546:, was appointed governor of Safed. Fakhr al-Din had become an increasingly powerful figure in the region and at the time enjoyed support from the Ottoman government. He was tasked in Safed with controlling the Shia Muslim clans, who were generally viewed more negatively by the Sunni Ottomans than the Druze, and like the Druze and Bedouin of the region in general, were in a frequent state of rebellion through their stockpiling of muskets and refusal to pay taxes. Three years after Fakhr al-Din's appointment, the Ottomans commended him for "guarding the country, keeping the Bedouins in check, ensuring the welfare and tranquility of the population, promoting agriculture and increasing prosperity". Khalidi, who became Fakhr al-Din's adviser and practical court historian, also testified that Bedouin brigandage along the highways of the sanjak ceased under Fakhr al-Din, resulting in peace and security, and that agriculture was thriving anew.
31:
569:, Fakhr al-Din reestablished his position in the region, his power reaching its apex in the 1630s until he was killed by imperial Ottoman troops in 1635. Ali al-Saghir and his brother Husayn, who traced their origins to an old, influential Shia Muslim tribe, eliminated the rival clans of Sudun in 1639 and Al Shukr in 1649, thereafter establishing their family as the sole leaders of the Shia Muslim clans across Jabal Amil, including the areas of Tibnin,
489:. The first known Ottoman land and tax survey in the sanjak was in 1525/26, followed by a second survey in 1538/39. The second survey shows substantial increases in the population and tax revenues, possibly a result of peasants returning to their villages and the stability brought by the early Ottoman rulers. In 1547–48, Safad Sanjak contained a total of 287 villages.
663:
to serve as their representative. With their backing, Zahir gained control of
Tiberias and persuaded Sidon to appoint him its tax farmer. By 1738 he gained the surrender of Safed by its local strongman and tax farmer Muhammad Naf'i. In 1746 he added the tax farm of Acre to his domains, while he and
485:. Its jurisdiction roughly corresponded with the territory of Mamlakat Safad. Safed Sanjak prospered at least during the first sixty years of Ottoman rule, with displaced peasants returning to their villages and the town of Safed becoming a haven for Jews from Europe, who turned the town into a
441:
in 1516. Travelers' accounts from the 15th century describe a general decline of the region around Safed precipitated by famine, plagues, natural disasters and political chaos, and the flight of peasants from their villages to the main towns or their adoption of nomadism.
668:
of the Ali al-Saghir clan agreed a formal alliance making Zahir their official representative with the authorities in Sidon, overseeing their tax payments and agreeing to defend them against the Druze led by Mulhim Shihab in exchange for their military backing.
599:
died in 1697 without male progeny and the Ma'n tax farms in Sidon-Beirut Sanjak were transferred to Haydar Shihab by the
Ottoman government. With the demise of the Ma'ns in the late 17th century, the Safad Sanjak also largely came under the control of the
588:
was reestablished and Safed was once again annexed to it. The
Ottoman governor of the new province launched a campaign against the Shia feudal lords, resulting in the deaths of Ali and many of his sons. Less powerful Shia clans, such as the Zayn of
659:, resolved to subjugate the Saqr, who had developed a reputation for raiding villages, endangering travelers and commerce, and evading taxes. In an effort to improve their position with the authorities, the Saqr invested in Umar al-Zaydani's son
608:, Haydar's uncle and the effective leader of the Shihab dynasty, launched a punitive campaign against the Ali al-Saghirs in Bilad Bishara in 1698, capturing Mushrif and his son Muhammad and transferring them to the custody of Sidon's governor
652:(tax farmer) of Safed by Bashir I who also appointed his own son Mansur governor of Safad Sanjak. Mansur died in 1702 and was succeeded as governor by Umar, who held the post until he died in 1706, the same year Bashir I died in Safed.
469:, before proceeding to conquer Mamluk Egypt. While Selim I was in Egypt, rumors spread in Safed that he had been killed, spurring the townspeople to revolt against the Ottomans before being suppressed by the new authorities.
527:(d. 1625), indicated in his writings that the closing years of the 16th century in the sanjak were marked by devastation and desolation, which is generally reflected in Ottoman government records.
676:
and the center of his monopoly on the cotton trade from
Palestine. Acre's practical dominance of the sanjak under Zahir, who ruled until his death in 1775, and his Ottoman-appointed successors
557:, and Safed was annexed to it. The province was disbanded later that year and Safed Sanjak reverted to Damascus Eyalet. During Fakhr al-Din's exile between 1613 and 1619, the Shia Muslim
516:
The initial prosperity of the sanjak waned toward the end of the 16th century and remained in general decline, more or less extending until the 19th century. The native chronicler and
664:
other
Zaydanis had consolidated their control over the rest of the Galilee. After twenty-five years of clashes and cooperation, Zahir and the Shia Muslim clans of Jabal Amil led by
580:
Ma'n, who ultimately gained control of Safed Sanjak in 1653. The following year, the Ali al-Saghir clan irked the authorities for not forwarding revenues from Tyre earmarked for a
103:. The city of Safed was made up of Muslim and Jewish townspeople. At the same time the rest of the sanjak was populated by Sunni Muslims, Jewish peasants, Bedouin tribesmen,
1258:
593:, filled the local leadership void in the aftermath, though the Ali al-Saghir regrouped toward the end of the century and may have maintained tacit support from the Ma'n.
584:(religious trust) in Damascus. It may have precipitated their decline, which was advanced with the deaths of Husayn and his son Hasan in 1655 and 1656. In 1660, the
394:
There is no available information about the administrative divisions of Safed Sanjak during the 17th century. By the 18th century, Safed Sanjak was divided into ten
1238:
1253:
576:
The settlements of the
Galilee, particularly Safed and Tiberias, deteriorated during the struggle to capture the region by the nephew of Fakhr al-Din,
486:
437:
covers the period between 1260 and 1418, while little is known for the last century of Mamluk rule before the
Ottoman conquest following the
637:
334:, although Mamluk sources suggest the Banu Bishara were a Shia Muslim tribe which lived in the area. The boundary separating it from the
688:(1820–1831) contributed to the political decline of Safed, which became a nahiya center with limited local influence, belonging to the
501:
453:
and did not meet any resistance in or around Safed. They bypassed the city, setting up camps at the
Daughters of Jacob's Bridge,
1207:
30:
462:
1066:
640:
tribe practically dominated the area west of
Tiberias between Safed and Nablus. The Saqr extended their protection to the
1263:
1175:
Falah, Salman (1975). "A History of the Druze
Settlements in Palestine during the Ottoman Period". In Maoz, Moshe (ed.).
561:
tried and failed to gain control of it. Around the same time, in 1617, the Shia Muslim clan of Munkar and the house of
565:
of Ali Al-Saghir emerged, along with Al Shukr, as opponents of the Ma'ns in Bilad Bishara. After a five-year exile in
1186:
1165:
1141:
1120:
1099:
1110:
1131:
167:. The inhabitants of the Jabal Amil region were predominantly Shia Muslim, specifically and historically called
620:. Bashir was afterward appointed the governor of the Safad Sanjak. He routed a coalition of the Ali al-Saghir,
433:, who based much of his material about Mamlakat Safad on al-Uthmani's work. Most of the information about the
17:
1248:
450:
343:
1155:
1243:
605:
420:
370:
628:
in 1707. Taking control of Bilad Bishara, he granted it to his Druze deputy Mahmud Abu Harmush.
373:— It roughly corresponded with northeastern Jabal Amil, and the boundary separating it from the
685:
681:
566:
429:(Islamic head judge) of Safed in the 1370s, Shams al-Din al-Uthmani, and the Mamluk historian
1085:
617:
171:, while the Galilee had a Sunni Muslim majority, including peasants and Bedouin, and a large
524:
438:
8:
244:
423:. Administrative information about Mamlakat Safad derives mainly from two sources: the
1203:
1182:
1161:
1137:
1116:
1095:
140:
1151:
665:
577:
562:
50:
1222:
The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safad in the Sixteenth Century
1197:
1176:
1089:
645:
558:
543:
539:
482:
321:
290:
64:
42:
644:
clan under its chief, whose name is not defined in the sources. The chief's son
621:
613:
601:
430:
282:
136:
68:
477:
After its incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, Safed was reorganized into a
289:
included only part of the Jezreel Valley, the remaining part belonging to the
1232:
660:
596:
458:
382:
362:
317:
262:
206:
148:
124:
100:
1133:
To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel
1217:
677:
609:
585:
378:
234:
144:
128:
96:
76:
183:
In the 16th century, the Safed Sanjak was divided into the following five
689:
641:
497:
104:
34:
Palestine with the Hauran and the adjacent districts, William Hughes 1843
590:
508:(religious leaders), dominated the Bilad Bishara nahiya of the sanjak.
454:
339:
313:
301:
250:
156:
92:
673:
353:
625:
276:
258:
168:
108:
72:
331:
309:
164:
152:
88:
123:
The territory of Safed Sanjak consisted of the area between the
656:
550:
517:
505:
478:
472:
294:
185:
160:
59:
672:
Zahir fortified Acre and made it the capital of his expanding
406:
1112:
The View from Istanbul: Ottoman Lebanon and the Druze Emirate
570:
554:
535:
531:
520:
416:
172:
132:
112:
84:
80:
1157:
Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
493:
425:
326:
143:
in the west. Besides Safed, it included the port cities of
1067:"The Arab Community of Safad 1840–1918: A Critical Period"
655:
The governor of Sidon Eyalet, backed by local forces from
237:— It roughly corresponded with the western Upper Galilee.
205:
Nahiya of Jira — It roughly corresponded with the eastern
175:
minority. The district also contained Jewish communities.
1199:
Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831
342:, about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) south of the modern
411:
Before Ottoman rule, Safed was the capital of its own
1259:
18th-century disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
269:of Jira was the Wadi al-Rubudiyeh (Zalmon) stream.
265:, and part of the boundary separating it from the
75:) in 1517–1660, after which it became part of the
225:, Arabic for "belt" because it surrounded Safed.
1230:
928:
926:
916:
914:
193:; third-level administrative subdivisions) and
1178:Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period
731:
729:
710:
708:
706:
704:
338:of Acre to the south was the broad valley of
201:; fourth-level administrative subdivisions):
159:area. The district had a mixed population of
118:
27:Subdivision of the Ottoman Empire (1517–1660)
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
981:
979:
960:
958:
956:
923:
911:
893:
473:Prosperity in early to mid-sixteenth century
312:— It roughly corresponded with southeastern
1005:
1003:
993:
991:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
726:
701:
407:Administrative origins and Ottoman conquest
178:
1239:States and territories established in 1516
1129:
1108:
1091:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650
1084:
850:
848:
838:
836:
834:
824:
822:
511:
445:The Ottomans entered the territory of the
209:, surrounding the city of Safed. The name
1254:1516 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1150:
1094:. Beirut: American University of Beirut.
1012:
976:
967:
953:
763:
761:
759:
135:) in the south, and the area between the
1046:
1000:
988:
935:
788:
29:
1195:
944:
845:
831:
819:
492:In the 16th century, the Sudun clan of
324:officer who was granted the area as an
14:
1231:
1064:
756:
636:By the late 17th century, the Bedouin
1216:
1174:
496:, who were Shia Muslims of purported
1130:David, Abraham; Ordan, Dena (2010).
261:— It roughly corresponded with the
46:
24:
25:
1275:
1065:Abbasi, Mustafa (February 2003).
217:, Arabic for "neighbor", and the
1109:Abu Husayn, Abdul Rahim (2004).
553:(province) was created based in
1136:. University of Alabama Press.
1058:
1037:
1028:
902:
884:
875:
866:
857:
810:
631:
1160:. Cambridge University Press.
779:
770:
747:
738:
717:
542:and governor of Sidon-Beirut,
377:of Tibnin to the south by the
83:). The sanjak was centered in
13:
1:
1202:. Columbia University Press.
695:
500:origins, and the Al Shukr of
481:administratively part of the
316:and was alternatively called
723:David and Ordan 2010, p. 28.
616:'s governor and Shihab ally
7:
1224:(PhD). Columbia University.
1181:. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
908:Abu-Husayn 1985, pp. 83–84.
320:. Bishara may have been an
10:
1280:
1264:Sanjaks of Damascus Eyalet
401:
213:is likely a derivative of
119:Territory and demographics
95:and the coastal cities of
624:and Munkar Shia clans in
451:Daughters of Jacob Bridge
1196:Philipp, Thomas (2001).
1034:Philipp 2001, pp. 33–36.
932:Abu Husayn 2004, p. 136.
714:Abu Husayn 2004, p. 135.
221:was previously known as
179:Administrative divisions
1086:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim
920:Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 84.
899:Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 93.
735:Ellenblum 2003, p. 216.
512:Ascendancy of the Druze
890:Rhode 1979, pp. 21–22.
863:Rhode 1979, pp. 18–19.
753:Rhode 1979, pp. 27–28.
744:Rhode 1979, pp. 28–30.
682:Sulayman Pasha al-Adil
487:wool production center
54:
35:
573:, Qana and Ma'araka.
465:, all located in the
344:Israel–Lebanon border
293:, which later became
79:(Ottoman province of
33:
1043:Philipp 2001, p. 37.
1025:Philipp 2001, p. 32.
985:Winter 2010, p. 129.
973:Winter 2010, p. 128.
964:Winter 2010, p. 127.
807:Winter 2010, p. 126.
604:. The Shihabi emir,
525:al-Khalidi al-Safadi
439:Battle of Marj Dabiq
139:in the east and the
1074:Jerusalem Quarterly
1052:Abbasi 2003, p. 50.
1009:Joudah 1987, p. 21.
997:Joudah 1987, p. 20.
941:Joudan 1987, p. 13.
618:Arslan Mehmed Pasha
504:, a family of Shia
950:Falah 1978, p. 38.
881:Rhode 1979, p. 21.
872:Rhode 1979, p. 20.
854:Rhode 1979, p. 18.
842:Rhode 1979, p. 17.
828:Rhode 1979, p. 16.
816:Rhode 1979, p. 33.
785:Rhode 1979, p. 28.
776:Rhode 1979, p. 30.
767:Rhode 1979, p. 31.
648:was appointed the
415:(province) of the
358:Amal of Jabal Amil
318:Bilad Bani Bishara
228:Amal of Barr Safad
36:
1209:978-0-231-50603-8
534:chieftain of the
141:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
1271:
1249:History of Safed
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1171:
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724:
721:
715:
712:
684:(1805–1819) and
666:Nassif al-Nassar
578:Mulhim ibn Yunus
563:El Assaad Family
421:Mamluk Sultanate
272:Amal of Tiberias
127:in the north to
87:and spanned the
48:
21:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1244:Ottoman Galilee
1229:
1228:
1210:
1189:
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702:
698:
646:Umar al-Zaydani
634:
559:Harfush dynasty
549:In 1614, a new
544:Fakhr al-Din II
514:
483:Damascus Eyalet
475:
455:Khan Jubb Yusuf
409:
404:
291:Iqta of Turabay
181:
151:and the entire
121:
65:Damascus Eyalet
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1277:
1267:
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1214:
1208:
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1187:
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1166:
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1142:
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1115:. I.B.Tauris.
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746:
737:
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699:
697:
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686:Abdullah Pasha
633:
630:
614:Tripoli Eyalet
602:Shihab dynasty
513:
510:
474:
471:
463:Khan al-Tujjar
431:al-Qalqashandi
408:
405:
403:
400:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:Amal of Shaqif
367:
366:
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359:
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350:
349:Amal of Tibnin
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283:Marj Bani Amir
279:
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137:Sea of Galilee
120:
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63:(district) of
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6:
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2:
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1188:9789652235893
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1167:9780521521871
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:Ellenblum, R.
1149:
1145:
1143:9780817356439
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
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1122:9781860648564
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1101:9780815660729
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693:
691:
687:
683:
680:(1775–1804),
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662:
661:Zahir al-Umar
658:
653:
651:
647:
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639:
629:
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623:
619:
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612:, brother of
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459:Khan al-Minya
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295:Lajjun Sanjak
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263:Lower Galilee
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207:Upper Galilee
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125:Zahrani River
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55:Safed Sancağı
52:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1221:
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1177:
1156:
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1059:Bibliography
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1039:
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937:
904:
895:
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859:
812:
781:
772:
749:
740:
719:
678:Jazzar Pasha
671:
654:
649:
635:
632:Zaydani rule
610:Kaplan Pasha
595:
586:Sidon Eyalet
581:
575:
548:
540:Ma'n dynasty
530:In 1602 the
529:
515:
491:
476:
466:
449:through the
446:
444:
434:
424:
412:
410:
395:
393:
374:
340:Wadi al-Qarn
335:
325:
286:
266:
240:Amal of Acre
222:
218:
214:
210:
198:
194:
190:
184:
182:
129:Mount Carmel
122:
105:Shia Muslims
77:Sidon Eyalet
71:province of
58:
39:Safed Sanjak
38:
37:
18:Sanjak Safad
690:Acre Sanjak
642:Banu Zaydan
197:(singular:
189:(singular:
1233:Categories
696:References
650:mutasallim
597:Ahmad Ma'n
591:Bint Jbeil
523:of Safed,
498:Circassian
369:Nahiya of
330:by Sultan
314:Jabal Amil
308:Nahiya of
302:Kafr Kanna
257:Nahiya of
233:Nahiya of
157:Jabal Amil
115:peasants.
93:Jabal Amil
1218:Rhode, H.
674:sheikhdom
638:Banu Saqr
354:Marjayoun
223:al-Zunnār
1220:(1979).
1154:(2003).
1088:(1985).
1080:: 49–58.
626:Nabatieh
606:Bashir I
385:rivers.
361:Amal of
352:Amal of
322:Ayyyubid
300:Amal of
281:Amal of
277:Nazareth
275:Amal of
259:Tiberias
249:Amal of
243:Amal of
161:peasants
73:Damascus
57:) was a
47:سنجق صفد
567:Tuscany
538:-based
506:seyyeds
502:Aynatha
467:mamlaka
447:mamlaka
435:mamlaka
419:-based
413:mamlaka
402:History
383:Hasbani
332:Saladin
251:Buqei'a
245:Shaghur
169:Mitwali
165:Bedouin
153:Galilee
109:Mitwali
89:Galilee
69:Ottoman
51:Turkish
1206:
1185:
1164:
1140:
1119:
1098:
657:Nablus
551:eyalet
518:Hanafi
479:sanjak
396:nawahi
379:Litani
375:nahiya
371:Shaqif
336:nahiya
310:Tibnin
285:— The
267:nahiya
219:nahiya
191:nahiya
186:nawahi
131:(near
111:, and
60:sanjak
43:Arabic
1070:(PDF)
571:Hunin
555:Sidon
536:Chouf
532:Druze
521:mufti
417:Cairo
195:a'mal
173:Druze
133:Haifa
113:Druze
85:Safed
81:Sidon
1204:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1096:ISBN
622:Sa'b
582:waqf
494:Qana
461:and
426:qadi
381:and
363:Tyre
327:iqta
287:amal
235:Acre
211:Jīra
199:amal
163:and
155:and
149:Tyre
147:and
145:Acre
101:Tyre
99:and
97:Acre
215:jār
1235::
1078:17
1076:.
1072:.
1014:^
1002:^
990:^
978:^
955:^
925:^
913:^
847:^
833:^
821:^
790:^
758:^
728:^
703:^
692:.
457:,
398:.
346:.
91:,
53::
49:;
45::
1212:.
1191:.
1170:.
1146:.
1125:.
1104:.
297:.
107:/
67:(
41:(
20:)
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