140:
40:
410:
353:
238:
911:
637:
2937:
534:
793:
367:, or pele houses. The defences of tower houses were primarily aimed to provide protection against smaller raiding parties and were not intended to put up significant opposition to an organised military assault. This has led historian Stuart Reid to characterise them as "defensible rather than defensive". They were typically a tall, square, stone-built, crenelated building. They were often also surrounded by a
115:, which were built largely for comfort, but with a castle-like appearance. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the military significance of castles declined, but they increasingly became tourist attractions. Elements of the Scots Baronial style would be revived from the late eighteenth century and the trend would be confirmed in popularity by the rebuilding of
581:. The new estate houses built from the late sixteenth century by nobles and lairds were primarily built for comfort, not for defence, although they were often called castles. They retained many of these external features which had become associated with nobility, but with a larger ground plan. This was classically a "Z-plan" of a rectangular block with towers, as at
172:, and returned to Scotland with the intention of extending royal power across the country and modernising Scotland's military technology, including the introduction of castles. The Scottish king encouraged Norman and French nobles to settle in Scotland, introducing a feudal mode of landholding and the use of castles as a way of controlling the contested
973:, which was created as an agency in 1991. Historic Scotland cares for over 300 properties – all of which are publicly accessible – including around 65 castles. These include some of Scotland's most famous castles including Edinburgh and Stirling, as well as numerous tower houses and ruined castles. The
651:
inherited the crown of
England, bringing a period of peace between the two countries. The royal court left for London, and as a result – with the exceptions of occasional visits – building work on royal castles north of the border largely ceased. Some castles continued to have modest military utility
446:
to give them a clean, Italian appearance. There is evidence of
Italian masons working for James IV, in whose reign Linlithgow was completed and other palaces were rebuilt with Italianate proportions. According to architectural historian John Dunbar, the results were the "earliest examples of coherent
437:
was first constructed under James I, under the direction of master of work John de
Waltoun and was referred to as a palace, apparently the first use of this term in the country, from 1429. This was extended under James III and began to correspond to a fashionable quadrangular, corner-towered Italian
506:
for the ailing Queen
Madeleine. Rather than slavishly copying continental forms, most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns, adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials (particularly stone and harl). Similar themes can be seen in the private
560:
The unique style of great private houses in
Scotland, later known as Scots baronial, has been located in origin to the period of the 1560s. It kept many of the features of the high walled Medieval castles that had been largely made obsolete by gunpowder weapons and may have been influenced by the
755:
because of its romantic historic connections. Tours became increasingly popular during the nineteenth century, usually starting at
Edinburgh and then spending up to two weeks further north, taking advantage of the expanding rail and steamer network. Blair Castle remained popular, but additional
329:
fort, incorporating "D-shape" bastions that would better resist cannon fire and on which artillery could be mounted. It also used "letter box" gun-ports, common in mainland Europe, although rarer in
England, they rapidly spread across the kingdom. Scotland also led the way in adopting the new
155:
Castles, in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble, arrived in
Scotland as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the twelfth century. Prior to the 1120s there is very little evidence of castles having existed in Scotland, which had remained less politically
968:
Most of
Scotland's castles, whether ruined or occupied, remain in private ownership, though many are open to the public at least occasionally. During the twentieth century a number of older castles were transferred into the care of the state, and these are now the responsibility of
252:
where the besieging
Norwegians were able to break down the relatively weak stone walls with axes after only three days. When Edward I invaded Scotland he brought with him the siege capabilities that had evolved south of the border, resulting in the rapid fall of major castles.
961:. Historic Scotland have launched a "Scottish Castle Initiative" aimed at encouraging private investment in the restoration of Scotland's castles, including a register of potential restoration candidates. Despite these efforts, a number of castles remain on Scotland's
209:
for weatherproofing and a uniform appearance. In addition to the baronial castles there were royal castles, often larger and providing defence, lodging for the itinerant Scottish court and a local administrative center. By 1200 these included fortifications at
183:
constructions, of a raised mount or motte, surmounted by a wooden tower and a larger adjacent enclosure or bailey, both usually surrounded by a fosse (a ditch) and palisade, and connected by a wooden bridge. They varied in size from the very large, such as the
930:(1899–1903) by Ross and Macbeth. There was a lull in building after the First World War, and social change undermined the construction of rural country houses. Isolated examples of "castles" include houses that combine modern and traditional elements, such as
432:
of key lands, to establish their power across their kingdom in various ways including constructing grander castles by extending and modifying existing fortifications. These works have been seen as directly reflecting the influence of Renaissance styles.
320:
weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture. Existing castles were adapted to allow the use of the new weapons by the incorporation of "keyhole" gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls that were adapted to resist bombardment.
680:
the fortified tower house fell out of fashion, but the weak state of the Scottish economy was such that, while many larger properties were simply abandoned, the more modest castles continued to be used and adapted as houses, rather than rebuilt.
450:
The shift in architectural focus reflected changing political alliances, as James V had formed a close alliance with France during his reign. He encountered the French version of Renaissance building while visiting for his marriage to
921:
The Baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century. It continued to influence the construction of some estate houses, including
394:
into which animals could be driven, while the living space on the upper floor could only be reached by a removable ladder. Most are within 30 miles (48 km) of the border and were built around the turn of the sixteenth
204:
curtain wall. The need for thick and high walls for defence forced the use of economic building methods, often continuing the Scottish tradition of dry-stone rubble building, which were then covered with a lime render, or
375:, a walled courtyard designed to hold valuable animals securely, but not necessarily intended for serious defence. They were built extensively on both sides of the border with England from the fourteenth century.
842:, the residence of Walter Scott. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the modern revival of the baronial style. Common features borrowed from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century houses included
316:
Early gunpowder weapons were introduced to Scotland by the 1330s. The new technology began to be installed in Scottish castles by the 1380s, beginning with Edinburgh. In the fifteenth century,
363:
The largest number of late Medieval fortifications in Scotland built by nobles, about 800, were of the tower house design. Smaller versions of tower houses in southern Scotland were known as
957:, near Banff in Aberdeenshire, in 1965. The restoration of tower houses and smaller castles continues, with recent examples including Fenton Tower in Lothian and Ballone Castle near
890:
as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 confirmed the popularity of the style. Scots Baronial architects frequently "improved" existing castles:
123:. In the twentieth century there were only isolated examples of new castle-influenced houses. Many tower houses were renovated, and many castles were taken over by the
835:, Ayrshire, remodelled by Adam from 1777. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style.
226:(1241–86) undertook a number of castle building projects in the modern style. Alexander III's early death sparked conflict in Scotland and English intervention under
176:. Historian Lise Hull has suggested that the creation of castles in Scotland was "less to do with conquest" and more to do with "establishing a governing system".
85:" castles that could support a large garrison. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment.
390:, a form of fortified house that combined the functions of a tower house and a barmkyn. They were usually two-storey houses with the ground floor acting as a
2816:
608:, Edinburgh. He adopted a distinctive style that applied elements of Scottish fortification and Flemish influences to a Renaissance plan like that used at
2976:
2961:
2796:
2773:
2513:
459:
may have resulted in longer term connections and influences. Work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under
596:, the king's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618,
553:, Scotland was given a defended border of a series of earthwork forts and additions to existing castles. These included the erection of single
2806:
463:
and adopted forms that were recognisably European, beginning with the extensive work at Linlithgow. This was followed by re-buildings at
949:
from a few fragments of masonry. The restoration movement grew after World War II with a fashion for renovating tower houses, including
2801:
285:
and Stirling, again used considerable resources including giant siege engines and extensive teams of miners and masons. As a result,
764:. Scottish castle guidebooks became well known for providing long historical accounts of their sites, often drawing on the plots of
297:, and including Roxburgh and Edinburgh. After the Wars of Independence, new castles began to be built, often on a grander scale as "
724:, at the end of the rebellion in 1746, was the final castle siege to occur in the British Isles. In the aftermath of the conflict
962:
704:, with their roofs removed and walls breached to make them uninhabitable. Tantallon was used as a base for Scottish attacks on
2811:
2457:
2394:
2310:
2289:
2268:
2247:
2226:
2205:
2163:
2094:
2073:
2052:
2031:
1767:
1683:
1660:
1634:
1571:
1550:
1508:
1466:
1445:
1355:
1334:
1313:
1263:
1193:
1130:
1109:
1085:
516:
293:), rather than allow fortresses to be easily retaken and then held by the English, beginning with his own castles at Ayr and
1023:
196:" castles in the twelfth century, but in Scotland most of those that were in continued occupation became stone castles of "
2766:
2024:
Scottish Royal Palaces: the Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods
1760:
Scottish Royal Palaces: the Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods
1033:
2494:
2966:
2917:
2620:
2481:
2436:
2415:
2373:
2352:
2331:
2184:
2142:
2118:
2010:
1989:
1963:
1942:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1858:
1834:
1813:
1788:
1746:
1725:
1704:
1613:
1592:
1529:
1487:
1424:
1376:
1287:
1242:
1217:
1172:
1151:
624:(1675–89), and was highly influential until the baronial style gave way to the grander English forms associated with
772:'s novels set in Scotland popularised several northern castles, including Tantallon, which was featured in the poem
383:
in 1494 led to an additional burst of tower building across the region. A number were also built in Scottish towns.
807:
In Scotland there was a revival of the castle in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as part of the wider
601:
17:
1076:
G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland", in R. Liddiard, ed.,
858:. The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as
628:
in the later seventeenth century, which were used to produce classically inspired and comfortable country houses.
2867:
2821:
2902:
2759:
528:
310:
1052:
811:
movement, as new houses were built and existing buildings remodeled in the Gothic and Scots Baronial styles.
231:
66:
1005:
in Dundee, and some are maintained by building preservation trusts and other charitable bodies, for example
676:, continued in use as practical fortifications. Tower houses were being built up until the 1640s. After the
609:
2971:
2633:
2535:
53:
are buildings that combine fortifications and residence, and many were built within the borders of modern
2561:
1028:
974:
935:
808:
787:
499:
124:
31:
941:
Restoration of castles began in the early twentieth century, with projects including the renovation of
879:
871:
157:
416:, extensively rebuilt along Renaissance principles from the fifteenth century as a castle-style palace
2882:
2677:
1388:
D. Cornell, "A Kingdom Cleared of Castles: the Role of the Castle in the Campaigns of Robert Bruce",
712:'s siege train, losing its end towers and ceasing to be a residence from that point. The sequence of
483:
479:, described by Roger Maison as "some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain".
223:
819:, displays the incorporation of turrets and is among the first houses in the revived style. His son
139:
2922:
2782:
816:
325:, Kirkcaldy, begun about 1460, is probably the first castle in the British Isles to be built as an
219:
950:
765:
717:
677:
593:
404:
108:. Elements of Medieval castles, royal palaces and tower houses were used in the construction of
2742:
2721:
895:
875:
761:
298:
281:
castles all surrendered to the English king. Subsequent English sieges, such as the attacks on
82:
244:, one of the oldest surviving "castles of enceinte", mostly dating from the thirteenth century
2887:
2699:
851:
673:
460:
421:
65:
constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. During the
648:
605:
442:(a castle-style palace), combining classical symmetry with neo-chivalric imagery and using
376:
2587:
8:
2892:
2837:
693:
661:
613:
452:
425:
241:
227:
161:
43:
1718:
Strongholds of the Border Reivers: Fortifications of the Anglo-Scottish Border 1296–1603
234:
brought this phase of castle building to an end and began a new phase of siege warfare.
1393:
847:
729:
335:
322:
169:
165:
2616:
2477:
2453:
2432:
2411:
2390:
2369:
2348:
2327:
2306:
2285:
2264:
2243:
2222:
2201:
2180:
2159:
2138:
2114:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1959:
1938:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1870:
R. Maison, "Renaissance and Reformation: the sixteenth century", in J. Wormald, ed.,
1854:
1830:
1809:
1784:
1763:
1742:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1656:
1630:
1609:
1588:
1567:
1546:
1525:
1504:
1483:
1462:
1441:
1420:
1372:
1351:
1330:
1309:
1283:
1259:
1238:
1213:
1189:
1168:
1147:
1126:
1105:
1081:
982:
970:
954:
828:
643:, extensively rebuilt in the eighteenth century, it became a popular tourist location
621:
434:
413:
380:
356:
185:
173:
144:
128:
105:
2324:
The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the Survival of the United Kingdom, 1707–2007
977:(founded 1931) cares for several post-Medieval castles and estate houses, including
2857:
1400:
883:
839:
812:
733:
713:
685:
669:
657:
653:
586:
582:
538:
487:
476:
429:
302:
286:
278:
254:
180:
148:
78:
70:
62:
39:
2941:
2862:
2655:
1674:
927:
887:
796:
752:
725:
705:
665:
512:
503:
491:
472:
468:
464:
282:
270:
262:
258:
249:
116:
1954:
M. McLeod, "Warfare, weapons and fortifications: 2 1450–1600" in M. Lynch, ed.,
831:
in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian, but it is most clearly seen at
409:
352:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
978:
855:
832:
800:
774:
709:
697:
549:
In the period of French intervention in the 1540s and 1550s, at the end of the
542:
237:
215:
120:
109:
1404:
898:
who added grand turrets and cupolas. The style spread south and the architect
838:
Important for the adoption of the revival in the early nineteenth century was
728:
and many others castles were used as barracks for the forces sent to garrison
720:. Stirling was able to withstand the Jacobite attack in 1745 and the siege of
708:'s advancing army in 1651. As a result, it was pounded into submission by the
104:
palace building, which restructured them as castle-type palaces, beginning at
2955:
1006:
998:
910:
891:
757:
737:
508:
456:
266:
112:
1675:
A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day.
2842:
2751:
2387:
A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day
2045:
A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day
1781:
A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day
1739:
A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day
958:
946:
942:
931:
923:
914:
899:
867:
859:
769:
748:
741:
721:
640:
597:
562:
561:
French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces. It drew on the
550:
495:
420:
An extensive building and rebuilding of royal palaces probably began under
387:
347:
306:
189:
97:
89:
88:
Many of the late Medieval castles built in the borders were in the form of
2379:
1001:. Several other castles are in the hands of local government, for example
2912:
2872:
1543:
Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Northern England
1304:
G. Stell, "War-damaged Castles: the evidence from Medieval Scotland", in
863:
843:
824:
820:
625:
617:
566:
201:
101:
93:
1397:
636:
2897:
2847:
2472:
D. Mays, "Housing: 4 Country seat, c. 1600–Present", in M. Lynch, ed.,
689:
364:
211:
2542:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
747:
From the late eighteenth century, castles became tourist attractions.
533:
2037:
989:
restores and operates historic buildings as holiday homes, including
701:
424:(r. 1460–88) and accelerated under James IV, reaching its peak under
326:
317:
290:
74:
58:
1666:
1306:
Chateau Gaillard: Actes du colloque international de Graz (Autriche)
192:. In England many of these constructions were converted into stone "
2907:
1933:
A. Thomas, "The Renaissance", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,
1849:
A. Thomas, "The Renaissance", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,
578:
331:
294:
197:
54:
46:, a moated triangular castle, first built in the thirteenth century
1123:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284
792:
428:(r. 1513–42). They used exceptional one-off revenues, such as the
2877:
2410:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 4th edn., 1989),
2005:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993),
1984:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993),
751:
was a popular location on account of its landscaped gardens, and
574:
570:
554:
368:
2303:
Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia
2261:
Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia
2240:
Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia
2219:
Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia
2198:
Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914: Creating Caledonia
1053:"The Ultimate Guide To The North East Castle Trail In Scotland"
985:
that were still in occupation until the twentieth century. The
716:
from 1689 threatened the Crown in Scotland, culminating in the
274:
2565:
289:(r. 1306–29) adopted a policy of castle destruction (known as
156:
centralised than in England with the north still ruled by the
2852:
1072:
1070:
1018:
878:(1864–1929) and in urban contexts, including the building of
2156:
Discovering Fortifications: From the Tudors to the Cold War
744:
were destroyed as a result of their part in the rebellion.
482:
Much of this castle rebuilding was planned and financed by
443:
391:
372:
359:, a tower house, originally built in the fourteenth century
248:
The first recorded siege in Scotland was the 1230 siege of
206:
193:
119:
in the nineteenth century and its adoption as a retreat by
2495:"New hotel is Scotland's first castle of the 21st century"
1914:
The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 600–1540, Volume 1
1522:
The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History
1067:
2613:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
2177:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
2111:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
1697:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
1606:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
1585:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
1280:
Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650
1976:
1974:
1972:
760:
becoming popular once the railway line reached north to
1419:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2009),
1773:
882:
in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well as the National
522:
81:, new castles were built, some on a grander scale as "
1969:
1731:
1647:
1645:
1643:
938:(1936) and Glenskirlie Castle, Stirlingshire (2007).
902:
added a Scots Baronial touch to his work at Windsor.
2747:. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
386:
An option for small landholders and farmers was the
61:
in the twelfth century. Initially these were wooden
57:. They arrived in Scotland with the introduction of
905:
612:. This style can be seen in lord's houses built at
2468:
2466:
2079:
1948:
1906:
1640:
1577:
1340:
652:into the eighteenth century. The royal castles of
100:. From the fifteenth century there was a phase of
1927:
1845:
1843:
1096:
1094:
2953:
2450:Windsor Castle: the Official Illustrated History
2408:Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1451:
1300:
1298:
1296:
2463:
2452:(London: Royal Collection Publications, 2010),
2389:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002),
2385:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
2129:
2127:
2047:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002),
2043:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
1916:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),
1895:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
1829:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
1827:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
1783:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996),
1779:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
1741:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996),
1737:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
1678:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002),
1672:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
1545:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),
1430:
1319:
815:, constructed from 1746 with design input from
688:castles that held out for the king against the
2105:
2103:
1935:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History
1851:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History
1840:
1806:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History
1794:
1629:(New York: Dover Publications, Sidney, 1985),
1274:
1272:
1091:
2767:
1819:
1308:(Caen, France: Publications du CRAHM, 2000),
1293:
1204:
1202:
334:design for castle ditches, as constructed at
2781:
2421:
2358:
2282:Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales
2124:
1417:Bannockburn: the Triumph of Robert the Bruce
1231:A History of Scotland's Masonry Construction
1136:
945:on Mull, and the complete reconstruction of
917:was completely rebuilt between 1919 and 1932
2605:
2100:
1689:
1598:
1472:
1269:
486:(c. 1495–1540), in addition to his work at
200:" from the thirteenth century, with a high
2774:
2760:
2345:The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800
2169:
2087:The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800
1653:The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800
1199:
1157:
301:" castles, to house retained troops, like
2476:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011),
2326:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011),
1958:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
1937:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),
1874:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005),
1853:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),
1808:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),
886:at Stirling (1859–69). The rebuilding of
592:Particularly influential was the work of
2284:(Westport: Greenwood Publishing, 2005),
1956:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1501:English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51
909:
791:
635:
532:
408:
351:
236:
164:(r. 1124–53) spent time at the court of
138:
38:
2977:Visual and material culture of Scotland
2962:12th-century establishments in Scotland
2740:
2592:Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland
1804:, in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,
1627:Castles: Their Construction and History
1564:Castles: Their Construction and History
151:castle built in the mid-twelfth century
27:Type of fortified structure in Scotland
14:
2954:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2347:(London: Taylor & Francis, 1991),
2026:(East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1999),
1762:(East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1999),
1566:(New York: Dover Publications, 1985),
1369:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty
926:, which was rebuilt for industrialist
541:, showing many of the features of the
398:
2755:
2636:. Historic Scotland. pp. 220–226
2564:. ANTA. 12 March 2012. Archived from
2003:Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830
1982:Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830
2474:Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1024:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
2501:
2137:(Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009),
2135:Scottish Baronial Castles 1250–1450
2066:Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites
1503:(Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003),
1080:(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003),
557:at Edinburgh, Stirling and Dunbar.
523:Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
455:in 1536 and his second marriage to
24:
2158:(Risborough: Shire Publications),
1392:87 (224), pp. 233–257 (2008)
1034:Restoration of castles in Scotland
25:
2988:
2429:Discovering Scottish Architecture
1480:Discovering Scottish Architecture
1210:Discovering Scottish Architecture
1165:Discovering Scottish Architecture
823:'s houses in this style included
781:
756:castles joined the circuit, with
379:'s (1488–1513) forfeiture of the
2935:
2514:"The Scottish Castle Initiative"
906:Twentieth century to the present
602:George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton
447:Renaissance design in Britain".
2714:
2692:
2670:
2648:
2626:
2580:
2554:
2528:
2487:
2442:
2400:
2337:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2232:
2211:
2190:
2148:
2058:
2016:
1995:
1885:
1864:
1752:
1710:
1619:
1556:
1535:
1514:
1493:
1409:
1382:
1361:
1248:
341:
2722:"The Friends of Sauchie Tower"
2562:"Ballone Castle, Portmahomack"
2085:I. D. Whyte, and K. A. Whyte,
1651:I. D. Whyte, and K. A. Whyte,
1390:The Scottish Historical Review
1237:(Edinburgh: Arcamedia, 2005),
1223:
1178:
1115:
1045:
529:Scottish baronial architecture
311:Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
188:, to more modest designs like
134:
13:
1:
2658:. National Trust for Scotland
2588:"Results for Keyword: castle"
2497:. Sourcewire. 10 August 2007.
2343:I. D. Whyte and K. A. Whyte,
2064:C. J. Tabraham and D. Grove,
1893:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587
507:houses of aristocrats, as in
2634:"List of Properties in Care"
2305:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),
2263:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),
2242:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),
2221:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),
2200:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),
1235:Building with Scottish Stone
803:in the Scots Baronial style.
257:fell within three days, and
179:These were primarily wooden
131:and are open to the public.
30:For individual castles, see
7:
2368:(London: Greenwood, 2006),
2089:(London: Routledge, 1991),
1720:(Osprey Publishing, 2008),
1655:(London: Routledge, 1991),
1524:(London: Routledge, 1991),
1371:(London: Continuum, 2010),
1146:(London: Greenwood, 2006),
1029:List of castles in Scotland
1012:
975:National Trust for Scotland
894:was transformed in 1838 by
788:Gothic Revival architecture
500:St Andrews Cathedral Priory
313:in the fourteenth century.
309:near Stirling, rebuilt for
125:National Trust for Scotland
73:pursued a policy of castle
32:list of castles in Scotland
10:
2993:
2724:. Clackmannanshire Council
2656:"Places to visit: castles"
2366:Britain's Medieval Castles
2068:(London: Batsford, 2001),
1461:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1440:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1350:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1329:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1258:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1188:(London: Batsford, 2005),
1144:Britain's Medieval Castles
1104:(London: Batsford, 2005),
963:Buildings at Risk Register
785:
631:
526:
402:
345:
29:
2931:
2830:
2789:
2741:Simpson, Douglas (1959).
2700:"Dudhope Park and Castle"
1405:10.3366/E0036924108000140
1125:(London: Penguin, 2004),
660:and Stirling, along with
511:, Stirling (c. 1570) and
484:James Hamilton of Finnart
2967:Architecture in Scotland
2783:Architecture in Scotland
2615:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
2431:(Botley: Osprey, 1985),
2179:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
2113:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
1699:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
1608:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
1587:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
1482:(Botley: Osprey, 1985),
1282:(Botley: Osprey, 2006),
1212:(Botley: Osprey, 1985),
1167:(Botley: Osprey, 1985),
1039:
440:palatium ad moden castri
620:, Edinburgh (1628) and
610:Château d'Ancy-le-Franc
498:, the "New Inn" in the
405:Renaissance in Scotland
230:in 1296. The resulting
918:
876:Robert Stodart Lorimer
804:
644:
546:
537:The sixteenth-century
438:signorial palace of a
417:
360:
299:livery and maintenance
245:
152:
83:livery and maintenance
47:
2817:Industrial Revolution
2702:. Dundee City Council
2536:"Eilean Donan Castle"
913:
795:
768:for the details. Sir
639:
536:
412:
381:Lordship of the Isles
355:
240:
147:in Scotland, a large
142:
42:
1078:Anglo-Norman Castles
1009:, Clackmannanshire.
649:James VI of Scotland
232:Wars of Independence
67:Wars of Independence
2972:Castles in Scotland
2942:Scotland portal
2838:Atlantic roundhouse
2568:on 12 November 2013
2516:. Historic Scotland
1872:Scotland: A History
1233:in P. Wilson, ed.,
874:(c. 1847–1914) and
848:crow-stepped gables
502:and the lodging at
453:Madeleine of Valois
399:Renaissance palaces
242:Dunstaffnage Castle
222:(r. 1198–1249) and
162:David I of Scotland
44:Caerlaverock Castle
2397:, pp. 276–85.
1459:Scotland's Castles
1438:Scotland's Castles
1348:Scotland's Castles
1327:Scotland's Castles
1256:Scotland's Castles
1186:Scotland's Castles
1102:Scotland's Castles
953:'s restoration of
919:
805:
645:
604:and began work on
547:
418:
361:
336:Craignethan Castle
246:
170:Earl of Huntingdon
166:Henry I of England
153:
48:
2949:
2948:
2484:, pp. 326–8.
2458:978-1-902163-21-5
2406:H.-R. Hitchcock,
2395:978-0-7486-0849-2
2311:978-0-7546-3694-6
2290:978-0-313-31850-4
2269:978-0-7546-3694-6
2248:978-0-7546-3694-6
2227:978-0-7546-3694-6
2208:, pp. 19 and 152.
2206:978-0-7546-3694-6
2164:978-0-7478-0651-6
2095:978-0-415-02992-6
2074:978-0-7134-7484-8
2053:978-0-7486-0849-2
2032:978-1-86232-042-0
1966:, pp. 637–8.
1945:, pp. 201–2.
1924:, pp. 391–2.
1891:J. E. A. Dawson,
1768:978-1-86232-042-0
1728:, pp. 29–30.
1684:978-0-7486-0849-2
1661:978-0-415-02992-6
1635:978-0-486-24898-1
1572:978-0-486-24898-1
1551:978-0-521-49723-7
1509:978-1-84176-604-1
1467:978-0-7134-8943-9
1446:978-0-7134-8943-9
1356:978-0-7134-8943-9
1335:978-0-7134-8943-9
1314:978-2-902685-09-7
1264:978-0-7134-8943-9
1194:978-0-7134-8943-9
1131:978-0-14-014824-4
1110:978-0-7134-8943-9
1086:978-0-85115-904-1
971:Historic Scotland
955:Inchdrewer Castle
718:rebellion in 1745
622:Drumlanrig Castle
606:Heriot's Hospital
414:Linlithgow Palace
357:Clackmannan Tower
186:Bass of Inverurie
174:Scottish Lowlands
145:Bass of Inverurie
129:Historic Scotland
16:(Redirected from
2984:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:Scottish Castles
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:. Landmark Trust
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2470:
2461:
2448:J. M. Robinson,
2446:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:, pp. 37 and 45.
2152:
2146:
2131:
2122:
2107:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1912:D. M. Palliser,
1910:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1847:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:, pp. 12 and 46.
1581:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1457:C. J. Tabraham,
1455:
1449:
1436:C. J. Tabraham,
1434:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1386:
1380:
1367:J. S. Hamilton,
1365:
1359:
1346:C. J. Tabraham,
1344:
1338:
1325:C. J. Tabraham,
1323:
1317:
1302:
1291:
1276:
1267:
1254:C. J. Tabraham,
1252:
1246:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1184:C. J. Tabraham,
1182:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1100:C. J. Tabraham,
1098:
1089:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1049:
896:William Playfair
884:Wallace Monument
840:Abbotsford House
813:Inveraray Castle
714:Jacobite risings
587:Claypotts Castle
583:Colliston Castle
539:Claypotts Castle
517:Earl of Bothwell
515:, built for the
488:Blackness Castle
287:Robert the Bruce
255:Edinburgh Castle
181:motte-and-bailey
149:motte and bailey
79:Late Middle Ages
71:Robert the Bruce
63:motte-and-bailey
21:
18:Scottish castles
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2863:Chambered cairn
2826:
2785:
2780:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2471:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2426:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2384:
2380:
2363:
2359:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2301:K. H. Grenier,
2300:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2259:K. H. Grenier,
2258:
2254:
2238:K. H. Grenier,
2237:
2233:
2217:K. H. Grenier,
2216:
2212:
2196:K. H. Grenier,
2195:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2149:
2132:
2125:
2108:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2042:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1932:
1928:
1911:
1907:
1890:
1886:
1869:
1865:
1848:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1802:The Renaissance
1799:
1795:
1778:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1736:
1732:
1715:
1711:
1694:
1690:
1671:
1667:
1650:
1641:
1624:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1582:
1578:
1561:
1557:
1540:
1536:
1520:D. J. C. King,
1519:
1515:
1499:P. Harrington,
1498:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1435:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1387:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1303:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1228:
1224:
1207:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1162:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1116:
1099:
1092:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1055:. 21 April 2022
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1015:
936:Broughton Place
928:Andrew Carnegie
908:
888:Balmoral Castle
880:Cockburn Street
799:, re-built for
797:Balmoral Castle
790:
784:
766:Romantic novels
753:Stirling Castle
706:Oliver Cromwell
634:
594:William Wallace
531:
525:
513:Crichton Castle
504:Balmerino Abbey
494:, the house at
492:Rothesay Castle
407:
401:
350:
344:
250:Rothesay Castle
194:keep-and-bailey
158:kings of Norway
137:
117:Balmoral Castle
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Scots Baronial
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2713:
2691:
2669:
2647:
2625:
2604:
2579:
2553:
2527:
2500:
2486:
2462:
2441:
2420:
2399:
2378:
2357:
2336:
2315:
2294:
2273:
2252:
2231:
2210:
2189:
2168:
2147:
2123:
2099:
2078:
2057:
2036:
2022:J. G. Dunbar,
2015:
2001:J. Summerson,
1994:
1980:J. Summerson,
1968:
1947:
1926:
1905:
1884:
1863:
1839:
1818:
1793:
1772:
1758:J. G. Dunbar,
1751:
1730:
1709:
1688:
1665:
1639:
1618:
1597:
1576:
1555:
1534:
1513:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1429:
1408:
1381:
1360:
1339:
1318:
1292:
1268:
1247:
1222:
1198:
1177:
1156:
1135:
1121:D. Carpenter,
1114:
1090:
1066:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1003:Dudhope Castle
995:Castle of Park
991:Saddell Castle
987:Landmark Trust
907:
904:
872:Edward Calvert
856:machicolations
833:Culzean Castle
809:Gothic Revival
801:Queen Victoria
783:
782:Gothic Revival
780:
710:New Model Army
700:in 1640, were
674:Ruthven Castle
633:
630:
543:Scots Baronial
527:Main article:
524:
521:
400:
397:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
305:, Lothian and
218:. In Scotland
136:
133:
121:Queen Victoria
110:Scots baronial
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Town defences
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2695:
2679:
2673:
2657:
2651:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2621:1-84176-962-2
2618:
2614:
2608:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2482:0-19-969305-6
2479:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2437:0-85263-748-9
2434:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2416:0-300-05320-7
2413:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2374:0-275-98414-1
2371:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2353:0-415-02992-9
2350:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2332:0-19-959399-X
2329:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:N. R. Jones,
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2185:1-84176-962-2
2182:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2143:1-84603-286-5
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:1-84176-962-2
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2011:0-300-05886-1
2008:
2004:
1998:
1992:, pp. 502–11.
1991:
1990:0-300-05886-1
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:0-19-211696-7
1961:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1943:0-19-162433-0
1940:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1922:0-521-44461-6
1919:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1901:0-7486-1455-9
1898:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1880:0-19-162243-5
1877:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1859:0-19-162433-0
1856:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:0-7486-0276-3
1832:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1814:0-19-162433-0
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1789:0-7486-0849-4
1786:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1747:0-7486-0849-4
1744:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1726:1-84603-197-4
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1705:1-84176-962-2
1702:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1614:1-84176-962-2
1611:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1593:1-84176-962-2
1590:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1530:0-415-00350-4
1527:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1488:0-85263-748-9
1485:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1425:0-300-14568-3
1422:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1377:1-4411-5712-3
1374:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:1-84176-962-2
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1243:1-904320-02-3
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1218:0-85263-748-9
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1173:0-85263-748-9
1170:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1152:0-275-98414-1
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:Sauchie Tower
1004:
1000:
999:Roslin Castle
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
916:
912:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:Floors Castle
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:(1787–1879),
869:
865:
862:(1789–1870),
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
789:
779:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Cawdor Castle
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:the Highlands
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Bishop's Wars
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
642:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Caerlaverlock
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:, with their
568:
564:
558:
556:
552:
544:
540:
535:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Mary of Guise
454:
448:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
406:
396:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
349:
339:
337:
333:
328:
324:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
243:
239:
235:
233:
229:
225:
224:Alexander III
221:
217:
213:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
146:
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:estate houses
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:bastle houses
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2933:
2883:Estate house
2843:Bastle house
2812:Early modern
2743:
2726:. Retrieved
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2628:
2612:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2489:
2473:
2449:
2444:
2428:
2427:T. W. West,
2423:
2407:
2402:
2386:
2381:
2365:
2360:
2344:
2339:
2323:
2322:A. Jackson,
2318:
2302:
2297:
2281:
2276:
2260:
2255:
2239:
2234:
2229:, pp. 69–70.
2218:
2213:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2155:
2150:
2134:
2110:
2086:
2081:
2065:
2060:
2044:
2039:
2023:
2018:
2002:
1997:
1981:
1955:
1950:
1934:
1929:
1913:
1908:
1892:
1887:
1871:
1866:
1850:
1826:
1825:J. Wormald,
1821:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1780:
1775:
1759:
1754:
1738:
1733:
1717:
1712:
1696:
1691:
1673:
1668:
1652:
1626:
1621:
1605:
1600:
1584:
1579:
1563:
1558:
1542:
1537:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1495:
1479:
1478:T. W. West,
1474:
1458:
1453:
1437:
1432:
1416:
1415:D. Cornell,
1411:
1389:
1384:
1368:
1363:
1347:
1342:
1326:
1321:
1305:
1279:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1229:I. Maxwell,
1225:
1209:
1208:T. W. West,
1185:
1180:
1164:
1163:T. W. West,
1159:
1143:
1138:
1122:
1117:
1101:
1077:
1057:. Retrieved
1047:
967:
959:Portmahomack
947:Eilean Donan
943:Duart Castle
940:
932:Basil Spence
924:Skibo Castle
920:
915:Eilean Donan
900:Edward Blore
868:Edward Blore
860:William Burn
844:battlemented
837:
817:William Adam
806:
773:
770:Walter Scott
762:Fort William
749:Blair Castle
746:
722:Blair Castle
694:Caerlaverock
692:, including
683:
662:Dunstaffnage
646:
641:Blair Castle
598:Winton House
591:
563:tower houses
559:
551:Rough Wooing
548:
496:Crawfordjohn
481:
449:
439:
419:
388:bastle house
385:
362:
348:Tower houses
342:Tower houses
315:
247:
220:Alexander II
190:Balmaclellan
178:
154:
90:tower houses
87:
50:
49:
36:
2913:Tower house
2873:Court cairn
2797:Prehistoric
2728:12 November
2706:12 November
2684:12 November
2662:12 November
2640:12 November
2597:12 November
2572:12 November
2546:12 November
2520:12 November
1800:A. Thomas,
1716:K. Durham,
1358:, pp. 58–9.
951:Oliver Hill
866:(1803–76),
864:David Bryce
825:Mellerstain
821:Robert Adam
690:Covenanters
678:Restoration
626:Inigo Jones
618:Moray House
589:(1569–88).
585:(1583) and
567:peel towers
365:peel towers
323:Ravenscraig
168:, becoming
135:Middle Ages
102:Renaissance
96:or simpler
94:pele towers
2956:Categories
2923:Wheelhouse
2898:Peel tower
2848:Blackhouse
2678:"Scotland"
2154:B. Lowry,
2133:M. Brown,
1541:A. Emery,
1154:, p. xxiv.
1059:2 November
983:Craigievar
850:, pointed
846:gateways,
829:Wedderburn
786:See also:
509:Mar's Wark
461:Henry VIII
435:Linlithgow
430:forfeiture
403:See also:
106:Linlithgow
92:, smaller
2611:S. Reid,
2460:, p. 121.
2439:, p. 116.
2418:, p. 146.
2376:, p. 154.
2364:L. Hull,
2355:, p. 100.
2334:, p. 152.
2292:, p. 290.
2271:, p. 152.
2175:S. Reid,
2109:S. Reid,
2034:, p. vii.
2013:, p. 502.
1903:, p. 120.
1882:, p. 102.
1861:, p. 189.
1816:, p. 195.
1695:S. Reid,
1637:, p. 224.
1604:S. Reid,
1583:S. Reid,
1574:, p. 225.
1532:, p. 172.
1469:, p. 148.
1427:, p. 124.
1379:, p. 116.
1316:, p. 278.
1278:S. Reid,
1142:L. Hull,
1133:, p. 182.
1088:, p. 225.
734:Kildrummy
670:Blackness
658:Dumbarton
654:Edinburgh
579:bartizans
519:in 1580s.
477:Edinburgh
422:James III
327:artillery
318:gunpowder
303:Tantallon
291:slighting
279:Dumbarton
202:embattled
77:. In the
75:slighting
59:feudalism
2908:Shieling
2888:Hillfort
2807:Medieval
2623:, p. 58.
2313:, p. 82.
2250:, p. 73.
2145:, p. 57.
2121:, p. 57.
2097:, p. 77.
2076:, p. 18.
2055:, p. 38.
1791:, p. 16.
1770:, p. 36.
1707:, p. 21.
1663:, p. 76.
1625:S. Toy,
1616:, p. 33.
1562:S. Toy,
1553:, p. 26.
1490:, p. 27.
1448:, p. 76.
1398:23074055
1337:, p. 56.
1290:, p. 12.
1266:, p. 12.
1245:, p. 24.
1220:, p. 26.
1196:, p. 16.
1175:, p. 21.
1112:, p. 11.
1013:See also
778:(1808).
702:slighted
666:Dunollie
647:In 1603
616:(1620),
571:parapets
555:bastions
473:Stirling
469:Falkland
465:Holyrood
395:century.
377:James IV
332:caponier
295:Dumfries
283:Bothwell
271:Stirling
263:Jedburgh
259:Roxburgh
228:Edward I
198:enceinte
55:Scotland
2893:Housing
2878:Crannog
2540:Canmore
2187:, p. 7.
1837:, p. 5.
1749:, p. 9.
1686:, p. 6.
1511:, p. 9.
979:Culzean
852:turrets
775:Marmion
726:Corgaff
698:Threave
684:In the
632:Decline
575:corbels
444:harling
426:James V
369:barmkyn
216:Berwick
51:Castles
2868:Church
2858:Castle
2822:Modern
2619:
2480:
2456:
2435:
2414:
2393:
2372:
2351:
2330:
2309:
2288:
2267:
2246:
2225:
2204:
2183:
2162:
2141:
2117:
2093:
2072:
2051:
2030:
2009:
1988:
1962:
1941:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1857:
1833:
1812:
1787:
1766:
1745:
1724:
1703:
1682:
1659:
1633:
1612:
1591:
1570:
1549:
1528:
1507:
1486:
1465:
1444:
1423:
1396:
1375:
1354:
1333:
1312:
1286:
1262:
1241:
1216:
1192:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1108:
1084:
738:Huntly
577:, and
545:style.
275:Lanark
267:Dunbar
207:harled
2853:Broch
2831:Forms
2802:Roman
1394:JSTOR
1040:Notes
1019:Broch
742:Doune
307:Doune
2790:Eras
2730:2013
2708:2013
2686:2013
2664:2013
2642:2013
2617:ISBN
2599:2013
2574:2013
2548:2013
2522:2013
2478:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2028:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1061:2022
997:and
981:and
854:and
827:and
740:and
696:and
672:and
600:for
565:and
475:and
392:byre
373:bawn
277:and
214:and
143:The
1401:doi
934:'s
371:or
212:Ayr
127:or
2958::
2590:.
2538:.
2503:^
2465:^
2126:^
2102:^
1971:^
1842:^
1642:^
1295:^
1271:^
1201:^
1093:^
1069:^
993:,
965:.
736:,
732:.
668:,
664:,
656:,
573:,
490:,
471:,
467:,
338:.
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
160:.
69:,
2775:e
2768:t
2761:v
2732:.
2710:.
2688:.
2666:.
2644:.
2601:.
2576:.
2550:.
2524:.
1403::
1063:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
