20:
471:... be a literary fiction of its own." Scholars of Early English have different opinions on whether the Anglo-Saxon oral poet ever really existed. Much of the poetry that survives does have an oral quality to it, but some scholars argue that it is a trait carried over from an earlier Germanic period. If, as some critics believe, the idea of the Anglo-Saxon oral poet is based on the Old Norse
131:, was a reciter of poetry. The scop, however, was typically attached to a court on a relatively permanent basis. There, he most likely received rich gifts for his performances. The performances often featured the recitation of recognisable texts such as the "old pagan legends of the Germanic tribes." However, the scop's duties also included
475:, it can be seen as a link to the heroic past of the Germanic peoples. There is no proof that the "scop" existed, and it could be a literary device allowing poetry to give an impression of orality and performance. This poet figure recurs throughout the literature of the period, whether real or not. Examples are the poems
537:
text is read out, the narrator is absent. So, while the poem feels like a scop's "oral utterance .. using the traditional medium of heroic poetry", it is actually "a literate work, which offers a meditation on its heroic world rather than itself coming directly from such a world".
529:... mindful of songs, who remembered a multitude of stories from the whole range of ancient traditions, found new words, properly bound together". He notes that this offers "an image of the poetic tradition in which
135:
his own poetry in different situations, the eulogizing of his master. While some scops moved from court to court, they were (generally speaking) less nomadic than the gleemen and had positions of greater security.
449:, and by the time of the surviving sources (from the late 8th century), the association with both roots may have influenced the word for several centuries.
506:
when the use of descriptive half-line formulae has become "instinctive"; at that point he can compose "with and through the form rather than simply
502:, treats the scop as a reality within an oral tradition. He writes that since all the material is traditional, the oral poet achieves mastery of
115:, with the important difference that "skald" was applied to historical persons, and scop is used, for the most part, to designate oral poets
813:
32:
was composed for performance; it is widely supposed that this meant it was chanted by a scop to musical accompaniment. Illustration by
771:
119:
Old
English literature. Very little is known about scops, and their historical existence is questioned by some scholars.
1607:
736:
533:
participates", an oral culture: but that "in fact this narrator and this audience are a fiction", because when the
806:
1014:
1072:
1000:
1612:
1582:
1587:
1284:
1034:
487:, which draw on the idea of the mead-hall poet of the heroic age and, along with the anonymous heroic poem
19:
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1228:
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799:
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1384:
1135:
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with that root. The question cannot be decided formally since the Proto-Germanic forms coincided in
1329:
1311:
1160:
467:
suggests that "What we have come to think of as the inherently 'oral' quality of Old
English Poetry
33:
491:
express some of the strongest poetic connections to oral culture in the literature of the period.
1440:
1294:
755:
518:
510:
it". At that point, in
Alexander's view, the scop "becomes invisible, and metre becomes rhythm".
1553:
571:
1367:
1267:
1242:
1154:
1148:
990:
355:
The association with jesting or mocking was, however, strong in Old High German. There was a
41:
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1079:
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656:
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itself; Köbler (1993, p. 220) suggests that the West
Germanic word may indeed be a
1538:
1374:
503:
339:), a third meaning "tuft of hair", and yet another meaning "barn" (cognate to English
1256:
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1103:
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777:
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1543:
1249:
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898:
525:. He discusses the poem's lines 867–874, which describe, in his prose gloss, "a man
78:
58:
1214:
1200:
595:
419:. The words involving jesting are derived from another root, Proto-Indo-European
239:"cut, hack"), perfectly parallel to the notion of craftsmanship expressed by the
153:
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547:
Frank, Roberta. "The Search for the Anglo-Saxon Oral Poet".
1096:
760:
Translating
Beowulf : modern versions in English verse
606:
480:
87:
64:
61:
265:
566:
Visible Song: Transitional
Literacy in Old English Verse
581:
Bahn, Eugene, and
Margaret L. Bahn. "Medieval Period."
411:, on the other hand, is of a higher register, glossing
549:
Bulletin of the John
Rylands University of Manchester
84:
81:
422:
345:
233:
224:
90:
67:
724:
712:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
494:The scholar and translator of Old English poetry
102:. The scop is the Old English counterpart of the
1574:
750:
748:
329:
300:
286:
199:
107:
645:. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing. p. 56.
568:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
452:
807:
716:
343:). They may all derive from a Proto-Germanic
745:
710:Literacy and Power in Anglo-Saxon Literature
578:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
517:is addressed by another scholar-translator,
439:
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49:
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373:
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183:
173:
165:
1468:Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's
814:
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585:. Minneapolis: Burgess Pub., 1970. 49-83.
310:word of a similarly deprecating meaning,
16:Poet as represented in Old English poetry
754:
640:
316:. There is a homonymous Old High German
18:
1575:
821:
335:, meaning "mocking, scolding", whence
795:
707:
641:Bahn, Eugene; Bahn, Margaret (1970).
576:The Textuality of Old English Poetry.
1396:"An Exhortation to Christian Living"
636:
634:
632:
557:"The Myth of the Anglo-Saxon Poet."
766:. pp. 30–21 "Oral and aural".
429:"push, thrust", related to English
13:
541:
14:
1624:
762:. Cambridge Rochester, New York:
629:
1414:"Old English Psalms" (fragments)
680:suggested e.g. by Alexander 1966
643:A History of Oral Interpretation
583:A History of Oral Interpretation
77:
57:
1484:Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41
731:. Penguin. pp. 15, 19–20.
498:, introducing his 1966 book of
98:) was a poet as represented in
701:
683:
674:
649:
1:
1390:"Proverb from Winfrid's time"
1335:"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)
657:"Pronunciation: /ʃɒp/ /skɒp/"
622:
564:O'Brien O'Keeffe, Katherine.
197:"to create, form" (Old Norse
189:) may be related to the verb
1285:Capture of the Five Boroughs
391:canticum rusticum et ineptum
245:
139:
122:
7:
1229:For Loss or Theft of Cattle
723:Alexander, Michael (1966).
695:Online Etymology Dictionary
589:
453:Literary fiction or reality
324:meaning "abuse, derision" (
127:The scop, like the similar
10:
1629:
727:The Earliest English Poems
513:The nature of the scop in
500:The Earliest English Poems
463:The scholar of literature
456:
423:
234:
231:"form, order" (from a PIE
39:
1608:Entertainment occupations
1531:
1505:
1321:
1290:"The Coronation of Edgar"
1266:
1183:
959:
926:The Fates of the Apostles
908:
863:
836:
829:
435:Oxford English Dictionary
1465:"Latin-English Proverbs"
1312:The Rime of King William
1061:"The Order of the World"
415:poema, poesis, tragoedia
34:Joseph Ratcliffe Skelton
1441:The Seasons for Fasting
1408:"The Lord's Prayer III"
1295:The Death of King Edgar
1144:"Homiletic Fragment II"
1128:"The Descent into Hell"
572:Pasternack, Carol Braun
440:
437:favours association of
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222:), from Proto-Germanic
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50:
1478:'s translation of the
1402:"The Lord's Prayer II"
952:"Homiletic Fragment I"
414:
398:
390:
374:
366:
277:, and relationship to
257:
184:
174:
166:
37:
1399:"A Summons to Prayer"
1307:"The Death of Edward"
1243:For Water-Elf Disease
1161:The Husband's Message
1141:"The Lord's Prayer I"
457:Further information:
42:Scop (disambiguation)
22:
1613:Medieval occupations
1583:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1474:Metrical Preface to
1354:The Battle of Maldon
1278:Battle of Brunanburh
1122:"The Judgment Day I"
708:Lerer, Seth (1991).
40:For other uses, see
1588:Anglo-Saxon society
1302:The Death of Alfred
1222:For a Swarm of Bees
1049:The Fortunes of Men
561:62.1/2(2003): 7-61.
523:Translating Beowulf
459:Translating Beowulf
1593:Old English poetry
1539:Alliterative verse
1417:"The Kentish Hymn"
1375:Solomon and Saturn
1340:Finnsburh Fragment
1330:Metres of Boethius
1020:"The Gifts of Men"
823:Old English poetry
504:alliterative verse
205:, Old High German
159:scoph, scopf, scof
100:Old English poetry
38:
24:Old English poetry
1598:Anglo-Saxon poets
1570:
1569:
1501:
1500:
1453:Bede's Death Song
1393:"Judgment Day II"
1236:For Delayed Birth
1117:The Wife's Lament
1104:Wulf and Eadwacer
940:Dream of the Rood
773:978-1-84384-394-8
551:, 1993. 75:11-36.
496:Michael Alexander
1620:
1544:Beasts of battle
1380:"The Menologium"
1250:Nine Herbs Charm
1090:Soul and Body II
1066:The Rhyming Poem
899:Christ and Satan
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399:psalmus plebeius
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1554:On Translating
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1447:Cædmon's "Hymn"
1423:"The Gloria II"
1317:
1262:
1215:A Journey Charm
1201:Against a dwarf
1185:Metrical charms
1179:
1085:"The Partridge"
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933:Soul and Body I
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1405:"The Gloria I"
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363:glossing both
308:Modern English
306:lives on in a
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1125:"Resignation"
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1347:Waldere A, B
1257:Wið færstice
1028:The Seafarer
1015:The Wanderer
991:Guthlac A, B
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665:. Retrieved
663:. 2020-12-10
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144:Old English
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48:
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27:
1411:"The Creed"
1322:Other poems
1073:The Panther
1001:The Phoenix
961:Exeter Book
764:D.S. Brewer
485:Exeter Book
1577:Categories
1426:"A Prayer"
1420:"Psalm 50"
1023:"Precepts"
984:Christ III
667:2020-12-31
623:References
465:Seth Lerer
447:zero grade
433:, and the
163:(glossing
1480:Dialogues
1470:Hierdeboc
1436:"Aldhelm"
1385:Maxims II
1368:Rune poem
1268:Chronicle
1080:The Whale
1035:Vainglory
996:"Azarias"
977:Christ II
874:Genesis A
865:Junius MS
782:883647402
483:, in the
407:Skopfsang
387:glossing
383:skopfliod
326:Old Norse
254:of Latin
140:Etymology
133:composing
123:Functions
104:Old Norse
36:, c. 1910
1549:Kennings
1523:Cynewulf
1476:Wærferth
1173:Riddles
1168:The Ruin
1109:Riddles
1056:Maxims I
970:Christ I
758:(2011).
590:See also
359:skopfari
235:*(s)kep-
26:such as
1556:Beowulf
1513:Aldhelm
1431:Thureth
1194:Æcerbot
1153:Riddle
1147:Riddle
1136:Pharaoh
1042:Widsith
1008:Juliana
919:Andreas
847:Beowulf
691:"scold"
661:oed.com
596:Grendel
535:Beowulf
531:Beowulf
515:Beowulf
489:Beowulf
477:Widsith
375:comicus
209:scaffan
181:; also
129:gleeman
29:Beowulf
1518:Cædmon
1361:Durham
892:Daniel
885:Exodus
854:Judith
780:
770:
735:
602:Sumbel
527:
469:
379:and a
284:While
252:calque
246:poetēs
227:skapiz
193:scapan
117:within
1603:Poets
1532:Other
1506:Poets
1270:poems
1175:61–95
947:Elene
830:Poems
617:Makar
612:Bragi
598:novel
473:Skald
424:skeub
367:poeta
348:skupa
346:*
337:scoff
320:scopf
313:scold
302:skald
295:scoff
279:scold
273:scopf
258:poeta
241:Greek
225:*
219:shape
201:skapa
185:poema
176:vates
167:poeta
110:skald
1562:Scop
1111:1–59
1097:Deor
778:OCLC
768:ISBN
733:ISBN
607:Bard
481:Deor
479:and
441:scop
395:and
371:and
341:shop
331:skop
288:skop
267:Scop
171:and
148:scop
51:scop
1149:30b
574:.
75:or
1579::
1155:60
876:,
776:.
747:^
693:.
659:.
631:^
508:in
403:.
352:.
269:,
262:.
213:;
47:A
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878:B
815:e
808:t
801:v
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697:.
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427:-
421:*
94:/
91:p
88:ɒ
85:k
82:s
79:/
71:/
68:p
65:ɒ
62:ʃ
59:/
55:(
44:.
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