1761:
209:, "the arrangement of the poems appears to be haphazard, and the book is believed to be copied from an earlier collection". However, whether (or the extent to which) the Exeter Book is a deliberately crafted anthology of related poems or a miscellany of unrelated poems is a matter of debate, as some degree of order has been found in the organisation of its contents.
196:
separation of lovers. Through them we encounter lonely seafarers, banished wanderers, and mournful lovers. The riddles, by contrast, explore the fabric of the world through the prism of the everyday. (See the sections on 'Riddles' and 'Elegies' below.) The Exeter manuscript is also important because it contains two poems signed by the poet
99:, in 1072. It is believed originally to have contained 130 or 131 leaves, of which the first 7 or 8 have been replaced with other leaves; the original first 8 leaves are lost. The Exeter Book is the largest and perhaps oldest known manuscript of Old English literature, containing about a sixth of the Old English poetry that has survived.
757:
of Greek and Roman lyric poets, expressing "personal sentiments on a range of subjects, including epigrams, laments, love", or "a poem in another language based on or influenced by this" – hence, from this latter definition, the application of the term "elegy" to the Old
English poems, which are not
212:
None of the poems is given a title in the manuscript, and there is often no obvious indicator of where one text ends and the next begins, other than a plain initial. Consequently, the titles given to the poems in the Exeter Book are those that editors have established over the years, and very often a
146:
Leofric's bequest, however, took place at least three generations after the book was written, and it has generally been assumed that it had originated elsewhere. According to
Patrick Conner, the original scribe who wrote the text probably did not write it as a single volume, but rather three separate
167:
Aside from eight leaves added to the codex after it was written, the Exeter Book consists entirely of poetry. However, unlike the Junius manuscript, which is dedicated to biblically inspired works, the Exeter Book is noted for the unmatched diversity of genres among its contents, as well as their
758:
elegiac in their metre. More broadly, the term "elegy" has also been widened by some to include "any serious meditative poem", a definition which would include the Exeter Book elegies. Providing a synthesis of the strictly metrical definition and the broader definition based on subject matter,
195:
verse. The moving elegies and enigmatic riddles are the most famous of the Exeter Book texts. The elegies primarily explore the themes of alienation, loss, the passage of time, desolation, and death, and deal with subjects including the sorrows of exile, the ruination of the past, and the long
118:
of the tenth century; the precise dates that it was written and compiled are unknown, although proposed dates range from 960 to 990. This period saw a rise in monastic activity and productivity under the renewed influence of
Benedictine principles and standards. At the opening of the period,
1764:
138:
The Exeter Book's heritage becomes traceable from the death of
Leofric, bishop of Exeter, in 1072. Among the possessions which he bequeathed in his will to the then-impoverished monastery at Exeter (the precursor to the later cathedral) is one famously described as
1673:: an anthology of Anglo-Saxon poetry presented to Exeter Cathedral by Loefric, first bishop of Exeter (1050-1071), and still in possession of the dean and chapter. London: Pub. for the Early English Text Society, by K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
766:
that "genre should be conceived as a grouping of literary works based, theoretically, upon both outer form (specific meter or structure) and also upon inner form (attitude, tone, purpose – more crudely, subject and audience)".
463:. Their topics, which range from the religious to the mundane, are represented in an oblique and elliptical manner, challenging the reader to deduce what they are about. Some of the riddles are
1274:
33:
470:
Two Exeter Book riddles are presented below, with Modern
English translations alongside the Old English originals. Proposed answers to the riddles are included below the text.
938:, Madison: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison; edition with digital images of poems' manuscript pages, and translations.
749:
The term "elegy" can be confusing due to its application to a diverse range of poems and poetic genres from different cultures and time periods. For example, the
1247:
1531:
844:
1321:
143:: "one large English book on various subjects, composed in verse form". This book has been widely identified by scholars as the Exeter Codex.
1439:
2589:
1800:
213:
given poem will be known by several titles. The following is one listing of poems found in the book (titles may vary depending on source):
131:
and leading to the monastic reformation by which this era was characterised. Dunstan died in 998, and by the period's close, England under
1744:
1750:
1409:
775:
Included here are facsimiles, editions, and translations that include a significant proportion of texts from the Exeter Book.
2594:
1207:
1152:
1060:
983:
961:
1375:
1171:
879:
Codex
Exoniensis: A Collection of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, from a Manuscript in the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter
904:
106:
recognized the book as "the foundation volume of
English literature, one of the world's principal cultural artefacts".
1722:
1696:
1636:
1543:
1509:
1460:
1096:
1002:
856:
834:
467:, setting out entirely innocent subject matter in language filled with bawdy connotations, such as Riddle 25 below.
1793:
1438:
Treharne, Elaine; Pulsiano, Phillip (2017). "An
Introduction to the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Vernacular Literature".
64:
2001:
715:
265:
171:
The poems give a sense of the intellectual sophistication of Anglo-Saxon literary culture. They include numerous
2059:
1987:
329:
460:
123:'s importance to the Church and to the English kingdom was established, culminating in his appointment to the
2271:
2021:
289:
2574:
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2264:
2215:
2171:
1786:
1669:
Mackie, W. S. (William Souter)., Gollancz, I., Mackie, W. S. (William Souter)., Gollancz, I. (18951934).
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manuscript booklets which were later compiled into the Exeter Book codex. There are a number of missing
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2042:
826:
400:
251:
115:
1809:
1234:
1086:
205:
1912:
1878:
92:
2316:
2298:
2147:
739:
423:
124:
1482:
Förster, Max (1933). "The
Donations of Leofric to Exeter". In Chambers, Forster and Flower (ed.).
2427:
2281:
818:
2540:
1015:
949:
156:
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faced an increasingly determined
Scandinavian incursion, to which it would eventually succumb.
1195:
1144:
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1977:
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1583:
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735:
373:
132:
2066:
336:
8:
2326:
2288:
2208:
2161:
2097:
2035:
2014:
1536:
The Exeter anthology of Old English poetry: an edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501
849:
The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501
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447:
303:
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184:
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1885:
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1448:
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1286:
322:
128:
96:
88:
84:
17:
911:
Anthology of Old English poetry, featuring many of the texts from the Exeter Book.
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2187:
1379:
1048:
914:
873:
754:
723:
464:
152:
76:
21:
968:
Anthology of Old English poetry and prose, featuring poems from the Exeter Book.
63:, believed to have been produced in the late tenth century AD. It is one of the
2479:
2474:
1994:
1905:
1044:
877:
258:
1452:
1290:
1139:. Translated by Williamson, Craig. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.
114:
The Exeter Book is generally acknowledged to be one of the great works of the
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2347:
2194:
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1919:
1896:
1871:
1840:
1714:
1298:
887:
794:
348:
180:
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68:
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and pages. Some marginalia were added to the manuscript by the antiquarians
1933:
1824:
72:
1652:
1571:
759:
188:
172:
57:
2462:
714:
The Exeter Book contains the Old English poems known as the "elegies": "
1970:
1603:
1322:"Unesco lists Exeter Book among 'world's principal cultural artefacts'"
228:
2180:
1738:
1691:, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, pp. 3–28,
801:
784:
1963:
1864:
1860:
1778:
753:
defines elegy (in the poetic sense) as a poem either composed in the
224:
2504:
1538:(2nd ed.). Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp. 15–16.
2535:
2509:
2154:
1956:
1770:
743:
430:
310:
220:
200:, who is one of only twelve Old English poets known to us by name.
197:
2499:
2417:
2333:
2028:
1833:
933:
296:
120:
452:
Among the other texts in the Exeter Book, there are over ninety
103:
60:
32:
1347:"'Outstanding' Old English poetry book granted Unesco status"
866:
192:
141:
i mycel Englisc boc be gehwilcum þingum on leoð-wisan geworht
53:
674:
will gladly increase, and them with benefits and kindnesses,
2548:
2083:
894:
727:
664:
they will be by that the safer and the more sure of victory
356:
672:
more good and more loyal, those whose glory and happiness
1631:(Second ed.). Broadview Press. 2011. p. 51.
829:. Vol. III. New York: Columbia University Press.
1275:"The origin of the Exeter Book of Old English poetry"
1085:
Johnson, Keith (2016). "7.1 Manuscript collections".
660:
the helm of the lord's folk, never again guard fools.
512:
a service for neighbours. I harm none of the citizens
851:(2nd ed.). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
668:
in spirit the wiser. They will have friends the more
785:Chambers, R W; Förster, Max; Flower, Robin (1933).
87:in Oxford. The book was donated to what is now the
807:
676:and they of love will clasp tightly with embraces.
510:I am a wondrous creature for women in expectation,
1053:The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature
2561:
1437:
973:
948:
882:. London: The Society of Antiquaries of London.
654:in ornamental works of smiths, encased with wire
1433:
1431:
670:dearer and closer, righteous and more virtuous,
1258:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
942:
630:deprived me of worldly strengths, wetted next,
1794:
1629:The Broadview Anthology of British Literature
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
650:me with protective boards, covered with hide,
648:travelled with black track. After, a man clad
1428:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1055:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 172–89.
770:
678:Ask what I am called as a service to people.
666:the bolder in heart and the happier in mind,
638:knife's edge cut me, ground from impurities,
489:Staþol min is steapheah stonde ic on bedde
65:four major manuscripts of Old English poetry
1572:"The Complete Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Poetry"
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1500:Alexander, Michael (2008). "Introduction".
1166:
1164:
1130:
1128:
813:
591:gierede mec mid golde; forþon me gliwedon
524:attacks me in my redness, plunders my head,
2455:Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's
1801:
1787:
1689:The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book
1686:
1394:
1261:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1069:
867:Editions: Old English text and translation
658:and the wondrous setting widely make known
652:adorned me with gold. Forthwith adorned me
611:tilra ond getreowra, þa hyra tyr ond ead
603:hy beoð þy gesundran ond þy sigefæstran,
530:woman with braided hair. Wet be that eye.
1499:
1182:
636:of the hair that I had, after, the hard
607:ferþe þy frodran, habbaþ freonda þy ma,
575:herum þam þe ic hæfde. Heard mec siþþan
518:hairy somewhere down below. A very comely
1552:
1196:"The Structure of the Exeter Book Codex"
1161:
605:heortum þy hwætran ond þy hygebliþran,
497:ræseð mec on reodne reafath min heafod
168:generally high level of poetic quality.
31:
1704:
1504:. London: Penguin Books. p. xvii.
1481:
1285:. Cambridge University Press: 135–185.
1272:
1200:Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: Basic Readings
1134:
1105:
1084:
935:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project
692:
646:portion of liquid, stepped on me again,
609:swæsra ond gesibbra, soþra ond godra,
540:
483:Ic eom wunderlicu wiht wifum on hyhte
27:10th-century book of Anglo-Saxon poetry
2562:
1808:
1651:
1407:
1193:
895:Matto, Michael; Delanty, Greg (2011).
872:
644:swallowed tree-ink over the ruddy rim,
583:ofer brunne brerd, beamtelge swealg,
577:snað seaxses ecg, sindrum begrunden;
526:confines me in a stronghold, feels my
495:modwlonc meowle þæt heo on mec gripe
1782:
1495:
1493:
1484:The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry
1441:A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature
1378:. The British Library. Archived from
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1319:
787:The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry
617:fæste clyppað. Frige hwæt ic hatte,
615:lissum bilecgað ond hi lufan fæþmum
593:wrætlic weorc smiþa, wire bifongen.
579:fingras feoldan, ond mec fugles wyn
573:sette on sunnan þær ic swiþe beleas
2383:"An Exhortation to Christian Living"
1659:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 224.
1530:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1038:
997:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
843:
642:delight spread useful drops over me,
601:Gif min bearn wera brucan willað,
587:siþade sweartlast. Mec siþþan wrah
581:geond speddropum spyrede geneahhe,
569:woruldstrenga binom, wætte siþþan,
561:
520:peasant's daughter, dares sometimes,
516:My stem is erect, I stand up in bed,
503:wif wundenlocc. Wæt bið þæt eage.
477:
2590:Exeter Cathedral Library collection
956:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
899:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
682:bountiful to men and my self holy.
634:set in the sun, deprived violently
619:niþum to nytte. Nama min is mære,
522:proud maiden, that she grips at me,
13:
1490:
1447:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1–10.
1357:
1273:Gameson, Richard (December 1996).
599:dryhtfolca helm— nales dol wite.
589:hæleð hleobordum, hyde beþenede,
501:mines gemotes seo þe mec nearwað
491:neoðan ruh nathwær. Neþeð hwilum
487:burgsittendra nymthe bonan anum.
183:, in addition to almost a hundred
14:
2606:
1755:, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
1732:
1567:Based on Muir’s (1994) counting:
1216:
662:If children of men want to use me
656:Now the trappings and the red dye
597:ond þa wuldorgesteald wide mære
585:streames dæle, stop eft on mec,
571:dyfde on wætre, dyde eft þonan,
567:Mec feonda sum feore besnyþede,
499:fegeð mec on fæsten. Feleþ sona
2401:"Old English Psalms" (fragments)
1759:
1707:The Cambridge Old English Reader
974:Crossley-Holland, Kevin (2008).
632:dipped in water, took out again,
621:hæleþum gifre ond halig sylf.
595:Nu þa gereno ond se reada telg
50:Exeter Cathedral Library MS 3501
2471:Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41
1663:
1645:
1621:
1596:
1524:
1518:
1475:
1469:
1339:
1202:. Routledge. pp. 301–302.
808:Editions: Old English text only
628:Some fiend robbed me from life,
485:neahbuendum nyt; nægum sceþþe
1422:10.1093/OBO/9780195396584-0094
1320:Flood, Alison (22 June 2016).
1313:
1240:
1198:. In Richards, Mary P. (ed.).
1137:The Complete Old English Poems
1032:
995:The Complete Old English Poems
921:. Early English Text Society,
789:. London: P. Lund, Humphries.
456:, written in the conventional
1:
2377:"Proverb from Winfrid's time"
2322:"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)
1246:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "
1026:
778:
155:in the sixteenth century and
2595:English-language manuscripts
2272:Capture of the Five Boroughs
1414:Oxford Bibliographies Online
1088:The History of Early English
978:. London: Enitharmon Press.
738:" (fol. 115a - fol. 115b); "
734:" (fol. 100b - fol. 101a); "
730:" (fol. 100a - fol. 100b), "
613:estum ycað ond hy arstafum
557:
493:ful cyrtenu ceorles dohtor
473:
7:
2216:For Loss or Theft of Cattle
1769:public domain audiobook at
1416:. Oxford University Press.
1408:Conner, Patrick W. (2019).
1194:Conner, Patrick W. (2015).
1041:"Perceptions of Transience"
1009:
943:Editions: Translations only
746:" (fol. 123b - fol. 124b).
742:" (fol. 123a - 123b); and "
640:fingers folded and a bird's
461:style of Old English poetry
162:
125:Archbishopric at Canterbury
116:English Benedictine revival
10:
2611:
1687:Williamson, Craig (1977),
1502:The First Poems in English
993:Williamson, Craig, (2017)
827:Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records
722:" (fol. 81b - fol. 83a); "
718:" (fol. 76b - fol. 78a); "
709:
445:
441:
109:
15:
2518:
2492:
2308:
2277:"The Coronation of Edgar"
2253:
2170:
1946:
1913:The Fates of the Apostles
1895:
1850:
1823:
1816:
1705:Marsden, Richard (2015),
1610:, Oxford University Press
1453:10.1002/9781405165303.ch1
1291:10.1017/S0263675100001988
771:Editions and translations
751:Oxford English Dictionary
726:" fol. 94a - fol. 95b); "
565:
481:
2452:"Latin-English Proverbs"
2299:The Rime of King William
2048:"The Order of the World"
1715:10.1017/CBO9781107295209
1590:. University of Calgary.
1091:. Taylor & Francis.
1039:Fell, Christine (2007).
71:in Vercelli, Italy, the
16:Not to be confused with
2428:The Seasons for Fasting
2395:"The Lord's Prayer III"
2282:The Death of King Edgar
2131:"Homiletic Fragment II"
2115:"The Descent into Hell"
1657:The Old English Elegies
1252:Encyclopædia Britannica
1235:Encyclopædia Britannica
976:The Exeter Book Riddles
950:Crossley-Holland, Kevin
819:Dobbie, Elliot Van Kirk
764:The Old English Elegies
514:except my slayer alone.
206:Encyclopædia Britannica
2465:'s translation of the
2389:"The Lord's Prayer II"
1939:"Homiletic Fragment I"
1753:Exeter Book of Riddles
1016:Anglo-Saxon literature
990:Contains riddles only.
626:
508:
317:The Order of the World
37:
2386:"A Summons to Prayer"
2294:"The Death of Edward"
2230:For Water-Elf Disease
2148:The Husband's Message
2128:"The Lord's Prayer I"
1135:Shippey, Tom (2017).
954:The Anglo-Saxon World
740:The Husband's Message
436:Riddles 59-91 / 61-95
424:The Husband's Message
412:Homiletic Fragment II
390:The Descent into Hell
35:
2461:Metrical Preface to
2341:The Battle of Maldon
2265:Battle of Brunanburh
2109:"The Judgment Day I"
1021:Old English language
815:Krapp, George Philip
191:, and a quantity of
159:in the seventeenth.
44:, also known as the
2289:The Death of Alfred
2209:For a Swarm of Bees
2036:The Fortunes of Men
1279:Anglo-Saxon England
528:encounter directly,
448:Exeter Book Riddles
407:The Lord’s Prayer I
304:The Fortunes of Men
187:, numerous smaller
2575:Old English poetry
2570:10th-century books
2526:Alliterative verse
2404:"The Kentish Hymn"
2362:Solomon and Saturn
2327:Finnsburh Fragment
2317:Metres of Boethius
2007:"The Gifts of Men"
1810:Old English poetry
1588:people.ucalgary.ca
925:, Volume 104, 194.
680:My name is famous,
380:The Judgment Day I
38:
2580:History of Exeter
2557:
2556:
2488:
2487:
2440:Bede's Death Song
2380:"Judgment Day II"
2223:For Delayed Birth
2104:The Wife's Lament
2091:Wulf and Eadwacer
1927:Dream of the Rood
1584:"The Exeter Book"
1410:"The Exeter Book"
1209:978-1-317-75890-7
1172:"The Exeter Book"
1154:978-0-8122-9321-0
1062:978-0-521-37794-2
985:978-1-904634-46-1
963:978-0-19-953871-3
897:The Word Exchange
736:The Wife's Lament
732:Wulf and Eadwacer
699:
698:
547:
546:
374:The Wife's Lament
364:Wulf and Eadwacer
203:According to the
81:Junius manuscript
67:, along with the
2602:
2531:Beasts of battle
2367:"The Menologium"
2237:Nine Herbs Charm
2077:Soul and Body II
2053:The Rhyming Poem
1886:Christ and Satan
1821:
1820:
1803:
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1789:
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1727:
1709:(2nd ed.),
1701:
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1576:Sacred-texts.com
1565:
1550:
1549:
1532:Muir, Bernard J.
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1180:
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1176:Exeter Cathedral
1168:
1159:
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1132:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1036:
989:
967:
915:Gollancz, Israel
910:
891:
874:Thorpe, Benjamin
862:
845:Muir, Bernard J.
840:
802:Online facsimile
798:
562:
478:
465:double entendres
416:Riddle 28b / 30b
323:The Rhyming Poem
272:The Gifts of Men
129:Edgar of England
97:bishop of Exeter
89:Exeter Cathedral
85:Bodleian Library
46:Codex Exoniensis
18:Liber Exoniensis
2610:
2609:
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2541:On Translating
2514:
2484:
2434:Cædmon's "Hymn"
2410:"The Gloria II"
2304:
2249:
2202:A Journey Charm
2188:Against a dwarf
2172:Metrical charms
2166:
2072:"The Partridge"
1942:
1920:Soul and Body I
1891:
1846:
1812:
1807:
1776:
1760:
1747:— transcription
1745:The Exeter Book
1739:The Exeter Book
1735:
1730:
1725:
1699:
1677:
1671:The Exeter book
1668:
1664:
1653:Klinck, Anne L.
1650:
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1382:on 19 June 2023
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1049:Michael Lapidge
1037:
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986:
964:
945:
923:Original series
919:The Exeter book
907:
869:
859:
837:
823:The Exeter Book
821:, eds. (1936).
810:
781:
773:
724:The Riming Poem
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22:The Exeter Text
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2392:"The Gloria I"
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1741:— digitisation
1734:
1733:External links
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2195:Against a Wen
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2118:"Alms-Giving"
2117:
2114:
2112:"Resignation"
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1749:
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1724:9781107295209
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1698:0-8078-1272-2
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928:Foys, Martin
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836:0-231-08767-5
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755:elegiac metre
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349:Soul and Body
346:
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343:The Partridge
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177:gnomic verses
174:
173:saints’ lives
169:
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157:George Hickes
154:
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136:
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69:Vercelli Book
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:, is a large
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
23:
19:
2542:
2466:
2456:
2360:
2334:Waldere A, B
2244:Wið færstice
2015:The Seafarer
2002:The Wanderer
1978:Guthlac A, B
1947:
1932:
1925:
1904:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1859:
1839:
1832:
1825:Nowell Codex
1775:
1765:
1752:
1706:
1688:
1680:Bibliography
1665:
1656:
1647:
1628:
1623:
1612:, retrieved
1607:
1598:
1587:
1575:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1440:
1413:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1350:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1326:The Guardian
1325:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1199:
1175:
1136:
1087:
1052:
1034:
994:
975:
953:
934:
929:
922:
918:
896:
878:
848:
822:
786:
774:
763:
750:
748:
720:The Seafarer
716:The Wanderer
713:
703:
693:Marsden 2015
691:—Riddle 26 (
627:
566:
551:
541:Marsden 2015
539:—Riddle 25 (
509:
482:
469:
458:alliterative
451:
429:
422:
411:
406:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
372:
362:
355:
347:
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328:
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316:
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295:
288:
283:The Seafarer
281:
276:
271:
266:The Wanderer
264:
257:
250:
245:
239:
235:
218:
211:
204:
202:
189:heroic poems
181:wisdom poems
170:
166:
145:
140:
137:
113:
101:
95:, the first
73:Nowell Codex
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
2398:"The Creed"
2309:Other poems
2060:The Panther
1988:The Phoenix
1948:Exeter Book
1766:Exeter_Book
1604:"elegy, n."
1248:Exeter Book
1230:Exeter Book
760:Anne Klinck
395:Alms-Giving
385:Resignation
330:The Panther
252:The Phoenix
91:library by
58:Old English
42:Exeter Book
36:Exeter Book
2564:Categories
2413:"A Prayer"
2407:"Psalm 50"
2010:"Precepts"
1971:Christ III
1608:OED Online
1027:References
779:Facsimiles
762:argues in
149:gatherings
79:, and the
2467:Dialogues
2457:Hierdeboc
2423:"Aldhelm"
2372:Maxims II
2355:Rune poem
2255:Chronicle
2067:The Whale
2022:Vainglory
1983:"Azarias"
1964:Christ II
1861:Genesis A
1852:Junius MS
1307:162992373
1299:1474-0532
888:562461120
795:154109449
558:Riddle 26
474:Riddle 25
337:The Whale
290:Vainglory
236:Guthlac A
102:In 2016,
2536:Kennings
2510:Cynewulf
2463:Wærferth
2160:Riddles
2155:The Ruin
2096:Riddles
2043:Maxims I
1957:Christ I
1771:LibriVox
1655:(1992).
1614:20 March
1386:7 August
1351:BBC News
1010:See also
952:(1982).
917:(1894).
876:(1842).
744:The Ruin
702:Answer:
552:an onion
550:Answer:
431:The Ruin
311:Maxims I
277:Precepts
198:Cynewulf
163:Contents
133:Æthelred
2585:Riddles
2543:Beowulf
2500:Aldhelm
2418:Thureth
2181:Æcerbot
2140:Riddle
2134:Riddle
2123:Pharaoh
2029:Widsith
1995:Juliana
1906:Andreas
1834:Beowulf
1331:26 June
1232:at the
1145:299-302
1051:(ed.).
710:Elegies
704:a Bible
454:riddles
442:Riddles
401:Pharaoh
297:Widsith
259:Juliana
246:Azarias
219:Christ
193:elegiac
185:riddles
121:Dunstan
110:History
93:Leofric
83:in the
75:in the
2505:Cædmon
2348:Durham
1879:Daniel
1872:Exodus
1841:Judith
1721:
1695:
1635:
1542:
1508:
1459:
1305:
1297:
1206:
1151:
1095:
1059:
1001:
982:
960:
930:et al.
903:
886:
855:
833:
825:. The
793:
179:, and
127:under
104:UNESCO
61:poetry
2519:Other
2493:Poets
2257:poems
2162:61–95
1934:Elene
1817:Poems
1445:(PDF)
1303:S2CID
1143:-xi,
1043:. In
54:codex
2549:Scop
2098:1–59
2084:Deor
1719:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1616:2022
1540:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1388:2021
1333:2016
1295:ISSN
1204:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1047:and
999:ISBN
980:ISBN
958:ISBN
901:ISBN
884:OCLC
853:ISBN
831:ISBN
791:OCLC
728:Deor
357:Deor
238:and
40:The
2136:30b
1711:doi
1449:doi
1418:doi
1287:doi
1256:10.
1250:".
229:III
56:of
48:or
20:or
2566::
2142:60
1863:,
1717:,
1606:,
1586:.
1574:.
1554:^
1492:^
1455:.
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