applicable to diving applications, and is due to difference in pressure between the lungs of the diver and the counterlungs of the rebreather. This pressure difference is generally due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure caused by a difference in depth between lung and counterlung, but can be modified by ballasting the moving side of a bellows counterlung.

2027:(RPC) based cartridge: The term Reactive Plastic Curtain was originally used to describe Micropore's absorbent curtains for emergency submarine use by the US Navy, and more recently RPC has been used to refer to their Reactive Plastic Cartridges, which are claimed to provide better and more reliable performance than the same volume of granular absorbent material. 2927:

inefficient for decompression, and not entirely predictable for gas composition in comparison with a precisely controlled closed circuit rebreather. Monitoring the gas composition in the breathing loop can only be done by electrical sensors, bringing the underwater reliability of the electronic sensing system into the safety critical component category.

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partial pressure of oxygen was controlled by temperature, which was controlled by controlling the pressure at which liquid nitrogen was allowed to boil, which was controlled by an adjustable pressure relief valve. No control valves other than the nitrogen pressure relief valve were required. Low temperature was also used to freeze out up to 230 grams of

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the control signal. The inputs include signals from one or more of pressure, oxygen and temperature sensors, a clock, and possibly helium and carbon dioxide sensors. There is also a battery power source, and a user interface in the form of a visual display, user input interface in the form of button switches, and possibly audio and vibratory alarms.

235:. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet has a scrubber canister mounted on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve helium. The injector nozzle would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber. 2857:

usually chosen to be breathable at all or most depths of the planned dive, this is not usually immediately dangerous, but a free flow will use up the diluent rapidly and unless rectified soon the diver will have to abort the dive and bail out. There may be a manual diluent valve which the diver can use to add gas if the valve fails closed.

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per hour of dive time, and by 1997 the Cis-Lunar Mk-5P was logging over a thousand points per hour. By 2007 the Poseidon MK-VI Discovery was logging between 15,000 and 25,000 points per hour, and in 2016 the Poseidon SE7EN recorded more than double that quantity, in alignment with the recommendations of Rebreather Forum 3, which states:

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particular problem, with predictably serious consequences, so the use of multiple redundancy in oxygen partial pressure monitoring has been an important area of development for improving reliability. A problem in this regard is the cost and relatively short lifespan of oxygen sensors, along with their relatively unpredictable

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decompression status calculation and the user interface of status and information display and user inputs. It is possible to separate the user interface hardware from the control and monitoring unit, in a way that allows the control system to continue to operate if the relatively vulnerable user interface is compromised.

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outside environment, and thus the gas from the inner bellows is dumped from the circuit in a fixed proportion of the volume of the inhaled breath. If the counterlung volume is reduced sufficiently for the rigid cover to activate the feed gas demand valve, gas will be added until the diver finishes that inhalation.

1380:. The principle of operation is to add a mass of oxygen that is proportional to the volume of each breath. This approach is based on the assumption that the volumetric breathing rate of a diver is directly proportional to metabolic oxygen consumption, which experimental evidence indicates is close enough to work. 1824:. The mouthpiece is connected to the rest of the rebreather by flexible breathing hoses. The mouthpiece of a diving rebreather will usually include a shutoff valve, and may incorporate a dive/surface valve or a bailout valve or both. On loop-configured rebreathers, the mouthpiece is usually the place where the 1384:

bellows fills during exhalation, the gas is released from the dosage chamber into the breathing circuit, proportional to the volume in the bellows during exhalation, and is fully released when the bellows is full. Excess gas is dumped to the environment through the overpressure valve after the bellows is full.

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deal with the complications of avoiding hyperbaric oxygen toxicity, while normobaric and hypobaric applications can use the relatively trivially simple oxygen rebreather technology, where there is no requirement to monitor oxygen partial pressure during use providing the ambient pressure is sufficient.

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The control systems of electronic rebreathers have continued to increase in processing and storage capacity, and in parallel, their capacity for capturing data at increased granularity and precision has increased. In 1994 the Cis-Lunar Mk-IV data logging system recorded data at several hundred points

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Dive planning and scheduled replacement. Divers are trained to monitor and plan the exposure time of the absorbent material in the scrubber and replace it within the recommended time limit. This method is necessarily very conservative, as actual carbon dioxide produced during a dive is not accurately

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Automatic diluent valve malfunction:– The ADV is the same technology as an open circuit demand valve, and as such is generally very reliable if maintained correctly. Two failure modes are possible, Free flow, where the valve sticks open, and the less likely failure of the valve to open. As diluent is

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Injector control circuit malfunction:– If the control circuit for oxygen injection fails, the usual mode of failure results in the oxygen injection valves being closed. Unless action is taken, the breathing gas will become hypoxic with potentially fatal consequences. An alternative mode of failure is

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There are several places on a rebreather where gas leakage can cause problems. Leakage can occur from the high and intermediate pressure components, and from the loop, at pressure slightly above ambient. The effects on system integrity depend on severity of the leak. If only small volumes of gas are

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Constant mass flow is achieved by sonic flow through an orifice. The flow of a compressible fluid through an orifice is limited to the flow at sonic velocity in the orifice. This can be controlled by the upstream pressure and the orifice size and shape, but once the flow reached the speed of sound in

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pumps to remove water from the water traps, and a few of the passive addition SCRs automatically pump water out along with the gas during the exhaust stroke of the bellows counterlung. Others use internal pressure to expel water through the manually overridden dump valve when it is in a low position.

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Some simple oxygen rebreathers had no automatic supply system, only the manual feed valve, and the diver had to operate the valve at intervals to refill the breathing bag as the volume of oxygen decreased below a comfortable level. This is task loading, but the diver cannot remain unaware of the need

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Others, such as the USN Mk25 UBA, are supplied automatically via a demand valve on the counterlung, which will add gas at any time that the counterlung is emptied and the diver continues to inhale. Oxygen can also be added manually by a button which activates the demand valve, equivalent to the purge

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counterlungs, where the exhaled gas expands both the counterlungs, and while the larger volume outer bellows discharges back to the loop when the diver inhales the next breath, the inner bellows discharges its contents to the surroundings, using non return valves to ensure a one-directional flow. The

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Sidemount allows a low profile to penetrate tight restrictions in cave and wreck diving, and is convenient for carrying a bailout rebreather. A sidemount rebreather as the main breathing apparatus can be mounted on one side of the diver's body and can be balanced weight-wise and hydrodynamically by a

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Many rebreathers have their main components in a hard casing for support, protection and/or streamlining. This casing must be sufficiently vented and drained to let surrounding water or air in and out freely to allow for volume changes as the counterlung inflates and deflates, and to prevent trapping

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A twin counterlung rebreather has two breathing bags, so the exhaled gas inflates the exhalation counterlung while starting to pass through the scrubber and starting to inflate the inhalation counterlung. By the time the diver starts to inhale, the inhalation counterlung has built up a volume buffer,

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Some recreational diver certification agencies distinguish a class of rebreather which they deem suitable for recreational diving. These rebreathers are unsuitable for decompression diving, and when electronically controlled, will not allow the diver to do dives with obligatory decompression, thereby

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when inhaled at pressure, recreational diver certification agencies limit oxygen decompression to a maximum depth of 6 metres (20 ft) and this restriction has been extended to oxygen rebreathers; In the past they have been used deeper (up to 20 metres (66 ft)) but such dives were more risky

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One of the main design challenges in developing a closed circuit bailout system for rebreathers is to maintain the bailout set in a condition ready for use at all depths. This implies breathable gas for the depth, though not necessarily optimised, as the mix can be brought to set point quite rabidly

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A trend in rebreather displays that is predicted to become more widespread, is the use of advanced head-up displays, which can provide a wider range of information by using an array of coloured lights or more complex graphical or alphanumeric displays that remain peripherally visible to the diver at

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An effective display ensures that the user gets the information they need when they need it, and the information they want when they want it, in a form that is immediately recognised and unambiguously understood. When too much information is presented at a time of stress, the user may be confused or

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Research and development of carbon dioxide sensors goes back at least as far as the early 1990s when Teledyne Analytical Instruments and Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories worked on a sensor for the Cis-Lunar MK-III rebreather, which was accurate in laboratory conditions but in the field susceptible

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Accurate and reliable oxygen partial pressure measurement is one of the most problematic factors in rebreather diving safety. Control systems using this data have developed to the extent that they are robust and reliable, and the use of an independent backup improves the reliability to about as good

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The term "breakthrough" means the failure of the scrubber to continue removing sufficient carbon dioxide from the gas circulating in the loop. This will inevitably happen if the scrubber is used too long, but can happen prematurely in some circumstances. There are several ways that the scrubber may

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Carbon dioxide buildup will occur if the scrubber medium is absent, badly packed, inadequate or exhausted. The normal human body is fairly sensitive to carbon dioxide partial pressure, and a buildup will be noticed by the user. However, there is not often much that can be done to rectify the problem

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Work of breathing of a rebreather has two main components: Resistive work of breathing is due to the flow restriction of the gas passages causing resistance to flow of the breathing gas, and exists in all applications where there is no externally powered ventilation. Hydrostatic work of breathing is

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Instrumentation may vary from the minimal depth, time and remaining gas pressure necessary for a closed circuit oxygen rebreather or semi-closed nitrox rebreather to redundant electronic controllers with multiple oxygen sensors, redundant integrated decompression computers, carbon dioxide monitoring

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In manually controlled closed circuit rebreathers (MCCCR), also known as diver-controlled closed-circuit rebreathers (DCCCR), the diver monitors the loop mix using one or more oxygen sensors, and controls the gas mixture and volume in the loop by injecting the appropriate available gases to the loop

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Constant mass flow gas addition is used on active addition semi-closed rebreathers, where it is the normal method of addition at constant depth, and in many closed circuit rebreathers, where it is the primary method of oxygen addition, at a rate less than metabolically required by the diver at rest,

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This has a similar function to an open circuit demand valve., and in many cases uses the mechanism from a commonly available open circuit demand valve. It adds gas to the circuit if the volume in the circuit is too low. The mechanism is either operated by a dedicated diaphragm like in a scuba second

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The distribution of grain sizes of the sorb affects the porosity of the packed canister. a wider distribution of grain size gives a low porosity. Porosity ranges from about 32% for uniformly sized (well sorted) approximately spherical grains down to less than 12% for a poorly sorted grain sizes with

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In rebreather diving, the typical effective endurance of the scrubber will be half an hour to several hours of breathing, depending on the grain size distribution and composition of the absorbent, the ambient temperature, the size of the canister, the dwell time of the gas in the absorbent material,

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In fully automatic closed-circuit systems, an electronically controlled solenoid valve injects oxygen into the loop when the control system detects that the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop has fallen below the required level. Electronically controlled CCRs can be switched to manual control in

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Military, photographic, and recreational divers use closed circuit rebreathers because they allow long dives and produce no bubbles. Closed circuit rebreathers supply two breathing gases to the loop: one is pure oxygen and the other is a diluent or diluting gas such as air, nitrox, heliox or trimix.

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All rebreathers other than oxygen rebreathers may be considered mixed gas rebreathers. These can be divided into semi-closed circuit, where the supply gas is a breathable mixture containing oxygen and inert diluents, usually nitrogen and helium, and which is replenished by adding more of the mixture

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A single counterlung in a loop rebreather can be an exhalation or inhalation counterlung, or fitted between split scrubber canisters. If it is an exhalation counterlung it is inflated on exhalation, but no gas flows through the scrubber until inhalation starts, at which point the diver sucks the gas

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content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the diver. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of

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A major logistical problem for long and deep rebreather dives is the volume of bailout equipment that must be carried to allow a safe return to the surface from any point of the dive after irrecoverable failure of the primary system. The open circuit option can become extremely bulky and awkward to

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A challenge of designing effective alarms is to ensure that the diver is not distracted by irrelevant information and that they are not triggered too easily, which habituates the diver to paying less attention, and while possibly fulfilling legal requirements regarding warnings and alarms, may make

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of the injected gas, ambient temperature, duration of gas injection, and calibration values for the sensor for that dive to predict how the sensor should respond over the next few seconds after each gas injection, and compares that with the measured results to produce a confidence level for correct

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The standard method for improving reliability of oxygen monitoring has been multiple redundancy – the use of 3 or more sensors – and using the multiple data inputs with a voting logic system to try to identify failure of a sensor in time to make a controlled and safe termination of the dive. Voting

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Multiple set-points automatically selected by depth – Electronic rebreather control systems can be programmed to change set-point above and below selectable limiting depths to limit oxygen exposure during the working dive, but increase the limit during decompression above the limiting depth to

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An electronically controlled rebreather is a complex system. The control unit receives input from several sensors, evaluates the data, calculates the appropriate next action or actions, updates the system status and displays, and performs the actions, in some cases using real-time feedback to adapt

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While carbon dioxide gas sensors exist, they are not useful as a tool for predicting remaining scrubber endurance as they measure the carbon dioxide in the scrubbed gas, and the onset of scrubber break through generally occurs quite rapidly. Such systems are fitted as a safety device to warn divers

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exceeds the capacity of the user. If this occurs where the user cannot reduce exertion sufficiently, it may be impossible to correct. In this case it is not the scrubber that fails to remove carbon dioxide, but the inability of the diver to circulate gas efficiently through the scrubber against the

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Voting logic error Where there are three of more oxygen cells, in the system, the voting logic will assume that the two with most similar outputs are correct. This may not be the case – there have been cases where two cells with almost identical history have failed in the same way at the same time,

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Resistive work of breathing is the sum of all the restrictions to flow due to bends, corrugations, changes of flow direction, valve cracking pressures, flow through scrubber media, etc., and the resistance to flow of the gas, due to inertia and viscosity, which are influenced by density, which is a

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If a rebreather alarm goes off there is a high probability that the gas mixture is deviating from the set mixture. There is a high risk that the gas in the rebreather loop will soon be unsuitable to support consciousness. A good general response is to add diluent gas to the loop as this is known to

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The volume in the loop is usually controlled by a pressure or volume triggered automatic diluent valve, and an overpressure relief valve. The automatic diluent valve works on the same principle as a demand valve to add diluent when the pressure in the loop is reduced below ambient pressure, such as

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If not enough oxygen is added, the concentration of oxygen in the loop may be too low to support life. In humans, the urge to breathe is normally caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, rather than lack of oxygen. Hypoxia can cause blackout with little or no warning, followed by death.

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The fixed ratio systems usually discharge between 10% (1/10) and 25% (1/4) of the volume of each breath overboard. As a result, gas endurance is from 10 times to four times that of open circuit, and depends on breathing rate and depth in the same way as for open circuit. Oxygen fraction in the loop

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Rebreathers can be primarily categorised as diving rebreathers, intended for hyperbaric use, and other rebreathers used at pressures from slightly more than normal atmospheric pressure at sea level to significantly lower ambient pressure at high altitudes and in space. Diving rebreathers must often

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Although there are several design variations of diving rebreather, all types have a gas-tight reservoir to contain the breathing gas at ambient pressure that the diver inhales from and exhales into. The breathing gas reservoir consists of several components connected together by water- and airtight

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The widest variety of rebreather types is used in diving, as the physical and physiological consequences of breathing under pressure complicate the requirements, and a large range of engineering options are available depending on the specific application and available budget. A diving rebreather is

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Data logged from rebreather dives is useful for accident analysis, testing and development of rebreathers, and for diver educational purposes. Dive profile logging by integrated decompression computers is also of value for research into effectiveness of decompression schedules. Aggregation of such

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Most rebreather designs have relied on very conservative time-based limits for absorbent duration based on experimental testing, using cold conditions and high workloads and high depth pressures. The usually unnecessarily high conservatism encourages divers to stretch the absorbent duration, which

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If a sensor gives relatively static output with little response to variations in depth and temperature, and changes in gas composition due to use, gas addition, incomplete mixing or loop turbulence, it is likely that the sensor may not be responding correctly, and when two sensors follow a similar

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and skin. The mixture is generally a liquid or watery slurry with a chalky and bitter taste, which should prompt the diver to switch to an alternative source of breathing gas and immediately rinse their mouth out well with water. Some modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce

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There are safety issues specific to rebreather equipment, and these tend to be more severe in diving rebreathers. Methods of addressing these issues can be categorised as engineering and operational approaches. Development of engineering solutions to these issues is ongoing and has been relatively

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On some technical diving rebreathers it is possible to connect an alternative gas supply into the rebreather, usually using a wet quick-connect system. This is usually a feature of bailout rebreathers and other side-mounted rebreathers, where the rebreather unit is intentionally kept as compact as

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Many rebreathers have "water traps" in the counterlungs or scrubber casing, to stop large volumes of water from entering the scrubber media if the diver removes the mouthpiece underwater without closing the valve, or if the diver's lips get slack and let water leak in. Some rebreathers have manual

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The scrubber gas flow path may be axial, where the gas flows in at one end and out at the other, or radial, where the gas flows from the centre of the scrubber to the periphery (usually) or vice versa. The flow path should be of consistent length to minimise early breakthrough of some parts of the

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The exhaled gas expands the counterlungs, and some of it flows into the inner bellows. On inhalation, the diver only breathes from the outer counterlung – return flow from the inner bellows is blocked by a non-return valve. The inner bellows also connects to another non-return valve opening to the

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when breathing. This lets the loop expand and contract when the user breathes, letting the total volume of gas in the lungs and the loop remain constant throughout the breathing cycle. The volume of the counterlung should allow for the maximum likely breath volume of a user, but does not generally

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A liquid oxygen supply can be used for oxygen or mixed gas rebreathers. If used underwater, the liquid-oxygen container must be well insulated against heat transfer from the water. Industrial sets of this type may not be suitable for diving, and diving sets of this type may not be suitable for use

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of Lübeck introduced a version of standard diving dress using a gas supply from an oxygen rebreather and no surface supply. The system used a copper diving helmet and standard heavy diving suit with a back-mounted set of cylinders and scrubber. The breathing gas was circulated by using an injector

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The depth compensating systems discharge a portion of the diver's tidal volume which varies in inverse proportion to the absolute pressure. At the surface they generally discharge between 20% (1/5) and 33% (1/3) of each breath, but that decreases with depth, to keep the oxygen fraction in the loop

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This type of rebreather works on the principle of adding fresh gas to compensate for reduced volume in the breathing circuit. A portion of the respired gas is discharged that is in some way proportional to oxygen consumption. Generally it is a fixed volumetric fraction of the respiratory flow, but

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By adding sufficient oxygen to compensate for the metabolic usage, removing the carbon dioxide, and rebreathing the gas, most of the volume is conserved. There will still be minor losses when gas must be vented as it expands during ascent, and additional gas will be needed to make up volume as the

257:

The first attempts at making practical rebreathers were simple oxygen rebreathers, when advances in industrial metalworking made high-pressure gas storage cylinders possible. From 1878 on they were used for work in unbreathable atmospheres in industry and firefighting, at high altitude, for escape

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rebreather for intensive shallow water work and clandestine special forces operations made by AquaLung, which has been used in France since October 2002. The unit can be worn on the chest, or with an adaptor frame, on the back. The scrubber has an endurance of about 4 hours at 4°C and respiratory

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A more direct and empirical approach is to take advantage of the production of heat and rise in temperature of the active zone of the absorbent in the scrubber. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by the first zone of relatively unused absorbent that it reaches as the breathing gas passes through the

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This type of sensor validation test can identify several modes of failure by the ways the measured values deviate from expected values with variations of calculated partial pressure of the test gas, and is capable of detecting failures due to incorrect temperature readings, incorrect input of the

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Early work on design of an automatic sensor validation system, in which the rebreather control system would periodically inject gas of known composition onto the oxygen sensors during the dive and use the output to determine the viability of the sensor response with greater precision and accuracy

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To automatically detect and identify oxygen sensor malfunction, either the sensors must be calibrated with a known gas, which is very inconvenient at most times during a dive, but is possible as an occasional test when a fault is suspected, or several cells can be compared and the assumption made

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There are no formal statistics on underwater electronics failure rates, but it is likely that human error is more frequent than the error rate of electronic dive computers, which are the basic component of rebreather control electronics, which process information from multiple sources and have an

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Carbon dioxide absorbent when mixed with water from a leak, can produce a caustic cocktail. The excessive wetting of the sorb also reduces the rate of carbon dioxide removal and can cause premature breakthrough even if no caustic liquid reaches the diver. Work of breathing may also increase. Many

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Bypassing the absorbent. The absorbent granules must be packed closely so that all exhaled gas comes into contact with the surface of soda lime and the canister is designed to avoid any spaces or gaps between the absorbent granules or between the granules and the canister walls that would let gas

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During ascent the gas in the breathing circuit will expand, and must have some way of escape before the pressure difference causes injury to the diver or damage to the loop. The simplest way to do this is for the diver to allow excess gas to escape around the mouthpiece or through the nose, but a

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could be set to anything from 0.2 to 2 bars (3 to 30 psi) without electronics, by controlling the temperature of the liquid oxygen, thus controlling the equilibrium pressure of oxygen gas above the liquid. The diluent could be either nitrogen or helium depending on the depth of the dive. The

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at a time. The gas is injected into the loop at a constant rate to replenish oxygen consumed from the loop by the diver. Excess gas must be constantly vented from the loop in small volumes to make space for fresh, oxygen-rich gas. As the oxygen in the vented gas cannot be separated from the inert

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The components may be mounted on a frame or inside a casing to hold them together. Sometimes the structure of the scrubber canister forms part of the framework, particularly in side-mount configuration. Position of most parts is not critical to function, but the counterlungs must be positioned so

837:

An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-man articulated submersible of roughly anthropomorphic form, with limb joints which allow articulation under external pressure while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. Breathing gas supply could be surface supplied by umbilical, but would

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The user interface of the rebreather control system is where information is exchanged between the diver and the electronic control system, and is an area with several possibilities for errors, both of user input and data interpretation, some of which could have serious or fatal consequences. The

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None of these methods can detect canister bypass and they have little ability to identify completely spent absorbent, channeling, badly packed, or inappropriate absorbent material, but this can be done by a direct measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the inhalation side of the loop.

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The three aspects of a fault tolerant rebreather are hardware redundancy, robust software and a fault detection system. The software is complex and comprises several modules with their own tasks, such as oxygen partial pressure measurement, ambient pressure measurement, Oxygen injection control,

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The purely mechanical components are relatively robust and reliable and tend to degrade non-catastrophically, and are bulky and heavy, so the electronic sensors and control systems have been the components where improved fault tolerance has generally been sought. Oxygen cell failures have been a

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In a minimal eCCR the system is very vulnerable. A single critical fault can necessitate manual procedures for fault recovery or the need to bail out to an alternative breathing gas supply. Some faults may have fatal consequences if not noticed and managed very quickly. Critical failures include

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had a red indicator dye, which was said to go white when the absorbent was exhausted. With a transparent canister, this may show the position of the reaction front. This is useful where the canister is visible to the user, which is seldom possible on diving equipment, where the canister is often

2252:

In passive addition semi-closed rebreathers, gas is usually added by a demand type valve actuated by the bellows counterlung when the bellows is empty. This is the same actuation condition as the automatic diluent valve of any rebreather, but the actual trigger mechanism is slightly different. A

1071:

The KISS Sidewinder is a sidemount MCCR that reduces this problem by mounting the two relatively small scrubber canisters on both sides of the diver, connected by a single 8-litre counterlung, across the diver's back, and is worn with a regular sidemount harness. This configuration is claimed to

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The loop configuration uses a one directional circulation of the breathing gas which on exhalation leaves the mouthpiece, passes through a non-return valve into the exhalation hose, and then through the counterlung and scrubber, to return to the mouthpiece through the inhalation hose and another

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with a shut-off valve, the dive/surface valve, which is closed when the diver is not breathing from the unit to prevent flooding if the set is in the water. This is connected to one or two breathing hoses ducting inhaled and exhaled gas between the diver and a counterlung or breathing bag, which

800:

Operational scope and restrictions of CCRs: Closed circuit rebreathers are mainly restricted by physiological limitations on the diver, such as maximum operating depth of the diluent mix while remaining breathable up to the surface, though this can be worked around by switching diluent. Work of

145:

The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of technological complexity and additional hazards, which depend on the specific application and type of rebreather used. Mass and bulk may be greater or less than equivalent open circuit scuba depending on circumstances. Electronically controlled

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High partial pressures of oxygen greatly increase fire hazard, and many materials which are self-extinguishing in atmospheric air will burn continuously in a high oxygen concentration. This is more of a risk for terrestrial applications such as rescue and firefighting than for diving, where the

2060:

Scrubber design and size is a compromise between bulk, cost of consumables, and work of breathing. Bulk affects the size of the unit and the amount of ballast weight needed, which affect the logistics of the dive. Work of breathing can be safety critical at greater depths, where it can become a

1853:

A dive/surface valve which can be switched to close the loop and simultaneously open a connection to an open circuit demand valve is known as a bailout valve (BOV), as its function is to switch over to open circuit bailout without having to remove the mouthpiece. An important safety device when

773:

Semi-closed circuit rebreathers (SCRs) used for diving may use active or passive gas addition, and the gas addition systems may be depth compensated. They use a mixed supply gas with a higher oxygen fraction than the steady state loop gas mixture. Usually only one gas mixture is used, but it is

3211:

Following the strong endorsement by Rebreather Forum 3 of the use of written checklists to improve safety, Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories programmed an electronic pre-dive checklist into their MK-5P rebreather operating system, as a way to prevent the user from neglecting to carry out the

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The oxygen sensors for most rebreathers are calibrated at the surface before the dive using air or 100% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure. These are reliable calibration points but the range of operational partial pressures may extend beyond these calibration points, and if the sensors are

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to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault

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Complete consumption of the active ingredient in a "general breakthrough". Depending on scrubber design and diver workload, this may be gradual, allowing the diver to become aware of the problem in time to make a controlled bailout to open circuit, or relatively sudden, triggering an urgent or

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Flexible corrugated synthetic rubber hoses are used to connect the mouthpiece to the rest of the breathing circuit, as these allow free movement of the diver's head. These hoses are corrugated to allow greater flexibility while retaining a high resistance to collapse. The hoses are designed to

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in 1939. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet is based on the standard Mark V Helmet, with a scrubber canister mounted on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve

1383:

The fresh gas addition is made by controlling the pressure in a dosage chamber proportional to the counterlung bellows volume. The dosage chamber is filled with fresh gas to a pressure proportional to bellows volume, with the highest pressure when the bellows is in the empty position. When the

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Chest mount is fairly common for military oxygen rebreathers, which are usually relatively compact and light. It allows easy reach of the components underwater, and leaves the back free for other equipment for amphibious operations. The rebreather can be unclipped from a common harness without

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of breathing gas due to depth makes the recirculation of exhaled gas even more desirable, as an even larger proportion of open circuit gas is wasted. Continued rebreathing of the same gas will deplete the oxygen to a level which will no longer support consciousness, and eventually life, so gas

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The forum recommends that all rebreathers incorporate data-logging systems that record functional parameters relevant to the particular unit and dive data and that allow download of these data. Diagnostic reconstruction of dives with as many relevant parameters as possible is the goal of this

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Constant mass flow orifice blockage:– In a CCR, blockage of a CMF oxygen injection orifice will increase the frequency of manual or solenoid valve injection, which is an inconvenience rather than an emergency. In active addition SCRs the unnoticed failure of gas injection will lead to the mix

1836:

The dive/surface valve (DSV) is a valve on the mouthpiece which can switch between the loop and ambient surroundings. It is used to close the loop at the surface to allow the diver to breathe atmospheric air, and may also be used underwater to isolate the loop so that it will not flood if the

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per hour from the loop, corresponding to an oxygen consumption of 2 litres per minute as carbon dioxide will freeze out of the gaseous state at -43.3 °C or below. If oxygen was consumed faster due to a high workload, a regular scrubber was needed. No electronics were needed as everything

1067:

Sidemount rebreathers usually use a form factor equivalent to a single sidemount open circuit cylinder, which mimics the streamlining of a sidemount cylinder, but has hydrostatic work of breathing variability issues if the unit isn't perfectly rigged and mounted. The work of breathing is only

1015:

Back mount is common on the more bulky and heavier units. This is good for support of the weight out of the water, and keeps the front of the diver clear for working underwater. Back mount usually uses back or over the shoulder counterlungs, which have a centroid above the lung in most common

910:

The pendulum configuration uses a two-directional flow. Exhaled gas flows from the mouthpiece through a single hose to the scrubber, into the counterlung, and on inhalation the gas is drawn back through the scrubber and the same hose back to the mouthpiece. The pendulum system is structurally

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Since then other manufacturers have introduced their products to the market but they have not gained widespread use. They are relatively expensive, give unreliable readings in some circumstances, can only detect failure of the scrubber, and do not predict remaining duration. A combination of

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Hypercapnia has been identified as one of the most prevalent factors in rebreather diving fatalities. This is generally a consequence of scrubber failure to remove carbon dioxide as fast as it is produced, which may be caused by any one or a combination of spent, wet, or inadequately packed,

2325:

The fundamental requirements for the control of the gas mixture in the breathing circuit for any rebreather application are that the carbon dioxide is removed, and kept at a tolerable level, and that the partial pressure of oxygen is kept within safe limits. For rebreathers which are used at

2300:

Bailout gas and bailout procedure are closely linked. The procedure must be appropriate for the gas supply configuration. Initial bailout to open circuit is often the first step, even when a bailout rebreather is carried, as it is simple and robust, and some time is needed to get the bailout

2261:

Electronically controlled closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers may have part of the oxygen feed provided by a constant mass flow orifice, but the fine control of partial pressure is done by solenoid operated valves actuated by the control circuits. Timed opening of the solenoid valve will be

1965:

This is done by using concentric bellows counterlungs – the counterlung is configured as a bellows with a rigid top and bottom, and has a flexible corrugated membrane forming the side walls. There is a second, smaller bellows inside, also connected to the rigid top and bottom surfaces of the

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to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. The partial pressure of oxygen in the loop can generally be controlled within reasonable tolerance of a fixed value. This set point is chosen to provide an acceptable risk of both long-term and acute oxygen toxicity, while minimizing the

1232:

Partially depth compensating systems are part way between the fixed ratio and the depth compensating systems. They provide a high discharge ratio near the surface, but the discharge ratio is not fixed either as a proportion of respired volume or mass. Gas oxygen fraction is more difficult to

2926:

The basic closed circuit oxygen rebreather is a very simple and mechanically reliable device, but it has severe operational limitations due to oxygen toxicity. The approaches to safely extending the depth range necessitate a variable breathing gas mixture. Semi-closed rebreathers tend to be

1197:

more complex systems have been developed which exhaust a close approximation of a ratio to the surface respiratory flow rate. These are described as depth compensated or partially depth compensated systems. Gas addition is triggered by low counterlung volume which activates a demand valve.

822:

criteria for "R" class rebreathers include electronic prompts for pre-dive checks, automatic setpoint control, status warnings, a heads up display for warnings, a bailout valve, pre-packed scrubber canisters and a system for estimating scrubber duration. While these constraints do make the

2720:

Flooding of the breathing loop can occur due to a leak at a low point in the loop where internal gas pressure is less than the external water pressure. One of the more common ways this can happen is if the mouthpiece is dislodged or removed from the diver's mouth without first closing the

1925:

Over the shoulder: The hydrostatic pressure will vary depending on how much gas is in the counterlungs, and increases as the volume increases and the lowest part of the gas space moves downward. The resistive work of breathing often negates the gains of good positioning close to the lung

1649:

The gas mixture is controlled by the diver in manually controlled closed circuit rebreathers. The diver can manually control the mixture by adding diluent gas or oxygen. Adding diluent can prevent the loop gas mixture becoming too oxygen rich, and adding oxygen is done to increase oxygen

1090:

as the oxygen is used up, sufficient to maintain a breathable partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, and closed circuit rebreathers, where two parallel gas supplies are used: the diluent, to provide the bulk of the gas, and which is recycled, and oxygen, which is metabolically expended.

425:

is triggered by carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, not by the oxygen concentration, so even a small buildup of carbon dioxide in the inhaled gas quickly becomes intolerable; if a person tries to directly rebreathe their exhaled breathing gas, they will soon feel an acute sense of

2710:

In below-freezing surface conditions while preparing for diving, wet scrubber chemicals can freeze while there is a pause in the exothermic reaction of taking up the carbon dioxide, thus preventing carbon dioxide from reaching the scrubber material, and slowing the reaction when used

2385:

during descent or if gas is lost from the loop. The set may also have a manual addition valve, sometimes called a bypass. In some early oxygen rebreathers the user had to manually open and close the valve to the oxygen cylinder to refill the counterlung each time the volume got low.

764:

Oxygen rebreathers are no longer commonly used in recreational diving because of the depth limit imposed by oxygen toxicity, but are extensively used for military attack swimmer applications where greater depth is not required, due to their simplicity, light weight and compact size.

924:

A pendulum rebreather only has one counterlung, on the far side of the scrubber from the single breathing hose. The diver blows exhaled gas through the scrubber, then sucks it back during inhalation. Gas flow rate through the scrubber is forced by the breathing rate of the diver.

1506:

from the early twentieth century. Oxygen rebreathers can be remarkably simple designs, and they were invented before open-circuit scuba. They only supply oxygen, so there is no requirement to control the gas mixture other than purging before use and removing the carbon dioxide.

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of the diluent at the current depth. In the implementation in the Poseidon rebreathers the computer automatically injects either diluent or oxygen directly onto a single primary oxygen sensor every five minutes during a dive. The algorithm takes into account current depth,

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is the effort required to breathe. Part of the work of breathing is due to inherent physiological factors, part is due to the mechanics of the external breathing apparatus, and part is due to the characteristics of the breathing gas. A high work of breathing may result in

2215:

Closed circuit rebreathers usually allow the diver to add gas manually. In oxygen rebreathers this is just oxygen, but mixed gas rebreathers usually have a separate manual addition valve for oxygen and diluent, as either might be required to correct the composition of the

1103:

than oxygen rebreathers and can be fairly simple and cheap. They do not rely on electronics for control of gas composition, but may use electronic monitoring for improved safety and more efficient decompression. An alternative term for this technology is "gas extender".

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that their centroid of volume is at a similar depth to the centroid of the diver's lungs at most times while underwater, and the breathing tubes to the mouthpiece should not encumber the diver more than necessary, and allow free movement of the head as much as possible.

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These are almost exclusively used for underwater diving, as they are bulkier, heavier, and more complex than closed circuit oxygen rebreathers. Military and recreational divers use these because they provide better underwater duration than open circuit, have a deeper

3198:

in inspired gas is only one cause of hypercapnia. It is also affected by work of breathing, diver fitness, respiratory ventilation patterns, and other behavioural, physiological, and mechanical factors. A better option would be to measure both inhaled and exhaled

785:

Constant mass flow SCRs provide a gas mixture which is not consistent over variation in diver exertion. This also limits safe operating depth range unless gas composition is monitored, also at the expense of increased complexity and additional potential failure

3280:

Some of the logged data is specific to the rebreather model, and is not appropriate for general analysis, but some data is useful for external analysis of user population and diving practices which could improve understanding of behaviour and safety analysis.

809:). To some extent work of breathing can be reduced or limited by breathing circuit design, but there are physiological limits too, and the work of circulating the gas through the breathing loop and scrubber can be a large part of the total work of breathing. 292:, by adding an extra gas supply cylinder. Before a dive with such a set, the diver had to know the maximum or working depth of his dive, and how fast his body used his oxygen supply, and from those to calculate what to set his rebreather's gas flow rate to. 12996: 2698:

When the gas mix is under pressure at depth, the gas molecules are more densely packed, and the carbon dioxide molecules' mean path between collisions is shorter, so they are not so free to move around to reach the absorbent surface, and require a longer

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becoming hypoxic. If there is instrumentation monitoring the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, the diver can compensate by manual injection or forcing automatic injection via the ADV by dumping gas into the environment by exhaling through the nose.

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normobaric or hypobaric pressures, this only requires that there is sufficient oxygen, which is easily achieved in an oxygen rebreather. Hyperbaric applications, as in diving, also require that the maximum partial pressure of oxygen is limited, to avoid

2890:

Temperature monitoring. As the reaction between carbon dioxide and soda lime is exothermic, temperature sensors along the length of the scrubber can be used to measure the position of the reaction front and therefore the estimated remaining life of the

1006:

The parts of a diving rebreather (counterlung, absorbent canister, gas cylinder(s), tubes and hoses linking them), can be arranged on the wearer's body in four basic ways, with the position of the counterlung having a major effect on work of breathing.

230:

diving operations by five times while retaining the original mixed-gas storage footprint on the support ship. The Soviet IDA-72 semi-closed rebreather has a scrubber endurance of 4 hours on surface supply, and bailout endurance at 200m of 40 minutes on

1961:

Most passive addition semi-closed diving rebreathers control the gas mixture by removing a fixed volumetric proportion of the exhaled gas, and replacing it with fresh feed gas from a demand valve, which is triggered by low volume of the counterlung.

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unable to distinguish the useful information in time to use it effectively. At other times more detailed information may be useful or necessary to make a correct decision. Multiple displays, or multiple views on the same display can help with this.

3186:

content of inspired gas. Measuring gas in the mouthpiece has problems due to dead space, and mounting in the inhalation hose near the mouthpiece makes the sensor sensitive to small leaks in the inhalation check valve, while also able to detect high

781:

Non-depth compensated passive addition SCRs reduce the safe range of operating depths in inverse proportion to gas endurance extension. This can be compensated by gas switching, at the expense of complexity and increased number of potential failure

2241:

the orifice, any further reduction of downstream pressure has no influence on the flow rate. This requires a gas source at a fixed pressure, and it only works at depths which have a low enough ambient pressure to provide sonic flow in the orifice.

3092:

than a human diver, was started in 2002, and further developed to be used on the Poseidon/Cis-Lunar MK-VI rebreather. This "Active Sensor Validation" (ASV) system has been refined over thousands of hours of field test diving in varied conditions

1914:

Recreational, technical and many professional divers will spend most of their time underwater swimming face down and trimmed horizontally. Counterlungs should function well with low work of breathing in this position, and with the diver upright.

3167:

to high humidity and condensation causing unreliable readings, which was a recurring problem with real-time carbon dioxide measurement. High pressures also caused problems for depth compensation. In 2009 VR Technologies released a commercial CO

1632:

in the loop and to warn the diver if it becomes dangerously low or high. Too low a concentration of oxygen results in hypoxia leading to unconsciousness and ultimately death. Too high a concentration of oxygen results in hyperoxia, leading to

280:, needs arose in the armed forces to dive deeper than allowed by pure oxygen. That prompted, at least in Britain, design of simple constant-flow "mixture rebreather" variants of some of their diving oxygen rebreathers (= what is now called " 2799:

Oxygen monitoring failure can lead to incorrect partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas. The consequences can include hypoxia, hyperoxia, and incorrect decompression information, all three of which are potentially life-threatening.

2511:

system where the added gas entrained the loop gas and produced a stream of scrubbed gas past the diver inside the helmet, which eliminated external dead space and resistive work of breathing, but was not suitable for high breathing rates.

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helmet and the DM20 oxygen rebreather system for depths up to 20 m, and the DM40 mixed gas rebreather which used an oxygen cylinder and an air cylinder for the gas supply, producing a nitrox mixture, for depths up to 40 m.

1119:

A gas mix which has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the depth of the dive being planned, and which will provide a breathable mixture at the surface must be used, or it will be necessary to change mixtures during the dive.

2639:

frictional resistance of the circuit causing the problem. This is more likely to occur with diving rebreathers at depths where the density of the breathing gas is severely elevated, or when water in the scrubber obstructs gas flow.

2253:

passive addition rebreather of this type does not need a separate ADV as the passive addition valve already serves this function, though for engineering redundancy two such demand valves may be fitted, which operate simultaneously.

1224:

rebreathers. Passive addition rebreathers with small discharge ratios may become hypoxic near the surface when moderate or low oxygen fraction supply gas is used, making it necessary to switch gases between deep and shallow diving.

2993:, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and 214:, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and 2546:

In an oxygen rebreather this can occur if the loop is not sufficiently purged at the start of use. Purging should be done while breathing off the unit so that the inert gas from the user's lungs is also removed from the system.

2177:

of the rebreather. The diluent is not normally an oxygen-free gas, such as pure nitrogen or helium, and is breathable so it may be used in an emergency either to flush the loop with breathable gas of a known composition or as a

1887:

provide low resistance to flow of the breathing gas. A single breathing hose is used for pendulum (push-pull) configuration, and two hoses for a one-way loop configuration. Hose weights may be used to reduce excessive buoyancy.

792:

Depth compensated passive addition provides reliable gas mixture over the potential operating depth range, which is only slightly reduced from the open circuit operational range for the gas in use at the cost of more mechanical

915:

of unscrubbed gas in the combined exhalation and inhalation tube, which is rebreathed. There are conflicting requirements for minimising the volume of dead space while minimising the flow resistance of the breathing passages.

894:

There may be valves allowing venting of gas, sensors to measure partial pressure of oxygen and possibly carbon dioxide, and a monitoring and control system. Critical components may be duplicated for engineering redundancy.

3309:

minute volume of 40 litres per minute, and a 2.1 litre 207 bar cylinder. It is manufactured in non-magnetic and magnetic versions and can use either 2.6kg of granular sorb or a moulded carbon dioxide absorbent insert.

380:

of about 6 L/min, and a fit person working hard may ventilate at a rate of 95 L/min but will only metabolise about 4 L/min of oxygen The oxygen metabolised is generally about 4% to 5% of the inspired volume at normal

2931:

algorithm for controlling the oxygen injection solenoid. The sealed dive computer package has been around for long enough for the better quality models to have become reliable and robust in design and construction.

221:

Semi-closed rebreather technology is also used in diver carried surface supplied gas extenders, mainly to reduce helium use. Some units also function as an emergency gas supply using on-board bailout cylinders: The

412:

However, if this is done without removing the carbon dioxide, it will rapidly build up in the recycled gas, resulting almost immediately in mild respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of

933:

so there is less flow resistance as the gas continues to flow through the scrubber during inhalation at a slower rate than if there was only one counterlung, This decreases work of breathing, and also increases

102:

or observation of underwater life, to eliminate the bubbles produced by an open circuit system. A diving rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user, and is therefore a type of

2470:

If the partial pressure of oxygen is not known the rebreather can not be trusted to be breathable, and the diver should immediately bailout to open circuit to reduce the risk of losing consciousness without

2282:

possible, and the gas supply may be slung on the other side of the diver for convenience and balance. This facility also allows all of the gas carried by a diver to be potentially supplied via a rebreather.

4181: 4179: 4177: 2997:. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. 1728:; it had a very small oxygen cylinder to fill the loop at the start of the dive. This system is dangerous because of the explosively hot reaction that happens if water gets on the potassium superoxide. The 218:. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. 3528: 4174: 735:

from a deep open-circuit dive, as breathing pure oxygen helps the nitrogen diffuse out of the body tissues more rapidly, and the use of a rebreather may be more convenient for long decompression stops.

3138:

during descent. A variation of the ASV system using oxygen, called a hyperoxic linearity test (HLT), uses oxygen as the flushing gas at 6 m, which can check that the sensor is linear to 1.6 bar PO

789:

Demand controlled active gas addition provides reliable gas mixtures throughout the potential operating depth range, and do not require oxygen monitoring, but at the cost of more mechanical complexity.

3231:

the equipment functionally less safe to use. One strategy to avoid this problem is to target different senses – auditory, visual and tactile – sometimes based on a vibratory output to the mouthpiece.

2222:, either as the standard operating method for manually controlled CCRs, or as a backup system on electronically controlled CCRs. The manual diluent addition is sometimes by a purge button on the ADV. 12948: 3623: 2086:

scrubber, which constrains radial designs to circular cylinders of variable length to diameter ratio, and axial scrubbers to approximately constant sectional shape along the flow (length) axis.

9184: 2488:

in the diver, and reduces the diver's ability to produce useful physical effort. In extreme cases work of breathing may exceed the aerobic work capacity of the diver, with fatal consequences.

1922:

Back mounted: When horizontal they are under less hydrostatic pressure than the diver's lungs. The amount varies, as some are closer to the back than others. Harder to inhale, easier to exhale.

1696:

Both these systems were semi-closed and did not monitor partial pressures of oxygen. They both used an injector system to recirculate the breathing gas and did not increase work of breathing.

12941: 3054:

Carbon dioxide level monitoring systems – Gas sensing cell and interpretive electronics which detect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the rebreather loop downstream from the scrubber.

2871:

predictable and is not measured. Manufacturers recommendations for replacement periods tend to allow for worst cases to reduce risk, and this is relatively uneconomical in absorbent usage.

2103:

The scrubber absorbent (sorb) reaction rate is reduced at lower temperatures due to lower kinetic energy of gas molecules reducing the mean time before contact with the reactive material (

13817: 10589: 3040:

Gas integrated decompression computers – these allow divers to take advantage of the actual gas mixture, as measured by one or more oxygen cells in real time, to generate a schedule for

2141:

A rebreather must have a source of oxygen to replenish that which is consumed by the diver. Depending on the rebreather design variant, the oxygen source will either be pure oxygen or a

957: 13665: 10345: 9225: 3005:

Rebreather technology has advanced considerably, often driven by the growing market in recreational diving equipment, particularly in underwater cave exploration. Innovations include:

2416:

Alarms may be provided for a few malfunctions. The alarms are electronically controlled and may rely on input from a sensor and processing by the control circuitry. These may include:

1072:

provides good work of breathing in most diver orientations. A small butt-mounted transverse oxygen cylinder and standard sidemount diluent/bailout cylinders (usually two) are carried.

16694: 12955: 10584: 4750:

Shreeves, K; Richardson, D (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Mixed-Gas Closed-Circuit Rebreathers: An Overview of Use in Sport Diving and Application to Deep Scientific Diving.

5604: 2341:

In an oxygen rebreather, once the loop has been thoroughly flushed, the mixture is effectively static at 100% oxygen, and the partial pressure is a function only of ambient pressure.

2656:

Loop flooding that reaches the scrubber can cause a "caustic cocktail" when the alkaline components of carbon dioxide absorbent materials are mixed with the water. This mixture is

11888: 3709: 3503: 3033:– input to a dive computer from the oxygen sensors of the rebreather allow divers to take advantage of the actual partial pressure of oxygen to generate an optimised schedule for 3013:

demand valve and can be switched to provide gas from either the loop or the demand valve without the diver taking the mouthpiece from their mouth. An important safety device when

2182:. Diluent gas is commonly referred to as diluent, dilutant, or just "dil" by divers. Diluent gas composition also affects gas density, and thereby the work of breathing at depth. 1771: 1390:

The volume of the dosage chamber is matched to a specific supply gas mixture, and is changed when the gas is changed. The DCSC uses two standard mixtures of nitrox: 28% and 46%.

891:

exhaled by the diver. There will also be at least one valve allowing addition of gas, such as oxygen, and often a diluent gas, from a gas storage container, into the reservoir.

2507:, using oxygen or nitrox, and the US Navy Mark V Heliox helmet developed in the 1930s for deep diving, circulated the breathing gas through the helmet and scrubber by using an 11814: 13041: 1767:

A cryogenic rebreather removes the carbon dioxide by freezing it out in a "snow box" by the low temperature produced as liquid oxygen evaporates to replace the oxygen used.

2310: 4144:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. 3117:

of the diluent condensation on the oxygen sensor, a defective oxygen sensor, validation gas supply failure and other reasons that would not be detected by voting logic.

2738:

lost the leak may be tolerable for the rest of the dive, but a leak may become more severe, depending on the cause, and may in some cases deteriorate catastrophically.

11788: 3735: 3436: 2024: 227: 14214: 13849: 13653: 13588: 10333: 9220: 3134:

of 1.6 bar during the dive, or at 1.6 bar or more in a calibration pressure pot. Both these methods are cumbersome and the in-water method may cause spiking of the PO

3628: 2265:

If the constant mass flow orifice is compromised and does not deliver the correct flow, the control circuit will compensate by firing the solenoid valve more often.

1299:

An active addition system adds feed gas to the breathing circuit and excess gas is dumped to the environment. These rebreathers tend to operate near maximum volume.

223: 13562: 2218: 16386: 13867: 13689: 9442: 16391: 2062: 14255: 13659: 10339: 2878:

that changes colour when the active ingredient is consumed may be included in the absorbent. For example, a rebreather absorbent called "Protosorb" supplied by

2402: 6764: 3560: 823:

recreational class of rebreather inherently less hazardous, they do not reduce the risk to the same level as open circuit equipment for the same dive profile.

10636: 12927: 11596: 10013: 3617: 3591: 2157:

Pure oxygen is not considered to be safe for recreational diving deeper than 6 meters, so closed circuit rebreathers for deeper use also have a cylinder of

1966:

counterlung, so that as the rigid surfaces move towards and away from each other, the volumes of the inner and outer bellows change in the same proportion.

937:

of the gas in the scrubber, as it flows through the scrubber during both exhalation and inhalation. Most mixed gas diving rebreathers use this arrangement.

13457: 9637: 3462: 5915: 5685: 3855: 3191:

due to major check valve leaks which would cause a big increase in dead space, which would not be detected if the sensor is further upstream in the loop.

2579:

Use of a diluent with too high oxygen fraction for the planned depth in a CCR. In this case a diluent flush will not produce a breathable gas in the loop.

14294: 11798: 6148: 16524: 14260: 4367:

Mitchell, S.J.; Cronje, F.; Meintjies, W.A.J.; Britz, H.C. (2007). "Fatal respiratory failure during a technical rebreather dive at extreme pressure".

4254: 3662: 3611:– A technical diving rebreather built to allow mounting of large cylinders to enable carrying larger quantities of bailout gas on the rebreather frame. 3276:

initiative. An ideal goal would be to incorporate redundancy in data-logging systems and, as much as practical, to standardize the data to be collected

1003:

Early oxygen rebreathers were often built without frame or casing, and relied on the harness and a strong counterlung to hold the components together.

1037:

disturbing the load on the back. Front mounted counterlungs have a centroid which is generally slightly below the lung centroid, and result in slight

14007: 11918: 3473: 3467: 1387:

The result is the addition of a mass of gas proportional to ventilation volume, and the oxygen fraction is stable over the normal range of exertion.

13635: 5799: 13683: 11878: 10351: 3643: 3095:

The ASV system has become more sophisticated than the manual implementation in the Cis-Lunar MK-5P. It involves more than comparing the measured PO

887:

expands to accommodate gas when it is not in the diver's lungs. The reservoir also includes a scrubber containing absorbent material to remove the

295:

During this long period before the modern age of automatic sport nitrox rebreathers, there were some sport oxygen diving clubs, mostly in the USA.

1123:

As the amount of oxygen required by the diver increases with work rate, the gas injection rate must be carefully chosen and controlled to prevent

397: 13480: 12981: 11093: 10050: 9632: 6160: 3633: 2703:. Because of this effect, the scrubber must be bigger for deep diving than is needed for a shallow-water, industrial or high altitude rebreather. 2244:

Regulators which have their control components isolated from the ambient pressure are used to supply gas at a pressure independent of the depth.

2455:

Control panel displays (usually with digital readout of the value and status of the measured parameter, often with blinking or flashing display)

1689: 1208:

Towards the end of inhalation the bellows bottoms out and activates an addition valve, in much the way that a regulator diaphragm activates the

16542: 13946: 13891: 13885: 13873: 13743: 13737: 13725: 13713: 11192: 3385: – Early submarine escape oxygen rebreather also used for shallow water diving. – One of the first rebreathers to be produced in quantity. 2354:

work rate, and therefore the oxygen consumption rate, which controls the rate of oxygen depletion, and therefore the resulting oxygen fraction.

646: 1307:

The most common system of active addition of make-up gas in semi-closed rebreathers is by use of a constant mass flow injector, also known as

16724: 16475: 13523: 12962: 5968: 4188:, Chapter 15 - Electronically Controlled Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EC-UBA) Diving, Section 15-2 Principles of operation. 3747: 797:

Closed circuit diving rebreathers may be manually or electronically controlled, and use both pure oxygen and a breathable mixed gas diluent.

104: 694:

no critical single-point failure modes – The user should be able to deal with any single reasonably foreseeable failure without outside help

16624: 16500: 16436: 13469: 11098: 9972: 6052: 4978: 3657: 3654:– Notable for a radial scrubber and high-current oxygen cells from the Navy MK15 unit enabling an analogue gauge to read the oxygen levels. 4560: 2849:

one in which the injection valves are kept open, resulting in an increasingly hyperoxic gas mix in the loop, which may pose the danger of

2569:, it will register a partial pressure lower than reality, and the control system may attempt to correct by continuous injection of oxygen. 16899: 16599: 16092: 14304: 13879: 13731: 13623: 12920: 11826: 11793: 11782: 10397: 6671: 6637: 5489: 5017: 3783: 3457: 1740: 1729: 4156:

CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company

2535:

Some of the hazards are due to the way the equipment works, while others are related to the environment in which the equipment is used.

16684: 16467: 14265: 13984: 13186: 11047: 5862: 4833:

Kelley, J.S.; Herron, J.M.; Dean, W.W.; Sundstrom, E.B. (1968). Mechanical and Operational Tests of a Russian 'Superoxide' Rebreather.

3614: 2008:

The exhaled gases are directed through the chemical scrubber, a canister full of a suitable carbon dioxide absorbent such as a form of

1911:. This is due to the pressure difference between the counterlung and the diver's lung caused by the vertical distance between the two. 13861: 13671: 5714: 1919:

Front mounted: When horizontal they are under greater hydrostatic pressure than the diver's lungs. Easier to inhale, harder to exhale.

16821: 15848: 13496: 13475: 13058: 12991: 11808: 9662: 5162:

Chapple, JCB; Eaton, David J. "Development of the Canadian Underwater Mine Apparatus and the CUMA Mine Countermeasures dive system".

3651: 3499: 2962:

Full automation of the control system would avoid a range of user errors, provided the control system is reliable and fault tolerant.

285: 15754: 13463: 12797: 11933: 10479: 6769: 4116: 3608: 2055: 5634: 2543:

Hypoxia can occur in any rebreather which contains enough inert gas to allow breathing without triggering automatic gas addition.

1907:

Underwater, the position of the counterlung – on the chest, over the shoulders, or on the back – has an effect on the hydrostatic

16894: 16227: 15853: 13940: 13811: 13306: 12715: 12390: 12293: 11958: 11820: 7626: 5742: 5603:

Pyle, Richard L (2016). "Rebreather Evolution in the Foreseeable Future". In Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.).

4329: 2866:

The methods available for monitoring the condition of the scrubber and predicting and identifying imminent breakthrough include:

1759:

out of water due to conflicting heat transfer requirements. The set's liquid oxygen tank must be filled immediately before use.

417:, or carbon dioxide toxicity. A high ventilation rate is usually necessary to eliminate the metabolic product carbon dioxide (CO 3940:

Sieber, Arne; Schuster, Andreas; Reif, Sebastian; Kessler, Michael; Lucyshyn, Thomas; Buzzacott, Peter; Enoksson, Peter (2013).

422: 16739: 11863: 10534: 9612: 8601: 8111: 7885: 7686: 3450: 3340: 1217: 5412: 4081: 2351:

the type of gas addition system and its setting, combined with the gas mixture in use, which control the rate of oxygen added.

2337:

The method used for controlling the range of oxygen partial pressure in the breathing loop depends on the type of rebreather.

1212:, to make up the gas discharged by the inner bellows. This type of rebreather therefore tends to operate at a minimal volume. 16317: 14299: 14245: 14101: 13517: 12364: 9552: 8116: 5617: 5512: 4149: 2566: 5254: 4503: 2277:

Off-board gas carried in a side mounted cylinder plumbed in to the rebreather bailout valve using wet-connectable couplers.

1750:

This technology may be applied to both oxygen and mixed gas rebreathers, and can be used for diving and other applications.

441: 16575: 15906: 14309: 14270: 13922: 13837: 13779: 13695: 13629: 13594: 11776: 10417: 10315: 10035: 9230: 8447: 8387: 8363: 6625: 4239:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC.: US Dept of Commerce - National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 2–7. 3301: 2190:

Gas must be added to the breathing loop if the volume gets too small or if it is necessary to change the gas composition.

1637:, a condition causing convulsions which can make the diver lose the mouthpiece when they occur underwater, and can lead to 1049: 9070: 5812: 3913: 3416: – Special duty oxygen breathing apparatus, a military rebreather. – A type of frogman's oxygen rebreather. It has a 2012:, which removes the carbon dioxide from the gas mixture and leaves the oxygen and other gases available for re-breathing. 16760: 16734: 15975: 13707: 13539: 12395: 11569: 11069: 9437: 8251: 8021: 6481: 6204: 5940: 3837:) – Breathing gas supply system carried by the user (surface-only (industrial) breathing sets including rebreathers) 3809:, also known as escape set – Self contained breathing apparatus providing gas to escape from a hazardous environment 3759: 2397:

Integrated oxygen sensor displays on a dive computer showing oxygen partial pressure of three sensors in the centre row.

184:, where the amount of breathing gas carried by the diver is limited, but are also occasionally used as gas extenders for 15886: 5760: 3708:

The current US Navy Mark 16 Mod 2 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) and Mark 16 Mod 3 (Naval Special Warfare) units use the

16809: 16537: 16266: 16138: 13491: 10407: 10218: 9962: 9622: 8794: 6078: 6013: 3830: 3599: – Manual closed circuit mixed gas rebreather – line of manually operated closed circuit rebreathers designed by 1747:

showed that the IDA71 could give significantly longer dive time with superoxide in one of the canisters than without.

16689: 11883: 11718: 10744: 10539: 10357: 9597: 9532: 9403: 8606: 7726: 7338: 6901: 6371: 6083: 5990: 5961: 4660: 3889: 2923:. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation. 583: 12807: 3996: 2458:

Head-up displays (usually a colour coded LED display, sometimes providing more information by the rate of flashing.)

2376:, injecting more oxygen if necessary and issuing an audible, visual and/or vibratory warning to the diver if the ppO 2330:, which is technically a more complex process, and may require dilution of the oxygen with metabolically inert gas. 51:

CCUBA (closed circuit underwater breathing apparatus); CCR (closed circuit rebreather), SCR (semi-closed rebreather)

16829: 16560: 15891: 14230: 14124: 13719: 12303: 11467: 11344: 10924: 10208: 9547: 9210: 8649: 6531: 6516: 6105: 5178: 3395: 3382: 2202:

Internal view of a constant mass flow orifice and automatic diluent valve from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather

2198: 9497: 5440:

Lillo RS, Ruby A, Gummin DD, Porter WR, Caldwell JM (March 1996). "Chemical safety of U.S. Navy Fleet soda lime".

3047:

Carbon dioxide scrubber life monitoring systems – temperature sensors monitor the progress of the reaction of the

1984: 866:

Back view of an electronically controlled closed circuit technical recreational rebreather, with the casing opened

130:

diluent. Diving rebreathers have applications for primary and emergency gas supply. Similar technology is used in

16644: 16411: 13989: 12565: 11770: 11764: 9602: 9398: 6664: 5800:

https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/defence-divers-equipment/underwater-life-support-systems/stealth-cdlse-mk2-ed/

3171:

sensor using hydrophobic membranes to keep the sensors dry without excessively reducing gas flow to the sensors.

12042: 3203:

levels, and this would require sensors that are fast and reliable in wet conditions, and reasonably inexpensive

2790: 2015:

Some of the absorbent chemicals are produced in granular format for diving applications, such as Atrasorb Dive,

1233:

calculate, but will be somewhere between the limiting values for fixed ratio and fully compensated systems. The

409:

containing oxygen must be added to the recycled breathing gas to maintain the required concentration of oxygen.

15171: 14235: 14186: 14170: 14079: 13952: 13528: 13451: 13287: 12581: 12345: 11502: 11462: 11361: 11081: 10484: 10000: 9833: 9801: 9607: 9215: 8970: 8189: 7855: 7500: 7449: 7189: 6340: 6267: 6090: 2783: 2467:

Ascending while breathing off the loop without identifying the problem may increase risk of a hypoxia blackout.

2369: 1685: 1642: 82: 2073:

The usual arrangement is a single scrubber, but configurations with two scrubbers have been used, such as the

1409:

Schematic diagram of a closed circuit oxygen rebreather with a pendulum configuration and radial flow scrubber

126:

supply is limited, or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components, such as

16076: 15942: 15896: 15663: 15461: 14275: 13855: 13761: 12263: 11953: 11948: 11753: 11653: 11579: 11452: 10854: 10844: 10363: 9652: 9647: 9537: 9427: 9415: 9393: 8353: 8128: 7875: 6886: 6155: 5065:

Norfleet, W & Horn, W (2003). Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing Capabilities of Two New Non-Powered Technologies.

4709:

Older, P. (1969). "Theoretical Considerations in the Design of Closed Circuit Oxygen Rebreathing Equipment".

4025:"MK 29 Underwater Breathing Apparatus (UBA) Project Team extends Navy Mobile Diving and Salvage Capabilities" 1895:

The counterlung is a part of the loop which is designed to change in volume by the same amount as the user's

252: 4260: 3248:

manage, and while more compact and efficient, the rebreather option has its own set of logistic challenges.

1657:

Addition of gas to compensate for compression during descent is usually done by an automatic diluent valve.

16855: 16639: 16634: 16462: 15743: 15566: 15481: 15386: 15111: 14332: 14240: 14096: 13557: 13486: 13164: 12557: 12549: 11907: 11143: 10934: 10642: 9967: 9617: 9582: 9542: 9368: 8747: 7333: 6613: 6001: 5954: 248: 3267:

data can provide insights into diving patterns across the population of users and help in analysing risk.

2673:

Diving rebreathers are susceptible to some failure modes which cannot occur in other breathing apparatus.

2291: 2034:

passing through the scrubber absorbent is removed when it reacts with the absorbent in the canister; this

1882:

Dive-surface valve and breathing hoses of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather. Two hose weights are shown

16714: 16160: 15928: 15281: 15116: 14890: 14444: 14084: 13934: 13903: 13773: 13677: 13600: 13533: 13437: 13176: 13124: 12573: 12283: 11673: 11538: 11487: 10504: 10110: 9710: 9205: 9000: 8558: 8304: 7810: 6701: 6526: 6511: 6183: 6143: 5138: 4930: 4052: 3812: 3771: 3444: 3439:– one of the first electronic closed circuit rebreathers to be mass produced for the recreational market. 3295: 2573:

and the voting logic has dismissed the one remaining correctly functioning cell, with fatal consequences.

1454:

Schematic diagram of a closed circuit oxygen rebreather with a loop configuration and axial flow scrubber

1038: 1017: 603: 14352: 8049: 4956: 4885: 4869: 2819: 2757: 2601: 1704:

There have been a few rebreather designs (e.g. the Oxylite) which had an absorbent canister filled with

1666: 1028: 971: 340: 16843: 16836: 16797: 16729: 16295: 16235: 15911: 15801: 15371: 15341: 15021: 14108: 13755: 12638: 12067: 11648: 10629: 10213: 9695: 9657: 9587: 8759: 8706: 7199: 6657: 6496: 6422: 4024: 3806: 2944: 1867: 1527:. There is no necessity for a second stage and the gas can be turned on and off at the cylinder valve. 258:

from submarines; and occasionally for swimming underwater; but the usual way to work underwater was in

3942:"Compact Recreational Rebreather With Innovative Gas Sensing Concept and Low Work of Breathing Design" 2562:

Failure to correctly maintain the loop mixture within tolerance of the set point. This may be due to:

2207:

stage, or may be operated by the top of a bellows type counterlung reaching the bottom of its travel.

16629: 15838: 13785: 13701: 13327: 13169: 13154: 13119: 12643: 12405: 12340: 11543: 11517: 11410: 11349: 11009: 10422: 10005: 9995: 9794: 9281: 9146: 8591: 8273: 8221: 8177: 7097: 6558: 6253: 4535: 607: 12541: 5309: 1946: 1143:

Schematic diagram of the breathing gas circuit of a passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather.

663:

can kill the diver without warning, others can require immediate appropriate response for survival.

538: 16867: 16280: 16175: 14712: 14504: 13897: 13208: 13068: 12997:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

12775: 12690: 12589: 12431: 12251: 12057: 11923: 10994: 10956: 10720: 9642: 9562: 9343: 9020: 8940: 7963: 7384: 7217: 6262: 6236: 4910: 3014: 2965:

A highly reliable oxygen sensor system would reduce the risk of hypoxia or hyperoxic breathing gas.

2707:

modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce this caustic fluid if they get wet.

2555:

A dangerously high partial pressure of oxygen can occur in the breathing loop for several reasons:

2357:

ambient pressure, as partial pressure varies in proportion to ambient pressure and oxygen fraction.

1855: 8920: 2237:

and the rest is made up by the control system through a solenoid valve, or manually by the diver.

2137:

Regulator, bailout DV, CMF dosage and ADV, SPG and hoses from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather

996:

large volumes of buoyant air as the diver submerges, and of water as the diver emerges into air.

16669: 16480: 16200: 16066: 15843: 15311: 15141: 14554: 14519: 14165: 13159: 13136: 12913: 12852: 12705: 12655: 12162: 12157: 12122: 11993: 11928: 11723: 11698: 11678: 11533: 11118: 11057: 11019: 10817: 10594: 10499: 10203: 10158: 10138: 10128: 9928: 9737: 9452: 8965: 8925: 8741: 8206: 8172: 8081: 8001: 7900: 7616: 7461: 7316: 7013: 6940: 6908: 6731: 6726: 6573: 6541: 6486: 6393: 6309: 6073: 6006: 5228: 4728: 4459:

An Introduction to Semi-Closed Circuit Rebreathers: The Dräger Series of Recreational Rebreathers

3800: 3636:– the world's first fully automatic closed circuit rebreather for recreational use, based on the 3600: 2700: 2174: 1979: 1520: 1100: 934: 912: 832: 431: 204: 185: 4804: 4652: 2559:

Descent below the maximum operating depth with an oxygen rebreather or a semi-closed rebreather.

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possible to switch gas mixtures during a dive to extend the available depth range of some SCRs.

16273: 16243: 16071: 15952: 15632: 15271: 14955: 14930: 14534: 14367: 13767: 12455: 12273: 12172: 12112: 11658: 11507: 11339: 11334: 11272: 10785: 10780: 10761: 10690: 10609: 10514: 10494: 10392: 10284: 9845: 9828: 9816: 9789: 9522: 9388: 8299: 8086: 7559: 7284: 7117: 6960: 6913: 6868: 6848: 6125: 4568: 3041: 3034: 3030: 2968:

An oxygen sensor system that can reliably detect sensor failures and identify the failure mode.

2920: 2166: 2161:

gas. This diluent cylinder may be filled with compressed air or another diving gas mix such as

1878: 1112: 656: 155: 33: 12827: 5497: 4428: 1323:

Schematic diagram of the breathing loop of the Interspiro DCSC semi-closed circuit rebreather

207:

also carry rebreather technology to recycle breathing gas as part of the life-support system.

16719: 16401: 16396: 16155: 16143: 15990: 15704: 15071: 15026: 14810: 14484: 14150: 13979: 13843: 13641: 12628: 12613: 12308: 12298: 12231: 12226: 12082: 12077: 12062: 12024: 11943: 11938: 11277: 11260: 11128: 11123: 11042: 10647: 10554: 10309: 10123: 9811: 9806: 9732: 9627: 9517: 9447: 9308: 9303: 8915: 8788: 8321: 8096: 7920: 7771: 7746: 7696: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7350: 6965: 6955: 6923: 6403: 6381: 6366: 5080: 3519: – Manufacturer of electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers for scuba diving 3481: 3352: 3346: 3179:

measurement can give both prediction and failure warning, for increased cost and complexity.

2504: 2408:

sensors and a head-up display of warning and alarm lights with a sound and vibration alarm.

2393: 2273: 1931: 1845: 883: 843: 269: 259: 210:

Rebreathers are usually more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential

154:

of oxygen between programmable upper and lower limits, or set points, and be integrated with

11643: 5870: 4644: 4477: 2521: 2262:

triggered when the oxygen partial pressure in the loop mix drops below the lower set-point.

1774:. It had a duration of 6 hours and a maximum dive depth of 200 metres (660 ft). Its ppO 16889: 16765: 16755: 16679: 16614: 16047: 15957: 15918: 15873: 15789: 15784: 15251: 15246: 15136: 15011: 14702: 14667: 14155: 13749: 13013: 12790: 12730: 12618: 12471: 12117: 11758: 11683: 11564: 11265: 11225: 10999: 10869: 10829: 10445: 10402: 10387: 10153: 10148: 9906: 9764: 9759: 9592: 9567: 9527: 8910: 8895: 8783: 8543: 8502: 8477: 8326: 8226: 8196: 7835: 7741: 7631: 7476: 7377: 7355: 7328: 7182: 7112: 7040: 6833: 6491: 6386: 5660: 5612:. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS Workshop, June 16–19, 2015. Durham, NC. pp. 40–65. 4429:"Rebreather Courses: PADI Type R and Type T Rebreathers: What is a PADI Type R Rebreather?" 1744: 1705: 382: 373: 159: 8: 16609: 16288: 15985: 15828: 15823: 15637: 15597: 15551: 15456: 15241: 14950: 14382: 14250: 14069: 13647: 13347: 13292: 13278: 13181: 12680: 12623: 12602: 12450: 12236: 12142: 12137: 11497: 11298: 10966: 10912: 10795: 10604: 10489: 10327: 10299: 10192: 10115: 9890: 9838: 9727: 9577: 9363: 9333: 9253: 9141: 9136: 8960: 8935: 8691: 8538: 8432: 8427: 7925: 7711: 7586: 7569: 7564: 7522: 7432: 6896: 6578: 6521: 6289: 6272: 6248: 6194: 5977: 5837: 5513:

Adaptive Fault Tolerance and Graceful Degradation Under Dynamic Hard Real-Time Scheduling

4403: 3388: 2133: 2000: 1992: 1516: 839: 550: 200: 131: 116: 14412: 12857: 12745: 12695: 4979:"Rebreather Training Council. Mouthpiece Retraining Strap Safety Guidance Notice, Issue" 4688: 4107: 3815:, also known as Portable Life Support System – Life support device for a space suit 3540: 3314: 2883:

inside the counterlung or a back mounted casing. Colour indicating dye was removed from

2020: 731:

than what is now considered acceptable. Oxygen rebreathers are also sometimes used when

16664: 16510: 16252: 16165: 16037: 16025: 15901: 15346: 14925: 14855: 14692: 14657: 14642: 14614: 14574: 14564: 14209: 14160: 14129: 13791: 13582: 13357: 13342: 13258: 12906: 12720: 12648: 12520: 12268: 12092: 11868: 11803: 11728: 11693: 11688: 11668: 11608: 11548: 11447: 11329: 11113: 10946: 10822: 10559: 10095: 9823: 9784: 9722: 9457: 9200: 9090: 9015: 8945: 8832: 8654: 8533: 8348: 8338: 8140: 7935: 7539: 6950: 6918: 6790: 6536: 6376: 6351: 6112: 5638: 5470:

Warkander, Dan E. (2007). "Development of a scrubber gauge for closed-circuit diving".

4645: 4457: 3679: – Type of diving rebreather used by the Royal Navy – also CDMBA, SCBA, SCMBA, UBA 3535:) – An electronic closed circuit rebreather allowing diving to 60 metres (200 ft). 3493: 3130:

than the upper set point by exposing it to pure oxygen at a depth of 6 m, for a PO

2104: 1376:

Only one model using this gas mixture control principle has been marketed. This is the

732: 390: 193: 135: 9005: 5838:"User manual, CCR Liberty, Manual version: 2.17 CU HW rev 1.0, HS HW rev 3.0, FW 2.17" 5739: 4778: 1139: 445:

Relation of physiological effects to carbon dioxide concentration and exposure period.

313:

dwindled, and Western armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather

272:, the first unit of combat frogmen, was founded in 1938 and went into action in 1940. 16862: 16303: 16097: 16030: 16020: 15863: 15858: 15813: 15796: 15694: 15541: 15521: 15366: 15336: 15226: 15186: 15166: 15156: 15106: 15091: 15066: 14996: 14920: 14845: 14795: 14594: 14559: 14489: 14434: 14074: 14030: 13928: 13400: 13395: 13337: 13273: 13251: 13226: 13141: 12802: 12675: 12665: 11663: 11371: 11366: 11308: 11255: 11138: 11133: 11004: 10961: 10864: 10734: 10705: 10667: 10614: 10321: 10264: 10259: 9990: 9952: 9850: 9769: 9313: 9298: 9179: 9110: 9085: 9040: 8696: 8584: 8548: 8407: 8358: 8278: 8167: 8101: 8011: 7915: 7805: 7761: 7716: 7706: 7691: 7372: 7289: 6828: 6711: 6691: 6680: 6590: 6585: 6568: 6282: 6066: 5613: 5449: 5283: 4755: 4656: 4599: 4591: 4376: 4210: 4145: 4138: 3885: 3824: 3702: 3676: 3596: 3487: 3376: 3370: 2989:

Rebreathers are more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential

2984: 2916: 2635: 2480: 2035: 1950: 1908: 1128: 522: 491: 430:, so rebreathers must chemically remove the carbon dioxide in a component known as a 306: 289: 276:

saw a great expansion of military-related use of rebreather diving. During and after

203:, but in these applications the gas recycling equipment is not carried by the diver. 197: 175: 139: 20: 15607: 15491: 15486: 14637: 14609: 14589: 14494: 9030: 7646: 3546: 2971:

Carbon dioxide sensors that can reliably detect the beginning of a scrubber failure.

1812:

The diver breathes from the rebreather circuit through a bite-grip mouthpiece or an

1131:. A higher gas addition rate reduces the likelihood of hypoxia but wastes more gas. 679:

low work of breathing in all diver attitudes and over the full operating depth range

16659: 16378: 16349: 16341: 15779: 15416: 15391: 15356: 15326: 15316: 15236: 15131: 15101: 15036: 15006: 14910: 14895: 14780: 14662: 14579: 14544: 14474: 14377: 14091: 13367: 13362: 13352: 13332: 13246: 13231: 13129: 12842: 12670: 12633: 12476: 12087: 12072: 11618: 11613: 11182: 11108: 11103: 11064: 11052: 10989: 10984: 10749: 10549: 10279: 10269: 10018: 9512: 9338: 9276: 9105: 9010: 8701: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8054: 7981: 7895: 7890: 7651: 7510: 7495: 7399: 7321: 7194: 7092: 6753: 6314: 3953: 3565: 2990: 2463:

be breathable. This will also reduce carbon dioxide concentration if that is high.

2295: 1825: 1629: 1547:

Schematic diagram of electronically controlled closed circuit mixed gas rebreather.

1523:, and the other is a manual on-off valve called a bypass valve. Both feed into the 1234: 1058: 211: 189: 151: 9492: 7820: 3511: – Military rebreather by Cobham plc – Clearance Diver's Breathing Apparatus. 2149:. In a few cases oxygen is supplied as liquid oxygen or from a chemical reaction. 876: 16150: 15980: 15774: 15571: 15561: 15546: 15441: 15436: 15381: 15361: 15301: 15286: 15276: 15191: 15181: 15176: 15151: 15146: 15121: 15096: 15051: 14981: 14960: 14775: 14755: 14619: 14539: 14372: 13268: 13193: 12770: 12735: 12685: 12530: 12515: 12481: 12385: 12216: 12147: 12132: 12052: 11713: 11574: 11313: 11207: 11202: 11170: 10917: 10907: 10889: 10619: 10234: 9883: 9774: 9685: 9557: 9472: 9432: 9373: 9353: 9065: 9055: 8955: 8930: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8771: 8735: 8523: 8373: 8184: 8162: 8106: 8091: 8064: 7756: 7666: 7466: 6736: 5746: 3585: 3221: 2905: 2850: 2726: 2327: 1676:

system in the loop powered by the added gas. This was developed further with the

1634: 1377: 1319: 1124: 806: 727: 660: 653: 12505: 12107: 8975: 5511:

González, Oscar; Shrikumar, H.; Stankovic, John. A; Ramamritham, Krithi (1997).

5106: 4206: 3827: – Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus 3568: – Semi-closed circuit depth compensated passive addition diving rebreather 2887:

fleet use in 1996 when it was suspected of releasing chemicals into the circuit.

1405: 1205:

amount processed during each breath depends on the tidal volume of that breath.

1107:

Semi-closed circuit equipment generally supplies one breathing gas such as air,

685:

easy and quick release of harness and unaided removal of the unit from the diver

134:

in submarines, submersibles, underwater and surface saturation habitats, and in

16505: 16005: 15764: 15699: 15673: 15627: 15536: 15531: 15506: 15446: 15426: 15411: 15401: 15261: 15231: 15161: 14935: 14805: 14800: 14750: 14687: 14549: 14529: 14439: 14402: 14392: 14387: 13106: 12817: 12750: 12740: 12500: 12177: 12167: 12127: 11733: 11708: 11703: 11638: 11628: 11512: 11024: 10951: 10839: 10524: 10078: 9860: 9705: 9080: 9035: 9025: 8854: 8822: 8765: 8507: 8497: 8482: 8452: 8397: 8263: 8026: 7870: 7596: 7574: 7554: 7488: 7417: 7365: 7134: 7107: 7062: 6891: 6436: 6243: 6214: 6095: 5816: 3906: 3715:

The Orca ECR is a CCR design that has both carbon dioxide and oxygen monitoring

3010: 2994: 2158: 2031: 1901: 1817: 1813: 1780: 1543: 888: 802: 405: 377: 369: 303: 244: 215: 147: 86: 14697: 8900: 5386: 5338: 4805:"Diving apparatus 'Modell 1912' Draegerwerk Lübeck, helmet with 'lock system'" 3496: – Electronically-controlled closed circuit mixed gas military rebreather 3447: – French company manufacturing breathing apparatus and diving equipment 3298: – French company manufacturing breathing apparatus and diving equipment 107:(scuba). A semi-closed rebreather carried by the diver may also be known as a 16883: 16770: 16452: 16444: 16325: 16000: 15923: 15833: 15658: 15556: 15526: 15511: 15501: 15476: 15466: 15406: 15351: 15331: 15321: 15291: 15266: 15211: 15196: 15056: 15001: 14945: 14915: 14900: 14865: 14825: 14785: 14765: 14760: 14707: 14604: 14584: 14514: 14509: 14469: 13198: 13146: 13034: 13027: 12832: 12822: 12510: 12278: 12241: 12208: 12047: 11250: 11245: 11230: 10812: 10802: 10544: 10468: 10412: 10040: 9898: 9876: 9779: 9754: 9749: 9717: 9100: 9050: 8990: 8985: 8950: 8890: 8885: 8753: 8727: 8669: 8574: 8462: 7996: 7621: 7483: 7412: 7394: 7389: 7360: 7167: 7102: 7087: 6990: 6970: 6823: 6805: 6476: 6446: 6356: 6277: 4595: 4399: 3574: – Non-depth-compensated passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather 3508: 2939:

power supply, non-redundant oxygen sensor, solenoid valves or control unit.

2657: 2344:

In a semi-closed rebreather the loop mix depends on a combination of factors:

2142: 1821: 502: 401: 123: 8442: 7860: 7701: 5364: 4759: 4603: 3552: 3304: – Closed circuit oxygen diving rebreather – a model of closed circuit 3009:

Bailout valves – a device in the mouthpiece of the loop which connects to a

2500: 2403:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Instrumentation and displays

1934:

due to location and shape of the counterlungs, if they are not in a casing.

1672: 1450: 16570: 16532: 16059: 16015: 15720: 15689: 15668: 15642: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15602: 15576: 15496: 15451: 15396: 15376: 15256: 15221: 15206: 15046: 14905: 14880: 14870: 14850: 14830: 14727: 14647: 14569: 14479: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14064: 13418: 13263: 13241: 13203: 12725: 12313: 12288: 12102: 12000: 11976: 11873: 11633: 11457: 11240: 10941: 10929: 10859: 10849: 10834: 10768: 10715: 10657: 10509: 10289: 9744: 9477: 9383: 9328: 9286: 9271: 9174: 9075: 8980: 8905: 8777: 8686: 8674: 8487: 8268: 8246: 8123: 8076: 8006: 7930: 7905: 7656: 7239: 7177: 7157: 6985: 6716: 6546: 6398: 6319: 6209: 5413:"Understanding oxygen sensors and why NOT change them all at the same time" 5365:"Deep Life Design Team: databases and analysis of rebreather accident data" 4736: 4380: 4259:. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. p. 19–9. Archived from 4214: 3683: 3670: 3571: 3364: 2879: 2722: 2146: 1896: 1804: 1788: 1628:

A major function of the closed circuit rebreather is to control the oxygen

1519:, the oxygen cylinder has two oxygen supply mechanisms in parallel. One is 1221: 903:

There are two basic gas passage configurations: The loop and the pendulum.

232: 181: 163: 16210: 8437: 5453: 4621: 2173:. The diluent reduces the percentage of oxygen breathed and increases the 1941:

counterlungs which are not in an enclosed casing should be sheltered from

1808:

Mouthpiece with dive/surface valve of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1535:

to top up. Control of the volume in the loop would also control buoyancy.

1249:

Diagram of the loop in a constant mass flow semi-closed circuit rebreather

1116:

gas, semi-closed circuit is wasteful of both oxygen and inert components.

501:

Initial signs/symptoms of hypoxia (normal environment oxygen in some very

19:

This article is about the equipment. For the activity and procedures, see

16604: 16565: 16487: 16333: 16205: 16133: 16042: 16010: 15995: 15471: 15431: 15306: 15216: 15201: 15126: 14991: 14986: 14940: 14875: 14860: 14835: 14820: 14717: 14652: 14599: 14499: 14407: 14362: 14225: 14048: 13383: 12862: 12847: 12812: 12785: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12660: 12400: 11984: 11442: 11387: 10976: 10879: 10874: 10773: 10756: 10710: 10700: 10624: 10569: 10440: 10382: 10274: 10254: 10244: 10239: 10068: 10030: 9936: 9920: 9700: 9572: 9323: 9158: 9153: 8995: 8817: 8812: 8722: 8528: 8472: 8241: 8236: 8231: 7991: 7880: 7581: 7427: 7404: 7345: 7294: 7227: 7222: 7162: 7124: 7035: 7005: 6980: 6975: 6928: 6813: 6785: 6696: 6563: 6506: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6219: 6199: 4465:(Revision 4a ed.). Technical Diving International, 1995. p. 14. 4082:"Commercial Dive Gear: Diving Helmets: DESCO 29019D Mark V Diving Helmet" 3399: 3261: 2634:

Carbon dioxide buildup can also occur when a combination of exertion and

2313:

Narked at 90 Ltd – Deep Pursuit Advanced electronic rebreather controller

2231: 2065:

of the diver, and can be overwhelming when it exceeds the diver's limit.

1524: 1503: 1308: 1245: 1200:

The simple case of a fixed ratio discharge can be achieved by concentric

854: 427: 414: 318: 196:

used for deep heliox diving use similar technology to rebreathers, as do

112: 8422: 3958: 3941: 3673: – British manufacturer of diving equipment and salvage contractor 3582: – Russian military rebreather for underwater and high altitude use 3410: – Russian military rebreather for underwater and high altitude use 3367: – British manufacturer of diving equipment and salvage contractor 2807: 2745: 2589: 2317: 955: with: diagram of twin scrubber single counterlung arrangement from 944: 328: 317:, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers with 16654: 16649: 16619: 16552: 16365: 16357: 16054: 15581: 15296: 15061: 14885: 14815: 14770: 14745: 14524: 14134: 13423: 13388: 13236: 13020: 12780: 12491: 12369: 12318: 12200: 12152: 12097: 11392: 11235: 10685: 10662: 10249: 9482: 9293: 9126: 9095: 9060: 9045: 8681: 8659: 8631: 8579: 8417: 8314: 8309: 8069: 7986: 7845: 7830: 7471: 7437: 7311: 7306: 7172: 7057: 6863: 6818: 6721: 6706: 6553: 6226: 6120: 6043: 3818: 3588: – Military semi-closed circuit passive addition diving rebreather 3356: 3182:

Placement of the sensor in the loop can affect sensitivity to actual CO

2485: 2368:

Most electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers (ECCCR) have

2039: 69: 5946: 5892: 4582:

Elliott, David (1997). "Some limitations of semi-closed rebreathers".

2217: 1699: 16259: 16192: 16185: 15516: 15421: 15016: 14840: 14790: 14722: 14397: 12837: 12422: 12195: 12019: 11623: 11492: 11303: 11282: 10899: 10790: 10083: 9913: 8827: 8467: 8294: 8135: 8059: 8031: 7825: 7795: 7751: 7591: 7549: 7422: 7301: 7254: 7139: 7129: 7047: 6843: 6501: 6441: 6231: 6100: 5510: 4504:"Ask an Expert: Is the New Breed of Rebreathers Really Recreational?" 3637: 3516: 3430: 3048: 2016: 2009: 2004:

Interior of scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1587:

13 Electronically controlled solenoid operated oxygen injection valve

1237:

uses a variable volume inner bellows system to compensate for depth.

90: 59: 39: 6649: 5917:

U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7 SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921

5203: 3525: – Scottish provider of diving equipment and related services. 1930:

The design of the counterlungs can also affect the swimming diver's

858:

A simple naval-type diving oxygen rebreather with the parts labelled

634:

nitrox recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 50 msw

16695:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

15083: 14357: 12986: 11437: 11432: 11354: 10807: 10695: 10579: 10564: 10073: 9868: 9131: 8837: 8492: 8256: 8216: 8016: 7736: 7261: 7232: 7082: 7030: 7023: 7018: 6061: 3239:

all times, and only require eye movement to become fully readable.

2508: 1942: 1638: 862: 299: 4136:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 Feb 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).

1732:

was designed to be run in this mode or as an ordinary rebreather.

93:

to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused

16674: 16495: 16310: 12221: 11014: 10105: 10023: 9667: 9502: 9487: 9462: 9378: 9318: 8847: 8842: 8664: 8553: 8457: 7815: 7266: 7249: 7244: 7052: 6995: 6795: 4165: 3698: 3694: 3051:

and provide an indication of when the scrubber will be exhausted.

2884: 2432:

Gas other than pure oxygen in the oxygen supply system. (unusual)

1498:

This is the earliest type of rebreather and was commonly used by

1201: 682:

the unit should not adversely affect the diver's trim and balance

393:. Exhaled air at sea level contains roughly 13.5% to 16% oxygen. 310: 99: 11889:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

9185:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

5255:"The RB80 Semi-closed Rebreather: A Successful Exploration Tool" 4253:

US Navy (2006). "Chapter 19: Closed-Circuit Oxygen UBA Diving".

4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 2691:

bypass contact with the absorbent. If any of the seals, such as

2110: 1770:

A cryogenic rebreather prototype called the S-1000 was built by

1360:

12 Mouthpiece with dive/surface valve and loop non-return valves

16222: 16217: 10163: 10045: 9507: 9467: 8402: 8368: 7940: 7910: 6858: 6853: 6838: 5935: 4714: 4205:

Walker, J R. III; Murphy-Lavoie, Heather M. (11 January 2021).

3803: – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas 3417: 3305: 2911: 2692: 2661: 2642: 2170: 2162: 1938: 1108: 365: 314: 281: 127: 94: 11815:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

3997:"Building A Fault Tolerant Rebreather: Our Path to Simplicity" 3490: – Range of military rebreathers military rebreather, and 3074: 2256: 2098: 958:"A digital tour of the KISS Spirit and Sidewinder rebreathers" 561:

Recommended limit for recreational open circuit bottom sector

115:

or surface installation is more likely to be referred to as a

16431: 16410: 13042:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

11197: 10652: 8596: 7865: 7850: 7840: 7800: 7766: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7661: 5046:

Reynolds, Glen Harlan (December 2006). "Seeking New Depths".

4191: 3884:(revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. 3579: 3522: 3407: 3394:

The "Universal" rebreather was a long-dive derivative of the

3391: – Industrial rescue and shallow water oxygen rebreather 3332: 3326: 3320: 2309: 2074: 1736: 846:

by using a mouthpiece and counterlung to form a closed loop.

743:

Normal working limit 25 feet (7.6 m) for 240 minutes. (P

676:

acceptably streamlined, to minimize added swimming resistance

622:

recompression treatment gas for use in the chamber at 18 msw

5781: 5517:

Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series. 188.

5018:"Back Mounted Counterlungs: User Instruction Manual Issue 5" 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4366: 3433: – British manufacturer of underwater diving equipment 753:

Maximum working limit 50 feet (15 m) for 10 minutes. (P

309:, and as a result the perceived risk of sabotage attacks by 8412: 7641: 7636: 5067:

US Naval Submarine Medical Research Center Technical Report

4636: 3907:

A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits

3413: 1688:

for heliox diving. These were successfully used during the

1499: 819: 647:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Rebreathers

569: 471: 277: 273: 11789:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

10590:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

4170:. Jalandhar, Punjab: Pradeep Publications. pp. V/101. 4115:. Vol. 2. Washington DC: Navy Department. July 1981. 3856:"JFD | COBRA (Compact bailout rebreathing apparatus)" 3620:

Back and sidemount mixed gas technical diving rebreathers.

3549: – Semi-closed circuit recreational diving rebreather 1708:, which gives off oxygen as it absorbs carbon dioxide: 4KO 1342:

6 Dosage mechanism with control linkage from bellows cover

16426: 16421: 5357: 4999: 4832: 4809:

Chronology of Diving in Holland: 1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck

3939: 2875: 1996:

Scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

1646:

decompression requirements for the planned dive profile.

691:

unambiguous feedback to the diver of critical information

386: 16387:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

13868:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

13690:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

9443:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

5179:"Scuba Force Bellow Part Counterlung for SF2 Rebreather" 4749: 3379: – Type of diving rebreather used by the Royal Navy 1053:

Liberty sidemount rebreather for low profile cave diving

16392:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

12935:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

10585:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

4867:: 29–31, 85–87 – via Aqua Corps magazine, N7, 28. 4109:

US Navy Diving Manual Revision 1 Navsea-0994-LP001-9020

1538: 1351:

9 Exhaust valve with control linkage from bellows cover

1134: 450:

Effects of different levels of oxygen partial pressure

396:

The situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the

14261:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

13666:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

12250: 10346:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

9226:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

6765:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

5161: 5058: 4848:

Fischel, H. (1970). "Closed circuit cryogenic SCUBA".

4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 3880:

Crawford, J. (2016). "8.5.1 Helium recovery systems".

3484: – Subsidiary of Cobham based in Davenport, Iowa 2372:

and electronic control circuits, which monitor the ppO

1753: 1240: 898: 673:

reasonably close to neutrally buoyant after ballasting

98:

a limited gas supply, and, for covert military use by

5989: 5913: 5439: 4852:. Washington, DC: Marine Technology Society: 229–244. 4185: 4140:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

3343: – Early closed circuit oxygen diving rebreather 882:

joints. The diver breathes through a mouthpiece or a

13458:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

6031: 5379: 4711:

Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine

2503:

in the early 20th century as a scuba gas supply for

1660: 717:

minimal additional task-loading for normal operation

138:

used to recover the large volumes of helium used in

14295:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

11799:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

5740:

https://www.apdiving.com/shop/en_gb/rebreather.html

5504: 4976: 4754:(Report). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 4351: 4204: 3935: 3933: 3821: – Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas 3697:MK-25 and the MK-16 mixed-gas rebreather), and the 3543: – German manufacturer of breathing equipment 3317: – German manufacturer of breathing equipment 2958:Characteristics that would improve safety include: 2304: 2089: 2046:and the production of carbon dioxide by the diver. 1700:

Rebreathers using an absorbent that releases oxygen

15872: 14215:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13850:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13654:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13589:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 10334:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 9414: 9221:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 6339: 5105:Bulman, Jake; Coffield, Skanda (27 October 2022). 5064: 4977:Haynes, P; Menduno, M; Toomer, P (21 March 2023). 4879: 4877: 4796: 4752:Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop 4451: 4449: 4137: 4135: 3665:– Back or sidemount ECCR with bellows counterlung. 1956: 1849:Mouthpiece with bailout valve and head-up display 1302: 1093: 688:accessibility of control and adjustment components 14008:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 11919:History of decompression research and development 5465: 5463: 4835:US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 4651:(7th ed.). Kogakusha: McGraw-Hill. pp. 4642: 4584:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 3741:IDA-71 with lid of casing opened showing interior 3686:, being an update of the BioMarine/Carleton MK16: 3061:Automated pre-dive checklists and systems checks. 2435:High carbon dioxide levels in the loop. (unusual) 1787:Cryogenic rebreathers were widely used in Soviet 1690:rescue of the crew and salvage of the USS Squalus 1314: 16881: 15742: 13941:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 13684:International Association for Handicapped Divers 11906: 11879:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 10352:International Association for Handicapped Divers 10094: 8337: 5923:. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 5519:(Report). University of Massachusetts - Amherst. 5482: 5433: 5332: 5330: 5039: 4903: 4850:Equipment for the Working Diver - 1970 Symposium 4394: 4392: 4390: 4019: 4017: 3930: 3701:CCS50 and CCS100 rebreathers, were developed by 3335: – Military oxygen rebreather by Drägerwerk 3329: – Military oxygen rebreather by Drägerwerk 3323: – Military oxygen tebreather by Drägerwerk 3206: 2499:The semi-closed rebreather systems developed by 2446:Visible (digital screen displays, flashing LEDs) 2193: 1458:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non return valves 1253:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non-return valves 1147:1 Dive/surface valve with loop non-return valves 262:, breathing open circuit surface-supplied air. 14256:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 13660:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 13481:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 12982:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 11094:Association of Diving Contractors International 10340:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 6182: 5752: 5404: 5301: 4874: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4446: 4421: 4234: 3990: 2910:Fault tolerance is the property that enables a 2838: 2388: 2068: 2023:, or Sodasorb. Other systems use a prepackaged 1551:1 Dive/surface valve and loop non-return valves 1068:optimised when the diver is trimmed correctly. 1016:orientations of the diver, resulting in slight 739:US Navy restrictions on oxygen rebreather use: 670:waterproof and corrosion resistant construction 574:Recreational/technical limit for decompression 122:Diving rebreather technology may be used where 16543:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 13947:National Association of Underwater Instructors 13892:Rebreather Association of International Divers 13886:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 13874:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 13744:Rebreather Association of International Divers 13738:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 13726:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 13714:National Association of Underwater Instructors 13636:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 11193:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 6421: 5715:"Ted Eldred's Porpoise Oxygen Rebreather 1946" 5460: 5104: 4209:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 4166:P.S.Dhami; G.Chopra; H.N. Shrivastava (2015). 4131: 4129: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3765:Inspiration with casing open showing interior 2629: 1641:. The monitoring system uses oxygen-sensitive 572:limit for maximum exposure for a working diver 385:, or about 20% of the available oxygen in the 192:systems for scuba or surface-supplied diving. 38:A fully closed circuit electronic rebreather ( 16725:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 16476:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 13524:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 13095: 9859: 9533:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 9352: 6665: 5962: 5863:"BioMarine/Carleton MK16 and Royal Navy CDBA" 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5345:. DAN Southern Africa. Event occurs at 48:00 5327: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4870:Also available online via the Rebreather Site 4863:Cushman, L. (1979) . "Cryogenic Rebreather". 4828: 4826: 4647:Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications 4387: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4076: 4074: 4045: 4014: 3555: – Semi-closed circuit diving rebreather 2565:Oxygen sensor malfunction: If the cell fails 2292:Rebreather diving § Emergency procedures 2111:Gas venting – Overpressure valve and diffuser 1861: 1799: 1614:22 Electronic control and monitoring circuits 1584:12 Oxygen constant mass flow metering orifice 1393: 105:self-contained underwater breathing apparatus 16625:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 16501:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 13470:International Marine Contractors Association 11099:International Marine Contractors Association 9973:International Marine Contractors Association 7962: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 4856: 4735:(6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: 4669: 4575: 4521: 4495: 4469: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 3898: 3873: 3175:temperature measurement and post scrubber CO 3145: 3099:value from the sensor with the calculated PO 3023:Active and passive oxygen sensor validation. 3000: 2776: 2643:Fire hazards of high concentration of oxygen 2429:High partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. 2145:mixture, which is almost always stored in a 1945:when not in use, to prevent the rubber from 1794: 1023: 919: 777:Operational scope and restrictions of SCRs: 16600:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 16093:Environmental impact of recreational diving 14305:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 13880:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 13732:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 13624:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 12921:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 11827:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 11794:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 11783:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 10678: 10398:Environmental impact of recreational diving 5830: 5719:Historical Diving Times, No. 38 Winter 2006 5284:"Rubicon Shop – Choosing an SF2 Rebreather" 5221: 4959:. www.therebreathersite.nl. 8 November 2010 4773: 4771: 4769: 4727: 4126: 3967: 3693:Some military rebreathers (for example the 3284: 3120: 3075:Active and passive oxygen sensor validation 2426:Low partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. 2257:Electronically controlled (solenoid valves) 2099:Effect of temperature on scrubber endurance 2049: 1741:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 1730:Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather 1654:the event of some control system failures. 1044: 1041:for most common orientations of the diver. 1010: 826: 812: 376:requires about 0.25 L/min of oxygen from a 16816: 16685:Society for Underwater Historical Research 14266:South African Underwater Sports Federation 11048:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 10904:Hazard identification and risk assessment 6672: 6658: 6632: 5969: 5955: 5758: 5410: 5278: 5276: 5125: 5098: 4911:"Popular mechanics (ru), №7(81) June 2009" 4837:(Report). Vol. NEDU-Evaluation-11-68. 4823: 4101: 4099: 4071: 3905:Thornton, Michael Albert (December 2000). 3424: 3373: – British military oxygen rebreather 2411: 1973: 1084: 911:simpler, but inherently contains a larger 666:General operational requirements include: 513:Normal environment oxygen (sea level air) 180:Diving rebreathers are generally used for 32: 16551: 15849:Physiological response to water immersion 13913: 13497:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 13476:List of diver certification organizations 13059:List of Divers Alert Network publications 12992:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 11809:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 9663:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 9638:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 5721:. Historical Diving Society. pp. 5–8 5523: 5472:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Abstract 5469: 5339:"Operational Aspects of Technical Diving" 5246: 5073: 4923: 4721: 4553: 4274: 4084:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: DESCO Corporation 3957: 3242: 2620: 2438:Impending scrubber breakthrough (unusual) 907:non-return valve when the diver inhales. 404:is higher, and in underwater diving, the 15755:List of researchers in underwater diving 13464:International Diving Schools Association 12949:The new science of skin and scuba diving 11934:List of researchers in underwater diving 10480:Human factors in diving equipment design 6770:Human factors in diving equipment design 5626: 5442:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 5336: 5307: 5045: 4886:"S-600 G and SS100 cryogenic rebreather" 4766: 4743: 4398: 4235:James W. Miller, ed. (1979). "Fig 2.4". 3904: 3879: 3848: 3529:Clearance Divers' Life Support Equipment 3355: – Australian oxygen rebreather – 2899: 2392: 2316: 2308: 2272: 2197: 2132: 2056:Human factors in diving equipment design 1999: 1991: 1983: 1877: 1844: 1803: 1542: 1531:button on an open-circuit demand valve. 1449: 1404: 1318: 1244: 1138: 1048: 1027: 861: 853: 768: 440: 364:As a person breathes, the body consumes 15854:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 13985:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 13862:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 13812:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 13672:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 12716:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 12391:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 12294:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 11959:US Navy decompression models and tables 11821:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 10191: 9252: 7627:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 5976: 5273: 5164:Defence R&D Canada Technical Report 4970: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4686: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4581: 4501: 4475: 4252: 4159: 4096: 3994: 3289: 3064:Head-up displays for status and alarms. 2915:tolerance is particularly important in 2715: 2380:reaches dangerously high or low levels. 2080: 1762: 1684:The US Navy developed a variant of the 1667:Standard diving dress § Variations 1400: 1156:4 Non-return valve to discharge bellows 870: 698:Special applications may also require: 16882: 16740:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 16471:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 16440:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 11864:Civil liability in recreational diving 10535:List of diving hazards and precautions 9613:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 8602:Underwater acoustic positioning system 8112:High pressure breathing air compressor 5706: 5166:(DCIEM 92–06). Defence R&D Canada. 5136: 4951: 4949: 4327: 4248: 4246: 4228: 3640:MK5 design and further developed into, 3624:Mark 29 Underwater Breathing Apparatus 3349: – Australian scuba manufacturer 3341:Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit 2947:, and sensitivity to the environment. 2861: 2185: 1837:mouthpiece is taken out of the mouth. 1617:23 Primary and secondary display units 1510: 1286:12 Constant Mass Flow metering orifice 990: 960:. Divetech Grand Cayman·. 13 June 2020 805:, which is affected by flow velocity ( 286:Swimmer Canoeist's Breathing Apparatus 16122: 15741: 14331: 14330: 14300:Underwater Hockey World Championships 14246:British Underwater Sports Association 14029: 14028: 13518:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 13219: 13094: 12887: 12365:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 11905: 11852: 11168: 10466: 10190: 9553:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 9251: 8629: 8117:Low pressure breathing air compressor 7961: 6751: 6679: 6653: 6465: 6420: 6338: 6181: 6030: 5988: 5950: 5729:– via www.therebreathersite.nl. 5196: 4708: 4702: 4478:"Rise of the Recreational Rebreather" 3789:rEvo rebreather back view, right side 2729:, or manually by using a small pump. 2225: 1831: 1599:17 Diluent submersible pressure gauge 721: 705:low emission of bubbles/small bubbles 640: 16804: 16576:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 15907:Thermodynamic model of decompression 14310:Underwater Rugby World Championships 13923:Cave Divers Association of Australia 13838:American Nitrox Divers International 13696:International Life Saving Federation 13630:American Nitrox Divers International 13595:Performance Freediving International 11777:European Diving Technology Committee 10418:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 10316:Cave Divers Association of Australia 10036:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 9633:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 9231:Performance Freediving International 8448:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 8364:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 6752: 6620: 5855: 5805: 5712: 5602: 5411:Raymaekers, Paul (18 October 2010). 5252: 5155: 5143:. Rebreather Forum 4. Valetta, Malta 4733:Deep Diving and Submarine Operations 4643:Daucherty, RL; Franzini, JB (1977). 4610: 4455: 3912:(Report). Texas A&M University. 3753:IDA-71 mask, DSV and breathing hoses 3302:FROGS (Full Range Oxygen Gas System) 2802: 2740: 2665:"caustic cocktail" if they get wet. 2660:and can cause chemical burns to the 2584: 2475: 1578:10 Oxygen submersible pressure gauge 1575:9 Absolute pressure oxygen regulator 1539:Closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers 1135:Passive addition semi-closed circuit 939: 582:Commercial/military "Sur-D" chamber 323: 16761:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 15976:List of diving environments by type 14271:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 13780:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 13708:National Academy of Scuba Educators 13540:Department of Employment and Labour 12942:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 12396:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 11570:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 11169: 11070:Breathing performance of regulators 6482:Breathing performance of regulators 6205:Continuous positive airway pressure 5171: 4946: 4931:"Sportsmen-podvodnik journal, 1977" 4476:Menduno, Michael (8 January 2014). 4256:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision 4243: 3215: 3194:Furthermore, increased levels of CO 2676: 2651: 2247: 1754:Rebreathers which use liquid oxygen 1241:Active addition semi-closed circuit 1032:Diver with chest-mounted rebreather 899:Breathing gas passage configuration 541:; maximum saturation dive exposure 265:(Draeger and Mark V Helium helmet) 16:Closed or semi-closed circuit scuba 13: 16900:Self-contained breathing apparatus 16538:Submarine escape training facility 16139:Defense against swimmer incursions 13492:Recreational diver course referral 10408:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 10219:Outline of recreational dive sites 9623:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 8795:Variable weight apnea without fins 6079:Self-contained breathing apparatus 6014:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 5635:"Equipements des Commandos Marine" 5069:(Report). Vol. NSMRL-TR-1228. 4802: 4122:from the original on July 2, 2019. 3995:Šimánek, Jakub (2 February 2021). 3831:Self-contained breathing apparatus 3777:Liberty closed circuit rebreathers 2449:Audible (buzzer or tone generator) 2210: 2061:significant part of the available 1873: 1075: 438:gas is compressed during descent. 359: 14: 16911: 16690:Society for Underwater Technology 11884:Investigation of diving accidents 10467: 10358:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 9598:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 9438:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 8607:Underwater acoustic communication 7339:Underwater acoustic communication 6902:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 6372:Surface-supplied diving equipment 6084:Self-contained self-rescue device 5991:High altitude breathing apparatus 5928: 5759:Juergensen, Kevin (16 Jul 1998). 5632: 5606:Rebreathers and Scientific Diving 5137:Clarke, John (20–22 April 2023). 4779:"Rebreathers guide for beginners" 3946:Marine Technology Society Journal 3682:A type introduced in 1999 in the 2895:to bail off the loop immediately. 2648:ignition risk is relatively low. 1661:Standard diving dress rebreathers 1177:11 Breathing gas storage cylinder 16861: 16849: 16815: 16803: 16792: 16791: 16561:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 15887:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 14231:Australian Underwater Federation 13720:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 12888: 12304:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 11468:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 11345:Inner ear decompression sickness 10925:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 10209:Index of recreational dive sites 9548:Naval Special Operations Command 9211:Australian Underwater Federation 6631: 6619: 6608: 6607: 6532:Respiratory protective equipment 6517:Open circuit breathing apparatus 6106:Powered air-purifying respirator 6032:Occupational breathing apparatus 5934: 5813:"KISS Closed Circuit Rebreather" 5308:Šimánekk, Jakub (10 June 2020). 4883: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3396:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 3383:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 2806: 2744: 2668: 2588: 2305:Control of the breathing gas mix 2268: 2179: 2119: 2090:Grain size and size distribution 1840: 1476:7 Breathing gas storage cylinder 1431:7 Breathing gas storage cylinder 1336:4 Feed gas first stage regulator 1259:3 Scrubber canister (axial flow) 943: 610:at 50 msw (meters of sea water) 327: 16850: 16645:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 16321:-class deep submergence vehicle 13990:Underwater Escape Training Unit 11771:Diving Medical Advisory Council 11765:Diving Diseases Research Centre 9603:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 5885: 5793: 5733: 5678: 5653: 5253:Rhea, David (2 February 2021). 4502:Douglas, Eric (31 March 2014). 3919:from the original on 2023-03-19 3398:, intended to be used with the 3255: 2784:electro-galvanic oxygen sensors 2682:fail or become less efficient: 2522:Rebreather diving § Safety 2423:Failure of one or more sensors. 2370:electro-galvanic oxygen sensors 1957:Concentric bellows counterlungs 1890: 1303:Constant mass flow gas addition 1271:7 Breathing gas supply cylinder 1094:Semi-closed circuit rebreathers 849: 482:Unconsciousness in most people 226:can extend the duration of the 169: 16895:Underwater breathing apparatus 14236:British Freediving Association 13953:Technical Diving International 13529:Divers Institute of Technology 13452:European Underwater Federation 13288:Surface-supplied diving skills 11503:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 11463:Salt water aspiration syndrome 11362:High-pressure nervous syndrome 10637:Diver behaviour and competence 10485:Human factors in diving safety 10001:Baited remote underwater video 9834:Underwater search and recovery 9802:Underwater cutting and welding 9608:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 9216:British Freediving Association 8971:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 8630: 8190:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 7856:Diving Unlimited International 7501:Mechanism of diving regulators 7190:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 6341:Underwater breathing apparatus 6268:Respiratory gas humidification 6042: 5907: 5337:Mitchell, Simon (April 2015). 4737:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd 4404:"Diving Sidemount Rebreathers" 3882:Offshore Installation Practice 3710:Juergensen Defense Corporation 3504:Juergensen Defense Corporation 2732: 2420:Failure of the control system. 2285: 2152: 2128: 1772:Sub-Marine Systems Corporation 1605:19 Manual diluent bypass valve 1515:In some rebreathers, e.g. the 1315:Demand controlled gas addition 83:underwater breathing apparatus 1: 16077:Underwater diving environment 15897:Reduced gradient bubble model 15892:Haldane's decompression model 14276:Underwater Society of America 13856:Diving Science and Technology 13762:Scuba Educators International 12956:Professional Diver's Handbook 12264:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 11954:Pearling in Western Australia 11949:Timeline of diving technology 11754:Aerospace Medical Association 11654:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 11580:Psychological fitness to dive 11453:Instinctive drowning response 10855:Gas blending for scuba diving 10364:Woodville Karst Plain Project 9653:Underwater Demolition Command 9648:Underwater Construction Teams 9538:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 9498:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 9428:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 9394:United States military divers 8354:Continental Shelf Station Two 8129:Gas blending for scuba diving 5490:"Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd" 5113:. Global Underwater Explorers 5027:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd 4986:rebreathertrainingcouncil.org 4620:Larsson, Åke (15 July 2002). 4339:. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd 3841: 3207:Automated pre-dive checklists 2194:Automatic diluent valve (ADV) 1988:Inspiration scrubber canister 1581:11 Oxygen manual bypass valve 1485:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1440:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1280:10 Submersible pressure gauge 1277:9 Absolute pressure regulator 1186:14 Submersible pressure gauge 708:low electromagnetic signature 253:Timeline of diving technology 16640:Nautical Archaeology Society 16635:Nautical Archaeology Program 16463:NATO Submarine Rescue System 15744:Science of underwater diving 15482:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 15387:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 14241:British Octopush Association 13558:Divers Academy International 13487:Nautical Archaeology Society 13165:Public safety diver training 13151:Occupational diver training 12043:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 11908:History of underwater diving 11144:Standard operating procedure 10935:Hierarchy of hazard controls 9968:Helix Energy Solutions Group 9618:Special Service Group (Navy) 9583:Special Air Service Regiment 9543:Naval Service Diving Section 9369:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 8748:Constant weight without fins 7334:Through-water communications 6002:Aviation breathing apparatus 5310:"Using a Bailout Rebreather" 2978: 2839:Gas injection system failure 2550: 2389:Instrumentation and displays 2069:Single or multiple scrubbers 1791:in the period 1980 to 1990. 1345:7 Hinged bellows counterlung 877:Rebreather § Components 474:ultimately leading to death 249:History of underwater diving 162:of the diver and record the 7: 16715:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 16161:Underwater domain awareness 15929:Physiology of decompression 15117:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 13935:Global Underwater Explorers 13774:Scuba Schools International 13678:Global Underwater Explorers 13601:Scuba Schools International 13534:Health and Safety Executive 13177:Recreational diver training 12284:Motorised Submersible Canoe 11674:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 11539:Diving Medical Practitioner 11488:Demand valve oxygen therapy 10505:Underwater diving emergency 10111:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 9711:Recreational diver training 9206:Scuba Schools International 8305:Combat rubber raiding craft 7811:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 6702:Atmospheric pressure diving 6527:Positive pressure breathing 6512:Negative pressure breathing 6466: 6184:Medical breathing apparatus 5914:US Navy (1 December 2016). 5893:"Carbon Dioxide Monitoring" 5637:(in French). Archived from 5107:"Keep It Simple Sidewinder" 4957:"OC – DSV – BOV – FFM page" 4328:Parker, Martin (Nov 2012). 3813:Primary life support system 3794: 3445:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 3296:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 2630:Excessive work of breathing 1643:electro-galvanic fuel cells 1039:positive pressure breathing 1018:negative pressure breathing 448: 111:. The same technology on a 10: 16916: 16730:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 15912:Varying Permeability Model 15802:Underwater computer vision 14109:Underwater target shooting 13756:Scuba Diving International 13116:Competence and assessment 12639:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 10630:Uncontrolled decompression 10214:List of wreck diving sites 9696:Commercial offshore diving 9658:Underwater Demolition Team 9588:Special Actions Detachment 8760:Dynamic apnea without fins 8707:Underwater target shooting 8252:Launch and recovery system 8022:Launch and recovery system 7200:Submersible pressure gauge 6497:Escape breathing apparatus 6423:User respiratory interface 6161:GB2626 (China), and others 5761:"The History of BioMarine" 4186:US Navy Diving Manual 2016 3807:Escape breathing apparatus 3259: 3219: 2982: 2903: 2538: 2530: 2519: 2400: 2289: 2229: 2053: 1977: 1868:mouthpiece retaining strap 1862:Mouthpiece retaining strap 1800:User respiratory interface 1664: 1608:20 Automatic diluent valve 1488:11 Automatic make-up valve 1394:Closed circuit rebreathers 1327:1 Nitrox feed gas cylinder 1283:11 Automatic Diluent Valve 1165:7 Main counterlung bellows 1153:3 Counterlung fore-chamber 1056: 874: 830: 644: 490:Serious signs/symptoms of 242: 238: 173: 18: 16787: 16748: 16703: 16630:Karst Underwater Research 16588: 16523: 16377: 16174: 16129: 16123: 16118: 16085: 15968: 15941: 15839:Equivalent narcotic depth 15812: 15763: 15750: 15737: 15713: 15682: 15651: 15590: 15082: 14969: 14736: 14676: 14628: 14421: 14343: 14339: 14326: 14287: 14195: 14179: 14143: 14117: 14057: 14041: 14037: 14024: 13998: 13970: 13826: 13818:CMAS Scientific Committee 13800: 13786:United Diving Instructors 13702:Israeli Diving Federation 13610: 13571: 13548: 13506: 13436: 13411: 13376: 13328:Advanced Open Water Diver 13320: 13305: 13170:Scientific diver training 13155:Commercial diver training 13120:Competency-based learning 13105: 13101: 13096:Training and registration 13090: 13067: 13051: 13005: 12972: 12898: 12894: 12883: 12704: 12644:Johnson Sea Link accident 12601: 12529: 12490: 12464: 12443: 12421: 12414: 12406:Women Divers Hall of Fame 12378: 12357: 12341:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 12331: 12186: 12033: 12010: 11967: 11914: 11901: 11859: 11848: 11742: 11595: 11588: 11557: 11544:Diving Medical Technician 11526: 11518:Therapeutic recompression 11480: 11423: 11411:Carbon monoxide poisoning 11401: 11380: 11350:Isobaric counterdiffusion 11322: 11291: 11216: 11181: 11177: 11164: 11080: 11033: 11010:Diving systems technician 10975: 10888: 10733: 10523: 10475: 10462: 10431: 10423:Underwater diving on Guam 10373: 10298: 10227: 10199: 10186: 10059: 10006:In-water surface cleaning 9981: 9951: 9795:Archaeology of shipwrecks 9684: 9282:Commercial offshore diver 9264: 9260: 9247: 9193: 9167: 9119: 8863: 8805: 8715: 8642: 8638: 8625: 8567: 8516: 8386: 8287: 8274:Recreational Dive Planner 8222:Built-in breathing system 8205: 8178:Pressure swing adsorption 8040: 7974: 7970: 7957: 7784: 7725: 7607: 7538: 7448: 7275: 7208: 7150: 7098:Lightweight demand helmet 7073: 7004: 6939: 6877: 6804: 6778: 6760: 6747: 6687: 6603: 6559:Closed circuit rebreather 6472: 6461: 6429: 6416: 6347: 6334: 6254:Built-in breathing system 6190: 6177: 6156:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 6144:42 CFR 84 (United States) 6136: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6026: 5997: 5984: 4561:"What is a "Rebreather"?" 3146:Carbon dioxide monitoring 3058:accelerate decompression. 3026:Hyperoxic linearity test. 3001:Technological innovations 2777:Oxygen monitoring failure 2515: 1828:for the loop are fitted. 1795:Components and subsystems 1593:15 Diluent cylinder valve 1425:5 Automatic make-up valve 1265:5 Loop overpressure valve 1024:Chest-mounted rebreathers 920:Counterlung configuration 553:closed circuit set point 284:"): SCMBA from the SCBA ( 245:Rebreather § History 65: 55: 47: 31: 16735:Space Systems Laboratory 14505:Fernando Garfella Palmer 14353:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 13904:Technical Extended Range 13898:Trimix Scuba Association 13209:Stress exposure training 12776:Fernando Garfella Palmer 12058:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 11924:History of Diving Museum 10995:Diver medical technician 10745:Ascending and descending 10721:Non-freezing cold injury 9563:Russian commando frogmen 9344:Underwater archaeologist 7964:Diving support equipment 7385:Emergency locator beacon 7218:Diver propulsion vehicle 6263:Positive airway pressure 6237:Non-invasive ventilation 5768:www.therebreathersite.nl 5420:www.revo-rebreathers.com 4622:"Le Spirotechnique DC55" 4456:Odom, J. (August 1999). 4330:"Rebreather user manual" 4057:www.therebreathersite.nl 3285:Manufacturers and models 3121:Hyperoxic linearity test 3015:carbon dioxide poisoning 2576:Power supply malfunction 2050:Scrubber design and size 2025:Reactive Plastic Curtain 1937:A rebreather which uses 1856:carbon dioxide poisoning 1671:In 1912 the German firm 1419:3 Scrubber (radial flow) 1416:2 Two way breathing hose 1369:15 Low gas warning valve 1183:13 Regulator first stage 1045:Side-mounted rebreathers 1011:Back-mounted rebreathers 827:Atmospheric diving suits 813:Recreational rebreathers 228:Flyaway Mixed Gas System 205:Atmospheric diving suits 16670:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 16481:Russian submarine AS-34 16201:American submarine NR-1 16067:Recreational dive sites 15844:Maximum operating depth 15591:Writers and journalists 15112:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 14555:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 14520:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 14166:Underwater orienteering 13160:Military diver training 13137:Diver training standard 12914:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 12833:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 12656:Gerard Anthony Prangley 12158:Willard Franklyn Searle 12123:Christian J. Lambertsen 11929:History of scuba diving 11853: 11724:Charles Wesley Shilling 11699:Christian J. Lambertsen 11679:Henry Valence Hempleman 11534:Diving Medical Examiner 11119:Emergency response plan 11058:Sustained load cracking 11020:Life support technician 10595:Single point of failure 10500:Scuba diving fatalities 10204:Recreational dive sites 10159:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 10139:AAI underwater revolver 10129:SPP-1 underwater pistol 9738:Underwater construction 9453:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 8966:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 8742:Constant weight bi-fins 8173:Membrane gas separation 8082:Carbon dioxide scrubber 8002:Diving platform (scuba) 7617:Carbon dioxide scrubber 7462:Atmospheric diving suit 7014:Atmospheric diving suit 6909:Diving weighting system 6732:Surface-supplied diving 6727:Surface oriented diving 6574:Carbon dioxide scrubber 6542:Constant flow regulator 6394:Atmospheric diving suit 6310:Partial rebreather mask 6074:Supplied-air respirator 6007:Emergency oxygen system 5788:Historical Diving Times 5686:"F.R.O.G.S. Rebreather" 5665:www.opstechnologies.com 4540:www.kissrebreathers.com 4369:Aviat Space Environ Med 3801:Carbon dioxide scrubber 3629:Poseidon Diving Systems 3502:– made by Carleton and 3031:decompression computers 3020:Closed circuit bailout. 2921:safety-critical systems 2412:Alarms for malfunctions 2175:maximum operating depth 1980:Carbon dioxide scrubber 1974:Carbon dioxide scrubber 1904:of all possible users. 1816:which may be part of a 1602:18 Bailout demand valve 1572:8 Oxygen cylinder valve 1557:3 Scrubber (axial flow) 1482:9 Regulator first stage 1464:3 Scrubber (axial flow) 1437:9 Regulator first stage 1354:10 Radial flow scrubber 1292:14 Bailout demand valve 1189:15 Bailout demand valve 1171:9 Scrubber (axial flow) 1101:maximum operating depth 833:Atmospheric diving suit 604:recompression treatment 463:Application and effect 432:carbon dioxide scrubber 224:US Navy MK29 rebreather 186:surface-supplied diving 156:decompression computers 146:diving rebreathers may 16072:Underwater environment 15953:Underwater exploration 15883:Decompression models: 14956:John Ernest Williamson 14535:Anna Marguerite McCann 14368:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 14187:Underwater photography 14171:Underwater photography 14058:Snorkeling/breath-hold 13768:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 13563:Norwegian diver school 13187:ISO training standards 12456:Tham Luang cave rescue 12274:Dry Combat Submersible 12173:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 12113:Karl Heinrich Klingert 11659:Kenneth William Donald 11508:In-water recompression 11340:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 11335:Decompression sickness 11273:Compression arthralgia 10786:Decompression practice 10762:Canoe and kayak diving 10691:Decompression sickness 10515:Water surface searches 10495:Safety-critical system 10393:Diving in the Maldives 10285:Underwater photography 10124:Heckler & Koch P11 9846:Underwater videography 9829:Underwater photography 9817:Nondestructive testing 9790:Underwater archaeology 9523:Marine Raider Regiment 9389:Royal Navy ships diver 9147:Shallow-water blackout 8300:Canoe and kayak diving 8087:Cascade filling system 7560:Decompression cylinder 7285:Alternative air source 7118:Standard diving helmet 6961:Decompression cylinder 6126:Elastomeric respirator 6091:Particulate respirator 5661:"Military Rebreathers" 5140:Demystifying scrubbers 5085:www.apollomilitary.com 3712:Mark V Control System. 3278: 3243:Closed circuit bailout 2974:Low work of breathing. 2621:Carbon dioxide buildup 2486:carbon dioxide buildup 2398: 2322: 2314: 2278: 2203: 2138: 2005: 1997: 1989: 1883: 1850: 1809: 1678:Modell 1915 "Bubikopf" 1621: 1611:21 Oxygen sensor cells 1495: 1491:12 Manual bypass valve 1447: 1373: 1366:14 Manual bypass valve 1296: 1289:13 Manual bypass valve 1193: 1054: 1033: 867: 859: 657:life-support equipment 446: 302:ended and in 1989 the 288:), and CDMBA from the 148:automatically maintain 16720:Neutral buoyancy pool 16402:Submarine rescue ship 16397:McCann Rescue Chamber 16156:Rugged compact camera 16144:Diver detection sonar 15991:Confined water diving 15705:James Joseph Magennis 15342:Michael López-Alegría 15072:Aristotelis Zervoudis 14811:John Christopher Fine 14485:John Christopher Fine 14151:Immersion finswimming 13980:Defence Diving School 13844:British Sub-Aqua Club 13642:British Sub-Aqua Club 12629:Francis P. Hammerberg 12309:Siluro San Bartolomeo 12299:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 12232:Standard diving dress 12078:Charles Anthony Deane 12063:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 12025:Jason deCaires Taylor 11944:Man in the Sea Museum 11939:Lyons Maritime Museum 11278:Decompression illness 11261:Middle ear barotrauma 11129:Diving superintendent 11124:Diving safety officer 11043:Breathing gas quality 10648:Overconfidence effect 10310:British Sub-Aqua Club 10135:Underwater revolvers 9812:Underwater inspection 9807:Underwater demolition 9733:Offshore construction 9628:Tactical Divers Group 9518:Marinejegerkommandoen 9448:Decima Flottiglia MAS 9404:U.S.Navy master diver 9309:Diving superintendent 9304:Diving safety officer 8916:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 8789:Variable weight apnea 8322:Diving support vessel 8097:Diving air compressor 7772:Standard diving dress 7747:Diving air compressor 7530:Full-face diving mask 7518:Single-hose regulator 7506:Regulator malfunction 7409:Navigation equipment 7351:Diving safety harness 6966:Decompression trapeze 6956:Decompression chamber 6404:Helium reclaim system 6382:Helicopter escape set 6367:Full-face diving mask 5897:Lungfish Dive Systems 5749:AP Diving rebreathers 4811:. www.divinghelmet.nl 4689:"The Interspiro DCSC" 4168:A Textbook of Biology 3482:Carleton Life Support 3425:Mixed gas rebreathers 3359:'s oxygen rebreather. 3353:Porpoise (rebreather) 3273: 3070:Sidemount rebreathers 2900:Fault tolerant design 2505:Standard diving dress 2396: 2320: 2312: 2276: 2201: 2136: 2063:aerobic work capacity 2003: 1995: 1987: 1978:Further information: 1881: 1848: 1807: 1546: 1453: 1443:11 Overpressure valve 1428:6 Manual bypass valve 1408: 1322: 1248: 1142: 1085:Mixed gas rebreathers 1052: 1031: 884:full-face diving mask 865: 857: 844:mechanical dead space 769:Mixed gas rebreathers 584:surface decompression 444: 270:Decima Flottiglia MAS 260:standard diving dress 16766:Scuba diving therapy 16756:Nautilus Productions 16680:Sea Research Society 16615:Divers Alert Network 16048:Torricellian chamber 15958:Deep-sea exploration 15919:Equivalent air depth 15790:Modulated ultrasound 15785:Underwater acoustics 15252:Christopher E. Gerty 15247:Michael L. Gernhardt 15137:Timothy J. Broderick 15012:William Hogarth Main 14703:Jean-Michel Cousteau 14668:Krzysztof Starnawski 13750:Sub-Aqua Association 13014:The Darkness Beckons 12545:diving bell accident 12472:John Day (carpenter) 11994:Queen Anne's Revenge 11759:Divers Alert Network 11684:Leonard Erskine Hill 11565:Atrial septal defect 11266:Pulmonary barotrauma 11226:Alternobaric vertigo 10870:Scuba gas management 10830:Diver communications 10446:Underwater Bike Race 10403:Scuba diving tourism 10388:Diving in East Timor 10154:APS underwater rifle 10149:ADS amphibious rifle 9765:Public safety diving 9760:Potable water diving 9593:Special Boat Service 9568:Sappers Divers Group 9528:Minedykkerkommandoen 8926:Leonardo D'Imporzano 8784:Skandalopetra diving 8544:Hyperbaric stretcher 8503:T1200 Trenching Unit 8478:Sea Dragon-class ROV 8327:HMS Challenger (K07) 8227:Decompression tables 8197:Oxygen compatibility 7632:Cryogenic rebreather 7477:Scuba cylinder valve 7378:Screw gate carabiner 7356:Emergency gas supply 7317:Diver's cutting tool 7183:Helium release valve 7113:Shallow water helmet 7041:Standard diving suit 6887:Buoyancy compensator 6834:Emergency gas supply 6492:Emergency gas supply 6387:Submarine escape set 5943:at Wikimedia Commons 5790:#42 Summer 2007, p27 5233:Halcyon Dive Systems 5081:"Micropore Brochure" 4890:therebreathersite.nl 4687:Larsson, A. (2000). 4207:"Diving Rebreathers" 3561:Halcyon Dive Systems 3420:variant called ONBA. 3109:sensor performance. 2716:Flooding of the loop 2452:Tactile (Vibrations) 2081:Axial or radial flow 1763:Cryogenic rebreather 1745:Panama City, Florida 1706:potassium superoxide 1596:16 Diluent regulator 1563:5 Overpressure valve 1470:5 Overpressure valve 1413:1 Dive/surface valve 1162:6 Overpressure valve 1127:in the diver due to 968:– via YouTube. 871:Essential components 728:pure oxygen is toxic 383:atmospheric pressure 201:life support systems 160:decompression status 132:life-support systems 16610:Coral Reef Alliance 15986:Benign water diving 15829:Cold shock response 15598:Michael C. Barnette 15552:Douglas H. Wheelock 15457:David Saint-Jacques 15242:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 14951:Michele Westmorland 14251:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 14070:Underwater football 13648:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 13348:Introductory diving 13293:Underwater searches 13279:Diamond Reef System 13182:Introductory diving 13006:General non-fiction 12928:Underwater Handbook 12828:François de Roubaix 12681:Lothar Michael Ward 12624:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 12451:Alpazat cave rescue 12358:Scientific projects 12237:Sub Marine Explorer 12143:Joseph Salim Peress 12138:Ernest William Moir 11498:Hyperbaric medicine 11299:Freediving blackout 10967:Situation awareness 10913:Job safety analysis 10796:Ratio decompression 10605:Cold shock response 10555:Entanglement hazard 10490:Life-support system 10328:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 10193:Recreational diving 10120:Underwater pistols 10014:Cavitation cleaning 9839:Underwater searches 9728:Marine construction 9578:Special Air Service 9364:Army engineer diver 9334:Public safety diver 9254:Professional diving 9142:Deep-water blackout 9137:Freediving blackout 8961:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 8692:Underwater football 8539:Hyperbaric lifeboat 8433:Goldfish-class ROUV 8428:Global Explorer ROV 8390:underwater vehicles 7926:Shearwater Research 7587:Scuba configuration 7570:Manifolded twin set 7565:Independent doubles 7523:Twin-hose regulator 7433:Surface marker buoy 6579:Semi-closed circuit 6522:Oxygen concentrator 6290:Non-rebreather mask 6273:Supplemental oxygen 6249:Hyperbaric medicine 6195:Anaesthetic machine 5978:Breathing apparatus 5867:www.cybermaps.co.uk 4865:Skin Diver Magazine 4032:www.secnav.navy.mil 3959:10.4031/MTSJ.47.6.5 3618:Liberty rebreathers 3592:Jetsam Technologies 3476:military rebreather 3470:military rebreather 2862:Scrubber monitoring 2687:emergency response. 2321:Oxygen sensor cells 2186:Gas addition valves 1590:14 Diluent cylinder 1517:Siebe Gorman Salvus 1511:Oxygen feed options 1159:5 Discharge bellows 991:General arrangement 840:life-support system 714:light weight in air 711:rugged construction 606:gas for use in the 451: 321:started to appear. 194:Gas reclaim systems 136:gas reclaim systems 117:life-support system 28: 16708:Astronaut training 16665:Rubicon Foundation 16511:URF (Swedish Navy) 16296:Russian submarine 16284:-class submersible 16254:Deepsea Challenger 16239:-class bathyscaphe 16166:Underwater vehicle 16038:Penetration diving 16026:Black-water diving 15902:Thalmann algorithm 15714:Commercial salvors 15347:Joseph B. MacInnis 14856:Joseph B. MacInnis 14693:David Attenborough 14615:Peter Throckmorton 14575:Andreas Rechnitzer 14565:Mendel L. Peterson 14426:archaeologists and 14210:AIDA International 14161:Underwater cycling 14144:Open Circuit Scuba 14130:Apnoea finswimming 14042:Surface snorkeling 13792:YMCA SCUBA Program 13583:AIDA International 13358:Master Scuba Diver 13343:CMAS** scuba diver 13321:Core diving skills 13259:Finning techniques 13125:Refresher training 12907:NOAA Diving Manual 12721:Ricardo Armbruster 12649:Edwin Clayton Link 12521:Natalia Molchanova 12269:Cosmos CE2F series 12227:Porpoise regulator 12093:Auguste Denayrouze 11869:Diving regulations 11804:Rubicon Foundation 11729:Edward D. Thalmann 11694:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 11689:Brian Andrew Hills 11669:John Scott Haldane 11644:Albert A. Bühlmann 11609:Arthur J. Bachrach 11549:Hyperbaric nursing 11448:Immersion diuresis 11330:Avascular necrosis 11114:Diving regulations 10823:Scuba gas planning 10145:Underwater rifles 9824:Underwater logging 9785:Submarine pipeline 9723:Hyperbaric welding 9458:Fuerzas Especiales 9201:AIDA International 9091:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 9016:Natalia Molchanova 8946:Francisco Ferreras 8833:Snorkel (swimming) 8655:Apnoea finswimming 8559:Reserve gas supply 8534:ENOS Rescue-System 8349:Aquarius Reef Base 8141:Gas reclaim system 7936:Submarine Products 7609:Diving rebreathers 6951:Decompression buoy 6919:Integrated weights 6537:Pressure regulator 6352:Open-circuit scuba 6113:Chemical cartridge 5941:Diving rebreathers 5745:2021-07-09 at the 5391:divingheritage.com 5229:"Design Specifics" 4237:NOAA Diving Manual 3463:BioMarine CCR 1000 3437:Inspiration series 3290:Oxygen rebreathers 2818:. You can help by 2795:Failure of display 2756:. You can help by 2600:. You can help by 2399: 2323: 2315: 2279: 2226:Constant mass flow 2204: 2139: 2105:Arrhenius equation 2006: 1998: 1990: 1900:need to match the 1884: 1851: 1832:Dive/surface valve 1810: 1622: 1566:6 Inhalation valve 1496: 1448: 1401:Oxygen rebreathers 1374: 1363:13 Inhalation hose 1357:11 Exhalation hose 1297: 1268:6 Inhalation valve 1194: 1174:10 Inhalation hose 1055: 1034: 970:. You can help by 868: 860: 722:Oxygen rebreathers 641:Design constraints 539:whole-body effects 449: 447: 339:. You can help by 182:scuba applications 26: 16877: 16876: 16783: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16584: 16583: 16519: 16518: 16231:class bathyscaphe 16114: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16098:Low impact diving 16031:Blue-water diving 16021:Open-water diving 15937: 15936: 15864:Work of breathing 15859:Underwater vision 15797:Underwater vision 15733: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15695:Ian Edward Fraser 15542:John Morgan Wells 15522:Mark T. Vande Hei 15367:K. Megan McArthur 15337:Kjell N. Lindgren 15272:José M. Hernández 15227:Andrew J. Feustel 15187:Philippe Cousteau 15167:Catherine Coleman 15157:Gregory Chamitoff 15127:Robert L. Behnken 15107:Richard R. Arnold 15092:Andrew Abercromby 15067:Valerie van Heest 14997:Jochen Hasenmayer 14921:Philippe Tailliez 14846:Henry Way Kendall 14796:Bernard Delemotte 14595:Stephanie Schwabe 14560:John Peter Oleson 14490:George R. Fischer 14435:Michael Arbuthnot 14428:environmentalists 14333:Underwater divers 14322: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14075:Underwater hockey 14031:Underwater sports 14020: 14019: 14016: 14015: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13929:Cave Diving Group 13549:Commercial diving 13432: 13431: 13412:Specialist skills 13401:Master Instructor 13396:Diving instructor 13377:Leadership skills 13338:CMAS* scuba diver 13301: 13300: 13274:Low impact diving 13252:Valsalva maneuver 13227:Combat sidestroke 13142:Diving instructor 13086: 13085: 13082: 13081: 12975:Codes of Practice 12879: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12803:Henry Way Kendall 12676:Richard A. Walker 12666:Robert John Smyth 12379:Awards and events 12334:covert operations 12327: 12326: 11897: 11896: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11664:William Paul Fife 11599:diving physiology 11476: 11475: 11419: 11418: 11372:Nitrogen narcosis 11367:Hydrogen narcosis 11256:Dental barotrauma 11160: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11139:Operations manual 11134:Diving supervisor 11005:Diving supervisor 11000:Diver's attendant 10962:Safety data sheet 10865:Rebreather diving 10729: 10728: 10668:Willful violation 10615:Nitrogen narcosis 10458: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10322:Cave Diving Group 10265:Rebreather diving 10260:Open-water diving 10182: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10173: 9991:Abrasive waterjet 9947: 9946: 9851:Underwater survey 9770:Scientific diving 9680: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9314:Diving supervisor 9299:Diving instructor 9243: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9180:Octopus wrestling 9111:Nataliia Zharkova 9086:William Trubridge 9041:Umberto Pelizzari 8697:Underwater hockey 8621: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8585:Saturation spread 8408:Atlantis ROV Team 8388:Remotely operated 8382: 8381: 8359:Helgoland Habitat 8279:Saturation system 8168:Nitrox production 8102:Diving air filter 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7916:Oceanic Worldwide 7806:Aqua Lung America 7780: 7779: 7762:Scuba replacement 7742:Diver's umbilical 7707:Siebe Gorman CDBA 7692:Mark IV Amphibian 7329:Diver's telephone 7290:Octopus regulator 6829:Decompression gas 6712:Saturation diving 6692:Diving activities 6681:Underwater diving 6647: 6646: 6599: 6598: 6591:Escape respirator 6586:Work of breathing 6569:Oxygen rebreather 6457: 6456: 6412: 6411: 6362:Diving rebreather 6330: 6329: 6283:Reservoir cannula 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6022: 6021: 5939:Media related to 5693:www.ihchytech.com 5619:978-0-9800423-9-9 5288:rubicondiving.com 5183:www.divestock.com 5048:Popular Mechanics 4803:Dekker, David L. 4536:"KISS Sidewinder" 4433:www.idcphuket.com 4402:(10 March 2019). 4151:978-0-941332-70-5 4053:"IDA-72 (ИДА-72)" 3860:www.jfdglobal.com 3825:Rebreather diving 3677:Siebe Gorman CDBA 3371:Mark IV Amphibian 2991:points of failure 2985:Rebreather diving 2917:high availability 2836: 2835: 2774: 2773: 2636:work of breathing 2618: 2617: 2481:Work of breathing 2476:Work of breathing 2036:chemical reaction 1951:ultraviolet light 1909:work of breathing 1826:non-return valves 1569:7 Oxygen cylinder 1473:6 Inhalation hose 1180:12 Cylinder valve 1150:2 Exhalation hose 988: 987: 638: 637: 549:Common range for 357: 356: 290:Siebe Gorman CDBA 212:points of failure 198:saturation diving 176:Rebreather diving 140:saturation diving 85:that absorbs the 79:Diving rebreather 75: 74: 27:Diving rebreather 21:Rebreather diving 16907: 16865: 16853: 16852: 16819: 16818: 16807: 16806: 16795: 16794: 16704:Neutral buoyancy 16660:Reef Life Survey 16549: 16548: 16525:Submarine escape 16412:Deep-submergence 16408: 16407: 16379:Submarine rescue 16176:Deep-submergence 16172: 16171: 16120: 16119: 15966: 15965: 15870: 15869: 15780:Neutral buoyancy 15761: 15760: 15739: 15738: 15567:Jeffrey Williams 15417:Nicholas Patrick 15392:Andreas Mogensen 15357:Thomas Marshburn 15327:Dominic Landucci 15317:Karen Kohanowich 15237:Satoshi Furukawa 15132:Randolph Bresnik 15102:Clayton Anderson 15037:Arthur C. Clarke 15007:Jarrod Jablonski 14911:Wesley C. Skiles 14896:Leni Riefenstahl 14781:Jacques Cousteau 14663:Claudia Serpieri 14580:William R. Royal 14545:Charles T. Meide 14475:James P. Delgado 14413:Arne Zetterström 14378:Jacques Cousteau 14341: 14340: 14328: 14327: 14196:Sports governing 14092:Underwater rugby 14039: 14038: 14026: 14025: 14001:training courses 13973:training centres 13911: 13910: 13801:Scientific diver 13507:Commercial diver 13504: 13503: 13442:and registration 13368:Supervised diver 13363:Open Water Diver 13353:Low Impact Diver 13333:Autonomous diver 13318: 13317: 13247:Frenzel maneuver 13232:Diver navigation 13217: 13216: 13130:Skill assessment 13103: 13102: 13092: 13091: 12896: 12895: 12885: 12884: 12858:Esbjörn Svensson 12843:Wesley C. Skiles 12746:Cláudio Coutinho 12696:Arne Zetterström 12671:Albert D. Stover 12634:Craig M. Hoffman 12477:Charles Spalding 12419: 12418: 12248: 12247: 12088:Louis de Corlieu 12073:Jacques Cousteau 11965: 11964: 11903: 11902: 11850: 11849: 11619:Peter B. Bennett 11614:Albert R. Behnke 11593: 11592: 11289: 11288: 11214: 11213: 11179: 11178: 11166: 11165: 11109:Contingency plan 11104:Code of practice 11065:Diving regulator 11053:Hydrostatic test 10990:Chamber operator 10973: 10972: 10750:Emergency ascent 10676: 10675: 10521: 10520: 10464: 10463: 10280:Technical diving 10270:Sidemount diving 10225: 10224: 10188: 10187: 10092: 10091: 10019:Pressure washing 9857: 9856: 9513:Marine Commandos 9412: 9411: 9350: 9349: 9339:Scientific diver 9277:Commercial diver 9262: 9261: 9249: 9248: 9106:Alessia Zecchini 9011:Alexey Molchanov 8921:Yasemin Dalkılıç 8702:Underwater rugby 8640: 8639: 8627: 8626: 8592:Hot water system 8517:Safety equipment 8335: 8334: 8156:Gas storage tube 8151:Gas storage quad 8146:Gas storage bank 8055:Activated carbon 7982:Boarding stirrup 7975:Access equipment 7972: 7971: 7959: 7958: 7896:Johnson Outdoors 7891:HeinrichsWeikamp 7729:diving equipment 7727:Surface-supplied 7652:Halcyon PVR-BASC 7536: 7535: 7511:Regulator freeze 7496:Diving regulator 7400:Shark-proof cage 7195:Pneumofathometer 7093:Free-flow helmet 6776: 6775: 6754:Diving equipment 6749: 6748: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6635: 6634: 6623: 6622: 6611: 6610: 6463: 6462: 6418: 6417: 6336: 6335: 6315:Simple face mask 6179: 6178: 6039: 6038: 6028: 6027: 5986: 5985: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5938: 5924: 5922: 5901: 5900: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5869:. Archived from 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5842:www.divesoft.com 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5815:. Archived from 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5765: 5756: 5750: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5611: 5600: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5496:. Archived from 5486: 5480: 5479: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5367:. Deeplife.co.uk 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5134: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5025:www.apdiving.com 5022: 5014: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4783:www.apdiving.com 4775: 4764: 4763: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4684: 4667: 4666: 4650: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4624:. Teknosofen.com 4617: 4608: 4607: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4567:. Archived from 4565:bishopmuseum.org 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4364: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4337:www.apdiving.com 4334: 4325: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4143: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3852: 3836: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3663:SF2 (rebreather) 3566:Halcyon PVR-BASC 3534: 3216:Head-up displays 2831: 2828: 2810: 2803: 2769: 2766: 2748: 2741: 2677:Scrubber failure 2652:Caustic cocktail 2613: 2610: 2592: 2585: 2442:Alarm displays: 2296:Bailout cylinder 2248:Passive addition 2221: 1630:partial pressure 1479:8 Cylinder valve 1434:8 Cylinder valve 1348:8 Bellows weight 1339:5 Dosage chamber 1333:3 Pressure gauge 1330:2 Cylinder valve 1274:8 Cylinder valve 1235:Halcyon PVR-BASC 1168:8 Addition valve 1059:Sidemount diving 983: 980: 969: 967: 965: 947: 940: 702:low noise signal 661:modes of failure 452: 423:breathing reflex 352: 349: 331: 324: 152:partial pressure 36: 29: 25: 16915: 16914: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16873: 16775: 16744: 16707: 16705: 16699: 16592: 16590: 16580: 16547: 16515: 16413: 16406: 16373: 16290:Limiting Factor 16177: 16170: 16151:Offshore survey 16125: 16102: 16081: 15981:Altitude diving 15964: 15944: 15933: 15875: 15868: 15815: 15808: 15775:Metre sea water 15766: 15759: 15746: 15725: 15709: 15678: 15647: 15586: 15572:Sunita Williams 15562:Dafydd Williams 15547:Joachim Wendler 15442:Kathleen Rubins 15437:Garrett Reisman 15382:Simone Melchior 15362:Matthias Maurer 15302:Norishige Kanai 15287:Akihiko Hoshide 15277:John Herrington 15192:Timothy Creamer 15182:Fabien Cousteau 15177:Craig B. Cooper 15152:Scott Carpenter 15147:Berry L. Cannon 15122:Robert A. Barth 15097:Joseph M. Acaba 15078: 15052:John Chatterton 14982:Graham Balcombe 14971: 14965: 14961:J. Lamar Worzel 14776:Neville Coleman 14756:Georges Beuchat 14738: 14732: 14680: 14678: 14672: 14630: 14624: 14620:Cristina Zenato 14540:Innes McCartney 14427: 14425: 14423: 14417: 14373:James F. Cahill 14345: 14335: 14314: 14283: 14200:and federations 14199: 14197: 14191: 14175: 14139: 14113: 14053: 14033: 14012: 14000: 13994: 13972: 13958: 13915: 13909: 13830: 13828: 13827:Technical diver 13822: 13804: 13802: 13796: 13616: 13614: 13612: 13606: 13575: 13573: 13567: 13550: 13544: 13510: 13508: 13502: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13428: 13407: 13372: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13297: 13269:Buddy breathing 13215: 13194:Teaching method 13108: 13097: 13078: 13063: 13047: 13001: 12974: 12968: 12890: 12867: 12808:Artur Kozłowski 12771:Maurice Fargues 12736:Berry L. Cannon 12707: 12700: 12691:Bradley Westell 12686:Joachim Wendler 12604: 12597: 12593:diving accident 12585:diving accident 12577:diving accident 12569:diving accident 12567:Stena Seaspread 12561:diving accident 12553:diving accident 12532: 12525: 12516:Nicholas Mevoli 12486: 12482:Ebenezer Watson 12460: 12439: 12410: 12386:Hans Hass Award 12374: 12353: 12348:Rainbow Warrior 12346:Sinking of the 12333: 12323: 12255: 12253: 12246: 12217:Magnesium torch 12188: 12182: 12148:Auguste Piccard 12133:John Lethbridge 12053:Georges Beuchat 12035: 12029: 12012: 12006: 11969: 11963: 11910: 11893: 11855: 11832: 11746: 11744: 11738: 11714:Neal W. Pollock 11600: 11598: 11584: 11575:Fitness to dive 11553: 11522: 11472: 11425: 11415: 11403: 11397: 11376: 11318: 11314:Oxygen toxicity 11287: 11218: 11212: 11203:Motion sickness 11184: 11173: 11171:Diving medicine 11148: 11085: 11083: 11076: 11035: 11029: 10971: 10918:Risk assessment 10908:Hazard analysis 10891: 10884: 10736: 10725: 10674: 10620:Oxygen toxicity 10526: 10519: 10471: 10450: 10433: 10427: 10375: 10369: 10301: 10294: 10235:Altitude diving 10223: 10195: 10170: 10097: 10090: 10061: 10055: 9983: 9977: 9954: 9943: 9855: 9775:Ships husbandry 9687: 9672: 9558:Royal Engineers 9473:Grup Gerak Khas 9433:Commando Hubert 9419: 9417: 9410: 9399:U.S. Navy diver 9374:Clearance diver 9355: 9348: 9256: 9235: 9189: 9163: 9115: 9071:Martin Štěpánek 9066:Aharon Solomons 9056:Stig Severinsen 9006:Stéphane Mifsud 8956:Flavia Eberhard 8931:Flavia Eberhard 8896:Derya Can Göçen 8881:Peppo Biscarini 8876:Simone Arrigoni 8871:Deborah Andollo 8859: 8801: 8772:No-limits apnea 8736:Constant weight 8711: 8634: 8613: 8563: 8524:Diver down flag 8512: 8389: 8378: 8374:Tektite habitat 8340: 8333: 8283: 8208: 8201: 8185:Oxygen analyser 8163:Helium analyzer 8107:Water separator 8065:Molecular sieve 8042: 8036: 7966: 7945: 7788: 7786: 7776: 7728: 7721: 7667:Interspiro DCSC 7603: 7541: 7534: 7467:Diving cylinder 7453: 7451: 7444: 7277: 7271: 7210: 7204: 7151:Instrumentation 7146: 7075: 7069: 7000: 6942: 6935: 6879: 6873: 6800: 6779:Basic equipment 6774: 6756: 6743: 6737:Unmanned diving 6683: 6678: 6648: 6643: 6595: 6468: 6453: 6433:Breathing mask 6425: 6408: 6343: 6326: 6186: 6165: 6149:ANSI K13.1-1973 6132: 6046: 6033: 6018: 5993: 5980: 5975: 5931: 5920: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5747:Wayback Machine 5738: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5713:Williams, Des. 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5609: 5601: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5468: 5461: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5343:www.youtube.com 5335: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5063: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4842: 4831: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4767: 4748: 4744: 4726: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4670: 4663: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4580: 4576: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4534: 4533: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4408:www.youtube.com 4397: 4388: 4365: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4251: 4244: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4203: 4192: 4184: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3968: 3938: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3834: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3766: 3763: 3754: 3751: 3742: 3739: 3727: 3586:Interspiro DCSC 3532: 3474:BioMarine Mk-16 3468:BioMarine Mk-15 3427: 3292: 3287: 3264: 3258: 3245: 3224: 3222:Head-up display 3218: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3077: 3003: 2987: 2981: 2945:time to failure 2908: 2906:Fault tolerance 2902: 2864: 2851:oxygen toxicity 2841: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2816:needs expansion 2779: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2754:needs expansion 2735: 2727:Interspiro DCSC 2718: 2679: 2671: 2654: 2645: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2598:needs expansion 2567:current limited 2553: 2541: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2478: 2414: 2405: 2391: 2379: 2375: 2328:oxygen toxicity 2307: 2298: 2288: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2211:Manual addition 2196: 2188: 2155: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2071: 2058: 2052: 1982: 1976: 1959: 1893: 1876: 1874:Breathing hoses 1864: 1843: 1834: 1802: 1797: 1777: 1765: 1756: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1669: 1663: 1650:concentration. 1635:oxygen toxicity 1620: 1541: 1513: 1494: 1446: 1403: 1396: 1378:Interspiro DCSC 1372: 1317: 1305: 1295: 1243: 1192: 1137: 1125:unconsciousness 1096: 1087: 1078: 1076:System variants 1061: 1047: 1026: 1013: 993: 984: 978: 975: 963: 961: 956: 953:needs expansion 922: 901: 879: 873: 852: 835: 829: 815: 807:Reynolds number 771: 759: 758: 749: 748: 724: 654:safety-critical 649: 643: 633: 621: 601: 589: 573: 528: 523:saturation dive 459: 458: 420: 398:oxygen fraction 374:Base metabolism 362: 360:General concept 353: 347: 344: 337:needs expansion 298:Eventually the 255: 241: 178: 172: 158:to monitor the 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16913: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16875: 16874: 16872: 16871: 16859: 16847: 16840: 16833: 16825: 16813: 16801: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16752: 16750: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16711: 16709: 16706:facilities for 16701: 16700: 16698: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16596: 16594: 16586: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16557: 16555: 16546: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16521: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16506:Type 7103 DSRV 16503: 16498: 16493: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16465: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16450: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16418: 16416: 16414:rescue vehicle 16405: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16383: 16381: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16363: 16355: 16347: 16339: 16331: 16323: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16293: 16286: 16278: 16271: 16264: 16257: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16241: 16233: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16203: 16198: 16190: 16182: 16180: 16169: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16116: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16108: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16095: 16089: 16087: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16006:Inshore diving 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15972: 15970: 15969:Classification 15963: 15962: 15961: 15960: 15949: 15947: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15880: 15878: 15867: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15820: 15818: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15805: 15804: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15782: 15777: 15771: 15769: 15758: 15757: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15735: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15723: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15707: 15702: 15700:Sydney Knowles 15697: 15692: 15686: 15684: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15676: 15674:John Volanthen 15671: 15666: 15664:Richard Harris 15661: 15655: 15653: 15649: 15648: 15646: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15633:Trevor Jackson 15630: 15628:Hillary Hauser 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15608:Philippe Diolé 15605: 15600: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15537:Shannon Walker 15534: 15532:Rex J. Walheim 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15507:Daniel M. Tani 15504: 15499: 15494: 15492:Hervé Stevenin 15489: 15487:Robert Sténuit 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15447:Dick Rutkowski 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15427:Thomas Pesquet 15424: 15419: 15414: 15412:Luca Parmitano 15409: 15404: 15402:John D. Olivas 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15372:Craig McKinley 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15262:Chris Hadfield 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15232:Michael Fincke 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15162:Steve Chappell 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15088: 15086: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15031: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14975: 14973: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14936:Albert Tillman 14933: 14931:Valerie Taylor 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14806:Candice Farmer 14803: 14801:David Doubilet 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14751:Tamara Benitez 14748: 14742: 14740: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14688:Samir Alhafith 14684: 14682: 14681:and presenters 14674: 14673: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14638:Pascal Bernabé 14634: 14632: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14610:Robert Sténuit 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14590:Gunter Schöbel 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14550:Mark M. Newell 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14530:Robert F. Marx 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14495:Anders Franzén 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14440:Robert Ballard 14437: 14431: 14429: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14403:Dick Rutkowski 14400: 14395: 14393:Trevor Hampton 14390: 14388:Dottie Frazier 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14337: 14336: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14212: 14206:International 14203: 14201: 14193: 14192: 14190: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14121: 14119: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14072: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14045: 14043: 14035: 14034: 14022: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14004: 14002: 13999:Military diver 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13976: 13974: 13971:Military diver 13968: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13950: 13944: 13938: 13932: 13926: 13919: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13853: 13847: 13841: 13834: 13832: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13808: 13806: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13777: 13771: 13765: 13759: 13753: 13747: 13741: 13735: 13729: 13723: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13699: 13693: 13687: 13681: 13675: 13669: 13663: 13657: 13651: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13620: 13618: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13604: 13598: 13592: 13586: 13579: 13577: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13565: 13560: 13554: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13514: 13512: 13501: 13500: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13473: 13467: 13461: 13455: 13448: 13446: 13438:Diver training 13434: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13380: 13378: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13281: 13271: 13261: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13223: 13221: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13191: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13113: 13111: 13099: 13098: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13055: 13053: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13009: 13007: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12978: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12902: 12900: 12892: 12891: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12818:Kirsty MacColl 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12751:E. Yale Dawson 12748: 12743: 12741:Cotton Coulson 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12712: 12710: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12610: 12608: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12587: 12583:Waage Drill II 12579: 12571: 12563: 12555: 12547: 12543:Byford Dolphin 12538: 12536: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12501:Stephen Keenan 12497: 12495: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432:Sinking of MV 12428: 12426: 12416: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12343: 12337: 12335: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12206: 12198: 12192: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12178:Jacques Triger 12175: 12170: 12168:Augustus Siebe 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12128:Yves Le Prieur 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12068:John R. Clarke 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12039: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12016: 12014: 12011:Underwater art 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11997: 11990: 11982: 11973: 11971: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11824: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11748: 11743:Diving medical 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11734:Jacques Triger 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11709:Charles Momsen 11706: 11704:Simon Mitchell 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11649:John R. Clarke 11646: 11641: 11639:Alf O. Brubakk 11636: 11631: 11629:George F. Bond 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11605: 11603: 11597:Researchers in 11590: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11515: 11513:Oxygen therapy 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11429: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11382: 11381:Carbon dioxide 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11233: 11228: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11189: 11187: 11175: 11174: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11025:Stand-by diver 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10952:Permit To Work 10949: 10947:Lockout–tagout 10944: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10927: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10845:Doing It Right 10842: 10840:Diver training 10837: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10818:Rule of thirds 10810: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10741: 10739: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10680: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10601:Physiological 10599: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10531: 10529: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10460: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10437: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10377: 10374:Diving tourism 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10306: 10304: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10100: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10079:Hawaiian sling 10071: 10065: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9959: 9957: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9934: 9926: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9865: 9863: 9861:Salvage diving 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9706:Diver training 9703: 9698: 9692: 9690: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9258: 9257: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9081:Tanya Streeter 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9036:Herbert Nitsch 9033: 9031:Guillaume Néry 9028: 9026:Patrick Musimu 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9001:Kate Middleton 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8936:Şahika Ercümen 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8855:Water polo cap 8852: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8823:Hawaiian sling 8820: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8766:Free immersion 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8730: 8725: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8636: 8635: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8508:VideoRay UROVs 8505: 8500: 8498:SJT-class ROUV 8495: 8490: 8485: 8483:Seabed tractor 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:Mini Rover ROV 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:8A4-class ROUV 8394: 8392: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264:Diving chamber 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8165: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8050:Air filtration 8046: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8027:Messenger line 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7968: 7967: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7871:Maurice Fernez 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7597:Sling cylinder 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7575:Scuba manifold 7567: 7562: 7557: 7555:Bailout bottle 7546: 7544: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7489:Reclaim helmet 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Diving compass 7415: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7366:Bailout bottle 7363: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7135:Full-face mask 7132: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7108:Reclaim helmet 7105: 7100: 7095: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7063:Hot-water suit 7060: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6892:Power inflator 6883: 6881: 6880:trim equipment 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6437:Full facepiece 6430: 6427: 6426: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6244:Oxygen therapy 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6215:Bag valve mask 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:N95 respirator 6088: 6087: 6086: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5930: 5929:External links 5927: 5926: 5925: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5884: 5854: 5829: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5751: 5732: 5705: 5677: 5652: 5641:on 26 May 2013 5625: 5618: 5522: 5503: 5500:on 2013-11-06. 5481: 5459: 5432: 5403: 5378: 5356: 5326: 5314:www.tdisdi.com 5300: 5272: 5245: 5220: 5204:"Counterlungs" 5195: 5170: 5154: 5124: 5097: 5072: 5057: 5038: 4998: 4969: 4945: 4922: 4902: 4873: 4855: 4840: 4822: 4795: 4765: 4742: 4739:. p. 693. 4720: 4701: 4668: 4661: 4635: 4609: 4574: 4571:on 2019-06-11. 4552: 4520: 4494: 4468: 4445: 4420: 4400:Heinerth, Jill 4386: 4350: 4273: 4242: 4227: 4190: 4173: 4158: 4150: 4125: 4095: 4070: 4044: 4013: 3966: 3929: 3897: 3890: 3872: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3706: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3644:Poseidon SE7EN 3641: 3626: 3621: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3547:Dräger Dolphin 3538: 3537: 3536: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3260:Main article: 3257: 3254: 3244: 3241: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3002: 2999: 2995:fault recovery 2983:Main article: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2813: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2751: 2749: 2734: 2731: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2688: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2595: 2593: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2517: 2514: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2413: 2410: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2306: 2303: 2287: 2284: 2270: 2267: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2227: 2224: 2212: 2209: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2154: 2151: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2051: 2048: 2032:carbon dioxide 1975: 1972: 1958: 1955: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1902:vital capacity 1892: 1889: 1875: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1818:full-face mask 1814:oro-nasal mask 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1781:carbon dioxide 1775: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1662: 1659: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554:2 Exhaust hose 1552: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1512: 1509: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461:2 Exhaust hose 1459: 1455: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256:2 Exhaust hose 1254: 1250: 1242: 1239: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1046: 1043: 1025: 1022: 1012: 1009: 992: 989: 986: 985: 950: 948: 921: 918: 900: 897: 889:carbon dioxide 872: 869: 851: 848: 831:Main article: 828: 825: 814: 811: 803:turbulent flow 795: 794: 790: 787: 783: 770: 767: 762: 761: 756: 754: 751: 746: 744: 723: 720: 719: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 642: 639: 636: 635: 631: 628: 624: 623: 619: 616: 612: 611: 599: 596: 592: 591: 587: 580: 576: 575: 567: 563: 562: 559: 555: 554: 547: 543: 542: 537:Threshold for 535: 531: 530: 526: 519: 515: 514: 511: 507: 506: 499: 495: 494: 488: 484: 483: 480: 476: 475: 469: 465: 464: 461: 456: 418: 378:breathing rate 370:carbon dioxide 361: 358: 355: 354: 334: 332: 304:Communist Bloc 240: 237: 216:fault recovery 174:Main article: 171: 168: 91:exhaled breath 87:carbon dioxide 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16912: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16870: 16869: 16864: 16860: 16858: 16857: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16834: 16832: 16831: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16814: 16812: 16811: 16802: 16800: 16799: 16790: 16789: 16786: 16772: 16771:Seabed mining 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16747: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16702: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16597: 16595: 16587: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16470: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16409: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16380: 16376: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16346: 16345: 16340: 16338: 16337: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16314: 16313: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16279: 16277: 16276: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16265: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16246: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16196: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16179: 16173: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16128: 16121: 16117: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16084: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 16001:Inland diving 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15940: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15924:Oxygen window 15922: 15920: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15879: 15877: 15874:Decompression 15871: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15834:Diving reflex 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15817: 15811: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15772: 15770: 15768: 15762: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15745: 15740: 15736: 15722: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15712: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15681: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15659:Craig Challen 15657: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15593: 15589: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15557:Peggy Whitson 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15527:Koichi Wakata 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15512:Robert Thirsk 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15502:James Talacek 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15477:Steve Squyres 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15467:Robert Sheats 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Takuya Onishi 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15352:Sandra Magnus 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15332:Jon Lindbergh 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15322:Timothy Kopra 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15292:Mark Hulsbeck 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15267:Jeremy Hansen 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15212:Jeanette Epps 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197:Jonathan Dory 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15081: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15057:Clive Cussler 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15022:Jack Sheppard 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15002:Jill Heinerth 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14968: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14946:Stan Waterman 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14916:E. Lee Spence 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14901:Peter Scoones 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14866:Agnes Milowka 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14826:Stephen Frink 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14786:John D. Craig 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14766:Jonathan Bird 14764: 14762: 14761:Adrian Biddle 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14739:photographers 14735: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14708:Richie Kohler 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14685: 14683: 14675: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14627: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14605:E. Lee Spence 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14585:Margaret Rule 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14515:Graham Jessop 14513: 14511: 14510:David Gibbins 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14470:Eugenie Clark 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14420: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14329: 14325: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14198:organisations 14194: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14178: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14107: 14103: 14102:United States 14100: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14027: 14023: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 13997: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13969: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13912: 13905: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13881: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13854: 13851: 13848: 13845: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13829:certification 13825: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13803:certification 13799: 13793: 13790: 13787: 13784: 13781: 13778: 13775: 13772: 13769: 13766: 13763: 13760: 13757: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13640: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13615:certification 13609: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13574:certification 13570: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13547: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13509:certification 13505: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13444:organisations 13440:certification 13435: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311:certification 13304: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13199:Muscle memory 13197: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13148: 13147:Diving school 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13104: 13100: 13093: 13089: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13035:Shadow Divers 13032: 13030: 13029: 13028:The Last Dive 13025: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12973:Standards and 12971: 12965: 12964: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12944: 12943: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12932: 12930: 12929: 12925: 12923: 12922: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12886: 12882: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12823:Agnes Milowka 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12614:Roger Baldwin 12612: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12511:Audrey Mestre 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444:Diver rescues 12442: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12330: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12279:Human torpedo 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12249: 12243: 12242:Vintage scuba 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12048:William Beebe 12046: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12036:and inventors 12032: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12009: 12003: 12002: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11968:Archeological 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11851: 11847: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747:organisations 11741: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11402:Breathing gas 11400: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11251:Barodontalgia 11249: 11247: 11246:Aerosinusitis 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11231:Barostriction 11229: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11163: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11079: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10813:Dive planning 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10803:Dive briefing 10801: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10781:Decompression 10779: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10732: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10663:Trait anxiety 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10610:Decompression 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10540:Environmental 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10469:Diving safety 10465: 10461: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434:and festivals 10432:Diving events 10430: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10413:Shark tourism 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10372: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10347: 10344: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10302:organisations 10297: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10093: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10051:Water jetting 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10041:Thermal lance 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780:Sponge diving 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Police diving 9753: 9751: 9750:Pearl hunting 9748: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9718:Hazmat diving 9716: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9643:US Navy SEALs 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:JW Komandosów 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9413: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194:Organisations 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9101:Danai Varveri 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051:Annelie Pompe 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8991:Audrey Mestre 8989: 8987: 8986:Jacques Mayol 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8951:Pierre Frolla 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Sara Campbell 8889: 8887: 8886:Michael Board 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8754:Dynamic apnea 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8728:Vertical Blue 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670:Pearl hunting 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8575:Diving spread 8573: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8463:ROV KIEL 6000 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8385: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8336: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8207:Decompression 8204: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8041:Breathing gas 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997:Diving ladder 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821:René Cavalero 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789:manufacturers 7783: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622:Carleton CDBA 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7484:Diving helmet 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:Distance line 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Safety helmet 7393: 7391: 7390:Rescue tether 7388: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Bailout block 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7322:Diver's knife 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Dive computer 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103:Orinasal mask 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088:Diving helmet 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Jersey upline 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971:Dive computer 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6941:Decompression 6938: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914:Ankle weights 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Breathing air 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6806:Breathing gas 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6640: 6639: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Breathing gas 6475: 6474: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6448: 6447:orinasal mask 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:Diving helmet 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6278:Nasal cannula 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6051:Regulated by 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5873:on 2008-02-19 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5819:on 2008-09-19 5818: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5168:section 1.2.a 5165: 5158: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4932: 4926: 4912: 4906: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4662:0-07-085144-1 4658: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4639: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4263:on 2008-05-02 4262: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4162: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3955: 3952:(27): 27–41. 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3891:9781483163192 3887: 3883: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3718:The Megalodon 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634:Poseidon MkVI 3632: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3509:Carleton CDBA 3507: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3118: 3110: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3069: 3067:Data logging. 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3044:in real time. 3043: 3042:decompression 3039: 3036: 3035:decompression 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2874:An indicator 2873: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2814:This section 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2752:This section 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2674: 2669:Failure modes 2666: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2627: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2596:This section 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2311: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2275: 2269:Off-board gas 2266: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2223: 2220: 2208: 2200: 2191: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2143:breathing gas 2135: 2126: 2120:Loop drainage 2117: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2002: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1847: 1841:Bailout valve 1838: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1822:diving helmet 1819: 1815: 1806: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735:Tests on the 1733: 1731: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686:Mark V system 1682: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560:4 Counterlung 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521:constant flow 1518: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467:4 Counterlung 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422:4 Counterlung 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1262:4 Counterlung 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1021: 1019: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 982: 973: 959: 954: 951:This section 949: 946: 942: 941: 938: 936: 930: 926: 917: 914: 908: 904: 896: 892: 890: 885: 878: 864: 856: 847: 845: 841: 834: 824: 821: 810: 808: 804: 798: 791: 788: 784: 780: 779: 778: 775: 766: 752: 742: 741: 740: 737: 734: 733:decompressing 729: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 700: 699: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 662: 658: 655: 648: 629: 626: 625: 617: 614: 613: 609: 605: 597: 594: 593: 585: 581: 578: 577: 571: 568: 565: 564: 560: 557: 556: 552: 548: 545: 544: 540: 536: 533: 532: 524: 520: 517: 516: 512: 509: 508: 504: 503:high altitude 500: 497: 496: 493: 489: 486: 485: 481: 478: 477: 473: 470: 467: 466: 462: 454: 453: 443: 439: 435: 433: 429: 424: 416: 410: 407: 403: 402:breathing gas 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 371: 368:and produces 367: 351: 342: 338: 335:This section 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 320: 316: 312: 311:combat divers 308: 305: 301: 296: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 263: 261: 254: 250: 246: 236: 234: 229: 225: 219: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 177: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124:breathing gas 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 96: 92: 89:of a diver's 88: 84: 80: 71: 68: 66:Related items 64: 61: 60:Breathing set 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 35: 30: 22: 16866: 16854: 16842: 16835: 16827: 16820: 16808: 16796: 16571:Steinke hood 16533:Escape trunk 16489: 16468: 16454: 16446: 16437: 16367: 16359: 16352:Shinkai 6500 16351: 16344:Shinkai 2000 16343: 16335: 16327: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16297: 16289: 16281: 16274: 16267: 16260: 16253: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16211: 16194: 16186: 16060:Wreck diving 16016:Night diving 15945:environments 15721:Keith Jessop 15690:Lionel Crabb 15669:Rick Stanton 15643:John Mattera 15623:Bob Halstead 15618:Bret Gilliam 15613:Gary Gentile 15603:Victor Berge 15577:Reid Wiseman 15497:Nicole Stott 15462:Josef Schmid 15452:Tara Ruttley 15397:Karen Nyberg 15377:Jessica Meir 15257:David Gruber 15222:Albert Falco 15207:Sylvia Earle 15142:Justin Brown 15047:Leigh Bishop 14906:Brian Skerry 14891:Pierre Petit 14881:Steve Parish 14871:Noel Monkman 14851:Rudie Kuiter 14831:Peter Gimbel 14728:Andrew Wight 14648:Mark Ellyatt 14629:Scuba record 14570:Richard Pyle 14480:Sylvia Earle 14465:Cathy Church 14460:Hugh Bradner 14455:Louis Boutan 14450:Mensun Bound 14288:Competitions 14156:Sport diving 14065:Spearfishing 13611:Recreational 13419:Rescue Diver 13307:Recreational 13264:Scuba skills 13242:Ear clearing 13204:Overlearning 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12912: 12905: 12889:Publications 12731:David Bright 12726:Allan Bridge 12706:Scuba diving 12619:John Bennett 12603:Professional 12590: 12582: 12574: 12566: 12559:Star Canopus 12558: 12551:Drill Master 12550: 12542: 12506:Loïc Leferme 12465:Early diving 12433: 12347: 12332:Military and 12314:Welfreighter 12289:Necker Nymph 12210: 12202: 12163:Gordon Smith 12118:Peter Kreeft 12108:Émile Gagnan 12103:Henry Fleuss 12001:Whydah Gally 11999: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11874:Duty of care 11719:John Rawlins 11634:Robert Boyle 11601:and medicine 11458:Laryngospasm 11404:contaminants 11241:Air embolism 11208:Surfer's ear 11082:Occupational 10942:Incident pit 10930:Risk control 10860:Night diving 10850:Drift diving 10835:Diver rescue 10769:Buddy diving 10716:Hyperthermia 10679:Consequences 10658:Task loading 10510:Water safety 10290:Wreck diving 9937: 9931:Royal George 9930: 9922: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9745:Media diving 9478:Jagdkommando 9384:Minentaucher 9329:Police diver 9287:Hazmat diver 9076:Walter Steyn 9021:Dave Mullins 8981:Enzo Maiorca 8976:Loïc Leferme 8941:Emma Farrell 8911:Robert Croft 8906:Carlos Coste 8778:Static apnea 8732:Disciplines 8716:Competitions 8687:Spearfishing 8488:Seafox drone 8269:Diving stage 8247:Clump weight 8124:Gas blending 8092:Diver's pump 8077:Booster pump 8007:Diving stage 7931:Siebe Gorman 7906:Morse Diving 7657:Halcyon RB80 7608: 7540:Open-circuit 7240:Diving stage 7178:Diving watch 7158:Bottom timer 6986:Diving stage 6924:Trim weights 6878:Buoyancy and 6717:Scuba diving 6697:Diving modes 6636: 6624: 6612: 6547:Demand valve 6399:Gas extender 6361: 6320:Venturi mask 6210:Resuscitator 5916: 5896: 5887: 5875:. Retrieved 5871:the original 5866: 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5841: 5832: 5821:. Retrieved 5817:the original 5807: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5771:. Retrieved 5767: 5754: 5735: 5723:. Retrieved 5718: 5708: 5696:. Retrieved 5692: 5680: 5668:. Retrieved 5664: 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5639:the original 5628: 5605: 5516: 5506: 5498:the original 5494:apdiving.com 5493: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5448:(1): 43–53. 5445: 5441: 5435: 5425:28 September 5423:. Retrieved 5419: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5390: 5387:"Going deep" 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5359: 5349:28 September 5347:. Retrieved 5342: 5317:. Retrieved 5313: 5303: 5291:. Retrieved 5287: 5263:. Retrieved 5258: 5248: 5236:. Retrieved 5232: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5207: 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5182: 5173: 5163: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5139: 5115:. Retrieved 5110: 5100: 5088:. Retrieved 5084: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5029:. Retrieved 5024: 4989:. Retrieved 4985: 4972: 4961:. Retrieved 4937:. Retrieved 4925: 4914:. Retrieved 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4889: 4864: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4834: 4815:17 September 4813:. Retrieved 4808: 4798: 4786:. Retrieved 4782: 4751: 4745: 4732: 4723: 4710: 4704: 4692:. Retrieved 4646: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4587: 4583: 4577: 4569:the original 4564: 4555: 4543:. Retrieved 4539: 4511:. Retrieved 4508:Scuba Diving 4507: 4497: 4485:. Retrieved 4481: 4471: 4458: 4436:. Retrieved 4432: 4423: 4411:. Retrieved 4407: 4375:(2): 81–86. 4372: 4368: 4341:. Retrieved 4336: 4265:. Retrieved 4261:the original 4255: 4236: 4230: 4218:. Retrieved 4167: 4161: 4139: 4108: 4086:. Retrieved 4061:. Retrieved 4056: 4047: 4035:. Retrieved 4031: 4004:. Retrieved 4000: 3949: 3945: 3921:. Retrieved 3900: 3881: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3859: 3850: 3721:The rEvo III 3684:British Navy 3671:Siebe Gorman 3601:Gordon Smith 3572:Halcyon RB80 3365:Siebe Gorman 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3256:Data logging 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3210: 3193: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3124: 3111: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3004: 2988: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2909: 2880:Siebe Gorman 2865: 2824: 2820:adding to it 2815: 2798: 2791:voting logic 2762: 2758:adding to it 2753: 2736: 2723:Halcyon RB80 2719: 2680: 2672: 2655: 2646: 2633: 2624: 2606: 2602:adding to it 2597: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2534: 2525: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2461: 2441: 2415: 2406: 2383: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2299: 2280: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2219:loop mixture 2214: 2205: 2189: 2156: 2147:gas cylinder 2140: 2123: 2114: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2072: 2059: 2044: 2029: 2014: 2007: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1936: 1932:streamlining 1929: 1913: 1906: 1897:tidal volume 1894: 1891:Counterlungs 1885: 1865: 1852: 1835: 1811: 1789:oceanography 1786: 1769: 1766: 1757: 1749: 1734: 1703: 1695: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1627: 1623: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1497: 1397: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1306: 1298: 1231: 1227: 1222:Halcyon RB80 1214: 1210:demand valve 1207: 1199: 1195: 1122: 1118: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1035: 1014: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 976: 972:adding to it 962:. Retrieved 952: 931: 927: 923: 909: 905: 902: 893: 880: 850:Architecture 836: 816: 799: 796: 776: 772: 763: 738: 725: 697: 665: 650: 551:recreational 436: 411: 395: 363: 348:October 2022 345: 341:adding to it 336: 319:ppO2 sensors 297: 294: 268:The Italian 267: 264: 256: 233:on-board gas 220: 209: 179: 170:Applications 164:dive profile 144: 121: 109:gas extender 108: 78: 76: 42:Inspiration) 16890:Rebreathers 16605:CMAS Europe 16566:Momsen lung 16206:Bathyscaphe 16134:Bathysphere 16043:Cave diving 16011:Muck diving 15996:Deep diving 15824:Blood shift 15638:Steve Lewis 15472:Dewey Smith 15432:Marc Reagan 15312:Scott Kelly 15307:Les Kaufman 15217:Sheck Exley 15202:Pedro Duque 14992:Martyn Farr 14987:Sheck Exley 14941:John Veltri 14876:Pete Oxford 14861:Luis Marden 14836:Monty Halls 14821:Ric Frazier 14718:Andy Torbet 14698:Ramón Bravo 14653:Sheck Exley 14600:Myriam Seco 14500:Honor Frost 14445:George Bass 14408:Teseo Tesei 14383:Billy Deans 14363:Mary Bonnin 14226:AIDA Hellas 14118:Breath-hold 14049:Finswimming 13805:authorities 13572:Free-diving 13511:authorities 13384:Dive leader 13069:Dive guides 12963:Basic Scuba 12863:Josef Velek 12853:Rob Stewart 12848:Dewey Smith 12813:Yuri Lipski 12786:Steve Irwin 12766:Sheck Exley 12761:Milan Dufek 12756:Deon Dreyer 12661:Per Skipnes 12575:Venture One 12401:NOGI Awards 12013:and artists 11443:Hypothermia 11388:Hypercapnia 11323:Inert gases 10977:Diving team 10880:Wall diving 10875:Solo diving 10774:buddy check 10757:Boat diving 10711:Hypercapnia 10701:Hypothermia 10625:Seasickness 10570:Wave action 10441:Diversnight 10383:Dive center 10275:Solo diving 10255:Muck diving 10245:Deep diving 10240:Cave diving 10228:Specialties 10069:Limpet mine 10031:Lifting bag 9955:contractors 9701:Dive leader 9573:Shayetet 13 9324:Media diver 9265:Occupations 9159:Hypothermia 9154:Hypercapnia 8996:Karol Meyer 8901:Goran Čolak 8818:Diving suit 8813:Diving mask 8723:Nordic Deep 8529:Diving shot 8473:Scorpio ROV 8242:Closed bell 8237:Bell cursor 8232:Diving bell 7992:Diving bell 7881:Oscar Gugen 7582:Pony bottle 7428:Line marker 7405:Snoopy loop 7346:Diving bell 7295:Pony bottle 7228:Closed bell 7223:Diving bell 7163:Depth gauge 7125:Diving mask 7036:Sladen suit 7006:Diving suit 6981:Diving shot 6976:Diving bell 6929:Weight belt 6814:Bailout gas 6786:Diving mask 6564:Counterlung 6507:Hazmat suit 6305:Oxygen tent 6300:Oxygen mask 6295:Oxygen hood 6220:Pocket mask 6200:Bubble CPAP 6137:Regulations 6117:Facepieces 5908:Works cited 5877:19 February 5725:12 December 5265:16 February 5238:19 December 5208:flexccr.com 4729:Davis, R.H. 4059:. J.W. Bech 4006:12 February 3400:Sladen Suit 3262:Data logger 3029:Integrated 2789:Failure of 2782:Failure of 2733:Gas leakage 2286:Bailout gas 2232:Choked flow 2180:bailout gas 2153:Diluent gas 2129:Gas sources 1525:counterlung 1504:mine rescue 1309:choked flow 793:complexity. 750:= 1.76 bar) 428:suffocation 415:hypercapnia 406:compression 113:submersible 16884:Categories 16830:Dive sites 16655:Reef Check 16650:PADI AWARE 16620:Green Fins 16553:Escape set 16245:Trieste II 16055:Ice diving 15816:physiology 15582:Kimiya Yui 15297:Emma Hwang 15172:Robin Cook 15062:Bill Nagle 15027:Bill Stone 14970:Underwater 14926:Ron Taylor 14886:Zale Parry 14816:Rodney Fox 14771:Eric Cheng 14746:Doug Allan 14737:Underwater 14679:filmmakers 14677:Underwater 14658:Nuno Gomes 14643:Jim Bowden 14525:Pilar Luna 14424:scientists 14422:Underwater 14180:Rebreather 14135:Freediving 13424:Solo diver 13389:Divemaster 13237:Diver trim 13021:Goldfinder 12781:Guy Garman 12708:fatalities 12607:fatalities 12494:fatalities 12492:Freediving 12434:Conception 12370:Mission 31 12319:Wet Nellie 12254:propulsion 12187:Historical 12153:Joe Savoie 12098:Ted Eldred 12083:John Deane 11393:Hypocapnia 11236:Barotrauma 11084:safety and 10957:Redundancy 10892:management 10737:procedures 10686:Barotrauma 10643:competence 10576:Equipment 10250:Ice diving 10096:Underwater 10060:Underwater 10010:Brush cart 9686:Underwater 9483:JW Formoza 9294:Divemaster 9168:Historical 9127:Barotrauma 9096:Fatma Uruk 9061:Tom Sietas 9046:Liv Philip 8864:Freedivers 8682:Snorkeling 8660:Freediving 8643:Activities 8632:Freediving 8580:Air spread 8443:Kaşif ROUV 8418:Deep Drone 8339:Underwater 8315:Subskimmer 8310:Liveaboard 8070:Silica gel 7987:Diver lift 7861:Drägerwerk 7846:Dive Xtras 7831:Cressi-Sub 7472:Burst disc 7450:Underwater 7438:Silt screw 7312:Dive light 7307:Buddy line 7173:Dive timer 7058:Dive skins 6897:Dump valve 6864:Travel gas 6819:Bottom gas 6722:Snorkeling 6707:Freediving 6554:Rebreather 6487:Dead space 6227:Ventilator 6121:Smoke hood 6055:and others 6044:Respirator 5823:2013-10-09 5645:11 October 5319:7 February 5261:. In Depth 4963:2010-12-29 4939:2008-07-17 4916:2009-07-17 4884:Bech, JW. 4513:25 October 4487:25 October 4438:25 October 4413:24 October 4267:2008-06-15 4088:17 January 4063:25 October 4037:25 October 3923:2023-09-15 3865:25 October 3842:References 3819:Rebreather 3658:ScubaForce 3553:Dräger Ray 3357:Ted Eldred 3220:See also: 2904:See also: 2701:dwell time 2520:See also: 2501:Drägerwerk 2401:See also: 2290:See also: 2230:See also: 2054:See also: 2040:exothermic 2021:Dragersorb 1673:Drägerwerk 1665:See also: 1057:See also: 935:dwell time 913:dead space 875:See also: 760:= 2.5 bar) 645:See also: 590:at 12 msw 243:See also: 70:Rebreather 16828:Indexes: 16328:Sea Cliff 16261:Ictineu 3 16212:Archimède 16187:Aluminaut 15517:Bill Todd 15422:Tim Peake 15282:Paul Hill 15084:Aquanauts 15017:Tom Mount 14972:explorers 14841:Hans Hass 14791:Ben Cropp 14723:Ivan Tors 14713:Paul Rose 14398:Hans Hass 14346:of diving 14222:National 14125:Aquathlon 14080:Australia 13770:(ScotSAC) 12838:Dave Shaw 12798:Jim Jones 12535:incidents 12425:incidents 12423:Dive boat 12415:Incidents 12196:Aqua-Lung 12189:equipment 12034:Engineers 12020:The Diver 11979:Commodore 11624:Paul Bert 11558:Screening 11527:Personnel 11493:First aid 11481:Treatment 11424:Immersion 11304:Hyperoxia 11283:Dysbarism 11185:disorders 11034:Equipment 10900:Checklist 10791:Pyle stop 10116:Powerhead 10084:Polespear 9984:equipment 9982:Tools and 9915:Mary Rose 9901:Lusitania 9893:Laurentic 8828:Polespear 8806:Equipment 8650:Aquathlon 8468:ROV PHOCA 8438:Kaikō ROV 8295:Dive boat 8288:Platforms 8209:equipment 8136:Gas panel 8060:Hopcalite 8032:Moon pool 7876:Technisub 7826:Cis-Lunar 7796:AP Diving 7787:equipment 7752:Gas panel 7592:Sidemount 7550:Scuba set 7454:apparatus 7452:breathing 7423:Dive reel 7302:Bolt snap 7278:equipment 7255:PowerSwim 7211:equipment 7140:Half mask 7130:Band mask 7076:and masks 7048:Rash vest 6943:equipment 6844:Hydreliox 6502:Facepiece 6442:Half mask 6232:Iron lung 6101:Dust mask 5054:(12): 58. 4596:0813-1988 3638:Cis-Lunar 3517:Cis-Lunar 3458:BioMarine 3431:AP Diving 3049:soda lime 2979:Operation 2891:scrubber. 2551:Hyperoxia 2017:Sofnolime 2010:soda lime 1947:perishing 1926:centroid. 586:on 100% O 518:0.35–0.40 498:0.14-0.16 487:0.09-0.10 479:0.08-0.10 391:sea level 307:collapsed 40:AP Diving 16822:Glossary 16798:Category 16591:interest 16298:Losharik 16275:Jiaolong 16237:Sea Pole 15652:Rescuers 14358:Aquanaut 14344:Pioneers 14097:Colombia 13888:(ProTec) 13831:agencies 13740:(ProTec) 13668:(FFESSM) 13617:agencies 13576:agencies 13109:training 13052:Research 12987:DIN 7876 12591:Wildrake 12531:Offshore 12256:vehicles 11817:(SAUHMA) 11745:research 11589:Research 11438:Drowning 11433:Asphyxia 11355:Taravana 11217:Pressure 10808:Dive log 10696:Drowning 10641:Lack of 10580:Freeflow 10565:Silt out 10560:Overhead 10376:industry 10348:(FFESSM) 10074:Speargun 9885:La Belle 9416:Military 9354:Military 9132:Drowning 8843:Swimfins 8838:Speargun 8549:Jackstay 8493:SeaPerch 8423:Épaulard 8257:Wet bell 8217:Air-lock 8043:handling 8017:Jackstay 8012:Downline 7921:Porpoise 7737:Air line 7697:Porpoise 7373:Lifeline 7262:Towboard 7233:Wet bell 7209:Mobility 7083:Anti-fog 7031:Dry suit 7024:Newtsuit 7019:JIM suit 6638:Glossary 6614:Category 6067:Canister 6062:Gas mask 5847:23 March 5743:Archived 5147:29 April 4760:70691158 4731:(1955). 4694:30 April 4604:16986801 4381:17310877 4215:29494076 4117:Archived 4001:In Depth 3914:Archived 3795:See also 3728:ptima CM 3615:Divesoft 3347:Porpoise 2827:May 2021 2765:May 2021 2725:and the 2609:May 2021 2509:injector 1943:sunlight 1858:occurs. 1639:drowning 1502:and for 979:May 2024 546:1.0–1.20 468:<0.08 300:Cold War 16856:Outline 16810:Commons 16675:SeaKeys 16589:Special 16496:SRV-300 16453:DSRV-2 16445:DSRV-1 16336:Shinkai 16312:Nautile 16229:Harmony 16178:vehicle 15767:physics 15683:Frogmen 15043:Wrecks 14631:holders 13870:(IANTD) 13692:(IANTD) 13662:(FEDAS) 13551:schools 13499:(WRSTC) 13460:(IDRCF) 12899:Manuals 12222:Nikonos 12209:SP-350 12203:Calypso 11987:Monitor 11811:(SPUMS) 11426:related 11309:Hypoxia 11219:related 11015:Gas man 10985:Bellman 10706:Hypoxia 10550:Delta-P 10545:Current 10527:hazards 10342:(FEDAS) 10106:Gyrojet 10098:firearm 10062:weapons 10024:Pigging 9996:Airlift 9923:Monitor 9668:UNGERIN 9503:KOPASKA 9488:JW GROM 9463:Fukuryu 9379:Frogman 9319:Haenyeo 9120:Hazards 8848:Monofin 8665:Haenyeo 8568:General 8554:Jonline 8458:OpenROV 8341:habitat 7816:Beuchat 7647:Dolphin 7267:Wet sub 7250:Monofin 7245:Swimfin 7074:Helmets 7053:Wetsuit 6996:Jonline 6796:Swimfin 6791:Snorkel 6626:Commons 6467:General 6377:Snorkel 5773:27 July 5633:Staff. 5454:8653065 5371:31 July 5259:gue.com 5111:InDepth 4991:3 April 4628:31 July 3703:Oceanic 3699:Phibian 3695:US Navy 3652:Prism 2 3500:Viper E 3017:occurs. 3011:bailout 2885:US Navy 2693:O-rings 2658:caustic 2539:Hypoxia 2531:Hazards 2471:warning 2159:diluent 1949:due to 1739:at the 1202:bellows 1129:hypoxia 786:points. 782:points. 659:– some 608:chamber 602:nitrox 521:Normal 505:areas) 492:hypoxia 421:). The 400:of the 315:patents 239:History 190:bailout 188:and as 100:frogmen 48:Acronym 16868:Portal 16844:Diving 16837:Divers 16593:groups 16490:Remora 16455:Avalon 16447:Mystic 16438:Mystic 16366:DSV-5 16360:Turtle 16319:Pisces 16282:Konsul 16223:FNRS-3 16218:FNRS-2 16086:Impact 15943:Diving 15876:theory 15814:Diving 15765:Diving 15033:Reefs 14978:Caves 14085:Turkey 13949:(NAUI) 13925:(CDAA) 13916:diving 13894:(RAID) 13882:(PDIC) 13876:(PADI) 13864:(FIAS) 13858:(DSAT) 13852:(CMAS) 13846:(BSAC) 13840:(ANDI) 13814:(AAUS) 13782:(TSSF) 13746:(RAID) 13734:(PDIC) 13728:(PADI) 13716:(NAUI) 13710:(NASE) 13704:(TIDF) 13686:(IAHD) 13674:(FIAS) 13656:(CMAS) 13644:(BSAC) 13638:(ANMP) 13632:(ANDI) 13626:(ACUC) 13591:(CMAS) 13585:(AIDA) 13520:(ADAS) 13483:(NOAA) 13472:(IMCA) 13466:(IDSA) 13313:levels 13220:Skills 12605:diving 12533:diving 12211:Denise 11829:(NEDU) 11823:(UHMS) 11785:(EUBS) 11779:(EDTC) 11773:(DMAC) 11767:(DDRC) 11292:Oxygen 11183:Diving 11086:health 11036:safety 10735:Diving 10525:Diving 10366:(WKPP) 10360:(QRSS) 10354:(IAHD) 10336:(CMAS) 10318:(CDAA) 10312:(BSAC) 10164:QBS-06 10046:Tremie 9953:Diving 9878:Kronan 9508:MARCOS 9468:GRUMEC 9418:diving 9356:diving 8744:(CWTB) 8403:ABISMO 8369:SEALAB 7941:Suunto 7911:Nemrod 7886:Heinke 7785:Diving 7757:Hookah 7712:Salvus 7276:Safety 6869:Trimix 6859:Oxygen 6854:Nitrox 6849:Hydrox 6839:Heliox 5802:images 5616: 5452: 5396:2 July 5117:31 May 4895:28 May 4788:11 May 4758: 4717:-4-69. 4715:RANSUM 4659: 4655:–261. 4602: 4594: 4545:31 May 4379: 4343:11 May 4220:11 May 4213: 4148: 4106:"12". 3888: 3609:JJ CCR 3541:Dräger 3418:nitrox 3389:Salvus 3315:Dräger 3306:oxygen 2912:system 2711:again. 2662:mucosa 2516:Safety 2294:, and 2171:heliox 2167:trimix 2163:nitrox 1939:rubber 1500:navies 1113:trimix 1109:nitrox 964:31 May 618:100% O 529:level 460:(bar) 366:oxygen 282:nitrox 251:, and 128:helium 95:oxygen 81:is an 16749:Other 16488:ASRV 16432:MSM-1 16195:Alvin 16124:Other 13955:(TDI) 13943:(CDG) 13937:(GUE) 13931:(CDG) 13906:(TXR) 13900:(TSA) 13788:(UDI) 13776:(SSI) 13764:(SEI) 13758:(SDI) 13752:(SAA) 13722:(NOB) 13698:(ILS) 13680:(GUE) 13650:(CFT) 13613:scuba 13603:(SSI) 13536:(HSE) 13454:(EUF) 13309:scuba 13107:Diver 12791:death 12252:Diver 11970:sites 11761:(DAN) 11198:Cramp 10653:Panic 10330:(CFT) 10324:(CDG) 10300:Diver 9963:COMEX 9871:Egypt 9420:units 8791:(VWT) 8780:(STA) 8774:(NLT) 8768:(FIM) 8762:(DNF) 8756:(DYN) 8750:(CNF) 8738:(CWT) 8597:Sonar 7901:Mares 7866:Fenzy 7851:Divex 7841:DESCO 7836:Dacor 7801:Apeks 7767:Snuba 7682:LAR-V 7677:LAR-6 7672:LAR-5 7662:IDA71 7542:scuba 6053:NIOSH 5921:(PDF) 5764:(PDF) 5698:4 May 5689:(PDF) 5670:4 May 5610:(PDF) 5416:(PDF) 5293:5 May 5213:6 May 5188:6 May 5090:6 May 5031:6 May 5021:(PDF) 4982:(PDF) 4934:(PDF) 4590:(1). 4482:Diver 4463:(PDF) 4333:(PDF) 4120:(PDF) 4113:(PDF) 4028:(PDF) 3917:(PDF) 3910:(PDF) 3724:The O 3580:IDA71 3533:CDLSE 3523:Divex 3494:Viper 3408:IDA71 3333:LAR-V 3327:LAR-6 3321:LAR-5 2169:, or 2075:IDA71 1737:IDA71 1712:+ 2CO 630:50% O 598:40% O 16469:Priz 16368:Nemo 16358:DSV 16350:DSV 16342:DSV 16334:DSV 16326:DSV 16268:JAGO 16193:DSV 13914:Cave 13597:(PI) 11985:USS 10890:Risk 9938:Vasa 9929:HMS 9921:USS 9908:Mars 9899:RMS 9688:work 8413:CURV 7717:Siva 7687:LARU 7642:DSEA 7637:CUMA 5879:2008 5849:2024 5775:2021 5727:2016 5700:2021 5672:2021 5647:2013 5614:ISBN 5450:PMID 5427:2021 5398:2019 5373:2013 5351:2021 5321:2024 5295:2021 5267:2021 5240:2016 5215:2021 5190:2021 5149:2024 5119:2024 5092:2021 5033:2021 4993:2024 4897:2019 4817:2016 4790:2021 4756:OCLC 4696:2013 4657:ISBN 4630:2013 4600:OCLC 4592:ISSN 4547:2024 4515:2022 4489:2022 4440:2022 4415:2022 4377:PMID 4345:2021 4222:2021 4211:PMID 4146:ISBN 4090:2019 4065:2022 4039:2022 4008:2021 3886:ISBN 3867:2022 3835:SCBA 3597:KISS 3488:Siva 3451:DC55 3414:SDBA 3377:CDBA 2030:The 1724:+ 3O 1716:= 2K 1220:and 1218:DC55 966:2024 820:PADI 627:3.00 615:2.80 595:2.40 579:2.20 570:NOAA 566:1.60 558:1.40 534:0.50 510:0.21 472:Coma 278:WWII 274:WWII 56:Uses 16427:LR7 16422:LR5 16305:Mir 12201:RV 11977:SS 11854:Law 9891:SS 9869:SS 9272:Ama 9175:Ama 8675:Ama 7702:Ray 5052:183 4653:257 3954:doi 2919:or 2876:dye 2822:. 2760:. 2604:. 2038:is 1820:or 1743:in 1111:or 974:. 726:As 389:at 387:air 343:. 142:. 16886:: 5895:. 5865:. 5840:. 5766:. 5717:. 5691:. 5663:. 5525:^ 5515:. 5492:. 5476:34 5474:. 5462:^ 5446:23 5444:. 5418:. 5389:. 5341:. 5329:^ 5312:. 5286:. 5275:^ 5257:. 5231:. 5206:. 5181:. 5127:^ 5109:. 5083:. 5050:. 5023:. 5001:^ 4984:. 4948:^ 4888:. 4876:^ 4825:^ 4807:. 4781:. 4768:^ 4713:. 4671:^ 4612:^ 4598:. 4588:27 4586:. 4563:. 4538:. 4523:^ 4506:. 4480:. 4448:^ 4431:. 4406:. 4389:^ 4373:78 4371:. 4353:^ 4335:. 4276:^ 4245:^ 4193:^ 4176:^ 4128:^ 4098:^ 4073:^ 4055:. 4030:. 4016:^ 3999:. 3969:^ 3950:47 3948:. 3944:. 3932:^ 3858:. 3199:CO 3187:CO 3113:FO 3104:FO 2165:, 2019:, 1953:. 1866:A 1720:CO 1020:. 525:PO 455:PO 434:. 372:. 247:, 166:. 150:a 119:. 77:A 14278:) 14217:) 6673:e 6666:t 6659:v 5970:e 5963:t 5956:v 5899:. 5881:. 5851:. 5826:. 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