155:
36:
665:
1589:. The language has been spoken in fairgrounds and theatrical entertainment since at least the seventeenth century. As theatrical booths, circus acts and menageries were once a common part of European fairs it is likely that the roots of Polari/Parlyaree lie in the period before both theatre and circus became independent of the fairgrounds. The Parlyaree spoken on fairgrounds tends to borrow much more from
1431:, which can be categorised broadly as a business community of travelling shows, circus and carnival communities, and fairground families. Occupational travellers travel for work across Scotland, the rest of the UK, and into continental Europe. The show/fairground community is close knit, with ties often existing between them and the older
1506:
links market remains the longest-running funfair in
Scotland, from a charter granted by Edward I in 1304. By the early 18th century, the livestock-market aspect of these Scottish charter fairs had diminished, with the focus shifting to amusement, and they evolved into the modern-day travelling fairs.
1435:
families, although showmen families are a distinct, multi-ethnic group and have a vibrant social scene organised around both the summer fairs and the various sites and yards used as winter quarters. Many
Scottish show and fairground families live in winter communities based mainly in the east end of
1127:
Romanichal communities known as Border
Gypsies exist in the Scottish borders. Speaking Northern Angloromani and following Romanichal traditions and customs, they are linguistically and historically culturally identical to the Romanichal communities in northern England. Romanichal from the north of
1492:
Fairs in
Scotland have been held from the early Middle Ages, and traditionally brought together the important elements of medieval trade and a festival. Many of the common markets and fairs are rooted in ancient times, from the medieval period or earlier, and are said to be "prescriptive fairs".
967:
Lowland Roma, or
Lowland Gypsies, are a Romani subgroup in the Scottish Lowlands. They are not to be confused with Scottish Lowland Travellers, who are an indigenous people. Despite their distinct origins and cultures, Lowland Gypsies and Scottish Lowland Travellers are often grouped together as
1286:
The
Highland Traveller community has a long history in Scotland going back, at least in record, to the 12th century as a form of employment and one of the first records of that name states a "James the Tinker" held land in the town of Perth from 1165 to 1214. Highland Travellers share a similar
1501:
can trace their origins to charters granted in the medieval period. Traders would travel long distances to sell their goods, as did travelling musicians and entertainers who kept both the traders and customers entertained. In the thirteenth century, the creation of fairs by royal charter was
1090:
grounds. However, as with its neighbour
England, the Scottish parliament passed an act in 1609 against Romani groups known as the “Act against the Egyptians”; which made it lawful to condemn, detain and execute Gypsies if they were known or reputed to be ethnically Romani.
1338:
As an indigenous group, Highland
Travellers have played an essential role in the preservation of traditional Gaelic culture. It is estimated that as few as 2,000 Highland Travellers continue to lead their traditional lifestyle on the roads.
1050:
Records in Dundee from 1651 documented the migrations of small groups of people called "Egyptians" in the
Highlands, noted to be of the same nature as the Gypsies in England. By 1612, Romani communities were recorded to exist as far north as
887:), and equivalent terms have been used throughout Western Europe to refer locally to similar populations, owing to their historically frequent work in repairing household objects. Another generally dismissive term throughout Britain is
1463:
and
Ireland. Those in Scotland are known within the broader showmen tradition in the UK as the "Scottish section". As with other showmen communities, they call non-travellers (but not other distinct travelling groups including
1098:
population for at least 500 years; they are a distinct group from the Highland Travellers. Lowland Roma Gypsies share a common heritage with Romanichal and Kalé. They enjoyed a privileged place in Scottish society until the
1209:
group in Scotland. They are culturally and linguistically distinct from the Roma people of Scotland. Unlike the Roma in Scotland, Scottish Highland Travellers are of indigenous origin. A poetic English name for them is the
1082:
of Norway and Sweden are distantly related to present-day Romanichal, Kalé and Lowland Roma, with all of these groups having common ancestry, being descended from the Romani who arrived in Britain in the sixteenth century.
1510:
The modern travelling showmen have as strong a family history and heritage as do their counterparts in Wales, England and Ireland. Fairs in Scotland are presented around the same time as they are in the rest of
1118:
could be considered part of the common culture that Lowland Scottish Travellers living in the Lowlands and Romanichal Border Gypsies living in the Scottish Borders share with the UK's other Travelling groups.
1139:
Romanichal traders in Scotland were upwardly mobile. By 1830, they travelled to the potteries in Staffordshire, buying china and other goods and selling the items chiefly in Northumberland while based in
989:, such as a belief in the importance of family and family descent, a strong valuing and involvement with extended family and family events, a preference for self-employment, purity taboos — part of the
1291:. As with their Irish counterparts, there are several theories regarding the origin of Scottish Highland Travellers; some that have been claimed at different times are that they are descended from the
1032:, to the "King of Rowmais". Two days later, the King authorised a payment of £20 to a messenger from the "King of Rowmais". In 1530, a group of Romanies danced before the Scottish king at the
1047:
made a proclamation in April 1573 ordering the "Egiptianis", who had been permitted to wander up and down the country, either to leave Scotland, or to settle in one place and take up a trade.
4275:
1278:
language group. It has been used as a cultural identifier, just as Romani groups used the Romani language. Like the Highland Travellers themselves, the language is not related to Romani.
974:
of Wales, their language diverged from that of the Romanichal. Although they have mixed with indigenous Travelling groups in Scotland over centuries, Lowland Roma have retained their
1335:
in Germany. As with indigenous Norwegian Travellers, Highland Travellers' origins may be more complex and difficult to ascertain, as they left no early written records of their own.
2299:
1151:
By 1874, these Gypsies were commented on as "Having physical markers in their dusky complexion that is characteristically Gypsy...and...a language that is clearly Romani".
1497:. In the middle ages, the royal charters gave the fairs legal status and developed their economic importance. The majority of fairs held in Scotland and the rest of the
1228:
usage. Any of the overarching terms for Scottish Travelling Folk in English, Gaelic, or Scots are sometimes also applied to them, along with the rather pejorative term
17:
1713:"Why we need to up our Numbers Game: A non-parametric approach to the methodology and politics of the demography of Roma, Gypsy, Traveller and other ethnic populations"
1388:, author / storyteller who wrote down the oral history, stories and ancient tales of the Highland Traveller. He recorded over 3,000 stories over his lifetime.
53:
1043:
Romani migration to Scotland continued during the 16th century and several groups of Romanies were accepted there after being expelled from England. The
100:
72:
3980:
1436:
Glasgow. Housing an estimated 80% of all British show families, Glasgow is believed to have the largest concentration of showmen quarters in
1154:
Some Romanichal from Scotland are members of Romani organisations based in England. Scottish Romanichal are known locally as Border Gypsies.
640:
79:
2582:
1307:
or prior socio-political disruptions. Highland Travellers are distinct both culturally and linguistically from other Gypsy groups like the
3642:
2809:
4270:
3733:
86:
3236:
2681:
1869:
2520:
4118:
3613:
2942:
694:
417:
68:
1787:
1678:
3743:
3494:
1493:
Other fairs will have been granted a royal charter to cement their importance and secure their future, and these are known as
968:“Lowland Gypsy/Travellers”. It is believed that Lowland Gypsies share a common ancestry with the Romanichal, and, as with the
4397:
3657:
3467:
3340:
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2503:
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2216:
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2008:
1961:
1879:
1827:
1688:
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626:
1238:, the economist and philosopher, was reportedly kidnapped by Highland Travellers at a young age before quickly being freed.
4297:
4032:
3564:
4208:
4012:
3908:
3584:
3330:
3203:
3137:
2977:
2642:
1460:
1394:, master storyteller, ballad singer and author of several books of Lowland Traveller tales. (Nephew of Jeannie Robertson)
1020:
There is written evidence for the presence of Roma in the Scottish Lowlands as early as 1505, when – during the reign of
668:
630:
622:
447:
4387:
3868:
3007:
1136:, also commonly travel into the Scottish Borders. They live in separate and distinct communities from Lowland Gypsies.
477:
2325:
4255:
3990:
3727:
3652:
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Romani people in the south of Scotland enjoyed the protection of the Roslyn family and made an encampment within the
286:
119:
3320:
3305:
3285:
3092:
3082:
2804:
1627:
1077:
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537:
326:
164:
4245:
2262:"'Not just lucky white heather and clothes pegs': Putting European Gypsy and Traveller economic niches in context"
93:
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3462:
3345:
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1653:
1391:
452:
4082:
3753:
3489:
3479:
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The settled British (and Irish) population have often referred to all such populations in the British Isles as
57:
2450:
Hancock, Ian (1986). "The cryptolectal speech of the American roads: Traveler Cant and American Angloromani".
1741:
1712:
154:
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2534:"Research and Articles - History of Fairs - Showmen's Guild - Sections :: National Fairground Archive"
602:
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194:
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4022:
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match” known as the international, where trophies and caps are held in high esteem. A Showman newspaper;
996:
They are closely related to the Romani groups of England, Wales, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. They speak
687:
527:
2555:
4213:
4007:
3715:
3709:
3559:
3504:
3385:
3062:
2922:
2917:
2699:
1843:
975:
797:(derived from an old folk belief that the Romani originated in Egypt) is sometimes seen as pejorative.
651:
517:
397:
392:
229:
214:
174:
2533:
1502:
widespread. Between 1199 and 1350, charters were issued granting the rights to hold markets or fairs.
1180:(also known as Scots-Romani or Scotch-Romani) which includes up to 50% words of Romani origin, mostly
4292:
4287:
3969:
3637:
3452:
3142:
3127:
3122:
3102:
2962:
2952:
1519:
with a similar mixture of Charter, Prescriptive and private business fairs. The run of fairs include
1044:
587:
582:
562:
432:
427:
2485:
1197:
Scottish Lowland Travellers are a traditionally nomadic group indigenous to the Scottish Lowlands.
4223:
4203:
4138:
4052:
3985:
3943:
3903:
3858:
3723:
3625:
3591:
3422:
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3198:
3181:
3171:
3107:
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3022:
3012:
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2401:
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3380:
3325:
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3117:
3112:
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3067:
3052:
3047:
3017:
3002:
2972:
2957:
2947:
2071:
1902:
1570:
spoken throughout the UK by Scottish, English, Welsh and Irish showfamilies. It is a mixture of
800:
The most common overarching modern terms in English for non-Romani travelling groups in Scotland
607:
597:
577:
572:
557:
552:
522:
512:
507:
487:
472:
442:
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46:
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3662:
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3532:
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3166:
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3132:
3057:
3042:
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1484:
can include showmen who have left the community to settle down and lead a sedentary lifestyle.
1300:
680:
502:
4260:
4175:
4147:
4123:
3963:
3888:
3823:
3603:
3554:
3407:
3395:
3027:
2834:
1331:
in the Netherlands (who may be related to the Yeniche), indigenous Norwegian Travellers, and
1072:, maintain that their ancestors were originally a Romani group who travelled to Finland from
1009:
219:
4057:
4304:
4250:
4237:
3838:
3682:
3677:
3541:
3523:
3335:
3280:
1540:
1379:
1100:
1021:
1005:
1103:, when their wandering lifestyle and exotic culture brought severe persecution upon them.
1040:
sent letters to his regional officials and clergy to expel the "Egiptianes" in July 1541
8:
4347:
4319:
4042:
4037:
4017:
3935:
3883:
3848:
3801:
3647:
3579:
3549:
3437:
3417:
3370:
3310:
3300:
3267:
3257:
1539:. Annually a team of young showmen from both Scotland and England play an “international
1129:
1107:
1037:
2814:
2395:
2065:
346:
4265:
4128:
3995:
3768:
3763:
3705:
3618:
3442:
3365:
3350:
2467:
1410:
1275:
1115:
790:
780:
749:
808:, though various specific groups have more particular names in English and otherwise (
224:
4356:
4309:
4104:
4067:
4062:
4047:
4027:
3853:
3758:
3748:
3457:
3432:
3427:
2646:
2586:
2269:
2240:
2212:
2165:
2075:
2032:
2004:
1957:
1875:
1823:
1791:
1684:
1633:
1385:
1363:
1332:
969:
731:
306:
863:), a name now often considered pejorative, with more contemptuous derivates such as
4160:
4155:
4092:
3958:
3818:
3719:
3193:
2459:
1648:
1593:, as well as other languages and argots spoken by other travelling groups, such as
1397:
1328:
1324:
1056:
636:
2577:
Foster, Brian; Walker, Anne (24 August 2015). "Showmen or Fairground Travellers".
2368:
4361:
4185:
4165:
3783:
3667:
2735:
2690:
2261:
1927:
1611:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1564:
1545:
1348:
1304:
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1247:
1177:
1173:
1033:
829:
379:
261:
199:
189:
138:
4170:
3037:
2639:
Traveller's Joy: Songs of English and Scottish Travellers and Gypsies 1965–2005
2232:
2142:
1375:
1357:
1169:
1024:– an entry in a book kept by the Lord High Treasurer records a payment of four
813:
744:
are non-Romani groups indigenous to Scotland who live or traditionally lived a
169:
27:
Romani or Intinerant people-groups based in Scotland; particularly the Lowlands
1036:
and a Romani herbalist called Baptista cured the king of an ailment. However,
915:, a low-desire form of work often foisted on Travellers) has become uncommon.
4376:
4189:
3953:
3893:
3862:
3738:
2819:
2787:
2725:
2079:
1616:
1512:
1498:
1469:
1419:, also known as Funfair Travellers or Fairground Travellers and sometimes as
1400:, 17th century Highland outlaw, fiddler and composer of 'Macpherson's Lament'
1369:
1316:
1308:
1163:
1145:
1095:
1087:
997:
959:
903:
719:
366:
351:
256:
146:
2036:
1472:, Scottish Lowland Travellers, Highland Travellers, or Irish Travellers) as
3948:
3898:
3843:
3412:
3186:
2870:
2865:
2755:
2750:
1638:
1582:
1494:
1352:
1181:
1141:
1064:
756:(Funfair Travellers). These groups have distinct histories and traditions.
616:
301:
276:
209:
204:
184:
179:
4111:
2109:
1382:
for services to her country's cultural oral tradition in Scots and Gaelic.
2882:
2794:
2782:
1790:. Scottish Traveller Education Programme. 5 February 2007. Archived from
1441:
1427:, who do not form an ethnic group but an occupational and organisational
331:
246:
2422:
1758:
3355:
2877:
2855:
2799:
2745:
1621:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1323:
groups). Several other European groups are also non-Romani, namely the
1320:
1312:
1235:
982:
785:
723:
341:
336:
2471:
844:('Travelling Folk', literally 'People Travel'), or more specifically
316:
3692:
2760:
2740:
2423:"Introduction – The Language of the Scottish Traveller: A Dictionary"
1759:"Introduction – The Language of the Scottish Traveller: A Dictionary"
1598:
1586:
1528:
1524:
1503:
1445:
1206:
1114:, commonly travel into the Scottish Borders. The annual gathering at
1052:
990:
291:
271:
3214:
2268:. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 183–98.
1711:
Acton, Thomas; Acton, Jennifer; Cemlyn, Sara; Ryder, Andrew (2016).
35:
4002:
3773:
3245:
2777:
2770:
2463:
2372:
1536:
1449:
1073:
1029:
1025:
321:
2659:
2608:
1549:
is in circulation and available to showmen and non showmen alike.
2860:
1643:
1575:
1516:
1416:
1133:
1111:
1069:
912:
872:
753:
592:
296:
281:
1157:
759:
Scottish Romani and Traveller groups are considered part of the
4099:
2829:
2765:
2730:
2720:
2556:"Voices - The Voices Recordings - Travelling showmen and women"
1558:
1532:
1520:
1477:
1437:
1351:, Scottish folk-singer and songwriter. Lead singer of the band
1267:
981:
Lowland Roma Gypsies share many cultural similarities with the
889:
860:
783:
origin. The Romani people in Scotland are mainly Lowland Roma,
361:
311:
266:
251:
2887:
2824:
2209:
The Appleby Rai: Travelling people on a thousand-year journey
1567:
1563:
The use of slang used by Showmen or Parlyaree, is based on a
1292:
1004:) a para-Romani language-mix of Scots and Romani, similar to
745:
356:
986:
847:
1252:
The Highland Travellers' speech includes a dialect called
901:; popularized widely even beyond the UK by the 2000 film
793:. Over the last few generations, the common generic term
2504:"Betsy from Fife and other stories by Duncan Williamson"
1106:
Romanichal Gypsies from the north of England, mainly in
1360:, Scottish folk singer (daughter of Jeannie Robertson).
2579:
Traveller Education in the Mainstream: The Litmus Test
2129:
Scottish Gypsies and Other Travellers: A Short History
2070:. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Historical Society. p.
993:— and a strong commitment to an itinerant lifestyle.
2237:
Insiders, Outsiders, and Others: Gypsies and Identity
2183:
2181:
1710:
1261:
1253:
1219:
1122:
918:
882:
876:
839:
833:
2355:
The Last of the Tinsmiths: The Life of Willy MacPhee
1455:
Showmen families have a strong cultural identity as
2239:. Hatfield, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2178:
1813:
1811:
1809:
2581:. Hopscotch / MA Education / Andrews UK. p.
2397:Scottish men of letters in the eighteenth century
1378:, daughter of Belle Stewart, who was awarded the
1028:to a Peter Ker to take a letter from the king at
923:
4374:
2022:
2020:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1956:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2348:
2346:
2326:"A Spotlight on Indigenous Highland Travellers"
2266:Ethnicity and Economy: Race and Class Revisited
1822:. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
1806:
1459:, dating back to 1889 and the formation of the
1404:
1200:
2622:Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
2604:
2602:
2206:
2162:Gypsy-travellers in Nineteenth-century Society
2001:Gypsy Law: Romani legal traditions and culture
1947:
1945:
1818:Acton, Thomas Alan; Mundy, Gary, eds. (1997).
1342:
1192:
3230:
2805:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)
2675:
2264:. In Fenton, Steve; Bradley, Harriet (eds.).
2017:
1983:
1742:"Gypsy Traveller history in Scotland - Iriss"
1315:, Lowland Scottish Gypsies, Eastern European
1303:, or represent a population displaced by the
1158:Scottish Cant, Scots-Romani, or Scotch-Romani
688:
2576:
2436:
2343:
2282:
2126:
2003:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1704:
1531:links market and the historic fairs held at
752:Travellers, Scottish Lowland Travellers and
2599:
2393:
2231:
2082:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
1942:
1168:The Lowland Roma speak a mixed language of
823:
817:
18:Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups
3237:
3223:
2682:
2668:
1844:"About Nomadic and Travelling Communities"
1817:
1287:heritage, although are distinct from, the
789:and Roma migrants from other subgroups in
695:
681:
2486:"Travelling people — Highland Travellers"
2164:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2052:Register of the Privy Council of Scotland
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2300:"The Language of Traveller Storytellers"
2026:
1998:
1868:Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1 January 1994).
1867:
1771:
2449:
2369:"What you should know about Adam Smith"
2352:
2207:Thorburn, Gordon; Baxter, John (1996).
2188:"Scottish Gypsies under the Stewarts".
1676:
1311:(including the British and Scandinavia
1266:. It is related to the Irish Traveller
14:
4375:
2159:
2092:
1951:
1281:
766:
69:"Scottish Romani and Traveller groups"
3244:
3218:
2663:
2323:
2259:
2063:
2031:. Liverpool, UK: Gypsy Lore Society.
1978:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland
3565:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
1788:"Gypsies and Travellers in Scotland"
1672:
1670:
1630:(Norwegian & Swedish Travellers)
1187:
871:. This English and Scots term has a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2689:
2643:English Folk Dance and Song Society
2297:
2288:Wilde (1889) cited in Clark (2002).
2054:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1878), p. 210.
1999:Weyrauch, Walter Otto, ed. (2001).
1980:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 457.
1076:; this is because the Kàlo and the
761:Gypsy, Roma and Traveller community
664:
24:
2630:
2196:. Gypsy Lore Society. Ch 6, p 175.
1928:"Gypsies in Scotland, The Gypsies"
1299:clergy, were families fleeing the
1123:Border Romanichal (Border Gypsies)
919:Lowland Roma and Border Romanichal
25:
4409:
3991:Scottish Qualifications Authority
3728:Office of the Accountant of Court
3653:Member of the Scottish Parliament
2190:Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society
1820:Romani culture and Gypsy identity
1667:
771:The Romani people, also known as
2330:Friends, Families and Travellers
1907:Friends, Families and Travellers
1677:Choudry, Sameena (17 May 2021).
1461:Showmen's Guild of Great Britain
1205:Scottish Highland Travellers an
663:
153:
34:
2614:
2570:
2548:
2526:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2415:
2387:
2361:
2317:
2291:
2253:
2225:
2200:
2153:
2135:
2120:
2102:
2086:
2057:
2044:
1970:
1920:
1903:"Scottish Cant or Scots Romani"
1895:
1654:Indigenous Norwegian Travellers
45:needs additional citations for
1861:
1836:
1780:
1765:
1751:
1734:
1372:, Scottish traditional singer.
1224:('Craftsmen'), related to the
924:Lowland Roma (Lowland Gypsies)
748:lifestyle, including Scottish
13:
1:
2067:Scotland and the Commonwealth
1772:Robinson, Mairi, ed. (1985).
1660:
1552:
852:('Scottish Traveling Folk').
4398:Indigenous peoples of Europe
3341:Colonisation of the Americas
2851:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
2027:Winstedt, Eric Otto (1913).
1774:The Concise Scots Dictionary
1487:
1405:Showmen (Funfair travellers)
1201:Scottish Highland Travellers
7:
2400:. A. and C. Black. p.
2394:Grey Graham, Henry (1901).
1604:
1572:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1343:Notable Highland travellers
1241:
1193:Scottish Lowland Travellers
809:
722:of Scotland. This includes
10:
4414:
4013:Inventions and discoveries
3716:Supreme Courts of Scotland
2041:cited in: Weyrauch (2001).
1556:
1408:
1245:
1161:
1015:
241:Romani people by sub-group
4388:Ethnic groups in Scotland
4341:
4288:Scottish Episcopal Church
4236:
4184:
4146:
4137:
3970:Curriculum for Excellence
3934:
3930:
3921:
3809:
3800:
3691:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3403:
3394:
3266:
3253:
2900:
2843:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2064:Firth, C.H., ed. (1895).
1952:Fraser, Angus M. (1995).
1891:– via Google Books.
1871:Roma, Gypsies, Travellers
1700:– via Google Books.
1218:, they may be called the
1045:Privy Council of Scotland
958:
953:
948:
943:
936:
932:Romani people in Scotland
779:, are an ethnic group of
3724:High Court of Justiciary
2353:Douglas, Shelia (2006).
2235:; Myers, Martin (2008).
2099:cited in Weyrauch (2001)
716:Luchd-siubhail Albannach
4298:Free Church of Scotland
3585:International relations
2620:Partridge, Eric (1937)
2324:admin (19 April 2018).
1930:. Scottishgypsies.co.uk
1683:. Critical Publishing.
1425:occupational travellers
1366:, Scottish folk singer.
907:). The also-pejorative
859:(originally meaning an
824:
818:
726:(locally also known as
3879:Royal Bank of Scotland
3575:Great Seal of Scotland
2943:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2558:. BBC. 24 January 2005
2160:Mayall, David (1988).
2110:"Romani, Kalo Finnish"
1301:Highland potato famine
1262:
1254:
1220:
883:
877:
840:
834:
715:
4176:British Sign Language
3643:Members of Parliament
3570:Deputy First Minister
3408:Anglo-Scottish border
3376:Industrial Revolution
2536:. Nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk
2304:University of Glasgow
2260:Clark, Colin (2002).
2127:Donald Whyte (2001).
2029:Early British Gypsies
1874:. Council of Europe.
1622:Romanichal Travellers
4119:World Heritage Sites
3316:Wars of Independence
1976:James Balfour Paul,
1628:Romanisæl Travellers
1624:(English Travellers)
1380:British Empire Medal
1068:, a Romani group in
54:improve this article
4383:Scottish Travellers
3909:International trade
3463:Mountains and hills
3371:Highland Clearances
3346:Glorious Revolution
3311:Davidian Revolution
3258:Outline of Scotland
2810:Scottish Travellers
2637:Yates, Mike (ed.).
2521:Scottish travellers
2211:. Gordon Thorburn.
2143:"Border Romanichal"
1680:Equitable Education
1423:are a community of
1282:Origins and customs
1130:Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
1128:England, mainly in
1108:Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
1094:Scotland has had a
933:
913:livestock rendering
802:Scottish Travellers
767:General terminology
742:Scottish Travellers
302:Kale (Finnish Roma)
297:Kale (Iberian Roma)
4393:Romani in Scotland
4266:Church of Scotland
4058:Royal National Mòd
3996:Education Scotland
3769:Scots property law
3764:College of Justice
3673:Secretary of State
3495:Biosphere reserves
3366:Lowland Clearances
3351:1707 Acts of Union
2746:English Romanichal
2050:John Hill Burton,
1720:Radical Statistics
1644:Travelling Showmen
1411:Travelling funfair
1116:Appleby Horse Fair
931:
861:itinerant tinsmith
418:Bosnia-Herzegovina
4370:
4369:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4325:Ethnic minorities
4283:Roman Catholicism
4232:
4231:
3917:
3916:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3779:Prison population
3759:Sheriff principal
3754:Solicitor General
3749:Procurator fiscal
3658:Political parties
3518:
3517:
3296:Early Middle Ages
3212:
3211:
2896:
2895:
2592:978-1-909102-19-4
2510:. 6 January 2022.
2508:Travellers’ Times
2298:Douglas, Sheila.
2275:978-0-333-79301-5
2246:978-1-902806-71-6
2218:978-0-9527638-0-2
2171:978-0-521-32397-0
2010:978-0-520-22186-4
1963:978-0-631-19605-1
1881:978-92-871-2349-7
1829:978-0-900458-76-7
1794:on 11 August 2004
1690:978-1-914171-00-0
1482:flattie-traveller
1392:Stanley Robertson
1386:Duncan Williamson
1364:Jeannie Robertson
1329:Woonwagenbewoners
1212:Summer Travellers
1188:Non-Romani groups
965:
964:
705:
704:
307:Kale (Welsh Roma)
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4405:
4350:
4271:General Assembly
4161:Scottish English
4156:Highland English
4144:
4143:
4033:Oldest buildings
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3874:Renewable energy
3819:Bank of Scotland
3807:
3806:
3720:Court of Session
3701:Advocate General
3631:Military history
3609:Local government
3538:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3401:
3400:
3321:Late Middle Ages
3306:High Middle Ages
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3146:
2711:
2710:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2095:Scottish Gypsies
2090:
2084:
2083:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1674:
1649:Irish Travellers
1398:Jamie Macpherson
1295:, originated as
1289:Irish Travellers
1265:
1259:
1223:
1057:Shetland Islands
944:Total population
934:
930:
911:(a reference to
886:
880:
843:
837:
827:
821:
816:equivalents are
811:
697:
690:
683:
667:
666:
641:Hungarian-Slovak
347:Sepečides Romani
157:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4353:
4346:
4329:
4228:
4180:
4166:Scottish Gaelic
4133:
4038:Performing arts
3913:
3788:
3784:Police Scotland
3687:
3668:Scotland Office
3514:
3475:Protected areas
3390:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3213:
3208:
3140:
3083:North Macedonia
2892:
2839:
2736:Burgenland Roma
2702:
2693:
2691:Romani diaspora
2688:
2653:
2636:
2633:
2631:Further reading
2628:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2452:American Speech
2448:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2375:. 13 March 2007
2367:
2366:
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2351:
2344:
2334:
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2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:Bhopal, Kalwant
2230:
2226:
2219:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1950:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1612:Cant (language)
1607:
1561:
1555:
1490:
1480:. The label of
1478:Polari language
1457:British showmen
1413:
1407:
1349:Andy M. Stewart
1345:
1305:Norman Invasion
1284:
1263:Beurla-reagaird
1256:Beurla Reagaird
1250:
1248:Beurla Reagaird
1244:
1216:Scottish Gaelic
1203:
1195:
1190:
1166:
1160:
1125:
1034:Holyrood Palace
1018:
1000:(also known as
939:
929:
926:
921:
846:Luchd-siubhail
830:Scottish Gaelic
825:Traivellin Fowk
806:Travelling Folk
791:mainland Europe
769:
736:Lowland Gypsies
712:Scottish Gaelic
708:Scottish Romani
701:
656:
538:North Macedonia
384:
383:
380:Romani diaspora
371:
262:Burgenland Roma
243:
242:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Power stations
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Lord President
3741:
3736:
3731:
3713:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:First Minister
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3505:Municipalities
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248: articles
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3204:United Kingdom
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3138:Basque Country
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Czechoslovakia
2980:
2978:Czech Republic
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
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2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2598:
2591:
2569:
2547:
2525:
2513:
2495:
2490:ambaile.org.uk
2477:
2464:10.2307/454664
2458:(3): 206–220.
2435:
2414:
2386:
2360:
2342:
2316:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2252:
2245:
2224:
2217:
2199:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2134:
2119:
2101:
2085:
2056:
2043:
2016:
2009:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1941:
1919:
1894:
1880:
1860:
1835:
1828:
1805:
1779:
1776:. p. 723.
1764:
1750:
1733:
1703:
1689:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1557:Main article:
1554:
1551:
1489:
1486:
1426:
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1376:Sheila Stewart
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:Lizzie Higgins
1355:
1344:
1341:
1297:excommunicated
1283:
1280:
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1207:ethno-cultural
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:origin words.
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1124:
1121:
1017:
1014:
976:Romani culture
963:
962:
956:
955:
951:
950:
946:
945:
941:
940:
937:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
841:Luchd-siubhail
835:Luchd Siubhail
814:Scots language
768:
765:
728:Border Gypsies
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:
685:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
634:
623:United Kingdom
620:
610:
605:
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595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
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560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
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520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
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455:
453:Czechoslovakia
450:
448:Czech Republic
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
378:
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159:
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142:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4410:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Baptist Union
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
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3863:North Sea oil
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3739:Lord Advocate
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3361:Enlightenment
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2820:Servitka Roma
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2749:
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2726:Bergitka Roma
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
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2701:
2696:
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2652:9780854182008
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2069:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1929:
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1617:Romani people
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1513:Great Britain
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:British Isles
1496:
1495:charter fairs
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:in their own
1475:
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1467:
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1370:Belle Stewart
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1213:
1208:
1198:
1185:
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1179:
1178:Scottish Cant
1175:
1171:
1165:
1164:Scottish Cant
1155:
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1146:Roxburghshire
1143:
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1088:Roslyn castle
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1023:
1013:
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998:Scottish Cant
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:and dialect
977:
973:
972:
961:
960:Scottish Cant
957:
952:
949:≈ 20,000
947:
942:
935:
916:
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900:
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737:
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729:
725:
721:
720:Romani people
717:
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684:
679:
678:
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675:
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661:
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637:United States
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391:
389:
386:
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381:
375:
374:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Servitka Roma
350:
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345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
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290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Bergitka Roma
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
237:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
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168:
166:
163:
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161:
160:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:Romani people
145:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4256:Christianity
4246:Baháʼí Faith
4139:Demographics
4083:coat of arms
4053:Prostitution
3986:Universities
3968:
3944:Architecture
3904:Unemployment
3899:Silicon Glen
3859:Oil industry
3844:Harris Tweed
3734:Crown Office
3626:Armed forces
3604:Independence
3592:Human rights
3423:Conservation
3413:Central Belt
3331:Early modern
2756:Finnish Kale
2751:Erromintxela
2638:
2621:
2616:
2578:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2528:
2523:bemis.org.uk
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2455:
2451:
2426:. Retrieved
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:
2284:
2265:
2255:
2236:
2227:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2093:Macritchie.
2088:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2028:
2000:
1977:
1972:
1953:
1932:. Retrieved
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1870:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1819:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1782:
1773:
1767:
1753:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1679:
1639:Finnish Kale
1583:London slang
1562:
1546:World's Fair
1544:
1509:
1491:
1481:
1473:
1456:
1454:
1440:, mostly in
1420:
1414:
1353:Silly Wizard
1337:
1285:
1251:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1167:
1153:
1150:
1142:Kirk Yetholm
1138:
1126:
1105:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1063:
1061:
1049:
1042:
1019:
1010:Scandoromani
1002:Scots Romani
1001:
995:
980:
970:
966:
928:Ethnic group
908:
902:
898:
894:
888:
868:
864:
856:
854:
845:
805:
801:
799:
794:
784:
776:
772:
770:
758:
741:
740:
735:
727:
707:
706:
287:Judeo-Romani
277:Crimean Roma
131:
116:
110:January 2023
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3814:Agriculture
3678:Nationalism
3597:LGBT rights
3500:Environment
3381:Romanticism
3336:Reformation
3326:Renaissance
3291:Middle Ages
3286:Roman times
3281:Prehistoric
3162:Switzerland
3141: [
3093:Netherlands
2795:Polska Roma
2783:Muslim Roma
2714:Uncontested
2700:Settlements
2609:Worlds Fair
2428:18 February
1954:The Gypsies
1887:18 February
1696:18 February
1442:Shettleston
1415:Travelling
1182:Angloromani
1101:Reformation
1006:Angloromani
819:Traivellers
669:WikiProject
603:Switzerland
548:Netherlands
533:New Zealand
332:Polska Roma
247:Afro-Romani
230:Settlements
165:Archaeology
4377:Categories
4276:Moderators
4219:Scientists
4105:regimental
4048:Placenames
4043:Philosophy
4018:Literature
3648:Parliament
3580:Government
3550:Devolution
3533:Government
3490:Ecoregions
3480:Waterfalls
3356:Jacobitism
3078:Montenegro
2901:By country
2835:Welsh Kale
2800:Ruska Roma
2147:GRTHM.scot
2114:Ethnologue
1661:References
1634:Welsh Kale
1574:, Romani,
1466:Romanichal
1433:Romanichal
1429:subculture
1333:Landfahrer
1321:Welsh Kale
1313:Romanichal
1236:Adam Smith
1221:Ceàrdannan
983:Romanichal
881:(singular
875:in Gaelic
786:Romanichal
781:Indo-Aryan
724:Romanichal
718:) are the
528:Montenegro
382:by country
342:Ruska Roma
337:Romanichal
80:newspapers
4261:Christmas
4214:Musicians
4209:Inventors
4148:Languages
4124:Festivals
3964:Education
3889:Transport
3829:Companies
3824:Charities
3555:Elections
3443:Highlands
3396:Geography
3063:Lithuania
2923:Australia
2918:Argentina
2878:Bosha/Lom
2844:Contested
2815:Sepečides
2761:Kalderash
2741:Cascarots
2707:Subgroups
2080:464777612
1798:26 August
1726:7 January
1599:backslang
1587:backslang
1529:Kirkcaldy
1525:Inverness
1504:Kirkcaldy
1446:Whiteinch
1079:Romanisæl
1053:Scalloway
1026:shillings
991:Romanipen
954:Languages
938:Ròmanaich
878:Tincearan
810:see below
652:Venezuela
518:Lithuania
398:Australia
393:Argentina
327:Romanisæl
292:Kalderash
272:Cascarots
4357:Category
4305:Hinduism
4251:Buddhism
4238:Religion
4068:Surnames
4008:Identity
4003:Hogmanay
3981:Colleges
3839:Forestry
3774:Udal law
3683:Unionism
3638:Monarchs
3542:Politics
3524:Politics
3458:Lowlands
3276:Timeline
3246:Scotland
3128:Slovenia
3123:Slovakia
3103:Portugal
2963:Colombia
2953:Bulgaria
2778:Manouche
2771:Machvaya
2562:23 March
2540:23 March
2407:29 April
2379:29 April
2373:BBC News
2037:14408598
1934:23 March
1605:See also
1553:Language
1541:football
1537:Arbroath
1474:flatties
1450:Carntyne
1325:Yeniches
1242:Language
1074:Scotland
1030:Hunthall
1022:James IV
909:Knackers
832:term is
750:Highland
631:Scotland
588:Slovenia
583:Slovakia
563:Portugal
433:Colombia
428:Bulgaria
322:Machvaya
225:Religion
200:Language
190:Folklore
139:a series
137:Part of
4348:Outline
4320:Sikhism
4315:Judaism
4224:Writers
4204:Artists
4112:unicorn
4073:Symbols
4023:Museums
3976:Schools
3959:Cuisine
3936:Culture
3923:Society
3884:Tourism
3849:Housing
3834:Fishing
3802:Economy
3614:History
3468:Highest
3448:Islands
3438:Geology
3418:Climate
3301:Kingdom
3268:History
3199:Uruguay
3182:Ukraine
3172:Tunisia
3108:Romania
3073:Moldova
3033:Ireland
3023:Hungary
3013:Germany
3008:Georgia
2998:Estonia
2988:Denmark
2968:Croatia
2938:Belgium
2933:Belarus
2928:Austria
2913:Algeria
2908:Albania
2866:Kawliya
2861:Garachi
2788:Zargari
2335:29 July
2309:29 July
1912:29 July
1853:29 July
1576:Yiddish
1517:Ireland
1488:History
1421:carnies
1417:Showmen
1274:of the
1226:Tinkers
1176:called
1134:Cumbria
1112:Cumbria
1070:Finland
1055:in the
1038:James V
1016:History
884:Tincear
873:cognate
869:Tinkies
857:Tinkers
812:). The
795:Gypsies
777:Gypsies
754:Showmen
746:nomadic
732:Lowland
647:Uruguay
613:Ukraine
568:Romania
543:Moldova
498:Ireland
493:Hungary
483:Germany
478:Georgia
468:Finland
463:Estonia
458:Denmark
438:Croatia
413:Belgium
408:Belarus
403:Austria
388:Albania
367:Zargari
317:Lăutari
282:Gurbeti
195:History
175:Culture
170:Cuisine
94:scholar
4362:Portal
4199:Actors
4186:People
4129:Comedy
4100:tartan
4078:anthem
3894:Whisky
3706:Courts
3619:Cities
3386:Modern
3187:Crimea
3177:Turkey
3157:Sweden
3118:Serbia
3113:Russia
3098:Poland
3088:Norway
3068:Mexico
3053:Latvia
3048:Kosovo
3038:Israel
3018:Greece
3003:France
2973:Cyprus
2958:Canada
2948:Brazil
2830:Ursari
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1309:Romani
1276:Gaelic
1272:creole
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1174:Romani
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573:Russia
558:Poland
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4088:flags
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2468:JSTOR
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215:Names
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3710:List
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2270:ISBN
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2166:ISBN
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