485:, supporters and members went to fight in the war. Some of its publications were affected by censorship during this time period. The petition campaign largely fell by the wayside until the war was over. Hirschfeld focused on showcasing the experiences of homosexual soldiers; he collected thousands of letters, interviews, and surveys with such soldiers. Petitions were submitted in 1898, 1922, and 1925, but failed to gain the support of the parliament. The law continued to criminalize homosexuality until 1969 and was not entirely removed in
36:
446:
signatures on a petition for the repeal of
Paragraph 175. The committee's opposition was not indiscriminate, as its petition did support preservation of criminal status for some homosexual acts, including cases between an adult and a minor under age 16. At the time of the original proposal, the age of consent was in fact two years lower than that for heterosexual people, at age 14; effectively they called for the age of consent to be raised as part of their campaign.
656:
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522:, hearkening back to the Apostle Paul and employing the entire vocabulary of our conservative-clerical persecutors, could have been printed without changing a word by the most strictly Catholic press." This conflict of interests caused the committee to privately question the executive of the SPD as to whether they were still in favor of repealing Paragraph 175; the SPD affirmed that was still their position.
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1350:...Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld founded the gay organization Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee). Its first action was to draft a petition against Paragraph 175 with 6,000 signatures of prominent people in the arts, politics and the medical profession; it failed to have any effect.
449:
Work on promoting their petition began in 1897, and the committee particularly wanted signatures from those with prominent status in such fields as politics, medicine, art, and science. They sent thousands of letters to key figures such as
Catholic priests, judges, lawmakers, journalists, and mayors.
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The committee created sex-education pamphlets on the topic of homosexuality and distributed them to the public. It had begun distributing this type of material to university students and factory laborers as early as 1903. They also assisted defendants in criminal trials, and gathered more than 6,000
538:
became the third member of the new board. Juliusburger led the committee in the short time that elapsed until the committee was dissolved after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. The committee's final meeting took place in Peter Limann's apartment on June 8, 1933, with the singular purpose of
412:
In campaigning against
Paragraph 175, the committee argued that homosexuality was not a disease or moral failing, and said they reached this conclusion from scientific evidence. The group made other arguments against this law, saying for example that its repeal would reduce blackmailing behavior
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that was produced alongside the committee's sexual education lectures. It offered information on homosexuality, pulling largely from the studies of the
Institute for Sexual Sciences. The brochure offered a rare case of nonjudgmental insight into the existence of homosexuality and, as such, was
564:), a publication which reported the committee's activities and contained content ranging from articles about homosexuality among "primitive" people to literary analyses and case studies. It was published regularly from 1899 to 1923 (sometimes quarterly) and more sporadically until 1933.
355:, another group founded by Hirschfeld which had similar aims to the committee. The committee had ties to gay organizations across the world, and from 1906 onward the body which crafted the committee's policy was made up of members from several European countries. A branch in
596:. Kurt Hiller worked with them briefly, but stopped due to personal differences after a few months. The group was dissolved in late 1949 or early 1950 and instead formed the Committee for Reform of the Sexual Criminal Laws (
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
430:
633:
508:(SPD). Some other leaders in the group had revolutionary or pacifist sympathies. While the committee was somewhat informally associated with the SPD, they were also alienated by the SPD's rhetorical exploitation of
339:. This book, and other that may have survived the destruction of the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee and the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, are sought after by the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft in Berlin.
525:
The biological deterministic tendency that
Hirschfeld gave to the committee met with opposition within the WhK from the start. But it was not until November 24, 1929 that his internal competitors, above all the
66:
539:
dissolving the organization. A reorientation of the WhK that freed it from its scientific isolation was the focus placed on psychological and sociological research instead of biological research.
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The committee was based in Berlin and had branches in about 25 German, Austrian and Dutch cities. It had roughly 700 members at its peak and is considered an important milestone in the
425:
896:
In 1897 Hirschfeld established the
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee with Max Spohr, Franz Josef von BĂĽlow, and Eduard Oberg; it was the world's first gay rights organization.
207:
90:
217:" ("through science to justice"), and the committee included representatives from various professions. The committee's membership peaked at about 700 people. In 1929,
1875:
534:, succeeded in forcing Hirschfeld to resign. He was succeeded by the Medical Councilor Otto Juliusburger, Kurt Hiller was elected Deputy Chairman and the writer
437:
1891:
1839:
Memoir for the
Friends and Contributors of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in the Name of the Secession of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee
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In 1897, together with Max Spohr, Eduard Oberg and Franz Joseph von BĂĽlow, he founded the
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin Charlottenburg.
808:
638:
592:
In
October 1949, Hans Giese joined with Hermann Weber (1882–1955), head of the Frankfurt local group from 1921 to 1933, to re-establish the group in
17:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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politically, and made efforts to appeal to parliamentarians from many parties. This sometimes even included conservative parties such as the
429:(German Friendship Association) to oppose the law. Another alliance held by the committee in its activism against Paragraph 175 was with the
516:
politically. After seeing these attacks against Röhm in a newspaper aligned with the SPD, the committee responded, "The statements in the
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in that year's election, it is similar in name and general subject matter only, and takes more radical positions than the conservative
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48:
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Review of: Andreas
Pretzel (Ed.): NS-Opfer unter Vorbehalt. - Homosexuelle Männer in Berlin nach 1945, LIT-Verlag, Münster 2002
442:(German League for the Protection of Motherhood), especially after proponents of Paragraph 175 proposed extending it to women.
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1147:"Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe"
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took over as chairman of the group from Hirschfeld. At its peak, the WhK had branches in approximately 25 cities in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1424:"Cross-dressing for the fatherland: sexual humour, masculinity and German soldiers in the First World War"
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also joined the organization. A split in the organization occurred in December 1906, led by Friedländer.
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frequently distributed by homosexuals to family members or to total strangers on public transport.
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In 1998, a new group was formed with the same name. Growing out of a group against politician
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A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris 1919-1939
767:"Magnus Hirschfeld's Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation"
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Hekma, Gert; Oosterhuis, Harry; Steakley, James; Steakley, James D. (1995).
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Other corporate members were the Scientific Humanitarian Committee...
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Another of the WhK's widespread publications was a brochure entitled
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library copy, confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper:
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to urge colleagues to add their names. Other signatories included
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Magnus Hirschfeld and the origins of the gay liberation movement
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988:"The World League for Sexual Reform: Some possible approaches"
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Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement
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267:. Original members of the WhK included Hirschfeld, publisher
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in Berlin until the institute's destruction at the hands of
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1731:. Entries for Hans Giese p. 278, and Kurt Hiller p. 357:
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repression, tried unsuccessfully to re-establish the WhK.
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to this template: there are already 1,880 articles in the
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1712:, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2001,
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was the world's first scientific journal dealing with
127:{{Translated|de|Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee}}
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Online exhibition of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society:
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Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left
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The WhK took a great deal of scientific theories on
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The Pink Triangle: the Nazi War Against Homosexuals
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Gesellschaft fĂĽr Reform des Sexualstrafrechts e. V.
393:. The initial focus of the committee was to repeal
186:in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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603:In 1962 in Hamburg, Kurt Hiller, who had survived
1075:The International LGBT Rights Movement: A History
634:German Association of Lesbian and Gay Journalists
359:was opened in 1906, led by Joseph Nicoladoni and
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1672:The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935)
577:Was soll das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen?
331:and hidden from the publique (label "Secr.") as
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986:Dose, Ralf; Selwyn, Pamela Eve (January 2003).
581:What Must Our Nation Know about the Third Sex?)
504:(BVP). However, Hirschfeld was a member of the
213:in history. The motto of the organization was "
27:German LGBT rights organization founded in 1897
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115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
399:criminalized "coitus-like" acts between males
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934:Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity
454:signed the petition and took copies to the
1892:LGBTQ political advocacy groups in Germany
1806:whk - wissenschaftlich-humanitäres komitee
1621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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877:Djajic-Horváth, Aleksandra (10 May 2022).
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1710:Mann fĂĽr Mann. Ein biographisches Lexikon
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381:from the institute such as the idea of a
351:in 1933. The WhK was affiliated with the
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1250:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II
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512:'s homosexuality as a means to harm the
491:East and West Germany became one country
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1668:John Lauritsen; David Thorstad (1974),
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1044:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I
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1687:. Revised edition published 1995,
1372:Journal of the History of Sexuality
1281:Journal of the History of Sexuality
993:Journal of the History of Sexuality
814:Canterbury Christ Church University
807:Peters, Steve (February 18, 2019).
546:. It existed for thirty-six years.
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710:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
703:Crocq, Marc-Antoine (2021-01-01).
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1876:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
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1332:"Henry Gerber: Ahead of his time"
1253:. Routledge. pp. 1168–1170.
1072:Belmonte, Laura A. (2020-12-10).
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631:was given a special award by the
164:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
18:Scientific Humanitarian Committee
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1676:, New York: Times Change Press,
1637:"Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868-1935)"
1521:Magnus Hirschfeld und seine Zeit
1469:Oosterhuis, Harry (1995-11-27).
1047:. Routledge. pp. 234, 279.
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202:people, and against their legal
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423:(Community of the Special) and
343:The committee was based in the
1917:1897 establishments in Germany
1907:Sexual orientation and science
1518:Herzer, Manfred (2017-10-09).
1247:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22).
1041:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22).
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765:Leng, Kirsten (1 March 2017).
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496:Officially, the committee was
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353:World League for Sexual Reform
125:You may also add the template
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1:
1365:Janssen, Diederik F. (2018).
723:10.1080/19585969.2022.2042166
690:
600:), which existed until 1960.
345:Institute for Sexual Sciences
155:The July 1914 edition of the
1912:19th century in LGBT history
1440:10.1080/19475020.2011.613240
265:gender and sexual minorities
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1145:Sengoopta, Chandak (1998).
909:"Magnus Hirschfeld and HKW"
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263:and outspoken advocate for
97:will aid in categorization.
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1933:
1817:The history of the new WHK
1785:GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project
1777:"Hiller, Kurt (1885-1972)"
1642:GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project
1213:Tamagne, Florence (2007).
914:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
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255:) by Magnus Hirschfeld, a
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215:Per scientiam ad justitiam
72:Machine translation, like
1897:First homosexual movement
1002:University of Texas Press
854:New York University Press
846:Dose, Ralf (2014-04-11).
328:destined for destruction!
239:First homosexual movement
49:the corresponding article
1845:Journal of Homosexuality
1706:Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller
1593:. New York. p. 42.
1476:Journal of Homosexuality
675:Timeline of LGBT history
605:Nazi concentration camps
420:Gemeinschaft der Eigenen
211:LGBT rights organization
1428:First World War Studies
1106:Plant, Richard (2013).
963:"Dinge, die wir suchen"
884:Encyclopædia Britannica
781:Oxford University Press
506:Social Democratic Party
502:Bavarian People's Party
489:until four years after
289:Hermann von Teschenberg
243:The WhK was founded in
136:For more guidance, see
1274:Ramsey, Glenn (2008).
1114:Henry Holt and Company
340:
337:Prussian State Library
277:Franz Joseph von BĂĽlow
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1858:10.1300/J082v22n01_06
1834:Friedländer, Benedict
1530:10.1515/9783110548426
1489:10.1300/J082v29n02_09
1294:10.1353/sex.2008.0009
1080:Bloomsbury Publishing
1010:10.1353/sex.2003.0057
789:10.1093/gerhis/ghw142
554:The WhK produced the
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245:Berlin-Charlottenburg
237:Further information:
229:and the Netherlands.
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138:Knowledge:Translation
109:copyright attribution
1878:at Wikimedia Commons
1337:The Washington Blade
967:magnus-hirschfeld.de
588:Reformation attempts
326:decree of 28.02.1933
285:Benedict Friedländer
1649:on 29 November 2014
1587:Dose, Ralf (2014).
1116:. pp. 22, 62.
879:"Magnus Hirschfeld"
253:release from prison
1082:. pp. 63–64.
856:. pp. 38–51.
530:(KPD) functionary
472:Rainer Maria Rilke
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1902:Magnus Hirschfeld
1874:Media related to
1775:Kennedy, Hubert.
1600:978-1-58367-439-0
1570:978-1-56024-724-1
1340:. October 3, 2013
1260:978-1-317-36812-0
1226:978-0-87586-357-3
1123:978-1-4299-3693-4
1089:978-1-4725-0695-5
1054:978-1-317-36815-1
948:978-0-307-47313-4
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536:Bruno Vogel
483:World War I
476:Leo Tolstoy
468:Thomas Mann
436: [
368: [
293:Kurt Hiller
281:Adolf Brand
275:and writer
249:Oscar Wilde
219:Kurt Hiller
204:persecution
200:transgender
1886:Categories
972:2016-08-07
783:: 96–116.
691:References
514:Nazi Party
510:Ernst Röhm
385:between a
261:sexologist
1617:cite book
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493:in 1994.
456:Reichstag
383:third sex
271:, lawyer
269:Max Spohr
257:physician
208:the first
206:. It was
131:talk page
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1836:(1907).
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1733:Citation
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609:anti-gay
594:Kronberg
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405:against
196:bisexual
107:provide
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820:May 14,
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