996:(2003) asserted the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions, and mental health of people with idiopathic scoliosis are comparable to those of the general population. Scoliosis that interferes with normal systemic functions is "exceptional" and "rare", and "untreated people had similar death rates and were just as functional and likely to lead productive lives 50 years after diagnosis as people with normal spines." In an earlier University of Iowa follow-up study, 91% of people with idiopathic scoliosis displayed normal pulmonary function, and their life expectancy was found to be 2% more than that of the general population. Later (2006â) studies corroborate these findings, adding that they are "reassuring for the adult patient who has adolescent onset idiopathic scoliosis in approximately the 50â70° range." These modern landmark studies supersede earlier studies (e.g. Mankin-Graham-Schauk 1964) that did implicate moderate idiopathic scoliosis in impaired pulmonary function.
1220:, which allows for better balance and support of an upright trunk. Selection for bipedality was likely strong enough to justify the maintenance of such a disorder. Bipedality is hypothesized to have emerged for a variety of different reasons, many of which would have certainly conferred fitness advantages. It may increase viewing distance, which can be beneficial in hunting and foraging as well as protection from predators or other humans; it makes long-distance travel more efficient for foraging or hunting; and it facilitates terrestrial feeding from grasses, trees, and bushes. Given the many benefits of bipedality which depends on a particularly formed spine, it is likely that selection for bipedalism played a large role in the development of the spine as we see it today, in spite of the potential for "scoliotic deviations". According to the fossil record, scoliosis may have been more prevalent among earlier hominids such as
822:
1046:
1134:, attached by hooks to the spine at the top and bottom of the curvature that when cranked would distractâor straightenâthe curve. The Harrington rod obviates the need for prolonged casting, allowing patients greater mobility in the postoperative period and significantly reducing the quality of life burden of fusion surgery. The Harrington rod was the precursor to most modern spinal instrumentation systems. A major shortcoming was that it failed to produce a posture wherein the skull would be in proper alignment with the pelvis, and it did not address rotational deformity. As the person aged, there would be increased wear and tear, early onset
834:
1054:
441:
1103:, or the "cancer of orthopaedic surgery". These patients were treated with questionable remedies. A theory at the timeânow discreditedâwas that the condition needed to be detected early to halt its progression, and so some schools made screening for scoliosis mandatory. Measurements of shoulder height, leg length and spinal curvature were made, and the ability to bend forwards, along with body posture, was tested, but students were sometimes misdiagnosed because of their poor posture.
41:
1171:
593:
900:
313:
891:
219:. The curve is usually S- or C-shaped over three dimensions. In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect breathing and movement. Pain is usually present in adults, and can worsen with age. As the condition progresses, it may alter a person's life, and hence can also be considered a
982:(also known as general analgesia). Epidural analgesia medication are often used surgically including combinations of local anesthetics and pain medications injected via an epidural injection. Evidence comparing different approaches for analgesia, side effects or benefits, and which approach results in greater pain relief and for how long after this type of surgery is of low to moderate quality.
405:, has been associated with the idiopathic form of scoliosis. Several candidate gene studies have found associations between idiopathic scoliosis and genes mediating bone formation, bone metabolism, and connective tissue structure. Several genome-wide studies have identified a number of loci as significantly linked to idiopathic scoliosis. In 2006, idiopathic scoliosis was linked with three
4853:
are plausible: First, the treatment of an underlying neurologic lesion could help alleviate progressive neurologic deterioration and lead to improvement or stabilization of scoliosis; second, surgery performed to correct scoliosis in the presence of an underlying neurologic disorder that has not been identified and treated could result in new or additional neurologic deficits.
711:, which is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebra involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebra involved. For people with two curves, Cobb angles are followed for both curves. In some people, lateral-bending X-rays are obtained to assess the flexibility of the curves or the primary and compensatory curves.
278:, specific exercises, posture checking, and surgery. The brace must be fitted to the person and used daily until growing stops. Specific exercises, such as exercises that focus on the core, may be used to try to decrease the risk of worsening. They may be done alone or along with other treatments such as bracing. Evidence that
813:
trunk asymmetries have been recorded following the implementation of
Schroth method in terms of conservative management of scoliosis. Some other forms of exercises interventions have been lately used in the clinical practice for therapeutic management of scoliosis such as global postural reeducation and the Klapp method.
858:
effectiveness of the brace is as good as conventional braces. The UK government have funded a large clinical trial (called the BASIS study) to resolve this uncertainty. The BASIS study is ongoing throughout the UK in all of the leading UK children's hospitals that treat scoliosis, with families encouraged to take part.
423:
idiopathic scoliosis. Such procedures can result in a return to physical activity in about 6 months, which is very promising, although minimal back pain is still to be expected in the most severe cases. The prevalence of scoliosis is 1â2% among adolescents, but the likelihood of progression among adolescents with a
1209:, which are the muscles which hold the spine steady. These factors make the lumbar spine of most primates less flexible and far less likely to deviate than those of humans. While this may explicitly relate only to lumbar scolioses, small imbalances in the lumbar spine could precipitate thoracic problems as well.
2488:
It was once assumed, on the basis of studies in heterogeneous patient populations, that patients with untreated adolescent scoliosis would necessarily become wheelchair-dependent in old age and were likely to die of cardiopulmonary arrest for reasons related to scoliosis. This is no longer held to be
947:
Surgery is indicated by the
Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) at 45â50° and by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) at a Cobb angle of 45°. SOSORT uses the 45â50° threshold as a result of the well-documented, plus or minus 5° measurement error that can occur while
869:
could be considered for nighttime bracing. On the opposite end of the growth spectrum, a 29° Cobb angle and a Risser sign three or four might not need to be braced because the potential for progression is reduced. The
Scoliosis Research Society's recommendations for bracing include curves progressing
857:
skill, but also people's compliance and amount of wear per day. An alternative form of brace is a nighttime only brace, that is worn only at night whilst the child sleeps, and which overcorrects the deformity. Whilst nighttime braces are more convenient for children and families, it is unknown if the
804:
Treatment for idiopathic scoliosis also depends upon the severity of the curvature, the spine's potential for further growth, and the risk that the curvature will progress. Mild scoliosis (less than 30° deviation) and moderate scoliosis (30â45°) can typically be treated conservatively with bracing in
4852:
The main purpose of performing CT or MR imaging in a patient with scoliosis is to identify an underlying cause. MR imaging is used with increasing frequency to evaluate patients with an unusual curve pattern or alarming clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, two reasons for performing such screening
1083:
and the insertion of rods into the spine were employed during the 1900s. In the mid-20th century, new treatments and improved screening methods have been developed to reduce the progression of scoliosis in patients and alleviate their associated pain. School children were during this period believed
1032:
while standing and stride execution in children. The impact of carrying backpacks on these three side effects have been broadly researched. Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) stops after puberty when skeletal maturity is attained, however further curvature may occur during late adulthood due to
920:
levoscoliosis: The X-ray is usually projected anteroposterior, such that the right side of the subject is on the right side of the image; i.e., the subject is viewed from the rear (see left image; the right image is seen from the front). This projection is typically used by spine surgeons, as it is
812:
may be useful. Evidence to support its use, however, is weak. Low quality evidence suggests scoliosis-specific exercises (SSE) may be more effective than electrostimulation. Evidence for the
Schroth method is insufficient to support its use. Significant improvement in function, vertebral angles and
861:
Indications for bracing: people who are still growing who present with Cobb angles less than 20° should be closely monitored. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles of 20 to 29° should be braced according to the risk of progression by considering age, Cobb angle increase over a
760:
Scoliosis curves do not straighten out on their own. Many children have slight curves that do not need treatment. In these cases, the children grow up to lead normal body posture by itself, even though their small curves never go away. If the patient is still growing and has a larger curve, it is
583:
Another form of secondary scoliosis is degenerative scoliosis, also known as de novo scoliosis, which develops later in life secondary to degenerative (may or may not be associated with aging) changes. This is a type of deformity that starts and progresses because of the collapse of the vertebral
999:
Generally, the prognosis of scoliosis depends on the likelihood of progression. The general rules of progression are larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar
422:
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has no clear causal agent, and is generally believed to be multifactorial; leading to "progressive functional limitations" for individuals. Research suggests that
Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) can be used to correct the more severe deformities caused by adolescent
398:
About 38% of variance in scoliosis risk is due to genetic factors, and 62% is due to the environment. The genetics are likely complex, however, given the inconsistent inheritance and discordance among monozygotic twins. The specific genes that contribute to development of scoliosis have not been
829:
Bracing is normally done when the person has bone growth remaining and is, in general, implemented to hold the curve and prevent it from progressing to the point where surgery is recommended. In some cases with juveniles, bracing has reduced curves significantly, going from a 40° (of the curve,
374:
have revealed that the most common form of the condition, late-onset idiopathic scoliosis, causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns, even when untreated, with mortality rates similar to the general population. Older beliefs that untreated idiopathic scoliosis
436:
due to a failure of formation, a failure of segmentation, or a combination of stimuli. Incomplete and abnormal segmentation results in an abnormally shaped vertebra, at times fused to a normal vertebra or unilaterally fused vertebrae, leading to the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
1240:
The cost of scoliosis involves both monetary loss and lifestyle limitations that increase with severity. Respiratory deficiencies may arise from thoracic deformities and cause abnormal breathing. This directly affects capacity for exercise and work, decreasing the overall quality of life.
714:
Congenital and idiopathic scoliosis that develops before the age of 10 is referred to as early-onset scoliosis. Progressive idiopathic early-onset scoliosis can be a life-threatening condition with negative effects on pulmonary function. Scoliosis that develops after 10 is referred to as
830:
mentioned in length above) out of the brace to 18°. Braces are sometimes prescribed for adults to relieve pain related to scoliosis. Bracing involves fitting the person with a device that covers the torso; in some cases, it extends to the neck (example being the
Milwaukee Brace).
699:
are the standard method for evaluating the severity and progression of scoliosis, and whether it is congenital or idiopathic in nature. In growing individuals, serial radiographs are obtained at 3- to 12-month intervals to follow curve progression, and, in some instances,
1110:, a rigid contraption of metal rods attached to a plastic or leather girdle, designed to straighten the spine. Because of the constant pressure applied to the spine, the brace was uncomfortable. It caused jaw and muscle pain, skin irritation, as well as low self-esteem.
853:-like appliance that fits from armpits to hips and is custom-made from fiberglass or plastic. It is typically recommended to be worn 22â23 hours a day, and applies pressure on the curves in the spine. The effectiveness of the brace depends on not only brace design and
444:
Opposite rotational asymmetries as viewed from below. Left: the
Yakovlevian torque in the healthy cerebrum (exaggerated). Redrawn from Toga & Thompson. Right: the opposite, rightward asymmetry of the thoracal spine in healthy subjects. Source: figure 4 of
1232:, when bipedality was first emerging. Their fossils indicate that there may have been selected over time for a slight reduction in lumbar length to what we see today, favoring a spine that could efficiently support bipedality with a lower risk of scoliosis.
273:
Treatment depends on the degree of curve, location, and cause. The age of the patient is also important, since some treatments are ineffective in adults, who are no longer growing. Minor curves may simply be watched periodically. Treatments may include
3271:
Tarrant RC, O'Loughlin PF, Lynch S, Queally JM, Sheeran P, Moore DP, Kiely PJ (August 2014). "Timing and predictors of return to short-term functional activity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after posterior spinal fusion: a prospective study".
419:(encoding for matrilin 1, cartilage matrix protein). Fifty-three single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the DNA that are significantly associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were identified through a genome-wide association study.
6864:
603:
People who initially present with scoliosis undergo a physical examination to determine whether the deformity has an underlying cause and to exclude the possibility of the underlying condition more serious than simple scoliosis.
862:
six-month period, Risser sign, and clinical presentation. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles greater than 30° should be braced. However, these are guidelines and not every person will fit into this table.
4054:
1161:
imbalance and rotational defects unresolved by the
Harrington rod system. This technique used multiple hooks with rods to give stronger fixation in three dimensions, usually eliminating the need for postoperative bracing.
367:
People who have reached skeletal maturity are less likely to have a worsening case. Some severe cases of scoliosis can lead to diminishing lung capacity, pressure exerted on the heart, and restricted physical activities.
935:
Surgery is usually recommended by orthopedists for curves with a high likelihood of progression (i.e., greater than 45â50° of magnitude), curves that would be cosmetically unacceptable as an adult, curves in people with
6455:
is the abnormal, side-to-side curve of the spine in children under five years old, often including children with congenital scoliosis (present at birth, with spine abnormalities) and infantile scoliosis (birth to three
3100:
Rapp van Roden EA, Richardson RT, Russo SA, Rose WC, Nicholson KF, Chafetz RS, et al. (January 2019). "Analysis of
Shoulder Complex Function After Posterior Spinal Fusion in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis".
3693:
1027:
analysis for diagnosis, scoliosis remains significant, appearing in otherwise healthy children. Despite the fact that scoliosis is a disfigurement of the spine, it has been shown to influence the pneumonic function,
1145:
In the 1960s, the gold standard for idiopathic scoliosis was a posterior approach using a single
Harrington rod. Post-operative recovery involved bed rest, casts, and braces. Poor results became apparent over time.
6857:
4952:
Celebioglu E., Yataganbaba A., Bekmez S., et al Growing-rod Graduates with Idiopathic Early-onset Scoliosis Have Comparable Exercise Tolerance to Patients with Surgically Treated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.
761:
important to monitor the curve for change by periodic examination and standing x-rays as needed. The rise in spinal abnormalities require examination by a neurosurgeon to determine if active treatment is needed.
6498:
6483:
805:
conjunction with scoliosis-specific exercises. Severe curvatures that rapidly progress may require surgery with spinal rod placement and spinal fusion. In all cases, early intervention offers the best results.
5216:
Negrini S, Fusco C, Minozzi S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, Romano M (2008). "Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature".
1189:. Thus, it has been hypothesized that scoliosis may actually be related to humans' morphological differences from these apes. Other apes have a shorter and less mobile lower spine than humans. Some of the
1149:
In the 1970s, an improved technique was developed using two rods and wires attached at each level of the spine. This segmented instrumentation system allowed patients to become mobile soon after surgery.
6850:
285:
Scoliosis occurs in about 3% of people. It most commonly develops between the ages of ten and twenty. Females typically are more severely affected than males with a ratio of 4:1. The term is from
1248:, the average hospital cost for cases involving surgical procedures was $ 30,000 to $ 60,000 per person in 2010. As of 2006, the cost of bracing was up to $ 5,000 during rapid growth periods, when
453:. A strong asymmetry of the vertebrae and their musculature, may lead to mechanical instability of the column, especially during phases of rapid growth. The asymmetry is thought to be caused by an
6336:
Kamerlink JR, Quirno M, Auerbach JD, Milby AH, Windsor L, Dean L, et al. (May 2010). "Hospital cost analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction surgery in 125 consecutive cases".
954:
who are specialized in spine surgery perform surgery for scoliosis. To completely straighten a scoliotic spine is usually impossible, but for the most part, significant corrections are achieved.
704:
investigation is warranted to look at the spinal cord. An average scoliosis patient has been in contact with around 50â300 mGy of radiation due to these radiographs during this time period.
473:
conditions can lead to a loss of muscular support for the spinal column so that the spinal column is pulled in abnormal directions. Some conditions which may cause secondary scoliosis include
584:
column in an asymmetrical manner. As bones start to become weaker and the ligaments and discs located in the spine become worn as a result of age-related changes, the spine begins to curve.
3185:
Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M, et al. (Spinal Deformity Study Group) (May 2011). "Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis".
978:
Spine surgery can be painful and may also be associated with post-surgical pain. Different approaches for pain management are used in surgery including epidural administration and systemic
4199:
Black, James H.; Bowdin, Sarah; Dietz, Harry C.; El-Hamamsy, Ismail; Frischmeyer-Guerrerio, Pamela A.; Guerrerio, Anthony L.; Loeys, Bart; MacCarrick, Gretchen; Sponseller, Paul D (2014).
2130:
3586:
Chung AS, Renfree S, Lockwood DB, Karlen J, Belthur M (November 2019). "Syndromic Scoliosis: National Trends in Surgical Management and Inpatient Hospital Outcomes: A 12-Year Analysis".
4922:
1000:
curves. In addition, people not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression (i.e., if the person has not yet completed the adolescent growth spurt).
4050:
6438:
3054:
Chen Z, Rong L (February 2016). "Comparison of combined anterior-posterior approach versus posterior-only approach in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis".
1008:
Scoliosis affects 2â3% of the United States population, or about five to nine million cases. A scoliosis (spinal column curve) of 10° or less affects 1.5â3% of individuals. The
449:
Vertebrae of the spine, especially in the thoracic region, are, on average, asymmetric. The mid-axis of these vertebral bodies tends to point systematically to the right of the
3734:
1012:
is usually between 10 years and 15 years (but can occur younger) in children and adolescents, making up to 85% of those diagnosed. This is due to rapid growth spurts during
4943:
Sponseller PD, Yazici M, Demetracopoulos C, et al. Evidence basisfor management of spine and chest wall deformities in children.Spine(Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(suppl):S81âS90
5360:
5164:
2156:
5697:
1931:"Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with other non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1256:
5190:
3856:
1458:
783:
Physical therapy. Evidence suggests use of scoliosis specific exercises might prevent the progression of the curve along with possible bracing and surgery avoidance.
1716:
Agabegi SS, Kazemi N, Sturm PF, Mehlman CT (December 2015). "Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Skeletally Mature Patients: A Critical Review".
1181:
There are links between human spinal morphology, bipedality, and scoliosis which suggest an evolutionary basis for the condition. Scoliosis has not been found in
7551:
6401:
3015:"A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome instrument"
1789:
Kouwenhoven, Jan-Willem; Vincken, Koen L.; Bartels, Lambertus W.; Castelein, Rene M. (2006). "Analysis of preexistent vertebral rotation in the normal spine".
282:, dietary supplements, or exercises can prevent the condition from worsening is weak. However, exercise is still recommended due to its other health benefits.
5362:
The influence of elastic orthotic belt on sagittal profile in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis: A comparative radiographic study with Milwaukee brace.
3395:
5043:
5698:"Anterior versus Posterior Selective Fusion in Treating Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Parameters"
665:
and is often performed on school students. If a prominence is noted, then scoliosis is a possibility and an X-ray may be done to confirm the diagnosis.
266:. Scoliosis is typically classified as either structural in which the curve is fixed, or functional in which the underlying spine is normal. Left-right
5908:
1016:
when spinal development is most susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Because female adolescents undergo growth spurts before postural
1138:, disc degeneration, muscular stiffness, and acute pain. "Flatback" became the medical name for a related complication, especially for those who had
1058:
6842:
4522:
3560:
6175:
1216:. For a bipedal stance, a highly mobile, elongated lower spine is very beneficial. For instance, the human spine takes on an S-shaped curve with
968:
One or both of these surgical procedures may be needed. The surgery may be done in one or two stages and, on average, takes four to eight hours.
5142:
3373:
929:, where the image is posteroanterior, i.e. projected as if looking at the patient from the front. The surgery was a fusion with instrumentation.
4317:
3939:
Fuente-Mora, Cristina; Kauffman, Horacio; Mendoza-Santiesteban, Carlos; Norcliffe-Kauffman, Lucy; Palma, Jose-Alberto; Percival, Leila (2014).
964:
Posterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision on the back and involves the use of metal instrumentation to correct the curve.
1084:
to develop poor posture as a result of working at their desks, and many were diagnosed with scoliosis. It was also considered to be caused by
5827:
4914:
2288:
Thometz JG, Simon SR (October 1988). "Progression of scoliosis after skeletal maturity in institutionalized adults who have cerebral palsy".
5019:
The Complete Scoliosis Surgery Handbook for Patients: An In-Depth and Unbiased Look Into What to Expect Before and During Scoliosis Surgery
877:
Evidence supports that bracing prevents worsening of disease, but whether it changes quality of life, appearance, or back pain is unclear.
4363:
5640:
5072:
992:
742:
Scoliosis has been described as a biomechanical deformity, the progression of which depends on asymmetric forces otherwise known as the
7444:
5439:
Wood G (2013). "To Brace or Not to Brace: The Three-Dimensional Nature and Growth Considerations for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis".
493:. Scoliosis often presents itself, or worsens, during an adolescent's growth spurt and is more often diagnosed in females than males.
6371:
4826:
Kim H, Kim HS, Moon ES, Yoon CS, Chung TS, Song HT, et al. (November 2010). "Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know".
2733:
Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, et al. (September 2015). "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis".
3630:
270:, of the vertebrae and their musculature, especially in the thoracic region, may cause mechanical instability of the spinal column.
6587:
1274:
scoliosis, which became available in 2009 and is still under investigation, attempts to gauge the likelihood of curve progression.
6053:
4683:
4521:
Adzick, N Scott; Melchionne, Jeanne; Mitchell, Laura E; Pasquariello, Patrick S; Sutton, Leslie N; Whitehead, Alexander S (2004).
3663:
3228:
Rubery PT, Bradford DS (February 2002). "Athletic activity after spine surgery in children and adolescents: results of a survey".
2405:
Weinstein SL, Zavala DC, Ponseti IV (June 1981). "Idiopathic scoliosis: long-term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients".
1553:
Shakil H, Iqbal ZA, Al-Ghadir AH (2014). "Scoliosis: review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment".
1122:
introduced a metal spinal system of instrumentation that assisted with straightening the spine, as well as holding it rigid while
6937:
6443:
1348:
5168:
7546:
2870:
Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM (December 2008). "The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature".
1299:
1065:
had severe scoliosis, which appears to have been idiopathic (rather than congenital or neuromuscular) and of adolescent onset.
6036:
5680:
5470:
2518:
1417:
4812:
4473:
496:
Scoliosis associated with known syndromes is often subclassified as "syndromic scoliosis". Scoliosis can be associated with
7385:
5194:
1154:
292:
3889:
1450:
3864:
505:
3799:
Chandraekharan, Praveen Kumar; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan; Madappa, Rajeshwari; Rawat, Munmun; Rothstein, David H. (2017).
2000:
768:, which together help predict the likelihood of progression. The conventional options for children and adolescents are:
5027:
874:
0, 1, or 2 (an X-ray measurement of a pelvic growth area), and less than six months from the onset of menses in girls.
6397:
5378:"Compliance with night-time overcorrection bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Result from a cohort follow-up"
6872:
4003:
3945:
1588:
972:
2593:
Ogilvie JW, Braun J, Argyle V, Nelson L, Meade M, Ward K (March 2006). "The search for idiopathic scoliosis genes".
1883:
Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW (June 2018). "Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis".
1245:
837:
Female adolescent (14 years old) patient wearing a Milwaukee brace â with neck ring and mandible (chin) pad showing
6026:
3399:
821:
764:
The traditional medical management of scoliosis is complex and is determined by the severity of the curvature and
7556:
7339:
7058:
716:
509:
5099:"Effects of corrective, therapeutic exercise techniques on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review"
3146:"Prevalence of postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the association with preoperative pain"
1259:
to highlight and spread awareness of scoliosis. It emphasizes its wide impact and the need for early detection.
3920:
3469:"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"
1759:
501:
925:
see their patients when they are on the operating table (in the prone position). This is the opposite of many
7174:
6877:
6580:
4969:"Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
5486:
Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, et al. (June 2015).
2821:"Paraspinal muscle morphology and composition in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A histological analysis"
1099:
Alfred Shands Jr. discovered that two percent of patients had non-disease related scoliosis, later termed
7344:
7063:
6893:
6881:
5582:"Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco-lumbar spine surgery in children"
5260:
Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, et al. (August 2012).
4259:
4120:
2185:
Coillard, Christine; Leroux, Michel A.; Prince, François; Rivard, Charles H.; Zabjek, Karl Franc (2008).
1930:
1062:
1045:
661:
When a person can cooperate, he or she is asked to bend forward as far as possible. This is known as the
246:. Risk factors include other affected family members. It can also occur due to another condition such as
1501:"2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth"
944:
that interfere with sitting and care, and curves that affect physiological functions such as breathing.
7375:
3914:
Aartsma-Ra, Annemieke; Duan, Dongsheng; Goemans, Nathalie; Mercuri, Eugenio; Takeda, Shin'ichi (2021).
3564:
1319:
525:
513:
20:
6210:
Lovejoy CO (January 2005). "The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis".
2363:"Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study"
865:
For example, a person who is still growing with a 17° Cobb angle and significant thoracic rotation or
7429:
7349:
6821:
6452:
6054:"The scoliosis of Richard III, last Plantagenet King of England: diagnosis and clinical significance"
5933:
Edery P, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Biot B, Labalme A, Bernard JC, Chastang J, et al. (August 2011).
5138:
3765:
3369:
2636:
Montanaro L, Parisini P, Greggi T, Di Silvestre M, Campoccia D, Rizzi S, Arciola CR (December 2006).
561:
549:
2024:
833:
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6513:
6289:"Early onset scoliosis: what the primary care provider needs to know and implications for practice"
1309:
632:
541:
5835:
5792:
Hawes MC (May 2003). "Health and Function of Patients With Untreated Idiopathic ScoliosisâReply".
3013:
Merola AA, Haher TR, Brkaric M, Panagopoulos G, Mathur S, Kohani O, et al. (September 2002).
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6573:
1119:
1053:
866:
755:
662:
557:
478:
5745:"Anterior vertebral body tethering as a treatment for scoliosis in skeletally immature patients"
4967:
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (January 2018).
2084:
430:
Congenital scoliosis can be attributed to a malformation of the spine during weeks three to six
6826:
6684:
5311:"Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
4173:
2510:
1499:
Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, et al. (2018).
1206:
1174:
A 14â15th-century woman who had severe scoliosis, and died at about 35 years, Limburgs Museum,
533:
497:
409:
286:
6553:
6260:
Hunt KD (March 1994). "The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology".
5644:
5068:
2966:"Selective fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of current operative strategy"
375:
necessarily progressed into severe (cardiopulmonary) disability by old age have been refuted.
7224:
6889:
6831:
5668:
5017:
1832:
Berdishevsky H, Lebel VA, Bettany-Saltikov J, Rigo M, Lebel A, Hennes A, et al. (2016).
961:
Anterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision at the side of the chest wall.
517:
392:
6143:
5667:
Gibson I, Jagdish BN, Zhan G, Hajizedah K, Tho HK, Mengjie H, Dissanayake C (January 2012).
5546:
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Davids JR, Hagerman RJ, Eilert RE (July 1990). "Orthopaedic aspects of fragile-X syndrome".
3558:
POSNA. (2014). Neuromuscular Scoliosis. The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America.
2915:"Rate of complications in scoliosis surgery - a systematic review of the Pub Med literature"
1834:"Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises - a comprehensive review of seven major schools"
7439:
4427:
4205:
3701:
3144:
Bastrom TP, Marks MC, Yaszay B, Newton PO, et al. (Harms Study Group) (October 2013).
2361:
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV (February 2003).
371:
243:
5096:
4251:
3760:
695:, as these can also be affected in individuals with scoliosis. Full-length standing spine
640:
440:
8:
7257:
6873:
6502:
3938:
5522:
5487:
5097:
Ceballos Laita L, Tejedor Cubillo C, Mingo Gómez T, Jiménez Del Barrio S (August 2018).
4421:
Cassidy, Suzanne B.; Driscoll, Daniel J.; Miller, Jennifer L.; Schwartz, Stuart (2012).
4112:
7119:
6816:
6318:
6120:
6095:
6007:
5959:
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5890:
5877:
5850:
5774:
5614:
5581:
5459:
5407:
5337:
5310:
5286:
5261:
5242:
4998:
4891:
4866:
4767:
4740:
4714:
4664:
4608:
4552:
4454:
4396:
4339:
4312:
4281:
4227:
4200:
4142:
4027:
3998:
3967:
3827:
3800:
3726:
3611:
3495:
3468:
3446:
3346:
3321:
3297:
3253:
3210:
3126:
3079:
2990:
2965:
2941:
2914:
2895:
2847:
2820:
2801:
2758:
2715:
2664:
2637:
2618:
2606:
2567:
2542:
2503:
2474:
2449:
2430:
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2240:
2214:
2055:
1958:
1908:
1860:
1833:
1814:
1802:
1741:
1698:
1527:
1500:
1096:
922:
913:
529:
474:
454:
117:
110:
6223:
6072:
5580:
Guay, Joanne; Suresh, Santhanam; Kopp, Sandra; Johnson, Rebecca L. (16 January 2019).
4596:
4540:
4384:
3714:
2256:
1669:"Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Review of History, Current Treatment, and Future Directions"
1340:
7454:
7434:
6732:
6706:
6524:
6353:
6310:
6305:
6288:
6227:
6125:
6076:
6032:
5999:
5964:
5882:
5809:
5778:
5766:
5725:
5717:
5676:
5619:
5601:
5527:
5466:
5411:
5399:
5342:
5291:
5234:
5120:
5023:
4990:
4896:
4843:
4772:
4706:
4668:
4656:
4600:
4544:
4496:
4446:
4388:
4344:
4286:
4232:
4147:
4093:
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4032:
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3915:
3881:
3832:
3774:
3718:
3615:
3603:
3541:
3500:
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3351:
3289:
3245:
3241:
3214:
3202:
3167:
3118:
3071:
3036:
3031:
3014:
2995:
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2793:
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2707:
2669:
2610:
2572:
2514:
2479:
2422:
2418:
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2305:
2301:
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2047:
1950:
1900:
1865:
1806:
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1690:
1649:
1570:
1532:
1249:
1029:
647:
553:
279:
259:
164:
157:
105:
6507:
6459:
6322:
6011:
5894:
5394:
5377:
5246:
5002:
4790:
4718:
4612:
4556:
4472:
Biesecker, Leslie G.; Choyke, Peter L.; Jamis-Dow, Carlos A.; Turner, Joyce (2004).
4400:
3450:
3301:
3257:
3130:
2899:
2805:
2762:
2622:
2434:
2218:
2059:
1962:
1912:
735:
of more than 10° to the right or left as the examiner faces the person, i.e. in the
7501:
7496:
7417:
7409:
7329:
7293:
7101:
7053:
7010:
6701:
6611:
6345:
6300:
6269:
6219:
6115:
6107:
6068:
5991:
5954:
5946:
5872:
5862:
5801:
5756:
5709:
5609:
5597:
5593:
5517:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5389:
5332:
5322:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5226:
5110:
4980:
4886:
4878:
4835:
4762:
4754:
4698:
4646:
4592:
4536:
4488:
4436:
4380:
4334:
4326:
4276:
4268:
4222:
4214:
4137:
4129:
4085:
4022:
4012:
3962:
3954:
3873:
3822:
3812:
3710:
3595:
3531:
3490:
3480:
3430:
3341:
3333:
3281:
3237:
3194:
3157:
3110:
3083:
3063:
3026:
2985:
2977:
2936:
2926:
2879:
2842:
2832:
2785:
2742:
2719:
2699:
2659:
2649:
2602:
2562:
2554:
2469:
2461:
2414:
2374:
2332:
2297:
2260:
2252:
2198:
2186:
2096:
2039:
1942:
1896:
1892:
1855:
1845:
1818:
1798:
1745:
1725:
1680:
1639:
1629:
1562:
1522:
1512:
1222:
1202:
1190:
1131:
926:
917:
809:
728:
577:
565:
330:
Constipation due to curvature causing "tightening" of the stomach, intestines, etc.
238:
The cause of most cases is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of
212:
179:
56:
6096:"A dangerous curve: the role of history in America's scoliosis screening programs"
5935:"New disease gene location and high genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic scoliosis"
5851:"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects"
3730:
3536:
3519:
2690:
Ogilvie J (February 2010). "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and genetic testing".
1702:
1409:
731:. Most instances, including the Scoliosis Research Society, define scoliosis as a
7517:
7252:
7082:
7048:
7001:
6776:
6744:
6518:
6433:
5995:
4808:
4702:
4458:
4441:
4422:
4252:"Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology"
3958:
3599:
3285:
3198:
3162:
3145:
3114:
2883:
2789:
2703:
2202:
1946:
1267:
1217:
1107:
1017:
612:
545:
537:
528:(hyperflexibility, "floppy baby" syndrome, and other variants of the condition),
521:
255:
153:
5376:
Antoine L, Nathan D, Laure M, Briac C, Jean-François M, Corinne B (March 2020).
2638:"Evidence of a linkage between matrilin-1 gene (MATN1) and idiopathic scoliosis"
727:
Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deviation in the axis of a person's
707:
The standard method for assessing the curvature quantitatively is measuring the
7380:
7311:
7275:
7247:
7169:
7073:
6947:
6749:
6737:
6596:
6529:
5805:
5713:
4867:"The Scoliosis Quandary: Are Radiation Exposures From Repeated X-Rays Harmful?"
4330:
2336:
1981:
1634:
1617:
1127:
941:
486:
406:
342:
251:
232:
149:
5327:
5230:
5115:
5098:
4758:
3817:
3337:
3067:
2981:
2558:
2465:
2241:"Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization"
2100:
2043:
1976:
1850:
1517:
719:. Screening adolescents without symptoms for scoliosis is of unclear benefit.
7540:
7390:
7334:
7301:
7184:
7005:
6798:
6781:
6727:
6664:
6428:
6111:
5721:
5605:
4882:
2509:. Step-Up Series. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1996:
1729:
1123:
1089:
736:
676:
608:
573:
482:
247:
216:
6492:
4985:
4968:
687:(side view) X-rays are usually taken to assess the scoliosis curves and the
40:
7472:
7365:
7207:
7179:
6965:
6960:
6691:
6357:
6314:
6273:
6231:
6129:
6080:
6003:
5968:
5886:
5813:
5770:
5729:
5623:
5531:
5403:
5346:
5295:
5238:
5124:
4994:
4900:
4847:
4776:
4739:
Giradi, Federico; Hughes, Alex; Kotwal, Suhel; Pumberger, Matthias (2011).
4710:
4660:
4651:
4634:
4604:
4548:
4500:
4450:
4392:
4348:
4290:
4236:
4151:
4036:
4017:
3976:
3885:
3836:
3778:
3722:
3694:"Diagnosis, natural history, and management of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease"
3607:
3504:
3442:
3355:
3293:
3249:
3206:
3171:
3122:
3075:
3040:
2999:
2950:
2891:
2856:
2797:
2754:
2711:
2673:
2654:
2614:
2576:
2483:
2388:
2379:
2362:
2344:
2274:
2210:
2051:
1954:
1904:
1869:
1810:
1737:
1694:
1685:
1668:
1653:
1574:
1536:
1304:
1228:
1198:
1085:
1034:
1009:
937:
846:
616:
569:
450:
358:
Calcium deposits in the cartilage endplate and sometimes in the disc itself
346:
6462:â US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
5982:
Burwell RG (2003). "Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts".
5867:
5696:
Lin, Yang; Chen, Wenjian; Chen, Anmin; Li, Feng; Xiong, Wei (March 2018).
5485:
4097:
3877:
2931:
2776:
Burwell RG (2003). "Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts".
2426:
2309:
2108:
1092:, diseases that were successfully managed using vaccines and antibiotics.
7395:
7162:
7153:
7038:
6970:
6722:
6679:
6650:
6548:
6349:
6176:"Idiopathic Scoliosis: Options of Fixation and Fusion of Thoracic Curves"
5950:
5761:
5744:
4839:
4745:
4492:
4272:
3798:
3671:
3545:
2746:
1314:
1076:
871:
743:
696:
669:
466:
267:
143:
4218:
1929:
Thompson JY, Williamson EM, Williams MA, Heine PJ, Lamb SE (June 2019).
324:
Pain in the back at the site of the curve, which may radiate to the legs
7370:
7306:
7219:
7213:
7189:
7157:
7124:
7093:
7043:
7015:
6786:
5512:
4583:
4527:
4371:
4133:
3485:
1644:
1566:
1284:
1271:
1213:
1182:
1170:
1080:
1024:
775:
732:
708:
655:
628:
596:
424:
388:
384:
275:
220:
183:
6475:
3421:
Toga, Arthur W.; Thompson, Paul M. (2003). "Mapping brain asymmetry".
2837:
7477:
7229:
7114:
7107:
7088:
7020:
6984:
6771:
6763:
5092:
5090:
2819:
Shahidi B, Yoo A, Farnsworth C, Newton PO, Ward SR (September 2021).
1831:
1135:
1073:
979:
854:
651:
470:
316:
A 20th-century illustration of a severe case of an S-shaped scoliosis
297:
4578:
4520:
3434:
2323:
Koumbourlis AC (June 2006). "Scoliosis and the respiratory system".
6919:
6915:
6897:
6791:
6696:
6624:
6619:
2635:
2187:"Postural Characteristics of Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis"
1410:"Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents"
1294:
1289:
1158:
1049:
Female patient with lateral curvature of the spine; photo from 1914
765:
692:
688:
684:
680:
490:
239:
228:
224:
5932:
5259:
5087:
4791:"Scoliosis symptoms â pain, flat back, screening, self-assessment"
4250:
Fryer, G; Green, A; McIntosh, I; Mountford, R; Sweeney, E (2003).
4111:
Delatycki, Martin B; Forrest, Susan M; Williamson, Robert (2000).
1788:
7487:
7145:
6565:
6460:
Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents
3270:
3099:
1186:
1013:
951:
592:
5743:
Andreacchio, Antonio; Caretti, Valentina; Colombo, Luca (2022).
312:
6487:
6447:
1928:
1498:
1139:
1070:
899:
850:
825:
A ChĂȘneau brace achieving correction from 56° to 27° Cobb angle
624:
620:
432:
5909:"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis | Scoliosis Research Society"
5443:. American Academy of Orthosits and Prosthetist. pp. 5â8.
4471:
3012:
2157:"Muscular Imbalance: Why Does Scoliosis Create One Weak Side?"
890:
4420:
4201:"Loeys-Dietz syndrome: a primer for diagnosis and management"
1618:"The third dimension of scoliosis: The forgotten axial plane"
1175:
909:
787:
For adults, treatment usually focuses on relieving any pain:
413:
263:
169:
6335:
5657:
adolescents/surgical_treatment.htm. Accessed 27 January 2013
3913:
2360:
1197:
are "captured", meaning that they are held fast between the
7030:
6398:"Recent advances in the treatment of scoliosis in children"
5215:
4738:
4249:
2732:
1718:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
842:
675:
When scoliosis is suspected, weight-bearing, full-spine AP/
636:
401:
80:
74:
68:
5666:
4198:
4110:
3585:
2818:
2184:
1252:
must be consistently replaced across multiple follow-ups.
870:
to larger than 25°, curves presenting between 30 and 45°,
231:, other abnormal curvatures of the spine which are in the
7463:
6993:
6906:
5742:
5425:
3517:
1715:
1667:
Yang S, Andras LM, Redding GJ, Skaggs DL (January 2016).
701:
86:
6372:"Scoliosis Awareness Month | Scoliosis Research Society"
6052:
Appleby J, Mitchell PD, Robinson C, et al. (2014).
5308:
3184:
3143:
2592:
1885:
European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
6400:. British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery.
6051:
5671:. In Yu W, Chattopadhyay S, Lim TC, Acharya UR (eds.).
5375:
4966:
1666:
1622:
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research
6338:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
6293:
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
5165:"Idiopathic Scoliosis â Adult Nonoperative Management"
5157:
4957:
2020;40(8):e734-e739. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001567
4078:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
3520:"Segmental neurophysiological mechanisms in scoliosis"
2407:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2404:
2290:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2085:"A Long Term Follow-up Study of Non-treated Scoliosis"
6389:
5579:
3524:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
3518:
Trontelj JV, Pecak F, DimitrijeviÄ MR (August 1979).
1615:
1212:
Scoliosis may be a byproduct of strong selection for
1020:
maturity, scoliosis is more prevalent among females.
89:
83:
65:
62:
59:
6465:
4915:"Early Onset Scoliosis | Scoliosis Research Society"
4864:
4075:
2869:
2356:
2354:
1552:
71:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
4311:Boyd, Kevin P.; Korf, Bruce R.; Theos, Amy (2009).
3319:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2447:
235:(front-back) rather than the coronal (left-right).
77:
5643:. Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). Archived from
5458:
5452:
5450:
5183:
4865:Oakley PA, Ehsani NN, Harrison DE (1 April 2019).
3398:. Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). Archived from
2543:"The genetic epidemiology of idiopathic scoliosis"
2540:
2502:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1555:Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
460:
6249:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1483â1518.
6169:
6167:
6165:
5669:"Development of a human spine simulation system."
5191:"Idiopathic Scoliosis â Adult Surgical Treatment"
2351:
7538:
6190:
6024:
5488:"Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents"
5309:Day JM, Fletcher J, Coghlan M, Ravine T (2019).
5044:"Treatment Options | Scoliosis Research Society"
4682:Desmarais, Thomas J.; Keller, Martin S. (2013).
3691:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2527:
1760:"Disability for Scoliosis | Bross & Frankel"
1616:Illés TS, Lavaste F, Dubousset JF (April 2019).
320:Symptoms associated with scoliosis can include:
6329:
5447:
5262:"Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
4681:
4474:"Radiologic Manifestations of Proteus Syndrome"
3462:
3460:
3320:Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F (December 2010).
2448:Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F (December 2010).
1777:
1589:"Scoliosis - Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment"
1069:Ever since the condition was discovered by the
327:Respiratory or cardiac problems in severe cases
7552:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
6395:
6244:
6162:
6136:
6025:Bessette A, Rousseau CM, eds. (October 2012).
4825:
4318:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3227:
2541:Gorman KF, Julien C, Moreau A (October 2012).
2500:
908:Preoperative (left) and postoperative (right)
6858:
6581:
5975:
5695:
4361:
4310:
3941:"Current treatments in familial dysautonomia"
3805:Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
3308:
3095:
3093:
1079:, a cure has been sought. Treatments such as
1023:Although fewer cases are present since using
16:Left-right asymmetry of the spine's curvature
5193:. Scoliosis Research Society. Archived from
5167:. Scoliosis Research Society. Archived from
4819:
3801:"Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia - a review"
3628:
3457:
3420:
2912:
2629:
2494:
2287:
1882:
1061:of England discovered in 2012 revealed that
399:conclusively identified. At least one gene,
5848:
5586:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5492:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5266:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3996:
3692:Marchesi, Chiara; Pareyson, Davide (2009).
3466:
3370:"What is Scoliosis: What Causes Scoliosis?"
2400:
2398:
2322:
1924:
1922:
993:Journal of the American Medical Association
990:A 50-year follow-up study published in the
338:Uneven musculature on one side of the spine
6865:
6851:
6588:
6574:
4362:Glorieux, Francis H; Rauch, Frank (2004).
3629:Komazec, Jovan; Matic, Aleksandra (2009).
3090:
2963:
2726:
2685:
2683:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1118:In 1962, the American orthopaedic surgeon
6304:
6119:
6028:Scoliosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
5958:
5876:
5866:
5828:"Many With Scoliosis Can Skip Treatments"
5760:
5613:
5521:
5511:
5393:
5336:
5326:
5285:
5131:
5114:
5061:
4984:
4890:
4766:
4650:
4632:
4440:
4338:
4280:
4226:
4141:
4026:
4016:
3966:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3816:
3535:
3494:
3484:
3345:
3161:
3030:
2989:
2940:
2930:
2846:
2836:
2663:
2653:
2566:
2473:
2378:
2264:
2238:
2180:
2178:
2082:
1859:
1849:
1684:
1643:
1633:
1526:
1516:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1201:bones of the pelvis. Compared to humans,
654:, abdominal reflexes and muscle tone for
6437:) is being considered for deletion. See
6173:
4577:Lunn, Mitchell R; Wang, Ching H (2008).
4576:
4053:. Department for Work and Pensions, UK.
3414:
3053:
2395:
1919:
1611:
1609:
1548:
1546:
1169:
1052:
1044:
975:) may be appropriate for some patients.
832:
820:
591:
439:
383:An estimated 65% of scoliosis cases are
345:, caused by rotation of the rib cage in
311:
6245:Harcourt-Smith WE (2007). "Chapter 5".
6209:
5981:
5456:
3758:
2775:
2689:
2680:
672:may be used to diagnose the condition.
355:Heart and lung problems in severe cases
7539:
6286:
6093:
5635:
5633:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5353:
4815:from the original on 21 November 2014.
3854:
3843:
2175:
2163:. Scoliosis SOS Clinic. 28 August 2017
2128:
2078:
2076:
1473:
1432:
1363:
1300:Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis
1235:
6846:
6569:
5791:
4171:
3997:Blake, Kim D; Prasad, Chitra (2006).
3857:"Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents"
2588:
2586:
2129:Yanner, Baher S. (17 December 2021).
1606:
1543:
307:
211:) is a condition in which a person's
7386:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
6259:
5544:
5438:
5022:. Health In Your Hands. p. 89.
2022:
1997:"Scoliosis Definition & Meaning"
334:The signs of scoliosis can include:
6404:from the original on 2 January 2014
5673:Advances in Therapeutic Engineering
5630:
5564:
5465:. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.
3865:The New England Journal of Medicine
2913:Weiss HR, Goodall D (August 2008).
2073:
2003:from the original on 16 August 2016
1461:from the original on 16 August 2016
1420:from the original on 25 August 2016
1351:from the original on 11 August 2016
1255:The month of June is recognized as
957:The two main types of surgery are:
391:, and about 10% are secondary to a
204:
13:
6876:malformations and deformations of
6595:
5939:European Journal of Human Genetics
5849:Asher MA, Burton DC (March 2006).
5461:Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics
4741:"Degenerative Scoliosis: A Review"
4732:
4057:from the original on 19 March 2012
3326:Deutsches Ărzteblatt International
2607:10.1097/01.brs.0000202527.25356.90
2583:
2454:Deutsches Ărzteblatt International
2137:. Spine Institute of North America
1803:10.1097/01.brs.0000219938.14686.b3
841:The most commonly used brace is a
14:
7568:
6441:to help reach a consensus. âș
6420:
6100:American Journal of Public Health
5800:(20): 2644, author reply 2644â5.
5641:"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"
5382:Medical Engineering & Physics
5141:. NHS Choices. 19 February 2013.
5139:"Scoliosis â Treatment in adults"
5071:. NHS Choices. 19 February 2013.
4925:from the original on 21 June 2016
4811:. National Scoliosis Foundation.
4004:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3946:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
3561:"Neuromuscular Scoliosis - POSNA"
3376:from the original on 9 April 2012
2245:The American Journal of Pathology
2191:Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
1451:"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
973:anterior vertebral body tethering
6364:
6306:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00634.x
6280:
6253:
6238:
6087:
6045:
6018:
5926:
5901:
5842:
5820:
5785:
5749:La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica
5736:
5689:
5660:
5538:
5479:
5145:from the original on 14 May 2014
5103:Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
5075:from the original on 14 May 2014
5069:"Treating scoliosis in children"
4113:"Freidreich ataxia: an overview"
4090:10.2106/00004623-199072060-00015
3372:. MedicalBug. 17 February 2012.
3242:10.1097/00007632-200202150-00019
3103:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
3032:10.1097/00007632-200209150-00015
2419:10.2106/00004623-198163050-00003
2302:10.2106/00004623-198870090-00002
2131:"How Scoliosis Affects the Body"
1157:improved fixation and addressed
1155:CotrelâDubousset instrumentation
898:
889:
55:
39:
7059:Congenital patellar dislocation
6938:WallisâZieffâGoldblatt syndrome
5432:
5418:
5395:10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.01.003
5369:
5365:, Research Gate, September 2010
5302:
5253:
5209:
5036:
5015:
5009:
4960:
4946:
4937:
4907:
4858:
4801:
4783:
4675:
4626:
4570:
4514:
4465:
4414:
4355:
4304:
4243:
4192:
4165:
4104:
4069:
4043:
3990:
3932:
3907:
3792:
3752:
3685:
3656:
3622:
3579:
3552:
3511:
3388:
3362:
3264:
3221:
3178:
3137:
3047:
3006:
2964:Fischer CR, Kim Y (July 2011).
2957:
2906:
2863:
2812:
2769:
2735:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2501:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008).
2441:
2316:
2281:
2232:
2149:
2122:
2016:
1969:
1876:
1825:
1752:
1003:
717:adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
510:congenital diaphragmatic hernia
461:Resulting from other conditions
455:embryological twist of the body
427:less than 20° is about 10â20%.
387:(cause unknown), about 15% are
6174:Bridwell K (8 February 2013).
5598:10.1002/14651858.CD012819.pub2
5504:10.1002/14651858.CD006850.pub3
5278:10.1002/14651858.cd007837.pub2
3921:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2325:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
2089:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica
1897:10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04461-6
1838:Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
1709:
1660:
1581:
1505:Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
1333:
615:of other abnormalities (e.g.,
341:Rib prominence or a prominent
262:. Diagnosis is confirmed with
215:has an irregular curve in the
1:
7547:Bones of the vertebral column
6426:
6396:Stenning M, Nelson I (2011).
6247:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
6224:10.1016/s0966-6362(04)00014-1
6073:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60762-5
5219:Disability and Rehabilitation
4691:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
4597:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60921-6
4541:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17445-X
4385:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16051-0
3916:"Duchenne muscular dystrophy"
3761:"Cerebral Palsy: An Overview"
3715:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70110-3
3537:10.1302/0301-620x.61b3.479254
2692:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
2257:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8
1326:
1126:took place. The now obsolete
749:
722:
6809:Intervertebral disc disorder
5996:10.1080/13638490310001642757
5545:Alli RA (19 December 2020).
4809:"Scoliometer (Inclinometer)"
4703:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283604088
4633:Vandertop, W. Peter (2014).
4442:10.1038/gim.0b013e31822bead0
3959:10.1517/14656566.2014.970530
3600:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003134
3467:de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019).
3286:10.1097/brs.0000000000000452
3199:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181de8c2b
3163:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182a4aa97
3115:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001267
2884:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181891751
2790:10.1080/13638490310001642757
2704:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833419ac
2203:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181651bdc
1947:10.1016/j.physio.2018.10.004
1165:
1113:
985:
587:
7:
7345:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
7340:HallermannâStreiff syndrome
7064:Congenital knee dislocation
6882:musculoskeletal abnormality
6031:. Nova Science Publishers.
4260:Journal of Medical Genetics
4121:Journal of Medical Genetics
3855:Hresko, M. Timothy (2013).
2239:Giachelli CM (March 1999).
1277:
1262:
1106:An early treatment was the
1059:remains of King Richard III
971:A new tethering procedure (
572:, spinal muscular atrophy,
514:connective tissue disorders
506:CharcotâMarieâTooth disease
465:Secondary scoliosis due to
10:
7573:
7376:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
6262:Journal of Human Evolution
5806:10.1001/jama.289.20.2644-a
5714:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.161
4331:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.051
4313:"Neurofibromatosis type 1"
3759:Krigger, Karen W. (2006).
2337:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.009
1635:10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.021
1320:Scoliosis Research Society
1040:
1037:and weakened musculature.
880:
816:
753:
599:measurement of a scoliosis
502:ArnoldâChiari malformation
489:, spinal cord trauma, and
122:Sideways curve in the back
18:
7510:
7486:
7462:
7453:
7408:
7358:
7350:Treacher Collins syndrome
7320:
7292:
7283:
7274:
7240:
7201:reduction deficits / limb
7200:
7144:
7137:
7072:
7029:
6992:
6983:
6946:
6914:
6905:
6888:
6822:Degenerative disc disease
6807:
6762:
6715:
6672:
6663:
6638:
6610:
6603:
6539:
6469:
5675:. CRC Press. p. 27.
5328:10.1186/s40945-019-0060-9
5315:Archives of Physiotherapy
5231:10.1080/09638280801889568
5116:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e582
4759:10.1007/s11420-011-9204-5
4579:"Spinal muscular atrophy"
4364:"Osteogenesis imperfecta"
3818:10.1186/s40748-017-0045-1
3766:American Family Physician
3338:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0875
3068:10.1007/s00586-015-3968-0
2982:10.1007/s00586-011-1730-9
2559:10.1007/s00586-012-2389-6
2466:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0875
2101:10.3109/17453676808989664
2044:10.1007/s00586-005-1053-9
1982:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1851:10.1186/s13013-016-0076-9
1518:10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8
1257:Scoliosis Awareness Month
378:
362:
280:chiropractic manipulation
190:
175:
163:
142:
134:
126:
116:
104:
47:
38:
33:
7175:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
6928:Cleidocranial dysostosis
6439:templates for discussion
6287:Larson N (August 2011).
6112:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300531
5984:Pediatric Rehabilitation
5441:Academy Today (The Edge)
4883:10.1177/1559325819852810
3631:"Amniotic Band Syndrome"
3332:(49): 875â83, quiz 884.
2778:Pediatric Rehabilitation
2460:(49): 875â83, quiz 884.
1730:10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00037
633:neurological examination
223:. It can be compared to
19:Not to be confused with
7322:Craniofacial dysostosis
6094:Linker B (April 2012).
4986:10.1001/jama.2017.19342
4877:(2): 1559325819852810.
4423:"Prader-Willi syndrome"
2083:Nachemson, Alf (1968).
1455:Genetics Home Reference
948:measuring Cobb angles.
756:Management of scoliosis
663:Adams forward bend test
635:is also performed, the
558:osteogenesis imperfecta
479:spinal muscular atrophy
7557:Deforming dorsopathies
6878:musculoskeletal system
6827:Spinal disc herniation
6685:Ankylosing spondylitis
6274:10.1006/jhev.1994.1011
4652:10.1055/s-0033-1361921
4018:10.1186/1750-1172-1-34
3396:"Congenital Scoliosis"
3322:"Idiopathic scoliosis"
3056:European Spine Journal
2970:European Spine Journal
2655:10.1186/1748-7161-1-21
2547:European Spine Journal
2450:"Idiopathic scoliosis"
2380:10.1001/jama.289.5.559
2032:European Spine Journal
1686:10.1542/peds.2015-0709
1207:erector spinae muscles
1178:
1066:
1050:
838:
826:
679:(front-back view) and
600:
526:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
516:, muscular dystrophy,
498:amniotic band syndrome
446:
317:
7430:KlippelâFeil syndrome
6832:Facet joint arthrosis
6646:Scheuermann's disease
6453:Early Onset Scoliosis
5868:10.1186/1748-7161-1-2
5547:"Scoliosis Treatment"
4172:Sheth, Ujash (2021).
3878:10.1056/NEJMcp1209063
3664:"Chiari malformation"
2932:10.1186/1748-7161-3-9
2025:"The Adult Scoliosis"
1310:Scheuermann's disease
1173:
1056:
1048:
836:
824:
668:As an alternative, a
595:
562:PraderâWilli syndrome
550:nailâpatella syndrome
518:familial dysautonomia
443:
393:neuromuscular disease
315:
258:, and tumors such as
244:environmental factors
7440:Spina bifida occulta
6956:Madelung's deformity
6933:Sprengel's deformity
6350:10.2106/JBJS.I.00879
5951:10.1038/ejhg.2011.31
5762:10.4081/pmc.2022.291
4955:J. Pediatr. Orthop..
4840:10.1148/rg.307105061
4493:10.1148/rg.244035726
4428:Genetics in Medicine
4273:10.1136/jmg.40.3.153
4206:Genetics in Medicine
4178:www.orthobullets.com
4051:"Fragile X syndrome"
3702:The Lancet Neurology
3638:Acta Medica Medianae
2747:10.1038/nrdp.2015.30
2161:www.scoliosissos.com
1101:idiopathic scoliosis
916:dextroscoliosis and
542:LoeysâDietz syndrome
372:Longitudinal studies
186:, exercises, surgery
7258:RAPADILINO syndrome
6144:"Scoliosis Surgery"
5832:stopgettingsick.com
5457:Herring JA (2002).
4591:(9630): 2120â2133.
4535:(9448): 1885â1895.
4379:(9418): 1377â1385.
4219:10.1038/gim.2014.11
2505:Step-Up to Medicine
1236:Society and culture
1097:orthopaedic surgeon
808:A specific type of
744:HueterâVolkmann Law
652:cavovarus deformity
611:, with an exam for
534:Friedreich's ataxia
304: 'a bending'.
7120:Rocker bottom foot
6540:External resources
6212:Gait & Posture
6150:. 22 November 2009
5838:on 20 August 2008.
5702:World Neurosurgery
5647:on 16 January 2014
4684:"Pectus carinatum"
4134:10.1136/jmg.37.1.1
3895:on 29 January 2023
3740:on 4 February 2023
3486:10.7717/peerj.7096
3423:Nat. Rev. Neurosci
2023:Aebi, Max (2005).
1567:10.3233/bmr-130438
1457:. September 2013.
1179:
1067:
1051:
839:
827:
619:as evidenced by a
601:
530:fragile X syndrome
508:, cerebral palsy,
475:muscular dystrophy
447:
318:
308:Signs and symptoms
111:Orthopedic surgery
7534:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7455:Thoracic skeleton
7435:Spondylolisthesis
7404:
7403:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7133:
7132:
6979:
6978:
6840:
6839:
6758:
6757:
6733:Spondylolisthesis
6659:
6658:
6563:
6562:
6038:978-1-62081-007-1
5682:978-1-4398-7174-4
5472:978-0-7216-5684-7
4174:"Hemihypertrophy"
3999:"CHARGE syndrome"
3953:(18): 2653â2671.
3594:(22): 1564â1570.
3280:(18): 1471â1478.
3156:(21): 1848â1852.
3025:(18): 2046â2051.
2878:(26): 2898â2908.
2838:10.1002/jsp2.1169
2553:(10): 1905â1919.
2520:978-0-7817-7153-5
1797:(13): 1467â1472.
1416:. December 2015.
1203:Old World monkeys
927:Chest radiographs
912:of a person with
766:skeletal maturity
648:neurofibromatosis
554:neurofibromatosis
451:median body plane
260:neurofibromatosis
198:
197:
165:Diagnostic method
158:neurofibromatosis
156:, tumors such as
28:Medical condition
7564:
7502:Pectus carinatum
7497:Pectus excavatum
7460:
7459:
7418:Spinal curvature
7410:Vertebral column
7330:Crouzon syndrome
7294:Craniosynostosis
7290:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7146:fingers and toes
7142:
7141:
7054:Discoid meniscus
7011:Upington disease
6990:
6989:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6902:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6716:non inflammatory
6702:Spondylodiscitis
6670:
6669:
6612:Spinal curvature
6608:
6607:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6467:
6466:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6344:(5): 1097â1104.
6333:
6327:
6326:
6308:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6207:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6148:News-medical.net
6140:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6058:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5880:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5834:. Archived from
5824:
5818:
5817:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5764:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5617:
5577:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5397:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5330:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5109:(4): e582âe589.
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4988:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4834:(7): 1823â1842.
4823:
4817:
4816:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4688:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4654:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4487:(4): 1051â1068.
4478:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4444:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4284:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4145:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4020:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3970:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3888:. Archived from
3861:
3852:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3733:. Archived from
3698:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3563:. Archived from
3556:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3317:
3306:
3305:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2976:(7): 1048â1057.
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2784:(3â4): 137â170.
2773:
2767:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2477:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2296:(9): 1290â1296.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1764:brossfrankel.com
1756:
1750:
1749:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1679:(1): e20150709.
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1496:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1447:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1406:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1337:
1223:Australopithecus
1205:have far larger
1191:lumbar vertebrae
902:
893:
810:physical therapy
794:Posture checking
646:, indicative of
609:gait is assessed
578:pectus carinatum
566:proteus syndrome
301:
206:
180:Watchful waiting
148:Family history,
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
43:
31:
30:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7522:
7518:Poland syndrome
7506:
7482:
7449:
7400:
7354:
7316:
7262:
7253:Larsen syndrome
7241:multiple joints
7236:
7196:
7129:
7068:
7049:Genu recurvatum
7025:
7002:Hip dislocation
6975:
6942:
6892:
6884:
6871:
6841:
6836:
6817:Schmorl's nodes
6803:
6777:Upper back pain
6754:
6745:Spinal stenosis
6711:
6655:
6634:
6599:
6594:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6535:
6534:
6478:
6442:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6334:
6330:
6285:
6281:
6258:
6254:
6243:
6239:
6208:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6178:. SpineUniverse
6172:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6092:
6088:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6023:
6019:
5990:(3â4): 137â70.
5980:
5976:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5847:
5843:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5790:
5786:
5741:
5737:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5665:
5661:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5592:(1): CD012819.
5578:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5543:
5539:
5498:(6): CD006850.
5484:
5480:
5473:
5455:
5448:
5437:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5374:
5370:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5307:
5303:
5272:(8): CD007837.
5258:
5254:
5225:(10): 772â785.
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5095:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5014:
5010:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4863:
4859:
4824:
4820:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4639:Neuropediatrics
4635:"Syringomyelia"
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4044:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3937:
3933:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3516:
3512:
3465:
3458:
3435:10.1038/nrn1009
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3318:
3309:
3269:
3265:
3226:
3222:
3193:(10): 825â829.
3183:
3179:
3142:
3138:
3098:
3091:
3052:
3048:
3011:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2911:
2907:
2868:
2864:
2817:
2813:
2774:
2770:
2731:
2727:
2688:
2681:
2634:
2630:
2591:
2584:
2539:
2528:
2521:
2499:
2495:
2446:
2442:
2403:
2396:
2359:
2352:
2321:
2317:
2286:
2282:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2038:(10): 925â948.
2027:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1927:
1920:
1881:
1877:
1830:
1826:
1787:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1724:(12): 714â723.
1714:
1710:
1665:
1661:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1551:
1544:
1497:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1345:Merriam Webster
1339:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1280:
1270:for adolescent
1268:Genetic testing
1265:
1238:
1218:lumbar lordosis
1168:
1120:Paul Harrington
1116:
1108:Milwaukee brace
1043:
1018:musculoskeletal
1006:
988:
933:
932:
931:
930:
905:
904:
903:
895:
894:
883:
819:
791:Pain medication
758:
752:
725:
650:, the feet for
623:, hairy patch,
590:
546:Marfan syndrome
538:hemihypertrophy
522:CHARGE syndrome
463:
381:
365:
310:
256:Marfan syndrome
154:Marfan syndrome
138:Usually unknown
130:10â20 years old
100:
58:
54:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7570:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7381:Dolichocephaly
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7312:Trigonocephaly
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7285:Skull and face
7278:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7248:Arthrogryposis
7244:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7170:Arachnodactyly
7167:
7166:
7165:
7150:
7148:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7078:
7076:
7074:foot deformity
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6948:hand deformity
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6909:
6900:
6886:
6885:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6750:Facet syndrome
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6738:Retrolisthesis
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6707:Pott's disease
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6676:
6674:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6597:Spinal disease
6593:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6521:
6510:
6495:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:Classification
6464:
6463:
6457:
6450:
6422:
6421:External links
6419:
6416:
6415:
6388:
6363:
6328:
6299:(8): 392â403.
6279:
6268:(3): 182â202.
6252:
6237:
6189:
6161:
6135:
6106:(4): 606â616.
6086:
6067:(9932): 1944.
6044:
6037:
6017:
5974:
5945:(8): 865â869.
5925:
5900:
5841:
5819:
5784:
5735:
5688:
5681:
5659:
5629:
5563:
5537:
5478:
5471:
5446:
5431:
5417:
5368:
5352:
5301:
5252:
5208:
5197:on 1 July 2014
5182:
5171:on 1 July 2014
5156:
5130:
5086:
5060:
5035:
5029:978-9810785925
5028:
5008:
4979:(2): 165â172.
4959:
4945:
4936:
4906:
4857:
4818:
4800:
4795:iscoliosis.com
4782:
4753:(3): 257â264.
4731:
4697:(3): 375â381.
4674:
4645:(1): 003â009.
4625:
4569:
4523:"Spina bifida"
4513:
4464:
4413:
4354:
4303:
4267:(3): 153â162.
4242:
4213:(8): 576â587.
4191:
4180:. OrthoBullets
4164:
4103:
4084:(6): 889â896.
4068:
4042:
3989:
3931:
3906:
3872:(9): 834â841.
3842:
3791:
3751:
3709:(7): 654â667.
3684:
3668:mayoclinic.org
3655:
3621:
3578:
3567:on 21 May 2014
3551:
3530:(3): 310â313.
3510:
3456:
3413:
3402:on 1 July 2014
3387:
3361:
3307:
3263:
3236:(4): 423â427.
3220:
3177:
3136:
3109:(1): e32âe38.
3089:
3062:(2): 363â371.
3046:
3005:
2956:
2905:
2862:
2811:
2768:
2725:
2679:
2628:
2601:(6): 679â681.
2582:
2526:
2519:
2493:
2440:
2413:(5): 702â712.
2394:
2373:(5): 559â567.
2350:
2331:(2): 152â160.
2315:
2280:
2251:(3): 671â675.
2231:
2197:(2): 218â224.
2174:
2148:
2121:
2095:(4): 466â476.
2072:
2015:
1968:
1941:(2): 214â234.
1918:
1891:(3): 440â449.
1875:
1824:
1776:
1751:
1708:
1659:
1628:(2): 351â359.
1605:
1580:
1561:(2): 111â115.
1542:
1472:
1431:
1362:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1261:
1237:
1234:
1167:
1164:
1153:In the 1980s,
1132:ratchet system
1130:operated on a
1128:Harrington rod
1115:
1112:
1042:
1039:
1005:
1002:
987:
984:
966:
965:
962:
942:cerebral palsy
907:
906:
897:
896:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
882:
879:
818:
815:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
785:
784:
781:
778:
773:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
724:
721:
631:). A thorough
589:
586:
487:cerebral palsy
462:
459:
407:microsatellite
380:
377:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:Uneven posture
350:
343:shoulder blade
339:
332:
331:
328:
325:
309:
306:
252:cerebral palsy
233:sagittal plane
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
177:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
150:cerebral palsy
146:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
99:
98:
51:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7569:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7445:Sacralization
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7391:Plagiocephaly
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:Hypertelorism
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7302:Scaphocephaly
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7185:Brachydactyly
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:Either / both
7136:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:Hip dysplasia
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6799:Radiculopathy
6797:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6782:Low back pain
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:Spondylolysis
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:Spondylopathy
6662:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6584:
6579:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6218:(1): 95â112.
6217:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5708:: e830âe844.
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5426:"BASIS study"
5421:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4871:Dose-Response
4868:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4828:Radiographics
4822:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
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4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:RadioGraphics
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3773:(1): 91â100.
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3688:
3673:
3669:
3665:
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3643:
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3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
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3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
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3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
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3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
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3448:
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3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
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3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
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2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
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2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
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2736:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
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2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
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2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
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2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2497:
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2476:
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2463:
2459:
2455:
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2408:
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2399:
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2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2342:
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2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1985:(Online). n.d
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:Physiotherapy
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
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1781:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
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1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1594:
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1568:
1564:
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1556:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1534:
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1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
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1502:
1495:
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1460:
1456:
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1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:United States
1242:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:The American
1093:
1091:
1090:poliomyelitis
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
983:
981:
976:
974:
969:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
901:
892:
878:
875:
873:
868:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
835:
831:
823:
814:
811:
806:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
788:
782:
779:
777:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
762:
757:
747:
745:
740:
738:
737:coronal plane
734:
730:
720:
718:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:The person's
605:
598:
594:
585:
581:
579:
575:
574:syringomyelia
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:poliomyelitis
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
452:
442:
438:
435:
434:
428:
426:
420:
418:
416:
411:
410:polymorphisms
408:
404:
403:
396:
394:
390:
386:
376:
373:
369:
357:
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
329:
326:
323:
322:
321:
314:
305:
303:
300:
294:
291:
288:
287:Ancient Greek
283:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:muscle spasms
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:coronal plane
214:
210:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
94:
53:
52:
50:
48:Pronunciation
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
7422:
7366:Macrocephaly
7212:
7208:Acheiropodia
7180:Ectrodactyly
7100:
7081:
6966:Oligodactyly
6961:Clinodactyly
6890:Appendicular
6692:Sacroiliitis
6673:inflammatory
6629:
6547:
6523:
6512:
6497:
6482:
6432:
6406:. Retrieved
6391:
6379:. Retrieved
6375:
6366:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6296:
6292:
6282:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6215:
6211:
6180:. Retrieved
6152:. Retrieved
6147:
6138:
6103:
6099:
6089:
6064:
6060:
6047:
6027:
6020:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5916:. Retrieved
5912:
5903:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5836:the original
5831:
5822:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5672:
5662:
5649:. Retrieved
5645:the original
5589:
5585:
5554:. Retrieved
5550:
5540:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5460:
5440:
5434:
5420:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5355:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5195:the original
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:the original
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5133:
5106:
5102:
5077:. Retrieved
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:
5038:
5018:
5011:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4918:
4909:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4851:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4750:
4744:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4694:
4690:
4677:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4588:
4582:
4572:
4560:. Retrieved
4532:
4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4484:
4480:
4467:
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4432:
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4404:. Retrieved
4376:
4370:
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4264:
4258:
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4155:. Retrieved
4125:
4119:
4106:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4045:
4008:
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3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3950:
3944:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3890:the original
3869:
3863:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3770:
3764:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3735:the original
3706:
3700:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3667:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3641:
3637:
3624:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3554:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3476:
3472:
3429:(1): 37â48.
3426:
3422:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:the original
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3364:
3329:
3325:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3106:
3102:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2831:(3): e1169.
2828:
2824:
2814:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2698:(1): 67â70.
2695:
2691:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2546:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2410:
2406:
2370:
2366:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2194:
2190:
2165:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:spineina.com
2134:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2092:
2088:
2063:. Retrieved
2035:
2031:
2018:
2005:. Retrieved
1987:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1794:
1790:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1625:
1621:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1508:
1504:
1463:. Retrieved
1454:
1422:. Retrieved
1413:
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1305:Pott disease
1266:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1229:Homo erectus
1227:
1221:
1211:
1194:
1180:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1117:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1086:tuberculosis
1068:
1035:osteoporosis
1022:
1010:age of onset
1007:
1004:Epidemiology
998:
991:
989:
977:
970:
967:
956:
950:
946:
938:spina bifida
934:
876:
864:
860:
847:Boston brace
845:, such as a
840:
828:
807:
803:
786:
763:
759:
741:
726:
713:
706:
674:
667:
660:
642:café au lait
641:
617:spina bifida
606:
602:
582:
570:spina bifida
495:
464:
448:
431:
429:
421:
414:
400:
397:
382:
370:
366:
333:
319:
298:
295:
290:
284:
272:
237:
208:
200:
199:
144:Risk factors
25:
7396:Saddle nose
7163:Webbed toes
7154:Polydactyly
7039:Genu valgum
6971:Polydactyly
6723:Spondylosis
6680:Spondylitis
6651:Torticollis
6549:MedlinePlus
6427:âč The
6376:www.srs.org
5918:28 February
5913:www.srs.org
5556:11 February
5513:2434/721317
5388:: 137â141.
5053:11 February
5048:www.srs.org
4919:www.srs.org
4746:HSS Journal
4325:(1): 1â16.
3672:Mayo Clinic
2114:21 December
2065:21 December
1977:"scoliosis"
1645:10985/18316
1598:10 February
1341:"Scoliosis"
1315:Schooliosis
1183:chimpanzees
1142:scoliosis.
1077:Hippocrates
872:Risser sign
772:Observation
670:scoliometer
467:neuropathic
268:asymmetries
127:Usual onset
7541:Categories
7371:Platybasia
7307:Oxycephaly
7220:Phocomelia
7214:Ectromelia
7190:Stub thumb
7158:Syndactyly
7125:Hammer toe
7094:Pigeon toe
7044:Genu varum
7016:Coxa valga
6874:Congenital
6787:Coccydynia
6525:DiseasesDB
6154:16 January
5755:(1): 291.
4724:31 January
4618:31 January
4584:The Lancet
4562:31 January
4528:The Lancet
4506:31 January
4406:30 January
4372:The Lancet
4296:30 January
4184:31 January
4157:30 January
4128:(1): 1â8.
3982:29 January
3899:29 January
3784:29 January
3744:29 January
3677:29 January
3648:29 January
3644:(2): 44â48
2167:10 January
1673:Pediatrics
1327:References
1285:Back brace
1272:idiopathic
1214:bipedalism
1033:vertebral
1025:Cobb angle
750:Management
733:Cobb angle
723:Definition
709:Cobb angle
656:spasticity
629:hemangioma
597:Cobb angle
425:Cobb angle
389:congenital
385:idiopathic
221:disability
7423:Scoliosis
7230:Hemimelia
7115:Pes cavus
7108:Flat feet
7089:Club foot
7021:Coxa vara
6772:Neck pain
6764:Back pain
6630:Scoliosis
6604:Deforming
6444:Scoliosis
6408:1 January
5855:Scoliosis
5779:253212051
5722:1878-8769
5651:2 January
5606:1469-493X
5412:210945485
4669:256730957
4061:29 August
3616:201175687
3479:: e7096.
3215:205514923
2919:Scoliosis
2825:JOR Spine
2741:: 15030.
2642:Scoliosis
2489:the case.
2224:8 January
2141:8 January
2007:12 August
1989:12 August
1465:12 August
1424:12 August
1355:12 August
1166:Evolution
1136:arthritis
1074:physician
986:Prognosis
980:analgesia
855:orthotist
588:Diagnosis
471:myopathic
445:reference
349:scoliosis
299:skolĂĆsis
293:ÏÎșολίÏÏÎčÏ
209:scolioses
201:Scoliosis
191:Frequency
176:Treatment
106:Specialty
34:Scoliosis
21:Sclerosis
7473:Cervical
6920:shoulder
6916:clavicle
6898:dysmelia
6792:Sciatica
6697:Discitis
6625:Lordosis
6620:Kyphosis
6429:template
6402:Archived
6358:20439654
6323:25902637
6315:21790832
6232:15536039
6130:22397340
6081:24881996
6012:12154979
6004:14713582
5969:21407261
5895:14194273
5887:16759428
5861:(1): 2.
5814:12771105
5771:37184319
5730:29309975
5624:30650189
5532:26086959
5523:10616811
5404:31992499
5347:31463082
5296:22895967
5247:13188152
5239:18432435
5143:Archived
5125:30016036
5073:Archived
5003:38852032
4995:29318284
4923:Archived
4901:31217755
4848:21057122
4813:Archived
4777:23024623
4719:46604820
4711:23657247
4661:24272770
4613:11023418
4605:18572081
4557:37770338
4549:15555669
4501:15256628
4451:22237428
4401:24081895
4393:15110498
4349:19539839
4291:12624132
4237:24577266
4152:10633128
4055:Archived
4037:16959034
3977:25323828
3886:23445094
3837:28331629
3779:16417071
3723:19539237
3608:31689252
3505:31211022
3451:15867592
3443:12511860
3380:18 March
3374:Archived
3356:21191550
3302:35816768
3294:24875955
3258:19524978
3250:11840110
3207:21192302
3172:23883827
3131:52975845
3123:30312252
3076:25900299
3041:12634567
3000:21387194
2951:18681956
2900:19749217
2892:19092622
2857:34611591
2806:12154979
2798:14713582
2763:21284193
2755:27188385
2712:19949338
2674:17176459
2623:24280322
2615:16540873
2577:22695700
2484:21191550
2435:22429772
2389:12578488
2345:16765303
2275:10079244
2219:34046217
2211:18388718
2060:22119278
2052:16328223
2001:Archived
1963:73471547
1955:30824243
1913:39497372
1905:28976171
1870:27525315
1811:16741456
1738:26510624
1695:26644484
1654:30665877
1593:aans.org
1575:24284269
1537:29435499
1459:Archived
1418:Archived
1349:Archived
1295:Lordosis
1290:Kyphosis
1278:See also
1263:Research
1187:gorillas
1159:sagittal
1063:the king
952:Surgeons
923:surgeons
914:thoracic
867:flatback
693:lordosis
689:kyphosis
685:sagittal
491:myotonia
433:in utero
347:thoracic
229:lordosis
225:kyphosis
118:Symptoms
7488:sternum
6519:D012600
6456:years).
6431:below (
6381:15 June
6121:3489358
5960:3172921
5878:1475645
5615:6360928
5338:6708126
5287:7386883
5016:Lau K.
4929:10 July
4892:6560808
4768:3192887
4340:2716546
4282:1735400
4228:4131122
4143:1734457
4098:2195034
4028:1586184
3968:4236240
3828:5356475
3496:6557252
3347:3011182
3084:4434949
2991:3176697
2942:2525632
2848:8479518
2720:1044562
2665:1769398
2568:3463687
2475:3011182
2427:6453874
2310:3182881
2266:1866412
2109:5726117
1861:4973373
1819:2401041
1769:15 June
1746:6735774
1528:5795289
1244:In the
1114:Surgery
1081:bracing
1041:History
1030:balance
1014:puberty
881:Surgery
817:Bracing
800:Surgery
797:Bracing
780:Surgery
776:Bracing
681:lateral
677:coronal
412:in the
276:bracing
240:genetic
184:bracing
7511:other:
7225:Amelia
7102:valgus
6554:001241
6448:Curlie
6434:Curlie
6356:
6321:
6313:
6230:
6182:21 May
6128:
6118:
6079:
6061:Lancet
6035:
6010:
6002:
5967:
5957:
5893:
5885:
5875:
5812:
5777:
5769:
5728:
5720:
5679:
5622:
5612:
5604:
5530:
5520:
5469:
5410:
5402:
5345:
5335:
5294:
5284:
5245:
5237:
5201:14 May
5175:14 May
5149:14 May
5123:
5079:14 May
5026:
5001:
4993:
4899:
4889:
4846:
4775:
4765:
4717:
4709:
4667:
4659:
4611:
4603:
4555:
4547:
4499:
4457:
4449:
4399:
4391:
4347:
4337:
4289:
4279:
4235:
4225:
4150:
4140:
4096:
4035:
4025:
4011:: 34.
3975:
3965:
3884:
3835:
3825:
3777:
3731:665324
3729:
3721:
3614:
3606:
3571:21 May
3546:479254
3544:
3503:
3493:
3449:
3441:
3406:21 May
3354:
3344:
3300:
3292:
3256:
3248:
3213:
3205:
3170:
3129:
3121:
3082:
3074:
3039:
2998:
2988:
2949:
2939:
2898:
2890:
2855:
2845:
2804:
2796:
2761:
2753:
2718:
2710:
2672:
2662:
2648:: 21.
2621:
2613:
2575:
2565:
2517:
2482:
2472:
2433:
2425:
2387:
2343:
2308:
2273:
2263:
2217:
2209:
2107:
2058:
2050:
1961:
1953:
1911:
1903:
1868:
1858:
1844:: 20.
1817:
1809:
1744:
1736:
1703:557560
1701:
1693:
1652:
1573:
1535:
1525:
1250:braces
1140:lumbar
1124:fusion
918:lumbar
851:corset
697:X-rays
625:lipoma
621:dimple
576:, and
379:Causes
363:Course
264:X-rays
135:Causes
97:
7478:Bifid
7359:other
7276:Axial
7083:varus
6639:Other
6530:26545
6319:S2CID
6057:(PDF)
6008:S2CID
5891:S2CID
5775:S2CID
5551:WebMD
5408:S2CID
5321:: 8.
5243:S2CID
4999:S2CID
4715:S2CID
4687:(PDF)
4665:S2CID
4609:S2CID
4553:S2CID
4477:(PDF)
4459:19992
4455:S2CID
4397:S2CID
4367:(PDF)
4255:(PDF)
4116:(PDF)
3893:(PDF)
3860:(PDF)
3811:: 6.
3738:(PDF)
3727:S2CID
3697:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3612:S2CID
3588:Spine
3473:PeerJ
3447:S2CID
3298:S2CID
3274:Spine
3254:S2CID
3230:Spine
3211:S2CID
3187:Spine
3150:Spine
3127:S2CID
3080:S2CID
3019:Spine
2925:: 9.
2896:S2CID
2872:Spine
2802:S2CID
2759:S2CID
2716:S2CID
2619:S2CID
2595:Spine
2431:S2CID
2215:S2CID
2056:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1959:S2CID
1909:S2CID
1815:S2CID
1791:Spine
1742:S2CID
1699:S2CID
1511:: 3.
1414:NIAMS
1199:ilium
1176:Venlo
1071:Greek
910:X-ray
729:spine
644:spots
627:, or
613:signs
415:MATN1
289:
213:spine
170:X-ray
7464:ribs
7031:knee
6907:Arms
6894:limb
6514:MeSH
6503:9-CM
6410:2014
6383:2023
6354:PMID
6311:PMID
6228:PMID
6184:2014
6156:2011
6126:PMID
6077:PMID
6033:ISBN
6000:PMID
5965:PMID
5920:2018
5883:PMID
5810:PMID
5794:JAMA
5767:PMID
5726:PMID
5718:ISSN
5677:ISBN
5653:2014
5620:PMID
5602:ISSN
5558:2020
5528:PMID
5496:2015
5467:ISBN
5400:PMID
5343:PMID
5292:PMID
5270:2012
5235:PMID
5203:2014
5177:2014
5151:2014
5121:PMID
5081:2014
5055:2022
5024:ISBN
4991:PMID
4973:JAMA
4931:2016
4897:PMID
4844:PMID
4773:PMID
4726:2023
4707:PMID
4657:PMID
4620:2023
4601:PMID
4564:2023
4545:PMID
4508:2023
4497:PMID
4447:PMID
4408:2023
4389:PMID
4345:PMID
4298:2023
4287:PMID
4233:PMID
4186:2023
4159:2023
4148:PMID
4094:PMID
4063:2011
4033:PMID
3984:2023
3973:PMID
3901:2023
3882:PMID
3833:PMID
3786:2023
3775:PMID
3746:2023
3719:PMID
3679:2023
3650:2023
3604:PMID
3573:2014
3542:PMID
3528:61-B
3501:PMID
3439:PMID
3408:2014
3382:2012
3352:PMID
3290:PMID
3246:PMID
3203:PMID
3168:PMID
3119:PMID
3072:PMID
3037:PMID
2996:PMID
2947:PMID
2888:PMID
2853:PMID
2794:PMID
2751:PMID
2708:PMID
2670:PMID
2611:PMID
2573:PMID
2515:ISBN
2480:PMID
2423:PMID
2385:PMID
2367:JAMA
2341:PMID
2306:PMID
2271:PMID
2226:2023
2207:PMID
2169:2023
2143:2023
2116:2022
2105:PMID
2067:2022
2048:PMID
2009:2016
1991:2016
1951:PMID
1901:PMID
1866:PMID
1807:PMID
1771:2023
1734:PMID
1691:PMID
1650:PMID
1600:2022
1571:PMID
1533:PMID
1467:2016
1426:2016
1357:2016
1226:and
1057:The
940:and
921:how
849:, a
843:TLSO
691:and
639:for
637:skin
469:and
417:gene
402:CHD7
242:and
227:and
6994:hip
6985:Leg
6508:737
6499:ICD
6493:M41
6484:ICD
6446:at
6346:doi
6301:doi
6270:doi
6220:doi
6116:PMC
6108:doi
6104:102
6069:doi
6065:383
5992:doi
5955:PMC
5947:doi
5873:PMC
5863:doi
5802:doi
5798:289
5757:doi
5710:doi
5706:111
5610:PMC
5594:doi
5518:PMC
5508:hdl
5500:doi
5390:doi
5333:PMC
5323:doi
5282:PMC
5274:doi
5227:doi
5111:doi
5107:116
4981:doi
4977:319
4887:PMC
4879:doi
4836:doi
4763:PMC
4755:doi
4699:doi
4647:doi
4593:doi
4589:371
4537:doi
4533:364
4489:doi
4437:doi
4381:doi
4377:363
4335:PMC
4327:doi
4277:PMC
4269:doi
4223:PMC
4215:doi
4138:PMC
4130:doi
4086:doi
4023:PMC
4013:doi
3963:PMC
3955:doi
3874:doi
3870:368
3823:PMC
3813:doi
3711:doi
3596:doi
3532:doi
3491:PMC
3481:doi
3431:doi
3342:PMC
3334:doi
3330:107
3282:doi
3238:doi
3195:doi
3158:doi
3111:doi
3064:doi
3027:doi
2986:PMC
2978:doi
2937:PMC
2927:doi
2880:doi
2843:PMC
2833:doi
2786:doi
2743:doi
2700:doi
2660:PMC
2650:doi
2603:doi
2563:PMC
2555:doi
2470:PMC
2462:doi
2458:107
2415:doi
2375:doi
2371:289
2333:doi
2298:doi
2261:PMC
2253:doi
2249:154
2199:doi
2097:doi
2040:doi
1943:doi
1939:105
1893:doi
1856:PMC
1846:doi
1799:doi
1726:doi
1681:doi
1677:137
1640:hdl
1630:doi
1626:105
1563:doi
1523:PMC
1513:doi
1195:Pan
1193:in
1185:or
1088:or
702:MRI
205:pl.
7543::
7156:/
7004:/
6918:/
6896:/
6880:/
6552::
6528::
6517::
6506::
6491::
6488:10
6374:.
6352:.
6342:92
6340:.
6317:.
6309:.
6297:23
6295:.
6291:.
6266:26
6264:.
6226:.
6216:21
6214:.
6192:^
6164:^
6146:.
6124:.
6114:.
6102:.
6098:.
6075:.
6063:.
6059:.
6006:.
5998:.
5986:.
5963:.
5953:.
5943:19
5941:.
5937:.
5911:.
5889:.
5881:.
5871:.
5857:.
5853:.
5830:.
5808:.
5796:.
5773:.
5765:.
5753:44
5751:.
5747:.
5724:.
5716:.
5704:.
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