1572:: Could have been Light conscript infantry that were recruited from the peasant population of the Sasanian Empire. They typically had large rectangular wickerwood or wood shields, boiled leather caps, and various weapons, typically spears or agricultural tools. However, Paighan could also be heavy, mail armoured swordsmen with large rectangular shields – as described by Ammianus p. 286, Engagement outside Ctesiphon AD 365 "they were supported by detachments of infantry who moved in compact formation carrying long, curved shields of wicker covered with raw hide.” “And day was now dawning, when mail-clad soldiers underspread the entire heaven, and the dense forces moved forward, not as before in disorder, but led by the slow notes of the trumpets and with no one running forward, protected too by pent-houses and holding before them wicker hurdles.“ Rerum Gestarum, 19.7.3 remarks on Sasanian troops; p. 265 – Excursus on Persian Society – Book 23 6.80 “Their infantry are armed like gladiators (Murmillo*) and obey orders like soldiers’ servants.”
1532:, who, like their Achaemenid ancestors, were usually levied troops of little fighting ability, could be an incomplete picture of the actual composition of these forces. The truth may be that Sasanian armies often fielded a complex mix of infantry troop types, some much more effective than others. However, the popular and long-held view of many modern historians has been greatly influenced by classical Roman views, which disparaged the infantry components of Sasanian armies. Procopius of Caesarea, for example, described them as "a crowd of pitiable peasants who come into battle for no other purpose than to dig through walls and to despoil the slain and in general to serve the soldiers ". In some battles, however, significant numbers of
1652:, but they also had excellent defensive tactics for their fortifications, such as methods for using and countering catapults, for countering mining, for throwing stones or pouring boiling liquid on the attackers or by hurling fire brands and blazing missiles. In the fourth century CE, the Persians still used moving armoured siege towers, in order to strafe the battlements with artillery and to allow their soldiers to climb over them . In the sixth century however, Procopius and Agathias no longer mention such towers, perhaps because at that time wheeled vehicles had almost entirely disappeared from the Middle East (Bulliet The Camel and the Wheel 1975). Instead of siege towers, Sasanian besiegers would now build a high
3195:
930:
1202:
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even terms with their enemy. Sometimes the archers, instead of thus fighting in line, were intermixed with the heavy horse, with which it was not difficult for them to keep pace. They galled the foe with their constant discharges from between the ranks of the horsemen, remaining themselves in comparative security, as the legions rarely ventured to charge the
Persian armoured cavalry. If they were forced to retreat, they still shot backwards as they fled; and it was a proverbial saying with the Romans that they were then especially formidable. Infantry was divided into the following types:
1608:: these troops represent the large numbers of agricultural estate workers, conscripted into the army on an unpaid basis, to dig field defenses and participate in siege works. They were armed with little more than their siege tools and a knife (occasionally protected on the battlefield by wicker siege pavices) and their true fighting value was often worse than negligible, running away at the first opportunity if 'threatened' by Roman or Byzantine regular infantry. It is these individuals that shaped the classical Roman authors' poor opinions of Sasanian infantry.
1521:
36:
1486:, but was at no time very numerous. Great store was set by it; and in some of the earlier battles against the Arabs the victory was regarded as gained mainly by this arm of the service. It acted with best effect in an open and level district; but the value put upon it was such that, however rough, mountainous, and woody the country into which the Persian arms penetrated, the elephant always accompanied the march of the Persian troops, and care was taken to make roads by which it could travel. The elephant corps was under a special chief, known as the
1993:
1771:
1564:: Hard charging, southern Caspian region, mountaineer type, shielded medium infantry, armed with swords, maces, axe and javelins. Later they are hired in larger numbers and were heavily armoured and fought in closer formation, often intermixed with Sasanian elephants. 4000 are resettled to the Sassanid capital (Ctesiphon) as an elite infantry guard formation, known as 'Gond-i Shāhanshāh'. These 'Gond-i Shāhanshāh' defect to the Muslim Arabs as the Arab Conquest progresses.
745:
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1299:(r. 309–379) further reformed the army by adopting heavier and more effective cavalry. These mounted units were clad in thick iron plates which covered their entire body. This made them look very much like moving iron statues. Some were armed with a lance and some with a sword and/or mace. Depictions of aforementioned cavalry still survive, with one of the best preserved ones being a rock relief at
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On the
Parthian Legacy in Sasanian Iran: the Case of Warfare // Центральная Азия от Ахеменидов до Тимуридов: археология, история, этнология, культура. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной 100-летию со дня рождения Александра Марковича Беленицкого (Санкт-Петербург, 2–5 ноября 2004
1576:
Note: Murmillo were a type of specifically sword armed Roman gladiator, distinctive by their large rectangular shield and their sword arm harness (manicae). The remains of a
Paighan infantryman – wearing a Sasanian spangenhelm and a mail shirt was excavated in the Tower 19 collapsed siege tunnel at
1554:
by the
Achaemenids), still remained in use; and from behind a row of these, rested upon the ground and forming a sort of loop−holed wall, the Sasanian bowmen shot their weapons with great effect; nor was it until their store of arrows was exhausted that the Romans, ordinarily, felt themselves upon
1911:
This class of nobility was first formed in
Parthian times, and was carried over into the Sasanian state, where they were a force to be reckoned with. They accompanied the king in the wars and displayed great courage and discipline. They are clearly the forerunners and founders of the "Knights" of
1503:
For infantry they find useless for their sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by them. Nor, in fact, is it necessary to them, since the whole of the country that they inhabit is flat and bare. For a military force is naturally valued or slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness in
1713:
Bernard Lewis (ed.) Islam from the
Prophet of Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople (NY 1987) I.215: In a rather symbolic discussion between Arabs and Persians, written by Al-Jahiz, the Arabs are denounced for not knowing the ratila (Arabic for a catapult, though
1241:. This was made up of noblemen who underwent extensive exercises in warfare and military maneuvers through military training, gaining discipline and becoming true soldiers. Within the Sasanian military, the cavalry was the most influential element, and Sasanian
1677:
NP kamān-i charkh, kamān-i gāv ("ox-bow") Steingass 1047, the latter name suggesting that this second type of catapult was not drawn with a ratchet but with the help of a large and strong domestic animal like an ox. Such weapons are known to have been used in
1257:, and the recurrent wars with the Sasanian were an important factor in the Roman turn to new military organizations and battlefield tactics that centered around the use of heavy cavalry in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Romans called these newly formed units
701:
cavalry model, and employed new types of armour and siege warfare techniques. This was the beginning for a military system which served him and his successors for over 400 years, during which the
Sasanian Empire was, along with the
1786:
The
Sasanian army, especially during the late Sasanian period, employed foreign mercenary troops from many different regions. The most frequently used types of mercenaries were Kurdish mercenaries from the northern boundary of the
1543:
The archers formed the elite of the
Persian infantry. They were trained to deliver their arrows with extreme rapidity, and with an aim that was almost unerring. The huge wattled shields, adopted by the Achaemenid Persians from the
1920:, آزادان, "freemen") formed a numerous minor aristocracy of lower-ranking administrators, mostly living on their small estates and providing the cavalry backbone of the Sasanian army. Most prestigious among them were the armoured
1635:
for conquering walled towns. First of all, they would mine the walls of besieged fortifications, as such a tunnel containing the body of a
Sasanian soldier has been discovered underneath the walls of Roman
2612:
2838:
Farrokh, K., Khorasani, M. M., & Dwyer, B. (2018). Depictions of archery in Sassanian silver plates and their relationship to warfare. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 13(2), 82–113.
1285:, which refers to a covered pot in which bread was baked or a small oven; perhaps a joking reference to the one-piece mask helmets they wore. The Roman term appears for the first time in the
2631:Военная разведка в сасанидском Иране: организация деятельности и источники информации // Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского. 2016. № 1. С. 9–22. Прим. 12 на стр. 18
969:(Army Commanders), each for a cardinal direction. Other attested military ranks throughout the Sasanian period are as follows: (the exact nature of some of these are not well-understood)
1249:, medallions, court customs, and costumes greatly influenced their Romano-Byzantine neighbours. The Romans had long contended against opponents who fielded heavy cavalry, notably the
2415:
652:
1341:
The heavy cavalry was complemented by lighter cavalry, which were not made up of Sasanian, but were recruited from among their allies and supplemented by mercenary troops. Gelani (
1718:
seems to have been more usual Hugh Kennedy The Armies of the Caliphs 113; C. Cahen "Un traité d’armurerie composé pour Saladin" Bulletin d’etudes orientales 12 (1947–8) 133), the
1954:) knightly caste required a small estate, and the Asavaran knightly caste received that from the throne, and in return, were the throne's most notable defenders in time of war.
1494:. These giant beasts acted as walking towers on battlefields and caused panic and disorder in enemy ranks, creating openings in the lines that cavalry could take advantage of.
3516:
1368:
It is possible that the mainly light cavalry were intended for the battles with the central Asiatic tribes, while the more heavy cavalry were used in encounters with Rome.
1665:
1114:
2627:
2408:
645:
1661:
689:, and to further this aim, he reformed the military by forming a standing army which was under his personal command and whose officers were separate from
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1086:
480:
3161:
1138:
2401:
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638:
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who had been divided in 568/9; and the abundant Arab tribes in the south who were integrated into a "nexus of alliances managed by the Sasanians'
1329:), girdle, thigh-guards (Pahlavi ran-ban) sword, mace, bowcase with two bows and two bowstrings, quiver with 30 arrows, two extra bowstrings, and
768:
corps into a very prominent and important position, and the increased use and pre-eminence of cavalry on the Parthian model, including both heavy
1354:
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endured in the Caucasus, India and the Muslim world. It was the elite cavalry of Sasanian Persia, who were the forerunners of the later Arabian
3092:
1701:
1653:
1582:
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522:
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113:
3183:
1656:, placing their artillery on its summit to target the defenders on the walls below. Like the Romans, the Sasanians also adopted the
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1490:, or "Commander of the Indians", either because the beasts came from that country, or because they were managed by natives of
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The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: The Seventh Monarchy: History of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire
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2759:
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The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: The Seventh Monarchy: History of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire
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1586:: (Literally; Spear wielder) medium infantry armed with spears and large wicker shields possibly a sub-set of the Paighan
3191:
3062:
2023:
1536:
were deployed. These were well-paid, heavy mail armoured infantry (carrying swords and large rectangular shields). The
1513:
756:
In the character of their warfare, the Persians of the Sasanian period differed greatly from their forebears under the
3042:
3017:
79:
57:
943:(the King of Kings). The empire's military command was split into four. Initially, the offices of the Great King of
50:
3215:
992:
1482:
who showered the enemy with storms of arrows. The elephant corps held the first position. It was recruited from
3323:
2889:
Wilcox, Peter (1986). Rome's Enemies: Parthians and Sassanid Persians (Men-at-Arms). Vol. 3. Osprey Publishing.
1734:)) or any other siege machinery, suggesting all these machines were already known to the pre-Islamic Persians.
215:
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219:
17:
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was a large detachment (possibly numbering 1000 soldiers) under the command of an officer with the rank of
606:
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2137:
616:
374:
3243:
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Michael B. Charles, ‘The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire’,
2501:
1876:
1528:
There is growing conjecture that the historical view that Sasanian infantry were mostly lightly armed
1361:
were the main suppliers of this light- to medium-armoured cavalry. They were an essential part of the
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1977:
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44:
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cavalry: Heavy shock cavalry armed with lance, bow, sword and mace or battle axe (also known as
978:, who could become the commander-in-chief and was entrusted to engage in diplomatic negotiations.
3361:
3354:
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2029:
1973:
1963:
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61:
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James Howard-Johnston, ‘The Late Sasanian Army’. In: Bernheimer, T. – Silverstein, A. (eds.),
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kings. The principal changes which time had brought about were an almost entire disuse of the
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provinces of the empire in particular were famous for providing high-quality foot soldiers.
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1981:
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565:
8:
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776:. Four main arms of the service were recognized, each standing on a different level: the
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Excavations at Duros-Europos 1928–1937, Final Report VII Simon James, Oxbow Books, 2016
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2004:
1880:
285:
269:
265:
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1668:. They protected their sappers and soldiers with earthworks, shelters and mantlets.
1468:
1375:
736:, while in the west it was engaged in a recurrent struggle against the Roman Empire.
707:
555:
402:
223:
175:
1992:
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3422:
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2333:
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2017:
1788:
1726:(Arabic for a small perrier operated by a few persons or even a single person (the
1509:
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396:
257:
159:
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The silk road: a journey from the High Pamirs and Ili through Sinkiang and Kansu
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997:
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The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
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Sasanian Persia. The Rise and Fall of an Empire. London; New York, 2009. p. 45
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were adopted by the Romans, Arabs, and Turks. Their weaponry, battle tactics,
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3349:
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Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa
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Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa
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1984:) were later built on the borders opposite the territories of the opponents.
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Sassanian Armies : the Iranian empire early 3rd to mid-7th centuries AD
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Sassanian Armies : the Iranian empire early 3rd to mid-7th centuries AD
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Sassanian Armies : the Iranian empire early 3rd to mid-7th centuries AD
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151:
103:
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The Sasanians made use of fortifications, sometimes massive ones (such as
744:
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A.D.H. Bivar, ‘Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier’,
1969:
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war. Accordingly, ... it is granted no great consideration in their laws.
1350:
1158:: Commander of a Thousand , probably the commander of the Royal Bodyguard
761:
749:
171:
163:
1445:, shooting with stirrups and shooting while riding the horse backwards.
996:: all denote the regular commander-in-chief, apparently chosen from the
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The military appointments were mostly dominated by the noble houses of
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Farrokh, Kaveh; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna; Garcia, Javier Sanchez (2018).
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Farrokh, Kaveh; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna; Garcia, Javier Sanchez (2018).
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1996:
1932:
1859:
1730:) and a large perrier operated by up to 400 people respectively (the
1709:
1645:
1641:
1550:
1491:
1464:
1371:
In short, there were the following classes of mobile cavalry troops:
1296:
1281:. Another, more direct and often quoted, etymology is the Greek word
1094:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
960:
825:, that is, its structural units were units that consistently counted
473:
453:
289:
1871:
After the Sasanian Empire suffered a major defeat in 636 during the
1314:
The fighting equipment of the heavily armed Sasanian horsemen were:
3427:
2292:
2264:
2229:
1835:
1673:
1529:
1459:
1379:
1150:
1047:
1018:: literally "Commander of the Cavalry", but its duties are unknown.
956:
529:
501:
466:
243:
239:
227:
155:
1396:: elite cavalry also described as the Persian knightly caste (see
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2112:
1940:
1839:
1757:
1657:
1599:
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349:
277:
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211:
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2660:. A Synopsis of Sasanian Military Organization and Combat Units"
2569:
2567:
1927:
Despite their downfall in the 7th century AD, the legacy of the
1233:
in the Sasanian era was its heavy armoured cavalry, known since
3475:
2299:
2257:
2209:
2131:
2000:
1862:
and used them as an elite unit, where they became known as the
1812:
1800:
1537:
1414:
1386:
1358:
1130:
1106:
1022:
948:
690:
536:
494:
446:
368:
231:
147:
1895:
915:. The head of the military estate of Sasanian Iran was called
724:("the realm of Iran") from the East against the incursions of
2617:года) / Отв. ред. В. П. Никоноров. СПб., 2005. С. 145. сн. 18
2564:
1946:
The amount of money involved in maintaining a warrior of the
1936:
1854:(r. 590–628), probably sometime after 600, he resettled 4000
1246:
1213:
1884:
1808:
1596:
720:
261:
3258:
2586:
Arthur Christensen, Sassanid Persia, 2nd Ed., 1965, p. 237
2086:
323:
1664:
originating in the Far East, the forerunner of the later
1417:
cavalry: Medium-armoured cavalry armed with lance and bow
1365:
because of their endurance and speed on the battlefield.
1126:: Senior vet who looked after the cavalry elite's mounts.
3022:
Philip Rance, ‘Elephants in Warfare in Late Antiquity’,
897:, and they were commanded by a commander in the rank of
1987:
821:
The Sassanid army was organized in accordance with the
2917:
2533:
1924:اسوران, who normally decided the outcome of a battle.
685:, to the throne. Ardashir aimed at the revival of the
1467:
on top of an elephant fighting the Mazdakite Revolt.
1441:
show different forms of horse archery: frontal shot,
3517:
Military units and formations of the Sasanian Empire
1631:
The Sasanian had organized and efficient methods of
1618:) and were probably recruited from the highlands of
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
846:
780:, the horse, the archers, and the ordinary footmen.
1293:, a work from the very end of the 4th century AD.
677:. The birth of the army dates back to the rise of
3031:Rome's Enemies 3: Parthians and Sassanid Persians
1765:
3503:
2749:
909:and was commanded by a general with the rank of
3071:
3054:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
1879:; the Gond-i Shahanshah defected to the Arabs,
1830:; or resettled on Sasanian territory, like the
1217:A medieval Armenian miniature representing the
1102:: military commander of a district or province.
1063:: Commander of the border guards; according to
818:), meaning "army", is derived from the latter.
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2752:The Military History of the Third Century Iran
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:Очерк истории древнего Ирана. М., 1961. С. 291
1939:(derived from Persian Savar), and the Turkish
1474:Both types of cavalry units were supported by
1321:/Cataphract cavalry: helmet, hauberk (Pahlavi
748:Sasanian silver plate depicting an equestrian
693:, local princes and nobility. He restored the
3177:
3109:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
3024:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
2750:Maksymiuk, Katarzyna; Syvanne, Ilkka (2018).
2409:
646:
3149:The Armies of Ancient Persia: The Sassanians
2594:
2592:
1118:: Senior rank responsible for army supplies.
959:fulfilled these roles. After the reforms of
813:
2768:
2714:
2608:
2606:
1957:
1818:The Sasanians also often recruited foreign
873:, commanded by an officer with the rank of
861:, commanded by an officer with the rank of
841:. It is known from Sasanian sources that a
27:Armed forces of the Sassanid Persian Empire
3184:
3170:
3091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2642:
2640:
2638:
2416:
2402:
1614:are recorded in Sasanian army (notably in
653:
639:
2589:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2818:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 69.
2603:
2011:
1991:
1894:
1769:
1697:were also used as "living mobile towers"
1519:
1458:
1325:), breastplate, mail, gauntlet (Pahlavi
1212:
1200:
1067:, it had been equivalent in rank to the
928:
903:. An army of 10,000 warriors was called
800:and larger divisions were designated as
743:
43:This article includes a list of general
3099:
3078:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
3047:
2791:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–8.
2783:
2635:
2066:
1903:equipment in the monumental reliefs at
1026:, also means "Commander of the Cavalry"
14:
3504:
3123:
2811:
891:. Units of 5,000 warriors were called
867:. A unit of 500 warriors was called a
3165:
1999:illustration of the Sasanian general
1935:, the Caucasian horsemen, the Indian
1807:(regarded as elite soldiers equal to
1693:Ammianus Marcellinus 19.5.1, 19.7.2.
933:A Sasanian helmet, sword, and dagger.
697:military organizations, retained the
669:was the primary military body of the
3075:(1986). "Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran".
3003:Late Antiquity: Eastern perspectives
1988:Major battles of the Sasanian Empire
1976:of fortifications (such as those of
1887:, where they had their own quarter.
1845:
1397:
673:armed forces, serving alongside the
29:
2992:Sassanian Elite Cavalry, AD 224–642
1972:), as military and campaign bases.
1838:client-kingdom from its capital at
1592:: (Literally; "Bow bearer") archers
1307:is seen riding his favorite horse,
814:
24:
2789:Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224–642
1890:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3528:
3081:. London et al. pp. 489–499.
1899:Depiction (bottom) of a Sasanian
1640:. Their siege machinery included
1205:Reconstruction of a Sasanian-era
1134:, commander of a citadel or fort.
1035:, chief instructor of the cavalry
681:(r. 224–241), the founder of the
3488:
3487:
3257:
3193:
3130:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
2852:History of the Wars: Persian War
2085:
1761:Ammianus Marcellinus 19.5.1, 7.3
1626:
1448:
1110:, commander of a rural district.
710:, one of the two superpowers of
322:
34:
3345:Military of the Sasanian Empire
3005:, Exeter 2012, pp. 87–127.
2952:
2936:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2882:
2873:
2860:
2841:
2832:
2805:
2754:. Archeobooks. pp. 55–59.
2702:
2679:from the original on 2018-06-29
3057:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
2690:
2621:
2580:
2552:
2527:
1766:Foreign and mercenary soldiers
718:. The Sasanian army protected
13:
1:
2520:
1595:Light ranged troops, such as
1267:is derived from Persian word
937:Head of the military was the
839:tens of thousands of soldiers
3012:(Montvert Publishing 1996).
2879:Farrokh, The Sassanids, 2017
1795:sources; tribal people from
783:
7:
3026:43 (2003), pp. 355–384
2987:42 (2007), pp. 301–346
2980:26 (1972), pp. 271–291
2922:. Archeobooks. p. 48.
2920:The Siege of Amida (359 CE)
2599:Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary
2538:. Archeobooks. p. 31.
2536:The Siege of Amida (359 CE)
1868:"the army of the Emperor".
1842:" (James-Howard Johnston).
1778:, founder of the notorious
1705:Procopius 1.7.17, 2.26.25–9
1497:
1263:; It is said that the word
1043:: Commander of the Infantry
792:, smaller divisions of the
10:
3533:
2969:
1961:
1452:
1196:
1090:: Head of the royal guard.
3485:
3441:
3400:
3392:Muslim conquest of Persia
3372:Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars
3337:
3266:
3255:
3224:
3206:
1873:Muslim conquest of Persia
1811:in the 4th-century); and
1791:, who begin to appear in
1408:Light cavalry: primarily
296:
249:
199:
189:
181:
139:
129:
119:
109:
99:
94:
3464:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
2908:Jalali, 1383/2004, p. 50
2662:. Siedlce-Tehran. 2018.
1958:Buildings and structures
1749:NP Steingass 1033, 1062
1732:trestle-framed trebuchet
924:
282:Western Turkic Khaganate
3459:Roman–Iranian relations
3124:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
2812:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
2502:Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
1877:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1756:Earth works, shelters,
1666:counterweight-trebuchet
1616:Battle of Singara (344)
1177:, battlefield commander
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
847:
739:
64:more precise citations.
3387:Revolts and civil wars
2390:Revolts and civil wars
2094:Armed forces and units
2008:
1974:Sasanian defense lines
1964:Sasanian defense lines
1908:
1783:
1525:
1524:A Sasanian army helmet
1518:
1471:
1376:Persian immortal guard
1226:
1210:
934:
753:
627:Revolts and civil wars
331:Armed forces and units
114:Sasanian king of kings
3382:Aksumite–Persian wars
2978:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2012:Early Sasanian period
1995:
1898:
1773:
1741:, derived from Greek
1728:pole-framed trebuchet
1523:
1501:
1462:
1455:Persian war elephants
1453:Further information:
1287:vita Alexandri Severi
1221:War elephants in the
1216:
1204:
932:
764:, the advance of the
747:
3377:Göktürk–Persian wars
2448:Battle of Callinicum
2329:Great Wall of Gorgan
2067:Late Sasanian period
1850:During the reign of
1437:Depictions from the
1229:The backbone of the
1223:Battle of Vartanantz
796:were referred to as
566:Great Wall of Gorgan
3073:Shapur Shahbazi, A.
2658:Katarzyna Maksymiuk
2654:Gholamreza Karamian
2484:Battle of Blarathon
2436:Battle of Thannuris
2042:Battle of Ctesiphon
1912:later history. The
1805:Caucasian Albanians
1235:Classical antiquity
1051:, commander in the
140:Active regions
3362:Roman–Persian Wars
3244:Seven Great Houses
2866:George Rawlinson "
2573:George Rawlinson "
2508:Battle of Nahavand
2478:Battle of Solachon
2009:
1909:
1901:Clibanarii cavalry
1881:converted to Islam
1784:
1662:traction-trebuchet
1526:
1472:
1227:
1211:
963:, there were four
935:
754:
266:Rashidun Caliphate
121:Dates of operation
3499:
3498:
3338:Military and wars
3157:978-1-84884-845-0
3151:(Pen and Sword).
3137:978-3-447-03652-8
3116:978-0-306-81740-3
3087:cite encyclopedia
3035:Osprey Publishing
2996:Osprey Publishing
2929:978-83-7051-887-5
2856:Book I, XIV.22–30
2825:978-3-447-03652-8
2798:978-1-78200-848-4
2761:978-83-7051-894-3
2669:978-83-62447-22-0
2545:978-83-7051-887-5
2496:Battle of Nineveh
2490:Battle of Antioch
2466:Battle of Bukhara
2426:
2425:
2319:Wall of the Arabs
2166:Gond-i Shahanshah
2054:Battle of Avarayr
2048:Battle of Samarra
2024:Siege of Caesarea
1883:, and settled in
1865:Gond-i Shāhanshāh
1846:Gond-i Shahanshah
1780:Gond-i Shahanshah
1469:Persian miniature
1279:neck-guard wearer
1142:: Commander of a
988:spāhbedān-spāhbed
708:East Roman Empire
663:
662:
556:Wall of the Arabs
403:Gond-i Shahanshah
306:
305:
176:Arabian Peninsula
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3524:
3491:
3490:
3423:Banu al-Munajjim
3261:
3211:List of monarchs
3198:
3197:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3141:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3068:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2644:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2334:Wall of Tammisha
2251:Eran anbaraghbad
2244:Pushtigban Salar
2160:Sogdian warriors
2089:
2071:
2070:
2030:Battle of Satala
2018:Battle of Edessa
1789:Zagros Mountains
1774:Coin of emperor
1516:
1291:Historia Augusta
1115:Erān anbāraghbad
1087:Pushtigbān-sālār
1079:magister militum
1008:: Field general.
993:artēštārān-sālār
920:
918:artēštārān-sālār
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
850:
823:"decimal system"
817:
816:
790:Pahlavi language
728:nomads like the
655:
648:
641:
571:Wall of Tammisha
488:Eran anbaraghbad
481:Pushtigban Salar
397:Sogdian warriors
326:
308:
307:
122:
110:Political leader
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
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3512:Medieval armies
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3262:
3253:
3220:
3202:
3200:Sasanian Empire
3192:
3190:
3147:Kaveh Farrokh,
3144:
3138:
3117:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3049:Daryaee, Touraj
3008:David Nicolle,
2990:Kaveh Farrokh,
2985:Iranica Antiqua
2972:
2967:
2966:
2958:David Nicolle "
2957:
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2622:
2614:Nikonorov V. P.
2611:
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2597:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2454:Siege of Edessa
2422:
2079:Sasanian Empire
2077:
2075:Military of the
2069:
2060:Battle of Herat
2014:
1990:
1966:
1960:
1893:
1891:Azadan nobility
1848:
1768:
1629:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1457:
1451:
1275:griva-pana-vara
1243:cavalry tactics
1237:in the west as
1199:
975:Wuzurg-framadar
927:
786:
742:
726:central Asiatic
683:Sasanian Empire
659:
316:Sasanian Empire
314:
312:Military of the
301:Derafsh Kaviani
194:Sasanian Empire
185:100,000-150,000
134:Sasanian Empire
120:
100:Military leader
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
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28:
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15:
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3268:
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3263:
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3251:
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3241:
3240:
3239:
3232:House of Sasan
3228:
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3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3204:
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3166:
3160:
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3143:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3097:
3069:
3064:978-0857716668
3063:
3045:
3029:Peter Wilcox,
3027:
3020:
3006:
2999:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
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2910:
2901:
2892:
2881:
2872:
2859:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2804:
2797:
2785:Farrokh, Kaveh
2767:
2760:
2713:
2709:Дьяконов М. М.
2701:
2689:
2668:
2634:
2620:
2602:
2588:
2579:
2563:
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2544:
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2518:
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2511:
2505:
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2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2460:Siege of Petra
2457:
2451:
2445:
2442:Battle of Dara
2439:
2433:
2430:Siege of Amida
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Arabian tribes
2362:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2279:Savaran Sardar
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
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2188:
2183:
2176:
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2157:
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2123:
2116:
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2081:
2068:
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2063:
2057:
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2045:
2039:
2036:Siege of Amida
2033:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2010:
1989:
1986:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
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1847:
1844:
1828:North Caucasus
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1686:
1679:
1650:battering rams
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1593:
1587:
1577:Dura-Europos
1574:
1573:
1565:
1534:heavy infantry
1506:
1499:
1496:
1450:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1383:
1339:
1338:
1289:(56.5) in the
1198:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1091:
1083:
1056:
1044:
1036:
1027:
1019:
1012:Aswārān-sardār
1009:
1001:
998:House of Suren
979:
955:, and King of
926:
923:
785:
782:
741:
738:
712:Late Antiquity
706:and later the
687:Persian Empire
661:
660:
658:
657:
650:
643:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
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602:Arabian tribes
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578:
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568:
563:
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516:Savaran Sardar
512:
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258:Eastern Romans
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141:
137:
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131:
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117:
116:
111:
107:
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101:
97:
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95:Sassanian army
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3529:
3518:
3515:
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3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3355:Defense lines
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
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3107:
3102:
3101:Kennedy, Hugh
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3043:0-85045-688-6
3040:
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3021:
3019:
3018:1-874101-08-6
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
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2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2943:David Nicolle
2939:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2857:
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2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
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2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2753:
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2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:Kaveh Farrokh
2643:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2629:Дмитриев В.А.
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2541:
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2530:
2526:
2515:
2514:Battle of Ray
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
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2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:Siege of Dara
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2310:Defense lines
2308:
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2255:
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2174:
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2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:War elephants
2124:
2122:
2121:
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2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2099:
2098:
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2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2003:fighting the
2002:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
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1915:
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1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:Battering ram
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:siege warfare
1627:Siege warfare
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:Levy infantry
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
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1522:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:war elephants
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:War elephants
1446:
1444:
1443:Parthian shot
1440:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:horse-archers
1407:
1405:
1404:War elephants
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
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1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
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1276:
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1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:aswārān-sālār
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
984:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
931:
922:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
774:horse-archers
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
750:single combat
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Sasanian navy
672:
668:
667:Sasanian army
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
636:
634:
633:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
587:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
551:
548:
547:Defense lines
545:
544:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
517:
513:
511:
510:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
496:
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
463:
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458:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
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429:
424:
421:
419:
418:
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411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:War elephants
361:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
329:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
310:
309:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:nomadic Arabs
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
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209:
205:
202:
198:
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188:
184:
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177:
173:
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157:
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149:
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124:
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102:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Sasanian army
3474:
3468:
3344:
3309:Inscriptions
3274:Architecture
3148:
3126:
3105:
3077:
3053:
3030:
3023:
3009:
3002:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2814:
2807:
2788:
2751:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2681:. Retrieved
2657:
2653:
2649:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2582:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2385:Muslim Arabs
2370:Hephthalites
2339:Derbent Wall
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:Paygan-salar
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2180:Stor Bezashk
2178:
2171:
2164:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2111:
2074:
2005:Hephthalites
1967:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:Taq-e Bostan
1870:
1863:
1849:
1817:
1785:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1638:Dura-Europos
1630:
1611:
1605:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1549:
1542:
1527:
1502:
1487:
1480:foot archers
1473:
1439:Sasanian art
1436:
1424:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1351:Hephthalites
1342:
1340:
1334:
1331:horse armour
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1301:Taq-e Bostan
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1230:
1228:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1123:Stor Bezashk
1121:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1058:
1046:
1040:Paygān-sālār
1038:
1030:Andarzbad-i
1029:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1003:
991:
987:
983:Ērān-spāhbed
981:
973:
964:
938:
936:
852:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
809:
801:
797:
793:
787:
755:
730:Hephthalites
719:
704:Roman Empire
666:
664:
622:Muslim Arabs
607:Hephthalites
576:Derbent Wall
535:
528:
521:
514:
509:Paygan-salar
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
459:
452:
445:
438:
417:Stor Bezashk
415:
408:
401:
379:
367:
355:
348:
311:
292:, and others
270:Hephthalites
152:North Africa
104:Eran-spahbed
76:
67:
48:
3418:Baduspanids
3401:Descendants
3367:Arab tribes
3237:Family tree
1970:Iraj Castle
1820:auxiliaries
1793:6th century
1702:Siege mound
1690:Siege tower
1654:siege mound
1583:Neyze-daran
1283:ho klibanos
1239:Cataphracts
888:drafš-sālār
845:was called
770:cataphracts
762:war chariot
714:in Western
172:Mesopotamia
164:Transoxiana
62:introducing
3506:Categories
3324:Punishment
3314:Literature
2697:Daryaee T.
2683:2018-07-02
2521:References
2380:Ethiopians
2324:Gawri Wall
2286:Gond Salar
2155:Daylamites
2150:Sarmatians
2144:Pushtigban
2120:Grivpanvar
2107:Clibanarii
2102:Cataphract
1856:Daylamites
1852:Khosrow II
1822:, such as
1776:Khosrow II
1751:kashkanjīr
1747:koshkanjir
1743:manganikon
1590:Kamandaran
1514:Oration II
1488:Zend−hapet
1426:Clibanarii
1421:Cataphract
1319:Clibanarii
1305:Khosrau II
1270:grivpanvar
1265:clibanarii
1260:clibanarii
1251:Sarmatians
1207:cataphract
1191:Spandiyadh
1139:Gund-sālār
1069:East Roman
951:, King of
947:, King of
940:Shahanshah
900:gund-sālār
876:wašt-sālār
758:Achaemenid
695:Achaemenid
679:Ardashir I
617:Ethiopians
561:Gawri Wall
523:Gond Salar
392:Daylamites
387:Sarmatians
381:Pushtigban
357:Grivpanvar
344:Clibanarii
339:Cataphract
208:Sarmatians
204:Sabir Huns
144:Asia Minor
130:Allegiance
45:references
3433:Qarinvand
3304:Glassware
3299:Education
2848:Procopius
2462:(550–551)
2432:(502–503)
2352:Conflicts
2237:Masmughan
2217:Paygosban
2138:Immortals
1997:Shahnameh
1922:"Asvaran"
1860:Ctesiphon
1826:from the
1695:Elephants
1646:catapults
1642:crossbows
1602:-throwers
1551:sparabara
1546:Assyrians
1492:Hindustan
1465:Khosrow I
1390:nobility
1335:zen-abzar
1297:Shapur II
1255:Parthians
1175:Framandar
1146:division.
1100:pādhūspān
1095:Padgōspān
1073:strategos
1065:Procopius
1053:Abarshahr
961:Khosrow I
835:thousands
784:Divisions
778:elephants
721:Eranshahr
589:Conflicts
474:Masmughan
454:Paygosban
375:Immortals
290:Aksumites
250:Opponents
70:June 2015
3493:Category
3428:Mikalids
3408:Dabuyids
3294:Dressing
3216:Timeline
3103:(2007).
3051:(2009).
2870:" p. 184
2787:(2012).
2674:Archived
2577:" p. 189
2293:Darigbed
2265:Hazarbed
2230:Kanarang
1948:Asavaran
1941:Tarkhans
1813:Sistanis
1758:mantlets
1739:mangenik
1724:manjaniq
1722:and the
1674:Catapult
1612:Slingers
1548:(called
1530:spearmen
1507:—
1498:Infantry
1380:Zhayedan
1357:and the
1277:meaning
1253:and the
1219:Sasanian
1170:Framadar
1156:hazārbed
1151:Hazāruft
1048:Kanārang
966:spahbeds
957:Sakastan
831:hundreds
766:elephant
699:Parthian
671:Sasanian
530:Darigbed
502:Hazarbed
467:Kanarang
297:Standard
244:Xionites
240:Sclaveni
228:Lakhmids
160:Khorasan
156:Caucasus
3454:Economy
3442:Related
3413:Bavands
3284:Coinage
3267:Culture
3225:Dynasty
3037:2001).
2970:Sources
2962:" p. 11
2949:" p. 11
2561:, p. 53
2224:Marzban
2203:Spahbed
2173:Darigan
2113:Aswaran
1978:Derbent
1929:Savaran
1875:at the
1840:al-Hira
1836:Lakhmid
1736:Pahlavi
1710:Perrier
1658:perrier
1600:javelin
1597:Kurdish
1569:Paighan
1561:Daylami
1431:Asvārān
1393:Aswaran
1359:Khazars
1355:Kushans
1343:Guilani
1323:griwban
1309:Shabdiz
1197:Cavalry
1163:Sarhang
1107:shahrab
1060:Marzbān
1032:Aswaran
1005:Spāhbed
945:Armenia
912:spāhbed
864:tahmdār
853:hundred
716:Eurasia
691:satraps
461:Marzban
440:Spahbed
410:Darigan
350:Aswaran
278:Khazars
274:Kushans
224:Albania
216:Armenia
212:Osroene
190:Part of
168:Balkans
125:224–651
58:improve
3476:anērān
3289:Crowns
3155:
3134:
3113:
3061:
3041:
3016:
2926:
2822:
2795:
2758:
2666:
2542:
2360:Romans
2344:Darial
2300:Navbed
2258:Argbed
2210:Aspbed
2132:Paygan
2007:(484).
2001:Sukhra
1982:Gorgan
1952:Azatan
1918:Azadan
1824:Sabirs
1801:Daylam
1720:arrada
1678:China.
1538:Daylam
1510:Julian
1415:Dehqan
1387:Azadan
1347:Albani
1327:abdast
1303:where
1247:tamgas
1189:, and
1187:Mihran
1131:Argbed
1023:Aspbed
949:Meshan
806:Arabic
804:. The
597:Romans
581:Darial
537:Navbed
495:Argbed
447:Aspbed
369:Paygan
254:Romans
232:Lazica
220:Iberia
200:Allies
148:Levant
47:, but
3449:Roads
3329:Women
3319:Music
3249:Kayus
2998:2005)
2677:(PDF)
2516:(651)
2510:(642)
2504:(636)
2498:(627)
2492:(613)
2486:(591)
2480:(586)
2474:(573)
2468:(557)
2456:(544)
2450:(531)
2444:(530)
2438:(528)
2375:Turks
2194:Ranks
2062:(484)
2056:(451)
2050:(363)
2044:(363)
2038:(359)
2032:(298)
2026:(260)
2020:(260)
1937:Sowar
1933:Faris
1914:Aztan
1832:Turks
1797:Gilan
1745:, or
1716:ziyar
1620:Media
1484:India
1463:King
1398:below
1183:Suren
953:Gilan
925:Ranks
882:Drafš
848:radag
808:word
798:vasht
752:scene
734:Turks
612:Turks
431:Ranks
236:Avars
3473:and
3470:ērān
3350:Navy
3153:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3093:link
3059:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2186:Navy
1980:and
1885:Kufa
1809:Huns
1799:and
1648:and
1478:and
1363:Spâh
1231:Spâh
1144:gond
906:spāh
894:gund
870:wašt
858:tahm
851:, a
843:tens
837:and
827:tens
810:jund
802:gond
794:spāh
772:and
740:Army
732:and
665:The
423:Navy
262:Huns
182:Size
3279:Art
1858:in
1660:or
1345:),
1273:or
1173:or
1154:or
1098:or
1076:or
815:جند
788:In
3508::
3089:}}
3085:{{
2854:,
2850:,
2770:^
2716:^
2672:.
2656:,
2652:,
2637:^
2605:^
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2566:^
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1311:.
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3067:.
3033:(
2994:(
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2828:.
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2548:.
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1916:(
1907:.
1782:.
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1400:)
1382:)
1378:(
1333:(
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1209:.
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1055:.
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20:)
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