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1786:, the Scotists took little part. They either supported one of the parties, or took up a middle position, rejecting both the predetermination of the Thomists and the scientia media of the Molinists. In Scotism, God recognizes the free future acts in His essence, and provides a free decree of His will, which does not predetermine human free will, but only accompanies it.
1777:
defined as dogma a series of doctrines especially emphasized by the
Scotists (e.g. freedom of the will, free co-operation with grace, etc..). In other points the canons were intentionally so framed that they do not affect Scotism (e.g. that the first man was constitutus in holiness and justice). This
2247:
Scotism appears to have attained its greatest popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Special
Scotist chairs appear during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in locations including Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. In the eighteenth century it had still
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Generally speaking, Scotism found its supporters within the
Franciscan Order; certainly, opposition to the Dominicans (i.e. to Aquinas) made many members of the order disciples of Scotus. However, this does not mean that the foundation and development of Scotism is to be regarded as a product of the
2428:
OFM, can be seen as in the
Scotist tradition. Several recent projects such as the Scotus Project of CUA, the International Scotistic Commission in Rome and the Commission of the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition of the English Speaking Conference of the OFM have sought to increase awareness of Duns
2243:
It is only at the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century that a special
Scotist School can be spoken of. Scotus's works were then collected, brought out in many editions and commentated, etc. Regulations of general chapters, beginning in 1501, frequently recommend or directly prescre
1807:
Numerous other propositions have been accepted or at least favourably treated by a large number of
Catholic scholars and amongst these are many propositions from psychology: e.g. that the powers of the soul are not merely accidents even natural and necessary of the soul, that they are not really
1684:, but in its employment exercised sharp criticism, and in important points adhered to the teaching of the Older Franciscan School–especially with regard to the plurality of forms or of souls, the spiritual matter of the angels and of souls, etc., wherein he energetically combatted Aquinas.
2251:
Some sources describe
Scotism as merely tolerated by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Encyclopedia disputes this, arguing that none of its propositions have been censured, many prominent Catholic figures have been adherents, and various general statues recommend it. In their decrees
2248:
an important following, but in the 19th it suffered a great decline. One of the reasons for this was the repeated suppressions of the order in almost every country, while the recommendation of the teaching of St. Thomas by several popes could not be favourable to
Scotism.
1797:
philosophers and theologians adopted a series of the
Scotist propositions. Later authorities reject in part many of these propositions, and another series of propositions was rejected by Catholic theologians based on a misunderstanding – e.g. the doctrine of the
2208:(1589– ). In many cases, the differences are mostly in the terminology and a reconciliation is possible if one emphasize certain parts of Scotus or Aquinas and passes over or tones down others. However, some contradictions remain on a number of points.
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Scotism exercised an influence on the development of philosophy and theology; its importance is not, as is often asserted, purely negative – i.e. it does not consist only in the fact that it exercised a criticism on
2415:
In the nineteenth century, although
Scotism was retained in the schools of the Franciscan Order in accordance with the statutes, there were few works in the Scotist tradition, in any case no celebrated ones.
1779:
182:
343:
2424:
Though the use of the term Scotism has become a bit antiquated, several contemporary theologians, especially from among the Franciscan Orders, like Kenan Osborne OFM and
1769:
may be traced to the one-sided exaggeration of some propositions of Scotus. Scotist Formalism is the direct opposite of Nominalism, and the Scotists were at one with the
349:
2399:
1750:. While Thomism has received unparalleled backing by the Magisterium, Scotist influence prevailed on a number of important points, not least the doctrine of the
2212:
rivalry between the two orders. Even Aquinas at first found a few opponents in his order – not all his fellow-Dominicans followed him in every particular (e.g.
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1606:
2371:(d. 1657), a well-known annalist, edited with other Irishmen in the College of S. Isidore at Rome the complete works of Scotus (12 vols., Lyons, 1639).
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2390:(d. 1681), a Portuguese, professor at Padua is said to have composed over one hundred writings and was renowned for his public disputations.
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seem to have adhered most faithfully to Scotus, particularly at the University of Padua, where many highly esteemed teachers lectured.
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1692:, is thus only a continuation or further development of the older school, with a much wider, although not exclusive acceptance of
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A comparison of the Scotist teaching with that of Aquinas has been often attempted – for example, in the abovementioned work of
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2396:(d. 1711) was for thirty years a celebrated professor at the Sorbonne and wrote "Scotus academicus seu universa theo Scoti".
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Craig, W. L. (1987). John Duns Scotus on God's Foreknowledge and Future Contingents. Franciscan Studies, 47(1), 98-122.
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have recommended not alone St. Thomas, but also Scholasticism in general, and this includes also the Scotist School.
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ideas. The difference between Thomism and Scotism could be expressed by saying that, while both derive from
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Most Scotists are both philosophers and theologians. Notable Scotists of the fourteenth century included
2231:, etc.), especially in England, Ireland, and Spain. Of the Minorites who supported Scotist doctrine, the
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1631:, a 13th-century Scottish philosopher-theologian. The word comes from the name of its originator, whose
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The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of September 1, 1681
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Concerning the relation of these schools to each other, or the relation of Scotus to
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Scotus and Scotism on contemporary theology. Scotism has also found a home amongst
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2011:
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Scotus found the ground already cleared for the conflict with the followers of
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concerning the foreknowledge of God, predestination, the relation of grace to
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They also took from Scotism many propositions concerning the doctrine of the
1773:
in combatting the latter; Occam himself was a bitter opponent of Scotus. The
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2433:, including Richard Cross and Thomas Williams, as well as influencing
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Aristotelianism, Thomism is closer to the orthodox Aristotelianism of
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2316:. The latter's work on Scotist theology was so notorious that it was
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1715:, while Scotism reflects the Platonizing tendency going back through
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2548: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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distinct from the substance of the soul or from one another etc.
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parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.
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1804:, of the acceptation of the merits of Christ and man, etc.
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The many Scotists of the 17th and 18th centuries include:
3549:
1643:, defining what would later be declared the dogma of the
2575:
1818:
2300:
Scotists of the fifteenth century included two popes,
1611:
Tabula generalis ac Mare magnum Scotice subtilitatis
2327:Notable Scotists of the sixteenth century included
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2238:
2219:The Scotist doctrines were also supported by many
5487:
2384:(d. 1693), held in high favour by several popes.
2467:"Papal Definition of the Immaculate Conception"
1758:Doctrinal conflicts within the Catholic Church
4697:
2601:
2402:(Bartélemy Durand) (d. 1720) wrote the great
2165:
1778:was also done at the Vatican Council. In the
1746:, consult the work of the Flemish Recollect,
1583:
489:
2581:Electronic Resources for Medieval Philosophy
2522:, Online bibliography of Franciscan Authors.
2485:"Aeterni Patris (August 4, 1879) | LEO XIII"
2200:at the end of the first volume; by Sarnano (
1669:. This school of thought initially followed
149:needs attention from an expert in Philosophy
2576:International Scotistic Commission: Scotism
1635:was one of the most important documents in
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2419:
2345:
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2172:
2158:
1590:
1576:
496:
482:
1765:is older than Scotus, but its revival in
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2377:(about 1696), named the Viennese Scotus.
1673:, which dominated theology at the time.
1601:
180:
4711:
2206:Conciliatio omnium controversiarum etc.
14:
5488:
2244:Scotism as the teaching of the order.
1665:, which dominated theology during the
164:may be able to help recruit an expert.
4685:
4347:
3089:
2627:
2589:
5526:Philosophical schools and traditions
2564:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1819:Influence on philosophy and theology
1647:by Pope Pius IX in his constitution
133:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
27:Philosophical and theological system
5521:History of Christianity in Scotland
1789:
24:
2554:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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25:
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5350:Stratification of emotional life
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1780:Thomistic–Molinistic controversy
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36:
5516:Christian theological movements
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2239:Emergence of the Scotist School
47:needs additional citations for
5511:Catholic theology and doctrine
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2404:Clypeus Scotisticae Theologiae
1656:
443:List of Franciscan theologians
13:
1:
4348:
2537:
2278:Tractatus de transcendentibus
1661:Scotism developed out of the
4137:Ordinary language philosophy
2628:
344:Tractatus de Primo Principio
7:
4942:Theological intellectualism
4187:Contemporary utilitarianism
4102:Internalism and externalism
2308:, Elector Frederick III of
2276:(c. 1280–1328) author of a
2263:
1925:Libri Quattuor Sententiarum
1680:. He made very free use of
10:
5542:
5320:Principle of double effect
3451:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3090:
2382:Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria
1688:, or what is known as the
599:Principle of Double Effect
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2673:Philosophy of mathematics
2663:Philosophy of information
2638:
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2623:
2331:, noted professor at the
350:Quaestiones Quodlibetales
2444:
2365:in twelve folio volumes.
2363:Commen. theologiae Scoti
2357:(Volpe) (d. 1647) wrote
2214:Durandus of St. Pourçain
2102:Protestant scholasticism
409:("The Universal Doctor")
323:Christianity and slavery
4947:Theological voluntarism
4142:Postanalytic philosophy
4083:Experimental philosophy
2456:Ordinatio III, d.3, q.1
2420:20th and 21st centuries
2346:17th and 18th centuries
2296:15th and 16th centuries
2114:Protoscholastic writing
2038:("Doctor Scholasticus")
1996:("Doctor Invincibilis")
1690:Later Franciscan School
1641:Roman Catholic theology
715:Theological determinism
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2520:Bartholomaeus Durandus
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2333:University of Tübingen
2146:Catholicism portal
2014:("Doctor Universalis")
1847:
1613:
1551:Catholicism portal
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1846:
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1605:
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315:Problem of universals
243:Immaculate Conception
216:
184:
5423:Doctor of the Church
5305:Ontological argument
4078:Critical rationalism
3785:Edo neo-Confucianism
3629:Acintya bheda abheda
3608:Renaissance humanism
3319:School of the Sextii
2693:Practical philosophy
2688:Political philosophy
2556:Scotism and Scotists
2337:Archbishop of Athens
2030:Anselm of Canterbury
1984:("Doctor Angelicus")
1964:John Scotus Eriugena
1653:on 8 December 1854.
1621:philosophical school
799:Second scholasticism
56:improve this article
5250:Divine illumination
4906:Augustinian realism
4774:Theological virtues
4713:Catholic philosophy
3649:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3560:Korean Confucianism
3307:Academic Skepticism
2473:on 21 January 2000.
2375:Lambertus Lambrecht
2314:Angelus of Chivasso
2290:University of Paris
2032:("Doctor Marianus")
2008:("The Commentator")
1990:("Doctor Subtilis")
1637:medieval philosophy
629:Liberation Theology
530:Catholic philosophy
407:St. Albertus Magnus
399:("The Commentator")
367:("The Philosopher")
200:Part of a series on
5418:Islamic philosophy
5372:Trademark argument
5265:Formal distinction
5215:Augustinian values
4888:Analytical Thomism
4868:Christian humanism
4270:Post-structuralism
4172:Scientific realism
4127:Quinean naturalism
4107:Logical positivism
4063:Analytical Marxism
3282:Peripatetic school
3194:Chinese naturalism
2721:Aesthetic response
2648:Applied philosophy
2439:William Lane Craig
2274:Francis of Mayrone
2082:Islamic philosophy
2002:("Doctor Eximius")
1944:Augustine of Hippo
1848:
1740:Alexander of Hales
1721:Brethren of Purity
1625:theological system
1614:
908:Gregory (of Nyssa)
636:Christian Humanism
472:Catholicism Portal
412:St. Thomas Aquinas
381:("The Theologian")
251:Formal distinction
218:
195:
189:(c.1265-1308) the
5483:
5482:
5398:Catholic theology
5345:Seven deadly sins
5315:Peripatetic axiom
5225:Cartesian dualism
4960:
4959:
4926:Scotistic realism
4883:Neo-scholasticism
4679:
4678:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4058:Analytic feminism
4030:
4029:
3992:Kierkegaardianism
3954:Transcendentalism
3914:Neo-scholasticism
3760:Classical Realism
3737:
3736:
3509:
3508:
3324:Neopythagoreanism
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
2698:Social philosophy
2340:Antonio Trombetta
2182:
2181:
2097:Neo-scholasticism
2077:Catholic theology
1994:William of Ockham
1607:Antonio De Fantis
1600:
1599:
1533:
1532:
1418:Garrigou-Lagrange
727:Divine Attributes
506:
505:
462:Philosophy Portal
439:Catholic theology
435:Oxford University
259:Scotistic realism
179:
178:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5533:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5285:Homo unius libri
5230:Cogito, ergo sum
5220:Cardinal virtues
4921:Moderate realism
4813:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4729:Cardinal virtues
4706:
4699:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4345:
4344:
4235:Frankfurt School
4182:Transactionalism
4132:Normative ethics
4112:Legal positivism
4088:Falsificationism
4073:Consequentialism
4068:Communitarianism
4041:
4040:
3909:New Confucianism
3748:
3747:
3555:Neo-Confucianism
3520:
3519:
3329:Second Sophistic
3314:Middle Platonism
3157:
3156:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3086:
2930:Epiphenomenalism
2797:Consequentialism
2731:Institutionalism
2636:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2565:
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2529:
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2511:
2506:
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2499:
2497:
2495:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2469:. Archived from
2463:
2457:
2454:
2388:Francisco Macedo
2286:actus sorbonicus
2174:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2072:Franciscan Order
2000:Francisco Suárez
1904:Summa Grammatica
1890:Summa Theologica
1823:
1822:
1801:univocatio entis
1790:Jesuit tradition
1775:Council of Trent
1650:Ineffabilis Deus
1629:John Duns Scotus
1592:
1585:
1578:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
938:John of Damascus
846:
845:
676:Moderate realism
584:Cardinal virtues
556:
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515:
508:
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431:Franciscan Order
375:Pseudo-Dionysius
307:Platonic realism
299:Existence of God
278:Substantial form
263:Substance theory
206:John Duns Scotus
197:
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187:John Duns Scotus
174:
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165:
151:. Please add a
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40:
32:
21:
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5501:Aristotelianism
5486:
5485:
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5479:
5469:
5467:
5455:
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5408:Aristotelianism
5386:
5235:Dehellenization
5183:
4956:
4952:Foundationalism
4930:
4892:
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4798:
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4769:Social teaching
4715:
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4652:
4650:
4629:
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4455:
4402:
4356:
4355:
4327:
4316:Russian cosmism
4289:
4285:Western Marxism
4250:New Historicism
4215:Critical theory
4201:
4197:Wittgensteinian
4093:Foundationalism
4026:
3963:
3944:Social contract
3800:Foundationalism
3733:
3715:
3699:Illuminationism
3684:Aristotelianism
3670:
3659:Vishishtadvaita
3612:
3564:
3505:
3472:
3343:
3272:Megarian school
3267:Eretrian school
3208:
3169:Agriculturalism
3146:
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2842:Incompatibilism
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2431:Anglo-Catholics
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2329:Paul Scriptoris
2318:publicly burned
2298:
2270:Antonius Andrea
2266:
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2178:
2138:
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2126:
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2067:Dominican Order
2062:Aristotelianism
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2012:Albertus Magnus
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1748:Mathias Hauzeur
1744:St. Bonaventure
1725:Liber de Causis
1682:Aristotelianism
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624:Social teaching
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427:Aristotelianism
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404:("Rabbi Moses")
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372:("The Apostle")
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5310:Pascal's wager
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5270:Guardian angel
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4908:
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4894:
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4880:
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4865:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Augustinianism
4821:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Divine command
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4646:
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4639:
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4607:
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4503:
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4476:
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4461:Middle Eastern
4457:
4456:
4454:
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4277:
4272:
4267:
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4232:
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4225:Existentialism
4222:
4220:Deconstruction
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4211:
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4202:
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4189:
4184:
4179:
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4169:
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4149:
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4134:
4129:
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4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Applied ethics
4049:
4047:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4017:Nietzscheanism
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3959:Utilitarianism
3956:
3951:
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3941:
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3931:
3926:
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3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
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3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3857:Transcendental
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Existentialism
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3745:
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3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Augustinianism
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
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3524:
3517:
3511:
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3506:
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3503:
3498:
3496:Zoroastrianism
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2854:Libertarianism
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2658:Metaphilosophy
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2570:External links
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1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
854:
853:
850:
849:
844:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
823:
813:
808:
807:
806:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
775:
774:
772:Friends of God
764:
759:
754:
753:
752:
745:Augustinianism
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
723:
722:
717:
710:Predestination
707:
702:
697:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:Works of mercy
643:
638:
633:
632:
631:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
557:
533:
532:
526:
525:
517:
516:
504:
503:
501:
500:
493:
486:
478:
475:
474:
452:
451:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
394:("The Master")
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
338:Opus Oxoniense
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
209:
208:
202:
201:
177:
176:
146:
144:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5538:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Scholasticism
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5443:Phenomenology
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Rota Fortunae
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Occam's razor
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Head of a pin
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Actus Essendi
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Chateaubriand
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Conceptualism
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Scholasticism
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4780:
4779:Virtue ethics
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Seven virtues
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4672:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:Miscellaneous
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:Miscellaneous
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Structuralism
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Postmodernism
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Phenomenology
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Vienna Circle
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Moral realism
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Phenomenology
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Individualism
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3729:Judeo-Islamic
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Shuddhadvaita
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Scholasticism
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Conceptualism
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Particularism
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Functionalism
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Eliminativism
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Compatibilism
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Particularism
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:public domain
2542:
2541:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:Angelo Vulpes
2353:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:Martin Luther
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:Peter Abelard
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:Peter Lombard
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:Summa logicae
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:Cur Deus Homo
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:Scholasticism
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Neoplatonized
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
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112:November 2021
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67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5413:Neoplatonism
5335:Ressentiment
5330:Quinque viae
5295:Memento mori
5255:Double truth
5200:Actus primus
4966:Philosophers
4873:Cartesianism
4839:
4663:
4649:
4320:
4311:Postcritique
4301:Kyoto School
4260:Posthumanism
4240:Hermeneutics
4095: /
4036:Contemporary
4012:Newtonianism
3975:Cartesianism
3934:Reductionism
3770:Conservatism
3765:Collectivism
3703:
3597:
3431:Sarvāstivadā
3409:Anekantavada
3334:Neoplatonism
3302:Epicureanism
3235:Pythagoreans
3174:Confucianism
3140:Contemporary
3130:Early modern
3034:Anti-realism
2988:Universalism
2945:Subjectivism
2741:Epistemology
2559:
2527:
2515:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2471:the original
2461:
2452:
2426:Daniel Horan
2423:
2414:
2411:19th century
2403:
2369:Luke Wadding
2362:
2358:
2349:
2326:
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2285:
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2267:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2225:Augustinians
2218:
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2205:
2195:
2183:
2106:
2092:Neoplatonism
2054:
1976:Philosophers
1923:
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1810:
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1761:
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1675:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1627:named after
1616:
1615:
1610:
1463:John Paul II
1388:Benedict XVI
1361:Contemporary
841:Philosophers
810:
762:Cartesianism
705:Quinque Viae
455:
384:St. Boethius
348:
342:
336:
266:
255:Hylomorphism
225:
167:
156:
152:
148:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5433:Rationalism
5428:Renaissance
5360:Augustinian
5245:Disputation
5240:Differentia
5205:Actus purus
5109:Malebranche
5024:Bonaventure
4759:Personalism
4754:Natural law
4749:Probabilism
4306:Objectivism
4245:Neo-Marxism
4207:Continental
4117:Meta-ethics
4097:Coherentism
4002:Hegelianism
3939:Rationalism
3899:Natural law
3879:Materialism
3805:Historicism
3775:Determinism
3666:Navya-Nyāya
3441:Sautrāntika
3436:Pudgalavada
3372:Vaisheshika
3225:Presocratic
3125:Renaissance
3064:Physicalism
3049:Materialism
2955:Normativity
2940:Objectivism
2925:Emergentism
2915:Behaviorism
2864:Metaphysics
2830:Determinism
2769:Rationalism
2435:Protestants
2302:Alexander V
2233:Conventuals
2024:Bonaventure
1988:Duns Scotus
1883:Major works
1694:Peripatetic
1671:Augustinism
1667:Middle Ages
1657:Development
1278:Malebranche
1138:Roscellinus
1083:Grosseteste
1043:Bonaventure
863:Athenagoras
659:Metaphysics
619:Personalism
614:Natural law
609:Probabilism
319:Metaphysics
303:Christology
193:of Scotism.
170:August 2023
5490:Categories
5438:Empiricism
5260:Evil demon
5034:Chesterton
4911:Nominalism
4898:Universals
4739:Just price
4605:Amerindian
4512:Australian
4451:Vietnamese
4431:Indonesian
3980:Kantianism
3929:Positivism
3919:Pragmatism
3894:Naturalism
3874:Liberalism
3852:Subjective
3790:Empiricism
3694:Avicennism
3639:Bhedabheda
3523:East Asian
3446:Madhyamaka
3426:Abhidharma
3292:Pyrrhonism
3059:Nominalism
3054:Naturalism
2983:Skepticism
2973:Relativism
2963:Absolutism
2892:Naturalism
2802:Deontology
2774:Skepticism
2759:Naturalism
2749:Empiricism
2713:Aesthetics
2617:Philosophy
2538:References
2335:, and the
2087:Empiricism
2056:Philosophy
1938:Precursors
1763:Nominalism
1705:Maimonides
1458:Hildebrand
1398:Chesterton
1263:La Mennais
1193:Bellarmine
1188:Azpilcueta
1133:Paschasius
1013:Autrecourt
968:Tertullian
928:Chrysostom
868:Athanasius
750:Victorines
681:Nominalism
589:Just price
447:Empiricism
402:Maimonides
361:Influences
82:newspapers
5403:Platonism
5377:Univocity
5275:Haecceity
5154:Ratzinger
5119:Montaigne
5099:MacIntyre
5054:Dionysius
5049:Descartes
5009:Augustine
4863:Salamanca
4484:Pakistani
4446:Taiwanese
4393:Ethiopian
4366:By region
4352:By region
4167:Scientism
4162:Systemics
4022:Spinozism
3949:Socialism
3884:Modernism
3847:Objective
3755:Anarchism
3689:Averroism
3578:Christian
3530:Neotaoism
3501:Zurvanism
3491:Mithraism
3486:Mazdakism
3257:Cyrenaics
3184:Logicians
2817:Free will
2779:Solipsism
2726:Formalism
2380:Cardinal
2306:Sixtus IV
2288:into the
2221:Minorites
2191:Thomistic
1784:free will
1717:Avicebron
1478:MacIntyre
1438:Gutiérrez
1408:Copleston
1378:Balthasar
1233:Descartes
1093:Hildegard
1078:Gregory I
1053:Catherine
1003:Alexander
953:Dionysius
873:Augustine
826:Salamanca
700:Haecceity
604:Casuistry
365:Aristotle
239:Haecceity
235:Univocity
71:"Scotism"
5365:Irenaean
5355:Theodicy
5325:Quiddity
5188:Concepts
5114:Maritain
5084:Krasicki
5074:Gassendi
5064:Eriugena
5019:Boethius
4994:Anscombe
4984:Albertus
4878:Molinism
4845:Occamism
4817:Medieval
4744:Just war
4670:Category
4625:Yugoslav
4615:Romanian
4522:Scottish
4507:American
4436:Japanese
4416:Buddhist
4398:Africana
4388:Egyptian
4230:Feminist
4152:Rawlsian
4147:Quietism
4045:Analytic
3997:Krausism
3904:Nihilism
3869:Kokugaku
3832:Absolute
3827:Idealism
3815:Humanism
3603:Occamism
3570:European
3515:Medieval
3461:Yogacara
3421:Buddhist
3414:Syādvāda
3297:Stoicism
3262:Cynicism
3250:Sophists
3245:Atomists
3240:Eleatics
3179:Legalism
3120:Medieval
3044:Idealism
2998:Ontology
2978:Nihilism
2882:Idealism
2640:Branches
2629:Branches
2494:29 April
2264:Scotists
2254:Leo XIII
2229:Servites
2193:school.
2189:and the
2006:Averroes
1949:Boethius
1871:Occamism
1828:a series
1826:Part of
1771:Thomists
1767:Occamism
1733:Plotinus
1713:Avicenna
1709:Averroes
1493:Maritain
1468:Lonergan
1448:Guardini
1373:Anscombe
1348:Caramuel
1258:Krasicki
1253:Kołłątaj
1208:Brentano
1068:Eriugena
1033:Berengar
981:Medieval
933:Climacus
913:Irenaeus
883:Boethius
878:Benedict
821:Analytic
789:Occamism
779:Molinism
757:Llullism
686:Quiddity
594:Just war
522:a series
520:Part of
397:Averroes
388:Avicenna
370:St. Paul
282:Quiddity
274:Accident
185:Blessed
18:Scotists
5496:Scotism
5391:Related
5179:Wojtyła
5159:Scheler
5104:Maistre
5094:Lombard
5079:Isidore
5059:Erasmus
5039:Clement
5004:Aquinas
4974:Abelard
4840:Scotism
4835:Thomism
4809:Schools
4620:Russian
4589:Spanish
4584:Slovene
4574:Maltese
4569:Italian
4549:Finland
4517:British
4499:Western
4489:Turkish
4474:Islamic
4469:Iranian
4421:Chinese
4408:Eastern
4375:African
4322:more...
4007:Marxism
3837:British
3780:Dualism
3676:Islamic
3634:Advaita
3624:Vedanta
3598:Scotism
3593:Thomism
3535:Tiantai
3478:Persian
3466:Tibetan
3456:Śūnyatā
3397:Cārvāka
3387:Ājīvika
3382:Mīmāṃsā
3362:Samkhya
3277:Academy
3230:Ionians
3204:Yangism
3161:Chinese
3152:Ancient
3115:Western
3110:Ancient
3069:Realism
3026:Reality
3016:Process
2897:Realism
2877:Dualism
2872:Atomism
2754:Fideism
2552::
2198:Hauzeur
2049:Related
1866:Scotism
1861:Thomism
1855:Schools
1729:Proclus
1686:Scotism
1678:Aquinas
1619:is the
1617:Scotism
1503:Mounier
1498:McLuhan
1453:Haldane
1393:Blondel
1343:Vitoria
1318:Rosmini
1293:Mercado
1288:Meinong
1283:Mariana
1273:Maistre
1268:Liguori
1248:Gracián
1243:Fénelon
1238:Erasmus
1218:Cajetan
1203:Bossuet
1178:Arnauld
1158:Thierry
1113:Lombard
1103:Isidore
1063:Eckhart
1048:Buridan
1038:Bernard
1018:Aquinas
988:Abelard
948:Maximus
923:Cassian
893:Cyprian
888:Clement
858:Ambrose
851:Ancient
816:Thomism
811:Scotism
739:Schools
690:essence
671:Realism
559:Aquinas
423:Related
286:essence
226:Scotism
96:scholar
5382:Utopia
5174:Suárez
5164:Scotus
5149:Rahner
5139:Pascal
5129:Newman
5069:Ficino
4999:Anselm
4989:Alcuin
4855:Modern
4721:Ethics
4579:Polish
4559:German
4554:French
4539:Danish
4529:Canada
4479:Jewish
4441:Korean
4426:Indian
3968:People
3889:Monism
3842:German
3810:Holism
3743:Modern
3721:Jewish
3644:Dvaita
3617:Indian
3540:Huayan
3392:Ajñana
3349:Indian
3214:Greco-
3199:Taoism
3189:Mohism
3135:Modern
3102:By era
3091:By era
3006:Action
2887:Monism
2807:Virtue
2789:Ethics
2310:Saxony
2258:Pius X
1813:angels
1795:Jesuit
1723:, the
1719:, the
1698:Arabic
1523:Taylor
1513:Rahner
1508:Pieper
1488:Marion
1483:Marcel
1443:Dávila
1433:Girard
1428:Gilson
1413:Finnis
1403:Congar
1383:Barron
1333:Suárez
1313:Pascal
1308:Newman
1298:Molina
1228:Cortés
1213:Botero
1198:Bonald
1171:Modern
1153:Symeon
1143:Scotus
1128:Oresme
1123:Ockham
1118:Martin
1008:Anselm
998:Alcuin
993:Albert
958:Origen
943:Justin
918:Jerome
694:nature
577:Ethics
567:Ockham
565:, and
563:Scotus
550:
542:
290:nature
191:eponym
153:reason
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5210:Aevum
5169:Stein
5134:Occam
5089:Llull
5014:Bacon
4979:Adler
4935:Other
4610:Aztec
4564:Greek
4544:Dutch
4534:Czech
4383:Bantu
3820:Anti-
3367:Nyaya
3357:Hindu
3217:Roman
3011:Event
2653:Logic
2445:Notes
2437:like
2359:Summa
2312:and
1518:Stein
1473:Lubac
1423:Geach
1368:Adler
1323:Sales
1183:Ávila
1148:Siger
1108:Llull
1073:Giles
1023:Bacon
898:Cyril
333:Works
268:ousia
155:or a
103:JSTOR
89:books
5144:Pico
5124:More
5044:Cusa
3711:Sufi
3545:Chan
3404:Jain
3377:Yoga
2907:Mind
2847:Hard
2835:Hard
2496:2023
2361:and
2304:and
2272:and
2256:and
1742:and
1727:and
1711:and
1639:and
1623:and
1338:Vico
1328:Soto
1303:More
1098:Hugh
1058:Cusa
1028:Bede
963:Paul
157:talk
75:news
3985:Neo
3550:Zen
2558:".
2320:by
2216:).
1731:to
804:Neo
58:by
5492::
2487:.
2441:.
2342:.
2324:.
2292:.
2280:.
2227:,
2204:,
1830:on
1815:.
1754:.
1735:.
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1609:,
692:/
561:,
524:on
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4691:v
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2498:.
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483:v
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284:(
271:)
265:(
172:)
168:(
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114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
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20:)
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