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sound of tanks, grenades, and rifle fire near the front wall of Santo Tomas. The lead element jeep carried guerilla leader, Capt. Manuel
Colayco along with Lt. Diosdado Guytingco, who guided the American forces to the internment camp. A Japanese defender flung a grenade under the jeep, injuring its occupants. Capt. Colayco died of his wounds a week later. Five American tanks from the 44th Tank Battalion broke through the fence of the compound. The Japanese soldiers took refuge in the large, three-story Education Building, taking 200 internees hostage, including internee leader Earl Carroll, and interpreter Ernest Stanley. Carroll and Stanley were ordered to accompany several Japanese soldiers to a meeting with American forces to negotiate a safe passage for the Japanese out of Santo Tomas in exchange for a release of their 200 hostages. During the meeting between the Americans, Filipinos and Japanese, a Japanese officer named Abiko reached into a pouch on his back, apparently for a hand grenade, and an American soldier shot and wounded him. Abiko was especially hated by the internees. He was carried away by a mob of enraged internees, kicked and slashed with knives, and thrown out of a hospital bed onto the floor. He died a few hours later.
839:
with the arrival of
American soldiers, life continued to be difficult. The lingering effects of near-starvation for so many months saw 48 people die in the camp in February, the highest death total for any month. Most internees could not leave the camp because of a lack of housing in Manila. The American military pressured all American internees to return to the U.S., including long-time residents and mixed-blood families who wished to remain in the Philippines. Tensions between the remaining internees and the American military were high. Slowly, in March and April 1945 the camp emptied out, but it was not until September that Santo Tomas finally closed and the last internees boarded a ship for the U.S. or sought out places to live in Manila, almost completely destroyed in the
704:
by the receipt in the camp of Red Cross food parcels just before
Christmas. Every internee, including children, received a parcel weighing 48 pounds (21.8 kg) and containing luxuries such as butter, chocolate, and canned meat. Vital medicine, vitamins, surgical instruments, and soap were also received. These were the only Red Cross parcels received by the internees during the war and undoubtedly staved off malnutrition and disease, reducing the death rate in Santo Tomas. For internees (and U.S. military prisoners of war) in the Philippines this was the only aid received during the war. More parcels were not received because the Japanese linked prisoner and internee exchanges with Red Cross aid to internees. American officials such as
500:. The Japanese mostly let the foreigners fend for themselves except for appointing room monitors and ordering a 7:30 p.m. roll call every night. The Japanese selected a business executive named Earl Carroll as head of the internee government and he selected five, later nine, men he knew to serve as an executive committee. They appointed a British missionary who had lived in Japan, Ernest Stanley, as interpreter. Santo Tomas quickly became a "miniature city." The internees created several committees to manage affairs, including a police force, set up a hospital with the abundant medical personnel available, and began providing morning and evening meals to more than 1,000 internees who did not have food or money to buy it.
126:
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691:. On May 14, the 800 men were loaded on trains and left Santo Tomas. In succeeding months, more men and families were transferred to Los Baños including a large number of missionaries and clergymen who were previously allowed to remain outside the internment camps provided they pledged not to engage in politics. Described as a "delightful spot" on arrival, conditions at Los Baños became increasingly crowded and difficult toward the end of the war, mirroring the situation at Santo Tomas. The population of Los Baños totaled 2,132, including a three-day-old baby, when it was liberated by American soldiers and Filipino guerrillas on February 23, 1945.
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election, was appointed as the chairman of a seven-person executive committee. Grinnell, a business executive, would be the leader of the internees for the duration of the war. Grinnell's leadership was controversial. He appeared to many of the internees to be too authoritative in ruling them and too acquiescent to the
Japanese, banning community dances, building a recreational shack for the Japanese guards, and setting up an internee court and jail for offenders. Dave Harvey, the most popular entertainer in the camp, satirized the Grinnell government by saying he was going to write a book titled "Mine Camp" and dedicate it to Grinnell.
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had 13 toilets and 12 showers. Lines were normal for toilets and meals. Internees with money were able to buy food and built huts, "shanties," of bamboo and palm fronds in open ground where they could take refuge during the day, although the
Japanese insisted that all internees sleep in their assigned rooms at night. Soon there were several hundred shanties and their owners constituted a "camp aristocracy." The Japanese attempted to enforce a ban on sex, marriage, and displays of affection among the internees. They often complained to the Executive Committee about "inappropriate" relations between men and women in the shanties.
54:
639:
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permitted parcels to enter the compound after being searched. However, the loose
Japanese control of the camp had teeth. Two young Englishmen and an Australian who escaped from the camp were captured, beaten, tortured, and executed on February 15. Carroll, Stanley, and the monitors of the two rooms where the men had been accommodated were forced to watch. Thereafter, no escapes from Santo Tomas, which would have been relatively easy given the small size of the Japanese guard force, were recorded.
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attributed to malnutrition, but
Japanese officials demanded that the death certificates be altered to eliminate malnutrition and starvation as causes of death. On January 30, four additional deaths occurred. That same day the Japanese confiscated much of the food left in the camp for their soldiers and the "cold fear of death" gripped the weakened internees. The Japanese were preparing for a last-ditch battle with American forces advancing on Manila.
504:
608:. The British were divided about equally between male and female. The imbalance in gender among the Americans was primarily due to the fact that, anticipating the war, many wives and children of American men employed in the Philippines had returned to the US before December 8, 1941. A few people had been sent to the Philippines from China to escape the war in that country. Some had arrived only days before the Japanese attack.
169:
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61:
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36:
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the
Japanese attempting to moderate Japanese orders while following a "policy of close and voluntary cooperation … to secure liberties" and "to retain the greatest degree of self government possible." The cooperation of the internees permitted the Japanese to control the camp with a minimum of resources and personnel, amounting at times to only 17 administrators and 8 guards.
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illegal for internees to pick weeds for personal, rather than community, use. One internee was jailed by the internee police for 15 days for harvesting pigweed. Some of the hardship could have been alleviated had the
Japanese allowed the camp to accept food donations from local charities or permitted internee men working outside the camp to forage for wild plants and fruit.
793:." He spoke Japanese fluently. Always in the company of the Japanese, he spoke to none of the prisoners during all the years of incarceration. On the eve of the liberation, he conversed and laughed with everyone, including high-ranking American Army officers. Speculation arose that he was either a spy or a member of British intelligence."
592:. About 100 of the total were Filipino or part-Filipino, principally the spouses and children of Americans. Of the Americans, 2,000 were males and 1,200 females, including 450 married couples. Children numbered 400. At least one Japanese was interned, Yurie Hori Riley, married to American Henry D. Riley, along with their children. Seventy
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The next day, February 4, Stanley, going back and forth between
Americans and Japanese, negotiated an agreement by which the 47 Japanese soldiers in the building would release their hostages but retain their arms and be escorted by the Americans 1st Cavalry Division led by 1st Lieutenant Burt Kennedy
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In February 1944, the Japanese army took over direct control of the camp and dismissed the civilian administrators. Armed guards patrolled the perimeter of the camp and contacts with the outside world for supplies were terminated. The food ration the Japanese provided for internees was 1,500 calories
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The internees petitioned the Japanese for the right to elect their leadership and on July 27, 1942, an election was held. Earl Carroll declined to be a candidate. After the votes were counted, the Japanese exercised their prerogative by announcing that Carroll C. Grinnell, who had placed sixth in the
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Earl Carroll defended himself and other camp leaders from allegations of collaboration in a series of newspaper articles in which he claimed the internees had waged a "secret war" against the Japanese. That view was generally accepted by Americans, and most internees were given a campaign ribbon for
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The evacuation of the internees began on February 11. Sixty-four U.S. Army and Navy nurses interned in Santo Tomas were the first to leave that day and board airplanes for the United States. Flights and ships to the United States for most internees began on February 22. Although food became adequate
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The Japanese prison unit left camp in the morning of February 5. The formation got lost, and upon reaching Legarda Street near present day Nagtahan Flyover, the Japanese prison guards headed by Col. Toshio Hayashi, were ambushed by Filipino guerrillas. The angry crowd joined in later and 63 Japanese
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Stanley became the essential mediator in the negotiations between the Japanese in the Education Building of Santo Tomas and the American forces ringing the building and compound. His negotiation efforts initially failed, and American tanks bombarded the building, first warning the hostages within to
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The American force that liberated the internees at Santo Tomas was small in numbers, and the Japanese still had soldiers near the compound. Fighting went on for several days. The internees received food and medical treatment but were not allowed to leave Santo Tomas. Registration of them for return
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A blow to internee living standards was a typhoon on November 14, 1943, which dumped 69 cm (27 inches) of rain on the compound, destroying many of the shanties, flooding buildings and destroying much-needed food and other supplies. The distress caused by the typhoon, however, was soon relieved
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The biggest problem for the internees was sanitation. The Sanitation and Health Committee had more than 600 internee men working for it. Their tasks included building more toilets and showers, laundry, dishwashing, and cooking facilities, disposal of garbage, and controlling the flies, mosquitoes,
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The Japanese segregated the internees by sex. Thirty to 50 people were crowded into small classrooms in university buildings. The allotment of space for each individual was between 1.5 and 2 square metres (16 to 22 square feet). Bathrooms were scarce. Twelve hundred men living in the main building
515:
Carroll and the Executive Committee reported to the Japanese commandant of the camp. In the early days of STIC, as it was called by internees, the Japanese did not provide food so it was purchased with loans from the Red Cross and donations from individuals. The Committee did a delicate dance with
495:
Over a period of several days, the Japanese occupiers of Manila collected all enemy aliens in Manila and transported them to the University of Santo Tomas, a walled compound 19.5 hectares (48 acres) in size. Thousands of people, mostly Americans and British, staked out living and sleeping quarters
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In January 1945, a doctor reported that the average loss of weight among male internees had been 24 kg (53 pounds) during the three years at Santo Tomas, 32.5% of average body weight. (40% loss of normal body weight will usually result in death.) That month, eight deaths among internees were
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Gardens, both private and community, for food had been planted shortly after the internees arrived at Santo Tomas and, to combat the growing food shortages, the Japanese captors demanded that the internees grow more food for themselves, although the internees, on a 1,100 calorie per day ration by
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Food shortages became steadily more serious throughout 1944. After July 1944, "the food at the camps became extremely inadequate, weight loss, weakness, edema, paresthesia and beriberi were experienced by most adults." Internees ate insects and wild plants, but the internee government declared it
768:
The U.S. rushed to liberate the prisoner of war and internee camps in the Philippines due to a common belief that the Japanese would massacre all their prisoners, military and civilian. A small American force pushed rapidly forward and, on February 3, 1945, at 8:40 p.m., internees heard the
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Thousands of Filipinos and non-interned foreigners from neutral countries gathered around the fenced compound every day and passed food, money, letters, and other goods across the fence to the internees. The Japanese put a stop to that by ordering the fence to be shielded by bamboo mats but they
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As the war in the Pacific turned against Japan, living conditions in Santo Tomas became worse and Japanese rule over the internees more oppressive. Prices inflated on soap, toilet paper, and meat as the supply diminished at camp markets and stores. Those without money mostly went without food,
871:
Scholars have characterized the cooperation between the Japanese and the internees at Santo Tomas as "legitimate collaboration. By working with the internees, the Japanese suppressed resistance, isolated Americans from Filipinos, freed up resources, and exploited the camp for intelligence and
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From January 1942 until March 1945, 390 total deaths from all causes in Santo Tomas were recorded, a death rate about three times that of the United States in the 1940s. People over 60 years old were the most vulnerable. They comprised 18% of the total population, but suffered 64% of deaths.
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to remain in their homes until they could be registered. On January 5, the Japanese published a warning in the Manila newspapers. "Any one who inflicts, or attempts to inflict, an injury upon Japanese soldiers or individuals shall be shot to death." But if the assailant could not be found the
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to the Japanese. This was followed a few days later by the USAFFE units in Visayas and Mindanao. There were a few exceptions who took to the forests and mountains to initiate guerrilla warfare against the Japanese occupiers. It was the worst defeat of the United States in World War II.
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During the war, a total of about 7,000 people were resident in Santo Tomas. There was a regular flow of people in and out of the camp, as some missionaries, elderly, and sick people were initially allowed to live outside the camp and more than 2,000 were transferred to
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The Santo Tomas internees began to hear news of American military action near the Philippines in August 1944. Clandestine radios in the camp enabled them to keep track of major events. On September 21 came the first American air raid in the Manila area. American forces
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per person per day, less than the modern-day recommendation of 2,000 calories. The Japanese abolished the Executive Committee and appointed Grinnell, Carroll and an Englishman, S. L. Lloyd, as "agents of the internees" and liaison officers with the Japanese.
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Santo Tomas became increasingly crowded as internees from outlying camps and islands were transferred into the camp. With the population in Santo Tomas approaching 5,000, the Japanese on May 9, 1943, announced that 800 men would be transferred to a new camp,
760:
On December 23, 1944, the Japanese arrested Grinnell and three other camp leaders for unknown reasons. Speculation was that they were arrested because they were in contact with Filipino soldiers and guerrilla resistance forces and the
462:. On December 26, 1941, Manila was declared an open city and all American military forces abandoned the city leaving civilians behind. On January 2, 1942, Japanese forces entered and occupied Manila. They ordered all Americans and
40:
One of the principal buildings housing internees at Santo Tomas was the Education building (now UST Hospital building). Shanties and vegetable gardens can be seen near the building and the wall of the University compound is in the
856:. Ernest Stanley, the interpreter, was reportedly investigated, but cleared of charges. He later went to Japan as an employee of the U.S. Army and became a Japanese citizen. He married a Japanese woman and took up residence in
631:. About 150 internees were repatriated to their home countries as part of prisoner exchange agreements between Japan and the United States and the United Kingdom. Most internees, however, served a full 37 months in captivity.
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418:
was utilized for the camp, which housed more than 3,000 internees from January 1942 until February 1945. Conditions for the internees deteriorated during the war and by the time of the liberation of the camp by the
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and rats that infested the compound. During the first two years of imprisonment conditions for the internees were tolerable with no serious outbreaks of disease, malnutrition, or other symptoms of poor conditions.
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American intelligence investigated and detained about 50 internees suspected of being collaborators or spies for the Japanese. Most were cleared, but a few, although repatriated, had their cases referred to the
781:
Ernest Stanley (white shirt) leads Japanese soldiers out of Santo Tomas after an agreement with the American army to allow the Japanese to depart Santo Tomas peacefully after releasing their internee hostages.
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At first, most internees believed that their imprisonment would only last a few weeks, anticipating that the United States would quickly defeat Japan. As news of the surrender of American forces at Bataan and
801:
to Malacanang Palace thinking it was still in Japanese hands. Stanley led the Japanese out of the building and accompanied them to their place of release, an event recorded by a photograph that appeared in
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visited the compound, an event that was accompanied by Japanese shelling. That night and again on February 10, 28 people in the compound were killed in the artillery barrage, including 16 internees.
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450:. When the attack finally came, most of the American air force was caught on the ground, and destroyed by Japanese bombers. On the same day, the Japanese invaded several locations in northern
1917:
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spy network. On January 5, the four men were removed from the camp by Japanese military police. Their fate was unknown until February when their bodies were found. They had been executed.
615:, 40 years earlier, missionaries, and others. Some came into the camp with their pockets full of money and numerous friends on the outside; others had only the clothes on their backs.
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although a fund for destitute internees was established. Meat began to disappear from the communal kitchens in August 1943 and by the end of the year there was no meat at all.
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The internees were diverse: business executives, mining engineers, bankers, plantation owners, seamen, shoemakers, waiters, beachcombers, prostitutes, retired soldiers from the
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on October 20, 1944, and advanced on Japanese forces occupying other islands in the country. American airplanes began to bomb Manila on a daily basis.
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1543:. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press, 1988, pp. 9–10. DioGuardi called Stanley "Stevenson" but it is clear that he is referring to Ernest Stanley.
458:, capital and largest city of the Philippines. The U.S. army, consisting of about 20,000 Americans and 80,000 Filipinos, retreated onto the
2457:
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The total number of internees liberated at Santo Tomas was 3,785, of which 2,870 were Americans and most of the remainder were British.
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The photo shows hundreds of Santo Tomas camp internees in front of the UST Main Building cheering their release (taken 05 February 1945)
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2035:"They 'Used to Tear Around the Campus Like Savages': Children's and Youth's Activities in the Santo Tomás Internment Camp, 1942–1945"
475:
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2135:
The Guardian obituary of Robin Prising mentions his memoir of his stay in the camp between the ages of 8 and 12: Manila, Goodbye
1156:
Ward, James Mace. "Legitimate Collaboration: the Administration of Santo Tomas Internment Camp and its Histories, 1942–2003".
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objected to proposed prisoner exchanges and the Japanese refused to allow more aid to be delivered without such exchanges.
435:
446:). American fighter aircraft were on patrol to meet an expected attack, but ground fog delayed the Japanese aircraft on
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1939:
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864:"contributing materially to the success of the Philippine campaign." Carroll and (posthumously) Grinnell received the
2580:
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2440:
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Many of the internees built huts (shanties) at Santo Tomas to escape the overcrowded conditions in the dormitories.
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1454:
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2616:
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2508:
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853:
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2015:"Surviving a Japanese Internment Camp: Life and Liberation at Santo Tomás, Manila, in World War II. Book review"
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Child internee Jean-Marie Faggiano (Heskett) tells her story of her stay at Santo Tomas between 1943 and 1945
1477:
2140:
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Male internees lost an average of 24kg (53 pounds) during the 37 months of their internment at Santo Tomas.
194:
1967:
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1179:
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312:
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913:
332:
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propaganda. In return the camp obtained greater autonomy, security, and a higher standard of living."
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267:
244:
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U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific: The Fall of the Philippines. US Army in World War
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We band of angels : the untold story of American nurses trapped on Bataan by the Japanese
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895:, shipping company employee and last known surviving World War I U.S. military service member.
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638:
1503:"44th Tank Battalion – 82nd Airborne Division – Special Troops 1952 Yearbook, Ft. Bragg, NC"
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8:
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2014:
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Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941–1945
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Santo Tomas Internment Camp: STIC in Verse and Reverse, STIC-toons and STIC-stistics.
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1940:"Shelley Mydans Tells Santo Tomas Prison Camp Life in New Book, 'The Open City'"
1740:"From Prisoner of War Doctor to Dean of Nursing: The Story of Beulah Ream Allen"
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830:
525:
463:
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1979:
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In the words of an American military officer, the British missionary of the "
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Only a Matter of Days: The World War II Prison Camp Diary of Fay Cook Bailey
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1613:"How Badly Was Manila Damaged During World War 2? - Filipino-American War"
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The number of internees in February 1942 amounted to 3,200 Americans, 900
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Buildings and structures of the Philippines destroyed during World War II
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take cover. Several internees and Japanese were killed and wounded.
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1639:"Santo Tomas Documents, page 6 – Norwegian Merchant Fleet 1939–1945"
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Women internees at Santo Tomas wash their hair at a communal bath.
1968:"Bataan Nurses' Adventure Turned to Terror and WW II Prison Camp"
1918:"Virginia B. Hewlett, 67, Writer, Longtime Resident of Arlington"
777:
581:
569:
503:
2103:
BBC World Service Witness Prison Camp in WW2 Manila, Philippines
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seeped into the camp, the internees settled in for a long stay.
642:
Several army nurses were interned with civilians at Santo Tomas.
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683:, 37 miles (68 km) distant, the then campus of the
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and adopted a son. He lived in Tokyo the rest of his life.
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to their countries of origin began. On February 7, General
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Japanese "would hold ten influential persons as hostages."
868:, the highest civilian decoration of the U.S. government.
1658:
Video: Santo Tomas Prisoners Liberated, 1945/03/01 (1945)
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Dr. William T. Belo Interdisciplinary Research Institute
2701:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
1866:
Herre, Albert W. C. T. (1945-05-11). "A. D. E. Elmer".
490:
1530:
Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 1992, pp. 314–315
1605:
1800:. Library of Congress. December 19, 2001. p. 13
1478:"UST commemorates 77th year of the Battle of Manila"
1455:"World War II: Liberating Los Baños Internment Camp"
1303:
Ward, 174. The reference is to Adolf Hitler's book,
973:
685:
University of the Philippines College of Agriculture
1182:, who had an American father and a Filipina mother.
1222:. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 1992, p. 21
846:
482:'s departure, surrendered the remaining forces on
953:, journalist, American/Filipina guerrilla leader.
438:on December 8, 1941, the same day as its raid on
2682:
1933:
1931:
1129:. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press, 2006, pp. 32–33
16:WW2 Japanese internment camp for enemy civilians
2150:Yetta Lay Tuschka Life in Santa Tomas 1941-1944
739:
728:November 1944 were less capable of hard labor.
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1773:
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1769:
1093:"Liberation Newsletter" Santo Tomas Documents"
2696:Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps
2184:
2170:
2039:Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth
1928:
1851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1766:
1319:Lincoln, NE: Woodruff Printing, 1945, p. 64
884:(along with her 2 children), medical doctor
423:many of the internees were near death from
2177:
2163:
1541:Roll out the Barrel … The Tanks are Coming
1322:
1114:The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
390:, was the largest of several camps in the
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1522:
1520:
496:for themselves and their families in the
476:United States Army Forces in the Far East
2012:
1354:. Athens, GA: U of GA Press, 2000 p. 307
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637:
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2519:Dr. Tony Tan Caktiong Innovation Center
1937:
1823:. New York: Random House. p. 146.
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1560:
1558:
1475:
1331:"Diary of a POW. Deliverance has come…"
1080:Philippines in World War Two, 1941–1945
814:
694:
689:University of the Philippines Los Baños
2716:Japanese war crimes in the Philippines
2683:
2222:Commerce & Business Administration
2001:
1965:
1783:Santo Tomas Internment Camp: 1942-1945
1738:Pardoe, Katherine (December 8, 1961).
1737:
1588:"Diary of Carl E. Rice - Feb. 5, 1945"
1517:
1082:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999, p. 1.
755:invaded the Philippine Island of Leyte
658:
454:and advanced rapidly southward toward
2711:World War II sites in the Philippines
2158:
2073:Wilkinson, Rupert (11 January 2014).
2033:Terry, Jennifer Robin (Spring 2012).
2032:
1865:
1495:
596:were among the internees as were two
175:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
139:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
103:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
67:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
2335:Buenaventura Garcia Paredes Building
2257:Information & Computing Sciences
1966:Carter, Chelsea J. (April 7, 1999).
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1579:
1555:
1116:. Manila: Bookmark, 1967, pp. 10, 14
875:
491:Establishment of the internment camp
2130:Victims of Circumstance documentary
2002:Malone, Desmond (13 October 2006).
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13:
2282:Physical Education & Athletics
1959:
1818:
1328:
1043:
14:
2732:
2096:
1780:Stevens, Frederic Harper (1946).
1586:Rice, Carl E. (5 February 1945).
1476:Malgapu, Hans (3 February 2022).
772:
2125:Lt. Col. Walter J. Landry Letter
1786:. Stratford House, Incorporated.
1701:Hartendorp, Vol. II, pp. 613–626
1692:Hartendorp, Vol, II, p. 547, 560
1444:Hartendorp, Vol. II, pg. 561–562
990:
976:
167:
160:
131:
124:
95:
88:
59:
52:
34:
2509:Thomas Aquinas Research Complex
2120:Ernest Stanley—January 21, 1948
2114:The Secret Story of Santo Tomas
2108:The Secret Story of Santo Tomas
2005:Turbulent Times in the Far East
1995:
1938:Siemens, Greta (9 March 1945).
1910:
1859:
1812:
1790:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1649:
1631:
1546:
1533:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1399:Hartendorp, pg. Vol II, 401–402
1393:
1384:
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1366:
1357:
1344:
1309:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1212:
1203:
1185:
1172:
1163:
847:Collaborators with the Japanese
710:Federal Bureau of Investigation
251:, Japanese-occupied Philippines
2473:Maces of the Rector Magnificus
1819:M., Norman, Elizabeth (1999).
1505:. American Ex-Prisoners of War
1197:www.us-japandialogueonpows.org
1150:
1141:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1085:
1072:
1063:
1037:
436:Japan attacked the Philippines
1:
2375:Museum of Arts & Sciences
2075:"My Father Was a Wartime Spy"
1528:The Iron Gates of Santo Tomas
1220:The Iron Gates of Santo Tomas
1160:, Vol. 77, No 2, 2008, p. 166
1031:
430:
1888:10.1126/science.101.2628.477
1592:The Philippine Diary Project
1125:Pratt, Caroline Bailey, ed.
740:Arrival of the American Army
519:
278:January 1942 – February 1945
7:
2370:Miguel de Benavides Library
1710:Hartendorp, Vol II, p. 624.
1566:"Tribute to Ernest Stanley"
1193:"US-Japan Dialogue on POWs"
1180:Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett
1006:Camp Holmes Internment Camp
969:
929:, reporter for United Press
888:Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett
498:buildings of the University
384:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
313:Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett
181:Location in the Philippines
22:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
10:
2737:
1417:Hartendorp, Vol II 509–512
914:Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer
791:the most hated man in camp
671:
442:(on the Asian side of the
333:Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer
2706:University of Santo Tomas
2652:
2599:
2532:
2501:
2478:Royal University Militias
2418:
2400:Quadricentennial Pavilion
2345:Central Seminary Building
2317:
2194:
2187:University of Santo Tomas
1798:"Transcript of interview"
1482:University of Santo Tomas
1158:Pacific Historical Review
1026:Los Banos Internment Camp
925:Virginia Hewlett wife of
629:Los Baños internment camp
412:University of Santo Tomas
300:
290:
286:more than 3,000 internees
282:
274:
268:University of Santo Tomas
263:
255:
245:University of Santo Tomas
240:
232:
193:
46:
33:
26:
21:
115:Show map of Metro Manila
2629:Salinggawi Dance Troupe
2013:Springer, Paul (2015).
1683:Hartendorp, pp. 544–547
1617:filipinoamericanwar.com
1552:Hartendorp, pg. 524–529
1381:Van Sickle, pp. 221–224
922:, journalist and author
548:, and individuals from
444:International Date Line
259:Lt. Col. Toshio Hayashi
184:Show map of Philippines
2691:Manila in World War II
2586:Golden Corps of Cadets
2566:Thomasian Welcome Walk
2262:Medicine & Surgery
2252:Graduate School of Law
2242:Fine Arts & Design
2227:Ecclesiastical Studies
1258:Hartendorp, p. 359–361
835:
789:" Ernest Stanley was "
782:
749:
643:
623:
508:
388:Manila Internment Camp
373:David Garfield Gunnell
236:Manila Internment Camp
217:14.61000°N 120.98944°E
2325:Arch of the Centuries
2297:Education High School
2051:10.1353/hcy.2012.0003
1240:Hartendorp, xiii, ff.
833:
780:
747:
668:Transfer to Los Baños
641:
621:
506:
470:On May 6, 1942, Gen.
1276:Van Sickle, pp 39–40
1267:Hartendorp, p. 26–27
1147:Hartendorp, p. 24–25
939:Shelley Smith Mydans
905:William Henry Donald
815:After the liberation
811:troops were killed.
695:Worsening conditions
613:Spanish–American War
478:(USAFFE) after Gen.
410:. The campus of the
386:, also known as the
348:Shelley Smith Mydans
328:William Henry Donald
2660:Miguel de Benavides
1880:1945Sci...101..477H
1426:McCall, pp. 66, 146
1218:Van Sickle, Emily.
1112:Hartendorp, A.V.H.
1011:Escape to the Hills
957:Horace Bristol Pond
920:A. V. H. Hartendorp
659:Internee government
472:Jonathan Wainwright
222:14.61000; 120.98944
213: /
2617:Women's volleyball
2458:Baybayin Documents
2330:Benavides Monument
2302:Junior High School
2292:Senior High School
2212:Arts & Letters
2139:Nancy Norton Obit
1945:The Stanford Daily
1752:The Daily Universe
1750:(2). Provo, Utah:
1663:Universal Newsreel
1643:www.warsailors.com
1539:DioGuardi, Ralph.
1526:Van Sickel, Emily
1372:Cogan, pg. 183–185
1350:Cogan, Frances B.
1285:Hartendorp, p. 162
1069:Morton, pp.237–238
998:Philippines portal
836:
783:
750:
644:
624:
509:
474:who took over the
79:Show map of Manila
28:Concentration camp
2678:
2677:
2670:Rector Magnificus
2571:Christmas Concert
2540:Awards and prizes
2514:Henry Sy Sr. Hall
2483:Thomasian Martyrs
2340:Frassati Building
1972:Los Angeles Times
1874:(2628): 477–478.
1619:. 14 January 2021
1390:Cogan, p. 193–194
1363:Van Sickle, p.181
1315:McCall, James E.
1231:Van Sickle, p. 22
1138:Hartendorp, p. 90
1021:John Hay Air Base
947:, U.S. Army nurse
901:, U.S. Navy nurse
882:Beulah Ream Allen
876:Notable internees
825:Douglas MacArthur
714:Douglas MacArthur
674:Raid at Los Baños
594:African-Americans
480:Douglas MacArthur
381:
380:
358:Anthony J. Xydias
338:A.V.H. Hartendorp
283:Number of inmates
151:Show map of Luzon
2728:
2639:La Salle rivalry
2622:Women's football
2612:Men's basketball
2488:Quadricentennial
2410:España Boulevard
2395:Publishing House
2390:Plaza Intramuros
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965:, medical doctor
945:Josephine Nesbit
866:Medal of Freedom
841:Battle of Manila
598:American Indians
464:British citizens
460:Bataan Peninsula
353:Josephine Nesbit
228:
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2607:Growling Tigers
2595:
2551:The Varsitarian
2528:
2497:
2468:Internment camp
2414:
2380:Plaza Benavides
2365:Medicine Museum
2313:
2247:Graduate School
2190:
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1922:Washington Post
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1044:Morton, Louis.
1042:
1038:
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996:
991:
989:
982:
977:
975:
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963:Evelyn Witthoff
909:Chiang Kai-shek
878:
849:
817:
775:
742:
706:J. Edgar Hoover
697:
676:
670:
661:
522:
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433:
398:interned enemy
377:
363:Evelyn Witthoff
309:
308:
301:Notable inmates
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2448:Academic dress
2445:
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2426:History of UST
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2098:
2097:External links
2095:
2094:
2093:
2070:
2030:
2010:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1958:
1927:
1909:
1858:
1830:978-0812984842
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1457:. 12 June 2006
1446:
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1435:Pratt, 259–269
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1924:. 1979-05-09.
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264:Original use
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111:Metro Manila
109:Location in
73:Location in
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2385:Plaza Mayor
2237:Engineering
2202:Accountancy
1597:14 December
1571:7 September
1487:14 December
1336:9 September
1055:5 September
933:Carl Mydans
787:Two by Twos
528:(including
392:Philippines
343:Carl Mydans
275:Operational
233:Other names
220: /
208:120°59′22″E
195:Coordinates
41:background.
2685:Categories
2644:UP rivalry
2436:Traditions
2087:4 November
2064:26 January
2045:: 87–117.
2024:4 November
1985:2016-04-28
1951:3 February
1744:The Galaxy
1305:Mein Kampf
1046:"VIII–XIV"
1032:References
1016:Internment
916:, botanist
807:magazine.
672:See also:
653:Corregidor
534:Australian
484:Corregidor
431:Background
256:Commandant
205:14°36′36″N
2600:Athletics
2558:The Flame
2405:Buildings
2232:Education
2217:Civil Law
2195:Academics
2059:145748781
1980:0458-3035
1896:0036-8075
1847:cite book
1294:Ward, 168
1169:Ward, 192
681:Los Banos
558:Nicaragua
520:Internees
421:U.S. Army
404:Americans
402:, mostly
400:civilians
295:U.S. Army
2576:Paskuhan
2502:Research
2453:Archives
2431:Timeline
2355:Hospital
2308:Colleges
2277:Pharmacy
2116:(Part 2)
2110:(Part 1)
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1839:39930499
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1461:11 March
970:See also
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2581:Singers
2419:History
2287:Science
2272:Nursing
1876:Bibcode
1868:Science
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708:of the
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2350:Field
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2019:H-Net
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586:China
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544:, 30
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1835:OCLC
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