149:
138:
399:
In 1807 Saud did not permit pilgrims from Egypt, Syria and
Istanbul to enter Hijaz and expelled Turkish soldiers and settlers from Mecca. Such religious transformations did not sit well with other Muslims, and many other Muslims found his actions to be extreme, and were stunned that the holy cities
356:
Saud's reign was a period of religious cleansing in Arabia and in nearby regions. He continued to attack on shrines in Iraq, and Basra was blockaded by his forces for twelve days. The
Emirate extended its rule beyond Najd and into the Hijaz which culminated with the capture of Medina in April 1804
324:
who had been the ruler of the region. Although the rule of Bani Khalid Emir, Abdul Muhsin bin
Abdullah Al Hamid, was ended by them, the Emirate could not completely capture the eastern Arabia. When Abdul Muhsin was killed by his tribe members in 1791, Saud again attacked them and won a victory
304:, religious leader of the state, asked people to express their allegiance to him as heir apparent. It was Abdul Wahhab's last significant function in affairs of state. From early age Saud began to act as the chief military commander of the Emirate together with his uncle,
412:
Saud had a very different personality than his father, who was a deeply religious figure. He was interested in material side of the rule. However, like his grandfather and father he dressed in a plain way, and his armaments were not decorated unlike those of the
357:
and Mecca in 1806. In addition to capturing Hijaz he managed to strengthen his authority there. Furthermore, Bahrain and Oman were annexed to the
Emirate, and Saud exerted his influence in Yemen. In 1805 Saud's supremacy was also recognized by the rulers of
194:
344:
stating: "As for your statement that we seized
Karbala, slaughtered its people, and took their possessions — praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds! We make no apology for that, and we say: 'And like catastrophes await the unbelievers' ."
213:
400:
had been taken so easily. The
Ottoman Empire did not want to relent control over the cities to local tribesmen. The Ottomans could not retake the cities on their own though as the bulk of their forces were tied up in Europe.
392:, inviting him to follow the Wahhabi theology. In the same letter he declared that he had captured Mecca and destroyed all tombs there and that he would not let people from Damascus and Cairo to visit Mecca "with the
179:
160:
445:
429:
738:
448:
returned to
Diriyah in 1819 and attempted to establish his rule, but Mohammed bin Mishari bin Muammar who began to rule the region after the collapse of the Emirate imprisoned him.
208:
133:
155:
404:, the viceroy of Egypt, was assigned to recapture the Arabian territories in 1809. One of his sons, commanding the Egyptian troops, succeeded in re-conquering Hijaz in 1813.
144:
174:
189:
757:
1366:
1042:
Emine Ö. Evered (2012). "Rereading
Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Historical Survey of the Movement".
380:
theology. Due to the differences between Saud and the
Ottomans in terms of the interpretation of Islam Saud ordered not to mention the name of the
340:. In addition, they stole valuable materials in the tomb and killed the inhabitants of the city. Following the incident Saud sent a message to the
281:. During his rule the state experienced a significant level of strength and expansion for which he was called Saud Al Kabeer or Saud the Great.
1381:
1150:
440:
or the Second Saudi State from 1838 to 1841 with the support of the
Ottomans. Three of Saud's sons were killed in the siege of Diriyah by
353:
The reign of Saud bin Abdulaziz began in 1803. Upon his accession to the throne he held the titles of both Emir and Imam like his father.
883:
433:
309:
908:
The relationship between the ulama and the government in the contemporary Saudi Arabian Kingdom: an interdependent relationship?
1284:
Permanence and Change: An Analysis of the Islamic Political Culture of Saudi Arabia with Special Reference to the Royal Family
1292:
960:
858:
751:
660:
584:
1229:
1023:
166:
1391:
1396:
1262:
1188:
1133:
1096:
800:
622:
501:
278:
822:
1330:
1078:
290:
57:
305:
231:
170:
493:
Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics
935:
Exploring the Perspectives of the Saudi State's Destruction of Holy Sites: Justifications and Motivations
710:
784:
301:
200:
1348:
1319:
69:
227:
223:
185:
1386:
441:
259:
1320:
Uncomfortable Contradictions - The Hidden Problem Within Modern Salafism in Relation to Takfir
1298:
966:
864:
666:
628:
590:
491:
376:
in Mecca and destroyed the tombs of numerous religious figures in Medina in accordance with
1376:
1371:
1244:
333:
1205:
906:
8:
548:
Diriyah Narrated by Its Built Environment: The Story of the First Saudi State (1744-1818)
321:
1059:
421:. He died in Diriyya on 27 April 1814 due to fever and was succeeded by his eldest son
219:
652:
The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840
1338:
1288:
1258:
1184:
1156:
1129:
1092:
1088:
1063:
992:
956:
854:
796:
747:
656:
618:
580:
497:
422:
270:
316:
or the Second Saudi State. Saud led the forces of the Emirate in 1789 and conquered
1250:
1121:
1084:
1051:
998:
788:
719:
691:
552:
414:
1125:
670:
437:
313:
250:
1302:
1222:
1113:
1017:
970:
868:
632:
594:
521:
365:, and Saud managed to capture a part of Oman. The same year he also annexed the
418:
385:
381:
274:
204:
1254:
650:
546:
1360:
1282:
1160:
1055:
950:
933:
850:
Ottoman Penetration of the Eastern Region of the Arabian Peninsula, 1814-1841
848:
612:
574:
366:
317:
685:
388:
in Mecca. Following the capture of Mecca he sent a letter to Ottoman Sultan
1223:"Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy"
1174:
341:
955:(PhD thesis). Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. pp. 69–70.
792:
471:
556:
401:
22:
1002:
778:
1178:
648:
496:. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 74.
473:
A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi
294:
723:
695:
1207:
A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971)
389:
293:. The mother of Saud was a daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, ruler of
337:
377:
358:
329:
328:
In April 1802 Saud led an army with 12,000 Wahhabis and attacked
325:
eliminating the dominance of Bani Khalid in the region in 1792.
277:
making him the first Al Saud ruler who received the title of the
90:
31:
26:
687:
The Fate of Saudi Arabia: Regime Evolution in the Saudi Monarchy
393:
362:
1280:
1044:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
373:
1183:. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. p. 13.
884:"The Kingdom and the Caliphate. Duel of the Islamic States"
289:
Saud was born in Diriyah in 1748. He was the eldest son of
1083:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 11-12.
938:(Master of Liberal Arts thesis). Harvard Extension School.
886:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 6–7
853:(PhD thesis). Indiana University. pp. 24, 36, 67–68.
572:
273:
from 1803 to 1814. Saud annexed Mecca and Medina from the
904:
846:
712:
A practical critique of contemporary Arabian civilization
655:(PhD thesis). University of Manchester. pp. 59, 68.
444:, who also arrested Saud's successor, Abdullah bin Saud.
1203:
990:
952:
State Islam and state violence: The case of Saudi Arabia
544:
529:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 29–30.
1080:
The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years
576:
Beyond Muslim space: Jeddah, Muscat, Aden and Port Said
16:
19th-century ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah (1748–1814
1152:
A Study of Egyptian Rule in Eastern Arabia (1814-1841)
1120:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
780:
Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement
469:
300:
Saud's succession was decided and announced in 1787.
1111:
690:(MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 16.
479:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 37.
264:
1228:. Joint Special Operations University. p. 22.
997:(MA thesis). The University of Arizona. p. 3.
824:
A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820
1015:
948:
718:(PhD thesis). University of Oklahoma. p. 22.
610:
1287:(PhD thesis). The Claremont Graduate University.
614:Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982)
519:
1358:
708:
683:
1242:
1220:
1041:
994:Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's
827:(MA thesis). McGill University. pp. 12–13.
820:
736:
1180:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security
1148:
1076:
776:
617:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 19.
266:Saʿūd ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd
931:
1210:(MA thesis). McGill University. p. 184.
1173:
1155:(MA thesis). McGill University. p. 33.
489:
432:, Turki, Nasser and Saad. His youngest son,
1249:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108.
881:
1019:H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine
407:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
772:
770:
1367:19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1276:
1274:
1037:
1035:
1033:
746:. New York: Facts on File. p. 120.
649:Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994).
644:
642:
1281:Mashaal Abdullah Turki Al Saud (1982).
927:
925:
923:
921:
816:
814:
812:
606:
604:
540:
538:
536:
515:
513:
1359:
1246:Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century
986:
984:
982:
980:
831:
767:
568:
566:
465:
463:
461:
1271:
1030:
942:
639:
579:(PhD thesis). UCLA. pp. 24, 46.
101:27 April 1814 (aged 65–66)
1016:Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981).
918:
809:
601:
533:
510:
1382:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
1232:from the original on 29 April 2022.
1026:from the original on 24 March 2022.
1022:(MA thesis). University of Kansas.
977:
573:Mohamed Mohamed El Amrousi (2001).
563:
458:
255:سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود
254:
167:Thuwaini Al-Saadoun campaign (1797)
13:
905:Alejandra Galindo Marines (2001).
847:Abdul Wahap Saleh Babeair (1985).
684:Charles F. Balka (December 2008).
269:; 1748 – 27 April 1814) ruled the
14:
1408:
1313:
1204:Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid (1980).
991:Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi (1968).
545:Nawaf bin Ayyaf Almogren (2020).
1114:"The Egyptian Empire, 1805-1848"
1089:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1
914:(PhD thesis). Durham University.
1236:
1214:
1197:
1167:
1142:
1105:
1070:
1009:
898:
875:
740:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia
730:
209:Invasions of Kuwait (1793-1808)
114:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad (father)
1331:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
1118:The Cambridge History of Egypt
702:
677:
523:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal
483:
470:Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009).
372:Saud's forces transformed the
279:servant of the Two Holy Cities
134:Campaigns on Qatif (1788-1794)
58:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
1:
1221:Roby C. Barrett (June 2015).
1149:Mohammed Ameen (March 1981).
1126:10.1017/CHOL9780521472111.009
1112:Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim (1998).
882:Cole Bunzel (February 2016).
451:
396:and with trumpet and drums."
284:
232:Battle of Al Qunfudhah (1814)
171:Ail al-Kahiay Campaign (1798)
156:Invasion of Qatar (1793-1798)
7:
949:Mamoun Hamza Fandy (1993).
611:Gary Samuel Samore (1984).
428:Saud's other sons included
265:
145:Campaigns on al-Hasa (1794)
103:Diriyah, Emirate of Diriyah
10:
1413:
785:Princeton University Press
520:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997).
320:defeating the army of the
247:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
201:Piracy in the Persian Gulf
175:Invasion of Bahrian (1801)
42:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
20:
1392:People of the Wahhabi War
1349:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
1345:
1335:
1327:
1255:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8
783:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford:
709:Abdullah M. Zaid (1972).
302:Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
240:
126:
121:
107:
97:
84:
79:
75:
70:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
63:
51:
47:
40:
1397:Saudi Arabian Wahhabists
1243:R. Bayly Winder (1965).
1056:10.1215/1089201X-1891615
821:Sani Ali Bashir (1979).
737:James Wynbrandt (2010).
348:
342:Ottoman governor in Iraq
308:, who was the father of
228:Battle of Turubah (1813)
1077:Jacob Goldberg (1986).
777:Cole M. Bunzel (2023).
408:Personal life and death
332:destroying the tomb of
224:Capture of Al Hinakiyah
186:Wahhabi sack of Karbala
932:Shazia Farhat (2018).
291:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad
793:10.1515/9780691241609
490:Sayed Khatab (2011).
312:, the founder of the
306:Abdullah bin Muhammad
1116:. In M. Daly (ed.).
334:Imam Hussain bin Ali
93:, Emirate of Diriyah
322:Bani Khalid Emirate
551:(MS thesis). MIT.
310:Turki bin Abdullah
220:Battle of Al-Safra
1355:
1354:
1346:Succeeded by
1339:First Saudi State
1337:Emir and Imam of
1294:979-8-204-29112-6
962:979-8-208-43297-6
860:979-8-204-34728-1
753:978-0-8160-7876-9
662:978-1-392-10160-5
586:978-0-493-48568-3
271:First Saudi State
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190:Conquest of Hejaz
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1328:Preceded by
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829:
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756:. Archived from
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446:Mishari bin Saud
336:, a grandson of
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122:Military service
80:Personal details
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903:
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889:
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861:
845:
832:
819:
810:
803:
787:. p. 209.
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768:
763:on 26 May 2021.
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504:
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438:Emirate of Nejd
410:
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314:Emirate of Nejd
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