1365:, generally triggered by and related to volcanic activity. Seismic activity, as a result, is currently highest in the southern part of the chain. Both historical and modern earthquake databases have correlated higher magnitude earthquakes with flanks of active volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The combination of erosional forces, which cause slumping and landslides, with the pressure exerted by rising magma put a great amount of stress on the volcanic flanks. The stress is released when the slope fails, or slips, causing an earthquake. This type of seismicity is unique because the forces driving the system are not always consistent over time, since rates of volcanic activity fluctuate. Seismic hazard near active, seaward volcanic flanks is high, partially because of the especially unpredictable nature of the forces that trigger earthquakes, and partially because these events occur at relatively shallow depths. Flank earthquakes typically occur at depths ranging from 5 to 20 km, increasing the hazard to local infrastructure and communities. Earthquakes and landslides on the island chain have also been known to cause
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1955:
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1744:, non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans, especially through European and American colonisation and development, has also led to
1662:, and Native Hawaiian emigration, mostly on whaling ships but also in high numbers as indentured servants and as forced labour, began almost immediately after Cook's arrival. Americans established plantations to grow crops for export. Their farming methods required substantial labor. Waves of permanent immigrants came from
1679:
Kingdom census of 1890, 39,504 in the sole census by the
Republic of Hawaii in 1896, and 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900. Thereafter the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii increased with every census, reaching 680,442 in 2020 (including people of mixed heritage).
1574:
is an active submarine volcano that is expected to become the newest
Hawaiian island when it rises above the ocean's surface in 10,000–100,000 years. Hazards from these volcanoes include lava flows that can destroy and bury the surrounding surface, volcanic gas emissions, earthquakes and tsunamis
1674:
to work in the cane and pineapple fields. The government of Japan organized and gave special protection to its people, who comprised about 25 percent of the
Hawaiian population by 1896. The Hawaiian monarchy encouraged this multi-ethnic society, initially establishing a constitutional monarchy in
2182:
A Voyage to the
Pacific Ocean: Undertaken, by the Command of His Majesty, for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere, to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America, Its Distance from Asia, and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe: Performed Under the
1678:
The population of Native
Hawaiians declined precipitously from an unknown number prior to 1778 (estimated to be around 300,000). It fell to around 142,000 in the 1820s based on a census conducted by American missionaries, 82,203 in the 1850 Hawaiian Kingdom census, 40,622 in the final Hawaiian
1768:
1886:
During the summer months the average temperature is about 84 °F (29 °C), in the winter months it is approximately 79 °F (26 °C). As the temperature is relatively constant over the year the probability of dangerous thunderstorms is approximately low.
1520:
hit the islands on
February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.
1756:. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct—with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming with the importation of industrialized farming practices through European and American encroachment,
1335:
because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the
Pacific basin.
1617:
using chronometric hygiene analysis, and taxonomic identification selection of samples, puts the initial such settlement of the
Hawaiian Islands sometime between 940-1250 C.E., originating from earlier settlements first established in the
1279:
at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to
2532:
1783:
had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the
1026:(4,207.3 m or 13,803 ft high). The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes, the bulk of which lie below the sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from violet (5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of
3077:
1292:, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast,
1483:
somewhere in the
Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.
1640:
in 1795. The kingdom became prosperous and important for its agriculture and strategic location in the
Pacific. Kamehameha was aided by European military technology that became available once an
1528:
hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $ 30.1 million in damages.
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1875:
In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April). Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September. The
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of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010,
1727:
1284:. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods. From this study and others, it is estimated that the northwesternmost island,
1417:. Minor to moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as
1546:
Lava erupting from Kīlauea, one of six active volcanoes in the Hawaiian islands. Kīlauea is the most active, erupting nearly continuously from 1983 to 2018.
1380:
and Sarah J. Lyman and her family. Between 1833 and 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year. Today, earthquakes are monitored by the
3444:
1395:
3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after
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on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).
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Direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the Years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780
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1030:) and indigo to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows are shown in red, erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa,
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1425:. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.
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2758:
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317:). Hawaii is the only U.S. state that is situated entirely on an archipelago, and the only state not geographically connected with
263:, the people native to the islands), the present name for the archipelago is derived from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi.
111:
1821:
1062:(even smaller islands) offshore of the major islands (listed above), and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:
368:
was one of his sponsors. This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.
2442:
1570:, all on the Big Island. The volcanoes on the remaining islands are extinct as they are no longer over the Hawaii hotspot. The
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2556:"Petrography and K-Ar Ages of Dredged Volcanic Rocks from the Western Hawaiian Ridge and the Southern Emperor Seamount Chain"
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but experience many different climates, depending on altitude and surroundings. The islands receive most rainfall from the
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314:
271:
1319:, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained
1058:
The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain. This number includes all minor islands (small islands),
3449:
2750:
Trusdell, Frank A.; Chadderton, Amy; Hinchliffe, Graham; Hara, Andrew; Patenge, Brent; Weber, Tom (November 15, 2012).
2041:
1467:, Hawaiʻi, where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured. The waves reached 35 feet (11 m) high.
371:
The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km). Except for Midway, which is an
361:
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4312:
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Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of
31:
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2002:
1987:
1982:
1775:) and other endemic species have been heavily impacted by human activity, such as invasive species and habitat loss
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on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of
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1111:
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Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
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2334:
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2312:
1356:
1162:
306:
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1636:, the ruler of the island of Hawaii, conquered and unified the islands for the first time, establishing the
1339:
Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes.
998:
The eight major islands of Hawaii (Windward Islands) are listed above. All except Kaho'olawe are inhabited.
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2644:
1614:
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321:. The Northwestern islands (sometimes called the Leeward Islands) and surrounding seas are protected as a
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2441:. State of Hawaii Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. December 2009. Archived from
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4457:
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listed above, submarine eruptions affecting the ocean, and the possibility of an explosive eruption.
35:
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4297:
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2007:
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286:. The islands are about 1,860 miles (3,000 km) from the nearest continent and are part of the
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3254:
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1992:
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2752:"Tohoku-Oki Earthquake Tsunami Runup and Inundation Data for Sites Around the Island of Hawai'i"
2505:"Potassium-Argon Ages of Lavas from the Hawi and Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii"
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1997:
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area. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7
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documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism.
1242:
1181:
360:, visited the islands on January 18, 1778, and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of
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4267:
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1932:
1869:
1288:, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island,
1255:
left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years, called the
1101:
1051:
350:
343:
The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate.
3009:"World Heritage Committee inscribes a total of 21 new sites on UNESCO World Heritage List"
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2401:
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is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are
8:
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4402:
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2211:"From Cook to the 1840 Constitution: The Name Change from Sandwich to Hawaiian Islands"
2012:
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2017:
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1018:
3-D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands, with the white summits of
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283:
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50:
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1149:. Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended
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1974:
1960:
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1205:
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with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the
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occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the mostly uninhabited
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3070:"Fact Sheet: President Obama to Create the World's Largest Marine Protected Area"
2813:
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1809:
1619:
1499:
1289:
803:
431:
248:
232:
2849:
Invasive Ecologies: Science and Settler Colonialism in Twentieth-Century Hawai'i
2048:. Cook came across the islands by chance when crossing the Pacific Ocean on his
1494:
over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The
270:. The islands are exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the
4175:
4135:
4115:
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4047:
2946:"21 sites added to Unesco World Heritage list – Wikinews, the free news source"
1918:
1876:
1801:
1587:
1550:
Only the two Hawaiian islands furthest to the southeast have active volcanoes:
1344:
1252:
1236:
1006:
3310:
1675:
1840 that promised equal voting rights regardless of race, gender, or wealth.
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had been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 when it stopped August 2018.
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4140:
3995:
3933:
3825:
3820:
3242:
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2468:"Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain"
2390:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kahoʻolawe Island
2313:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Island of Hawaiʻi
1946:
1850:
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greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.
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1703:
1542:
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972:
958:
903:
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832:
818:
761:
747:
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619:
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267:
244:
126:
113:
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2475:
The Geology of North America, Volume N: The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii
1391:
Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a
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928:
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4105:
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Molokaʻi Island
1829:
1687:
1633:
1506:
1495:
1373:
1217:
1086:
310:
197:
83:
34:. For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii, see
3471:
3292:
2379:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Niʻihau Island
1551:
519:
4206:
4185:
4037:
2368:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lānaʻi Island
2346:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kauaʻi Island
1761:
1757:
1741:
1671:
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reached the islands in 1778, the first sustained contact with Europeans.
1629:
1606:
1328:
1264:
1150:
1146:
1116:
344:
228:
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oʻahu Island
1868:. Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks, or
1846:
1567:
1502:
is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.
1091:
4211:
3742:
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maui Island
2172:
2037:
1861:
1659:
1649:
1583:
1480:
1414:
1400:
1377:
1362:
1285:
1223:
357:
353:
298:
252:
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1305:
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3270:
An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago
3008:
1912:
1880:
1655:
1582:
Death of the first European visitor to the Hawaiian Islands, Captain
1559:
1555:
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1340:
1193:
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661:
448:
420:
287:
157:
1081:
1066:
590:
4180:
4025:
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3416:
2892:
1968:
1788:. As of 2009, many of the remaining endemic species are considered
1737:
1510:
1418:
1121:
1035:
375:
of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as
207:
67:
4165:
3374:
1864:
on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of
1767:
4190:
4155:
4145:
4072:
3702:
3365:
3040:"Obama expands Papahanaumokuakea marine reserve; plans Oahu trip"
2874:
1487:
1472:
1366:
1324:
1281:
1247:
1031:
732:
715:
291:
275:
3101:"Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas"
2916:"Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas"
2749:
2660:
4170:
4082:
4057:
3747:
3707:
3406:
3349:"Hawaiian Volcanoes – Introduction – Department of Geosciences"
2743:
1813:
1711:
1610:
1396:
1320:
1316:
1199:
1039:
857:
376:
302:
187:
2554:
Clague, David A.; Dalrymple, G. Brent; Moberly, Ralph (1975).
4110:
4077:
3767:
3692:
3687:
3141:
Lau, Leung-Ku Stephen; Mink, John Francis (October 1, 2006).
1667:
1663:
1312:
1169:
1076:
1059:
786:
644:
240:
236:
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347:
evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD.
4125:
4042:
3712:
3697:
1476:
1464:
1142:
1027:
573:
502:
2784:"Active Volcanoes of Hawaii | U.S. Geological Survey"
2529:
10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3731:PAOLFT]2.0.CO;2
1702:
governed for a short time until Hawaii was annexed by the
2580:
10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<991:PAKAOD>2.0.CO;2
2171:
1728:
List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands
1479:
that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by
1157:
Partial islands, atolls, reefs—those west of Niʻihau are
247:, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the
1538:
List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
1343:, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest
3147:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 39, 43, 49, 53.
2515:(12). Geology Society of American Bulletin: 3731–3738.
2132:
2059:; he was later killed on the islands on a return visit.
30:"Sandwich Islands" redirects here. For other uses, see
2553:
2477:. The Geology Society of America. 1989. Archived from
2186:. Vol. 2. Nicol and Cadell, London. p. 222.
2085:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 167.
1372:
Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in
2243:"Guide to State and Local Census Geography – Hawaii"
1894:
2566:(7). Geology Society of America Bulletin: 991–998.
2216:. University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library.
4252:
3220:
3214:
2875:Craig R. Elevitch; Kim M. Wilkinson, eds. (2000).
2109:The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii
3274:Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise (PRIDE)
1132:
4630:
2502:
1421:, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the
3265:. Vol. XI (9th ed.). p. 528-532.
2072:
1786:list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
2907:
2279:Kauai‘’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide.
1513:. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.
55:
4238:
3959:
3390:
2977:"Unesco Adds 21 Sites to World Heritage List"
2036:The old name came from British naval officer
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
2841:
2839:
2099:
2079:Pearce, Charles E.M.; Pearce, F. M. (2010).
2078:
1883:, tend to occur from July through November.
1407:On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake
3319:Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii
3285:Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii
439:4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km)
4245:
4231:
3966:
3952:
3397:
3383:
3370:Oregon State University College of Science
2974:
2292:"Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands"
1806:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
1740:species. Since human settlement, first by
1632:arrived sometime between 940 and 1200 AD.
1022:(4,170 m or 13,680 ft high) and
82:
3123:
2836:
2105:
3287:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
3256:"The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands"
2112:. Columbia University Press. p. 3.
1845:
1766:
1732:List of invasive plant species in Hawaii
1690:by businessmen (who included members of
1577:
1541:
1454:
1246:
1136:
1045:
1013:
1005:
1001:
652:552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km)
581:596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km)
510:727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km)
3366:Volcano World |; Your World is Erupting
3249:
3140:
3098:
2913:
2878:Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands
2846:Shih, Ashanti Ke Ming (December 2019).
2814:"Hazards | U.S. Geological Survey"
2503:McDougall, IAN; Swanson, D. A. (1972).
1828:. On August 26, 2016, former President
1736:The islands are home to a multitude of
1686:was illegally deposed and placed under
14:
4631:
2594:from the original on November 11, 2011
2560:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2509:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1804:issued a public proclamation creating
1432:in the zone of volcanic activity from
1315:of the hotspot has the composition of
794:140.5 sq mi (363.9 km)
723:260.0 sq mi (673.4 km)
4226:
3947:
3378:
3161:from the original on January 18, 2023
3080:from the original on January 20, 2017
3037:
3019:from the original on December 1, 2019
2764:from the original on February 8, 2017
2620:. USGS. February 2006. Archived from
2618:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory web site
2412:from the original on January 10, 2015
2190:from the original on January 18, 2023
2153:from the original on January 18, 2023
1622:around 1025 to 1120 C.E., and in the
936:44.6 sq mi (115.5 km)
865:69.5 sq mi (180.0 km)
3099:Barnett, Cynthia (August 26, 2016).
2989:from the original on October 1, 2019
2914:Barnett, Cynthia (August 26, 2016).
2845:
2642:
2259:from the original on October 6, 2016
1795:
1626:sometime between 1100 and 1200 C.E.
1605:There is no definitive date for the
1471:The Hawaiian Islands are subject to
332:
3404:
3351:. Corvallis, OR, US. Archived from
3191:from the original on August 7, 2020
3050:from the original on March 29, 2017
2956:from the original on March 29, 2017
2881:. Permanent Agriculture Resources.
2614:"Mauna Loa Earth's Largest Volcano"
2281:Kaua‘i: TEOK Investigations, 2004.
2252:. September 9, 2013. pp. 1–2.
2223:from the original on March 11, 2020
2208:
1145:of the Hawaiian Islands taken from
315:United States Minor Outlying Island
24:
4669:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
4654:Archipelagoes of the United States
4644:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
3512:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
3206:
2975:Saltzstein, Dan (August 4, 2010).
2277:Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert.
2133:Rayson, Ann; Bauer, Helen (1997).
1710:. In 1959, the islands became the
1271:slowly moved northwestward over a
73:
25:
4695:
3910:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
3344:– SOEST at University of Hawaiʻi.
3144:Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands
3038:Cocke, Sophie (August 25, 2016).
2824:from the original on June 9, 2023
2794:from the original on June 8, 2023
2535:from the original on May 24, 2022
1439:Earthquakes are monitored by the
1141:A composite satellite image from
32:Sandwich Islands (disambiguation)
3927:
2402:"Hawaii : Image of the Day"
2003:List of mountain peaks of Hawaii
1988:Index of Hawaii-related articles
1983:Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System
1967:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1724:Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
388:
66:
27:Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean
3173:
3092:
3062:
3031:
3001:
2968:
2938:
2868:
2806:
2776:
2725:United States Geological Survey
2709:
2691:United States Geological Survey
2675:
2636:
2606:
2547:
2496:
2460:
2424:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2339:
2328:
2317:
2040:, who chose it in honor of the
1820:added Papahānaumokuākea to its
1658:immigration, led by Protestant
1490:had a catastrophic collapse or
1361:The Hawaiian Islands have many
272:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
4254:Geography of the United States
3522:Pearl Harbor National Memorial
3181:"So ist das Wetter auf Hawaii"
2306:
2271:
2202:
2165:
2126:
2030:
1350:
1133:Partial islands, atolls, reefs
587:1,703.5/sq mi (657.7/km)
524:10,023 ft (3,055 m)
453:13,796 ft (4,205 m)
309:), with the sole exception of
13:
1:
3973:
3905:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
3245:– via Internet Archive.
2432:"Hawai'i Facts & Figures"
2066:
1357:List of earthquakes in Hawaii
1163:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
1161:except Midway Atoll—form the
808:3,366 ft (1,026 m)
737:4,961 ft (1,512 m)
666:5,243 ft (1,598 m)
595:4,003 ft (1,220 m)
307:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
251:in the south to northernmost
162:13,796 ft (4,205 m)
3227:. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press.
3187:(in German). July 24, 2015.
1800:On June 15, 2006, President
1758:monocultural crop production
1615:radiocarbon dating in Hawaii
1531:
1524:A tsunami resulting from an
1516:A tsunami resulting from an
1441:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1428:On May 4, 2018, there was a
1382:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1298:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1010:Hawaiian Islands from space.
266:The archipelago sits on the
7:
3223:Hawai'i: A Unique Geography
2683:"Hawaii Earthquake History"
2106:Whittaker, Elvi W. (1986).
2046:First Lord of the Admiralty
1890:
1752:, treeless grasslands, and
1450:
948:1,483 ft (452 m)
879:1,250 ft (381 m)
658:132.7/sq mi (51.2/km)
516:225.8/sq mi (87.2/km)
366:First Lord of the Admiralty
10:
4700:
3334:The Ocean Atlas of Hawai‘i
3283:; Abbott, Agatin (2021) .
3213:Morgan, Joseph R. (1996).
2721:Earthquake Hazards Program
2687:Earthquake Hazards Program
2139:. Bess Press. p. 26.
1839:
1835:
1721:
1717:
1613:. However, high-precision
1598:
1594:
1535:
1354:
1263:This chain of islands, or
1240:
1234:
1230:
729:28.3/sq mi (10.9/km)
445:49.8/sq mi (19.2/km)
336:
29:
4573:
4535:
4521:
4260:
4199:
4096:
4088:Wallis and Futuna Islands
3981:
3923:
3882:
3844:
3781:
3721:
3668:
3618:Colleges and universities
3565:
3425:
3413:
2136:Hawaii: The Pacific State
1872:sides, tend to be drier.
1856:The Hawaiian Islands are
1754:environmental degradation
1572:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
1050:Aerial view of Lēʻahi or
800:24.0/sq mi (9.3/km)
203:
193:
183:
174:
169:
150:
142:
105:
95:
90:
81:
65:
54:
48:
36:List of islands of Hawaii
4649:Archipelagoes of Oceania
4555:Northern Mariana Islands
3450:Discovery and settlement
3044:Honolulu Star Advertiser
2023:
2008:List of Ultras of Hawaii
1866:orographic precipitation
1818:World Heritage Committee
871:1.2/sq mi (0.5/km)
373:unincorporated territory
362:The 4th Earl of Sandwich
194:Unincorporated territory
3326:(registration required)
3262:Encyclopædia Britannica
2717:"Top Earthquake States"
1993:List of birds of Hawaii
1333:Hawaiian-type eruptions
1296:(formerly Loʻihi). The
379:—the 50th state of the
239:, and numerous smaller
224:
56:
4659:Geography of Polynesia
3339:April 7, 2022, at the
3105:NationalGeographic.com
2757:. USGS. pp. 3–4.
2727:. 2003. Archived from
2693:. 1972. Archived from
1998:List of fish of Hawaii
1853:
1776:
1591:
1547:
1468:
1260:
1212:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
1154:
1055:
1043:
1011:
255:. Formerly called the
127:20.90000°N 156.60000°W
4674:Physical oceanography
4200:Polynesian-influenced
3883:Pre-statehood history
3733:French Frigate Shoals
3573:Hawaiian architecture
3293:10.1515/9780824885786
1849:
1770:
1762:multi-species systems
1581:
1545:
1458:
1250:
1243:List of Hawaii rivers
1182:French Frigate Shoals
1140:
1049:
1017:
1009:
1002:Minor islands, islets
259:by Europeans (not by
4679:Eastern Indo-Pacific
3900:Hawaiian Renaissance
3890:Bayonet Constitution
3281:Macdonald, Gordon A.
3216:"Volcanic Landforms"
2926:on November 16, 2018
2649:chooser.crossref.org
2624:on November 17, 2014
2408:. January 29, 2014.
2042:4th Earl of Sandwich
1933:United States portal
1826:World Heritage Sites
1696:of U.S. Army Marines
1590:on February 14, 1779
1461:1960 Chilean tsunami
942:0/sq mi (0/km)
578:The Gathering Place
132:20.90000; -156.60000
4565:U.S. Virgin Islands
4098:Polynesian outliers
3983:Polynesian triangle
3915:Territory of Hawaii
3783:Notable communities
3251:Johnson, James Yate
3076:. August 26, 2016.
2920:National Geographic
2895:on January 12, 2006
2572:1975GSAB...86..991C
2521:1972GSAB...83.3731M
2448:on October 22, 2008
1779:The arrival of the
1712:50th American state
1708:Territory of Hawaii
1526:earthquake in Japan
1518:earthquake in Chile
1267:, developed as the
1251:Eruptions from the
1165:(Leeward Islands):
968: /
899: /
862:The Forbidden Isle
828: /
791:The Pineapple Isle
757: /
686: /
615: /
544: /
473: /
327:World Heritage Site
245:North Pacific Ocean
123: /
100:North Pacific Ocean
45:
3111:on August 29, 2016
3015:. August 2, 2010.
2982:The New York Times
2952:. August 5, 2010.
2731:on August 31, 2009
2663:on August 26, 2023
2657:10.1785/0120000060
2250:U.S. Census Bureau
2248:. Washington, DC:
2209:Clement, Russell.
2052:in 1778, on board
2013:Maritime fur trade
1854:
1777:
1750:forest degradation
1700:Republic of Hawaii
1592:
1548:
1469:
1376:, by missionaries
1311:Almost all of the
1261:
1155:
1056:
1044:
1012:
973:20.550°N 156.600°W
904:21.900°N 160.167°W
833:20.833°N 156.933°W
762:21.133°N 157.033°W
720:The Friendly Isle
691:22.083°N 159.500°W
620:21.467°N 157.983°W
549:20.800°N 156.333°W
478:19.567°N 155.500°W
416:Maximum Elevation
204:Largest settlement
151:Highest point
43:
4684:Marine ecoregions
4664:Geology of Hawaii
4639:Islands of Hawaii
4626:
4625:
4220:
4219:
4016:Marquesas Islands
3941:
3940:
3934:Hawaii portal
2697:on April 19, 2009
2119:978-0-231-05316-7
2092:978-90-481-3826-5
2018:Outline of Hawaii
1879:, and occasional
1842:Climate of Hawaii
1796:National Monument
1773:Drepanis coccinea
1694:) with help from
1638:Kingdom of Hawaii
1624:Marquesas Islands
1601:History of Hawaii
1500:island of Hawaiʻi
1459:Aftermath of the
1257:Emperor Seamounts
1188:Gardner Pinnacles
996:
995:
339:History of Hawaii
333:Islands and reefs
323:National Monument
276:volcanic activity
249:island of Hawaiʻi
213:
212:
16:(Redirected from
4691:
4575:Outlying islands
4529:Washington, D.C.
4523:Federal district
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4053:Pitcairn Islands
4033:Hawaiian Islands
4001:French Polynesia
3968:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3895:Hawaiian Kingdom
3773:Pearl and Hermes
3507:Native Hawaiians
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3355:on March 5, 2012
3327:
3323:Internet Archive
3314:
3266:
3258:
3246:
3226:
3218:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3138:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2922:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2891:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2659:. Archived from
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2484:on June 11, 2011
2483:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2060:
2034:
1977:
1975:Volcanoes portal
1972:
1971:
1963:
1961:Mountains portal
1958:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1905:Geography portal
1902:
1901:
1900:
1492:debris avalanche
1294:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
1206:Lisianski Island
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
985:
980:
979:
978:20.550; -156.600
974:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
933:The Target Isle
923:
922:
920:
919:
918:
916:
911:
910:
909:21.900; -160.167
905:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
852:
851:
849:
848:
847:
845:
840:
839:
838:20.833; -156.933
834:
829:
826:
825:
824:
821:
781:
780:
778:
777:
776:
774:
769:
768:
767:21.133; -157.033
763:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
710:
709:
707:
706:
705:
703:
698:
697:
696:22.083; -159.500
692:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
649:The Garden Isle
639:
638:
636:
635:
634:
632:
627:
626:
625:21.467; -157.983
621:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
568:
567:
565:
564:
563:
561:
556:
555:
554:20.800; -156.333
550:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
507:The Valley Isle
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
490:
485:
484:
483:19.567; -155.500
479:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
393:
392:
257:Sandwich Islands
233:volcanic islands
225:Mokupuni Hawaiʻi
217:Hawaiian Islands
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
86:
74:Windward Islands
70:
59:
57:Mokupuni Hawaiʻi
46:
44:Hawaiian Islands
42:
21:
18:Sandwich Islands
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4569:
4531:
4517:
4256:
4251:
4221:
4216:
4195:
4092:
4021:Society Islands
4011:Gambier Islands
4006:Austral Islands
3977:
3972:
3942:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3919:
3878:
3840:
3777:
3724:
3717:
3664:
3561:
3477:Hawaiianization
3421:
3409:
3403:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3341:Wayback Machine
3325:
3303:
3279:
3235:
3212:
3209:
3207:Further reading
3204:
3194:
3192:
3185:Hawaiiurlaub.de
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2035:
2031:
2026:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1877:tropical storms
1844:
1838:
1810:Antiquities Act
1798:
1734:
1720:
1706:in 1898 as the
1692:the Dole family
1672:the Philippines
1620:Society Islands
1603:
1597:
1540:
1534:
1453:
1359:
1353:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1135:
1004:
983:
981:
977:
975:
971:
970:
967:
962:
959:
957:
955:
954:
945:Puʻu Moaulanui
914:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:
898:
893:
890:
888:
886:
885:
843:
841:
837:
835:
831:
830:
827:
822:
819:
817:
815:
814:
772:
770:
766:
764:
760:
759:
756:
751:
748:
746:
744:
743:
701:
699:
695:
693:
689:
688:
685:
680:
677:
675:
673:
672:
630:
628:
624:
622:
618:
617:
614:
609:
606:
604:
602:
601:
559:
557:
553:
551:
547:
546:
543:
538:
535:
533:
531:
530:
488:
486:
482:
480:
476:
475:
472:
467:
464:
462:
460:
459:
436:The Big Island
406:
391:
341:
335:
231:of eight major
179:
165:
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
77:
61:
60:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Navassa Island
4605:
4600:
4598:Johnston Atoll
4595:
4590:
4588:Howland Island
4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:American Samoa
4541:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:South Carolina
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:North Carolina
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
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1682:In 1893 Queen
1599:Main article:
1596:
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1588:Kealakekua Bay
1536:Main article:
1533:
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1430:6.9 earthquake
1355:Main article:
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1345:shield volcano
1277:Earth's mantle
1253:Hawaii hotspot
1237:Hawaii hotspot
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3996:Easter Island
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3542:State symbols
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143:Total islands
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4603:Midway Atoll
4583:Baker Island
4560:Puerto Rico
4468:South Dakota
4458:Rhode Island
4453:Pennsylvania
4433:North Dakota
4121:Duff Islands
4032:
3991:Cook Islands
3925:
3670:Main islands
3669:
3635:Homelessness
3603:Demographics
3528:
3459:
3440:Constitution
3415:
3357:. Retrieved
3353:the original
3332:
3284:
3260:
3222:
3193:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3165:November 22,
3163:. Retrieved
3143:
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3109:the original
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2949:
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2930:September 2,
2928:. Retrieved
2924:the original
2919:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:the original
2877:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2856:(PhD thesis)
2853:
2848:
2826:. Retrieved
2818:www.usgs.gov
2817:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2788:www.usgs.gov
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2720:
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2135:
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2055:
2050:Third Voyage
2032:
1885:
1874:
1855:
1830:Barack Obama
1799:
1778:
1772:
1735:
1688:house arrest
1681:
1677:
1660:missionaries
1654:
1634:Kamehameha I
1628:
1604:
1549:
1523:
1515:
1505:The city of
1504:
1496:Hilina Slump
1485:
1470:
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1427:
1405:
1390:
1371:
1360:
1338:
1310:
1262:
1226:(Mokupāpapa)
1218:Midway Atoll
1208:(Papaʻāpoho)
1196:(Nalukākala)
1156:
1117:Mokuʻumeʻume
1087:Mōkōlea Rock
1057:
1052:Diamond Head
997:
591:Mount Kaʻala
385:
370:
349:
342:
311:Midway Atoll
296:
274:, formed by
265:
261:Kānaka Maoli
256:
216:
214:
198:Midway Atoll
176:
40:
4618:Wake Island
4537:Territories
4383:Mississippi
4298:Connecticut
4207:Lau Islands
4161:Ontong Java
4038:New Zealand
3806:Kailua-Kona
3640:LGBT rights
3557:Unification
3455:Earthquakes
3445:Delegations
2768:October 11,
2735:December 9,
2701:December 9,
2667:January 17,
2628:December 9,
2598:January 17,
2539:January 17,
2488:January 17,
2194:October 25,
2157:October 25,
2044:, the then
1862:trade winds
1742:Polynesians
1630:Polynesians
1481:earthquakes
1443:run by the
1384:run by the
1363:earthquakes
1351:Earthquakes
1329:Nephelinite
1265:archipelago
1159:uninhabited
1151:archipelago
1147:outer space
1107:Moku o Loʻe
976: /
907: /
836: /
765: /
694: /
623: /
552: /
481: /
229:archipelago
130: /
118:156°36′00″W
106:Coordinates
51:Native name
4633:Categories
4498:Washington
4418:New Mexico
4413:New Jersey
4288:California
4212:Madagascar
3831:Pearl City
3683:Kahoʻolawe
3487:Hurricanes
3472:Government
3311:1253313940
2643:crossref.
2177:James King
2173:James Cook
2146:1573060968
2067:References
2056:Resolution
2038:James Cook
1881:hurricanes
1808:under the
1790:endangered
1722:See also:
1650:James Cook
1642:expedition
1607:Polynesian
1584:James Cook
1415:aftershock
1401:California
1378:Titus Coan
1286:Kure Atoll
1241:See also:
1224:Kure Atoll
1220:(Pihemanu)
1190:(Pūhāhonu)
1172:(Mokumana)
1127:Nā Mokulua
1072:Kāohikaipu
982: (
929:Kahoʻolawe
913: (
842: (
804:Lānaʻihale
771: (
700: (
629: (
584:1,016,508
558: (
487: (
405:Population
354:James Cook
299:U.S. state
253:Kure Atoll
235:, several
115:20°54′00″N
4508:Wisconsin
4473:Tennessee
4378:Minnesota
4353:Louisiana
3975:Polynesia
3758:Maro Reef
3753:Lisianski
3613:Education
3460:Geography
3420:(capital)
3405:State of
3272:from the
3243:693187693
3115:March 28,
3084:March 28,
3054:March 28,
3023:March 28,
2993:March 28,
2960:March 28,
2645:"Chooser"
2588:0016-7606
1781:Europeans
1760:replaced
1648:explorer
1560:Mauna Kea
1556:Mauna Loa
1552:Haleakalā
1532:Volcanoes
1423:epicenter
1393:magnitude
1341:Mauna Loa
1194:Maro Reef
1097:Moku Manu
1024:Mauna Kea
1020:Mauna Loa
984:Kahoolawe
662:Kawaikini
520:Haleakalā
449:Mauna Kea
426:Location
399:Nickname
288:Polynesia
227:) are an
158:Mauna Kea
91:Geography
76:of Hawaii
4493:Virginia
4443:Oklahoma
4423:New York
4398:Nebraska
4388:Missouri
4373:Michigan
4363:Maryland
4348:Kentucky
4328:Illinois
4303:Delaware
4293:Colorado
4283:Arkansas
4181:Sikaiana
4151:Nukumanu
4026:Tuamotus
3859:Honolulu
3846:Counties
3811:Kāneʻohe
3796:Honolulu
3703:Molokaʻi
3655:Politics
3645:Folklore
3630:Gun laws
3578:Abortion
3465:Seamount
3417:Honolulu
3337:Archived
3253:(1880).
3195:June 24,
3189:Archived
3159:Archived
3078:Archived
3048:Archived
3017:Archived
2987:Archived
2954:Archived
2950:Wikinews
2854:ProQuest
2822:Archived
2792:Archived
2759:Archived
2592:Archived
2533:Archived
2410:Archived
2406:nasa.gov
2297:June 20,
2254:Archived
2227:June 17,
2218:Archived
2188:Archived
2179:(1784).
2151:Archived
1891:See also
1858:tropical
1771:'I'iwi (
1656:American
1568:Hualalai
1511:Hilo Bay
1488:Molokaʻi
1475:, great
1473:tsunamis
1451:Tsunamis
1419:Honolulu
1367:tsunamis
1122:Molokini
1112:Moku Ola
1102:Mokuauia
1092:Mokoliʻi
1054:, Oʻahu
1036:Hualalai
963:156°36′W
894:160°10′W
823:156°56′W
752:157°02′W
740:1.9–1.8
716:Molokaʻi
681:159°30′W
610:157°59′W
598:3.7–2.6
539:156°20′W
527:1.3–0.8
513:164,221
468:155°30′W
442:200,629
410:Density
221:Hawaiian
208:Honolulu
96:Location
4513:Wyoming
4488:Vermont
4393:Montana
4333:Indiana
4313:Georgia
4308:Florida
4278:Arizona
4268:Alabama
4191:Tikopia
4176:Rennell
4156:Nukuoro
4146:Nuguria
4116:Bellona
4073:Tokelau
3864:Kalawao
3854:Hawaiʻi
3836:Waipahu
3816:Kapolei
3801:Kahului
3738:Gardner
3725:Islands
3708:Niʻihau
3678:Hawaiʻi
3608:Economy
3598:Culture
3593:Cuisine
3566:Society
3547:Tourism
3529:Arizona
3492:Islands
3482:History
3435:Outline
3359:May 12,
2828:June 9,
2798:June 9,
2568:Bibcode
2517:Bibcode
2452:May 23,
2416:June 4,
1870:leeward
1836:Climate
1738:endemic
1718:Ecology
1646:British
1644:led by
1595:History
1564:Kilauea
1498:on the
1434:Kīlauea
1325:diabase
1306:Kīlauea
1300:of the
1290:Hawaiʻi
1282:erosion
1275:in the
1273:hotspot
1231:Geology
1040:Hawaiʻi
1032:Kilauea
960:20°33′N
891:21°54′N
858:Niʻihau
820:20°50′N
773:Molokai
749:21°08′N
733:Kamakou
678:22°05′N
655:73,298
607:21°28′N
536:20°48′N
465:19°34′N
432:Hawaiʻi
396:Island
351:Captain
292:Oceania
282:in the
280:hotspot
278:over a
243:in the
4448:Oregon
4403:Nevada
4343:Kansas
4318:Hawaii
4273:Alaska
4261:States
4171:Pileni
4131:Futuna
4083:Tuvalu
4058:Rotuma
3869:Kauaʻi
3826:Līhuʻe
3763:Necker
3748:Laysan
3693:Lānaʻi
3688:Kauaʻi
3660:Sports
3625:Energy
3537:People
3427:Topics
3407:Hawaii
3309:
3299:
3241:
3231:
3151:
2885:
2860:May 8,
2586:
2285:
2143:
2116:
2089:
1814:UNESCO
1730:, and
1698:. The
1670:, and
1611:Hawaii
1566:, and
1397:Alaska
1321:gabbro
1317:basalt
1202:(Kauō)
1200:Laysan
1176:Necker
1082:Mānana
1067:Kaʻula
1060:islets
1034:, and
915:Niihau
797:3,367
787:Lānaʻi
726:7,345
645:Kauaʻi
489:Hawaii
377:Hawaii
303:Hawaii
241:islets
237:atolls
188:Hawaii
4478:Texas
4358:Maine
4323:Idaho
4186:Takuu
4166:Ouvéa
4111:Anuta
4106:Aniwa
4078:Tonga
3821:Kihei
3768:Nihoa
3713:Oʻahu
3650:Media
3588:Crime
3517:Parks
3502:Music
2762:(PDF)
2755:(PDF)
2482:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2024:Notes
1668:China
1664:Japan
1586:, at
1477:waves
1313:magma
1170:Nihoa
1077:Lehua
844:Lanai
702:Kauai
574:Oʻahu
419:Age (
402:Area
184:State
4550:Guam
4483:Utah
4438:Ohio
4338:Iowa
4141:Mele
4126:Emae
4043:Niue
3874:Maui
3791:Hilo
3743:Kure
3698:Maui
3527:USS
3361:2012
3307:OCLC
3297:ISBN
3239:OCLC
3229:ISBN
3197:2020
3167:2015
3149:ISBN
3117:2017
3086:2017
3056:2017
3025:2017
2995:2017
2962:2017
2932:2016
2901:2005
2883:ISBN
2862:2024
2830:2023
2800:2023
2770:2016
2737:2009
2703:2009
2669:2024
2630:2009
2600:2011
2584:ISSN
2541:2011
2490:2011
2454:2010
2418:2015
2299:2012
2283:ISBN
2265:2016
2229:2012
2196:2020
2175:and
2159:2020
2141:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2054:HMS
1822:list
1507:Hilo
1465:Hilo
1445:USGS
1411:Kona
1399:and
1386:USGS
1374:Hilo
1323:and
1302:USGS
1143:NASA
1028:Maui
951:1.0
882:4.9
811:1.3
669:5.1
631:Oahu
560:Maui
503:Maui
456:0.4
325:and
297:The
215:The
72:The
3289:doi
2653:doi
2576:doi
2525:doi
1824:of
1816:'s
1764:.
1463:in
868:84
313:(a
301:of
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