884:
1236:. These dust storms can extend over larger areas than those on Earth, sometimes encircling the planet, with wind speeds as high as 25 m/s (60 mph). However, given Mars' much lower atmospheric pressure (roughly 1% that of Earth's), the intensity of Mars storms could never reach the kind of hurricane-force winds that are experienced on Earth. Martian dust storms are formed when solar heating warms the Martian atmosphere and causes the air to move, lifting dust off the ground. The chance for storms is increased when there are great temperature variations like those seen at the equator during the Martian summer.
52:
737:
1094:
72:
1000:
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1187:
906:
A study from 2008 finds that the initial saltation of sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of
933:
In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere
899:. As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension. At wind speeds above that which causes the smallest to suspend, there will be a population of dust grains moving by a range of mechanisms: suspension, saltation and
1182:
Dust storms cause soil loss from the drylands, and worse, they preferentially remove organic matter and the nutrient-rich lightest particles, thereby reducing agricultural productivity. Also, the abrasive effect of the storm damages young crop plants. Dust storms also reduce visibility, affecting
1771:
Park, Jeong Woong; Lim, Young Hee; Kyung, Sun Young; An, Chang Hyeok; Lee, Sang Pyo; Jeong, Seong Hwan; Ju, Young-Su (2005). "Effects of ambient particulate matter on peak expiratory flow rates and respiratory symptoms of asthmatics during Asian dust periods in Korea".
1090:. Levels of Saharan dust coming off the east coast of Africa in June 2007 were five times those observed in June 2006, and were the highest observed since at least 1999, which may have cooled Atlantic waters enough to slightly reduce hurricane activity in late 2007.
1010:
A sandstorm can transport and carry large volumes of sand unexpectedly. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, with the leading edge being composed of a wall of thick dust as much as 1.6 km (5,200 ft) high. Dust and sand storms which come off the
1194:
Dust can also have beneficial effects where it deposits: Central and South
American rainforests get significant quantities of mineral nutrients from the Sahara; iron-poor ocean regions get iron; and dust in Hawaii increases
867:, or places where sand is a more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock, when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface. The term
2055:
Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; Yuan, Tianle; Bian, Huisheng; Remer, Lorraine A.; Prospero, Joseph M.; Omar, Ali; Winker, David; Yang, Yuekui; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhibo; Zhao, Chun (2015-03-28).
1436:
1310:
910:
Particles become loosely held mainly due to a prolonged drought or arid conditions, and high wind speeds. Gust fronts may be produced by the outflow of rain-cooled air from an intense
2057:"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations"
2157:
852:
system, are increasing the size and frequency of dust storms from desert margins and changing both the local and global climate, as well as impacting local economies.
1829:
Perez, Laura; Tobias, Aurelio; Querol, Xavier; Künzli, Nino; Pey, Jorge; Alastuey, Andrés; Viana, Mar; Valero, Natalia; González-Cabré, Manuel; Sunyer, Jordi (2008).
1878:
Lee, Hyewon; Kim, Ho; Honda, Yasushi; Lim, Youn-Hee; Yi, Seungmuk (2013). "Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea".
1373:
895:
As the force of dust passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to move across the surface in a process called
1593:
1056:. Sahara dust is frequently emitted into the Mediterranean atmosphere and transported by the winds sometimes as far north as central Europe and Great Britain.
1639:
1447:
2221:
1401:
1314:
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are highly fertile soils, but they are also a significant source of contemporary dust storms when soil-securing vegetation is disturbed.
942:. In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Dust storms are a major health hazard.
1914:
1422:
676:
1573:
1079:. In Mauritania there were just two dust storms a year in the early 1960s; there are about 80 a year since 2007, according to English
1611:
1464:
Koren, Ilan; Kaufman, Yoram J; Washington, Richard; Todd, Martin C; Rudich, Yinon; Martins, J Vanderlei; Rosenfeld, Daniel (2006).
1116:
spores in the ground are blown into the atmosphere by the storms with the minute particles and interact with urban air pollution.
2244:
2288:
2161:
1339:
2119:"سلامت ۳۸ میلیون ایرانی تحت تاثیر عوارض گردوغبار قرار دارد - خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency"
2186:
666:
1548:
Pericleous, Koulis; et al. (2006). "Airborne
Transport of Saharan Dust to the Mediterranean and to the Atlantic".
1366:
723:
671:
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instability resulting from cooler air riding over heated ground can maintain the dust storm initiated at the front.
1636:
653:
2257:
1466:"The Bodélé depression: A single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest"
871:
is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects
883:
551:
1815:
1059:
Saharan dust storms have increased approximately 10-fold during the half-century since the 1950s, causing
919:
31:
2251:
1167:
1143:
storms suggesting that long-transported dust storm particles adversely affects the circulatory system.
1101:
1083:
713:
38:
2216:
787:
718:
17:
2278:
1683:"Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health"
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708:
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growth. In northern China as well as the mid-western U.S., ancient dust storm deposits known as
2132:
1041:
577:
45:
1656:
1329:
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are the main terrestrial sources of airborne dust. It has been argued that poor management of
2283:
1215:
939:
819:
758:
572:
330:
254:
1950:
938:. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively-shallow layer by a low-lying
2273:
2068:
2056:
1926:
1887:
1514:
1477:
1087:
983:. In a semi-arid climate, these practices increase susceptibility to dust storms. However,
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288:
8:
1270:
1004:
896:
815:
685:
582:
521:
347:
2072:
1930:
1891:
1615:
1518:
1481:
1170:("dry eyes") which, in severe cases without immediate and proper treatment, can lead to
2100:
2007:
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Dust storms have also been shown to increase the spread of disease across the globe.
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587:
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1801:
2210:
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2002:
1984:
1934:
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968:
799:
751:
465:
352:
264:
107:
1505:
Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories".
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736:
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1830:
1748:
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1597:
964:
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433:
136:
1331:
Handbook of
Drought and Water Scarcity: Management of Drought and Water Scarcity
51:
1144:
1132:
918:: that is, a cold front that is moving into a dry air mass and is producing no
900:
741:
648:
482:
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1998:
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911:
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494:
418:
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56:
1119:
Short-term effects of exposure to desert dust include immediate increased
2080:
1989:
1698:
1232:
Dust storms are not limited to Earth and have also been known to form on
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643:
531:
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489:
438:
369:
315:
271:
259:
208:
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2096:
44:"Black blizzard" redirects here. For the Yoshihiro Tatsumi manga, see
2213:
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1109:
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428:
90:
1423:"Wildfires often lead to dust storms – and they're getting bigger"
1311:"Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society"
1732:"Desert dust: An unrecognized source of dangerous air pollution?"
1290:
1186:
1072:
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and grazing practices by exposing the dust and sand to the wind.
953:
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472:
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320:
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115:
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2160:. National Aeronautics And Space Administration. Archived from
1260:
1128:
1113:
1097:
1037:
1021:
1016:
860:
849:
396:
384:
379:
146:
141:
131:
124:
2133:"Discovery Monitoring and Predicting Extraterrestrial Weather"
963:
One poor farming practice which contributes to dust storms is
27:
Meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions
1398:"Electric Sand Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008"
1200:
1064:
1026:
979:
when storms strike at particularly vulnerable times prior to
926:
years in the U.S. Following the passage of a dry cold front,
842:
838:
818:
and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and
599:
536:
198:
191:
2231:
Photos of the April 14 1935 and
September 2 1934 dust storms
1162:; silicosis is an incurable condition that may also lead to
1233:
1068:
1049:
972:
949:
811:
807:
803:
791:
616:
516:
499:
477:
403:
94:
1657:"NASA: Saharan Dust Has Chilling Effect on North Atlantic"
1463:
1367:"Physics, Mechanics and Processes of Dust and Sandstorms"
1313:. WMO - Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) - 2015. 2022. Archived from
611:
1831:"Coarse Particles from Saharan Dust and Daily Mortality"
1206:
Iranian cities existence are challenged by dust storms.
1040:
desert is a key source of dust storms, particularly the
1828:
952:
contribute to the emergence of dust storms, as do poor
1973:"A Review of Corneal Blindness: Causes and Management"
1147:
is the result of large amounts of dust being inhaled.
887:
Animation showing the global movement of dust from an
814:
from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by
994:
1591:
Environment: Around the Globe, Farmers Losing Ground
1507:
Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers
1033:, with occurrences being most common in the summer.
922:—the type of dust storm which was common during the
967:. Particularly poor dryland farming techniques are
2135:. National Science foundation. 22 September 2009.
1637:Scientists examine African dust link to hurricanes
1025:(həbūb) is a sandstorm prevalent in the region of
1729:
1579:. The United Nations Environment Programme. 2022.
1139:from long-transported dust from both Saharan and
934:above the ground as well as by the weight of the
2265:
1547:
1327:
37:"Sandstorm" redirects here. For other uses, see
2211:12-hour U.S. map of surface dust concentrations
1504:
2054:
1877:
1770:
1364:
914:. Or, the wind gusts may be produced by a dry
2158:"The Fact and Fiction of Martian Dust Storms"
759:
1609:
1970:
1574:"Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms"
1971:Tidke, Shivangi C; Tidake, Pravin (2022).
1328:Eslamian, Saeid; Eslamian, Faezeh (2017).
1150:Prolonged and unprotected exposure of the
907:particles predicted by previous theories.
766:
752:
70:
2006:
1988:
1846:
1747:
1706:
1489:
1158:, which, if left untreated, will lead to
1915:"Desert dust and human health disorders"
1223:
1185:
1092:
998:
987:practices may be implemented to control
882:
50:
2252:Photos of a sandstorm in Riyadh in 2009
1680:
1044:and an area covering the confluence of
55:An aerial view of a sandstorm over the
14:
2266:
2183:"THEMIS keeps an eye on Mars for dust"
2029:
1912:
1550:Environmental Modelling and Simulation
2246:University of Arizona Dust Model Page
1360:
1358:
1220:Atmosphere of Mars § Dust storms
859:is used most often in the context of
2032:"Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants"
1228:Orbital view of a Martian dust storm
24:
1730:Sandstrom, T; Forsberg, B (2008).
1372:. Adelaide University, Australia.
1355:
1216:Climate of Mars § Dust storms
1183:aircraft and road transportation.
1177:
995:Physical and environmental effects
798:regions. Dust storms arise when a
25:
2300:
2204:
1589:Brown, Lester R. (June 27, 2007)
1446:. State of Oregon. Archived from
1003:Dust storm in Sahara, painted by
960:can lead to dust storms as well.
1786:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00728.x
1693:(3): 459–77, table of contents.
735:
2189:from the original on 2013-07-03
2175:
2150:
2139:from the original on 2014-12-11
2125:
2111:
2048:
2023:
1964:
1906:
1871:
1822:
1808:
1764:
1723:
1674:
1663:from the original on 2017-05-31
1649:
1629:
1603:
1583:
1566:
1404:from the original on 2016-05-20
1379:from the original on 2015-06-05
1154:in a dust storm can also cause
863:dust storms, especially in the
1900:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.046
1541:
1498:
1470:Environmental Research Letters
1457:
1429:
1415:
1400:. Eurekalert.org. 2008-01-07.
1390:
1321:
1303:
1166:. There is also the danger of
1019:or simoon (sîmūm, sîmūn). The
13:
1:
2289:Hazards of outdoor recreation
2258:Dust storm in Phoenix Arizona
2254:from the BBC Newsbeat website
1687:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1296:
2061:Geophysical Research Letters
1939:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011
1848:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131cf
1818:. Fast Facts for Kids. 2022.
1749:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818809e0
1635:Loney, Jim (August 9, 2007)
1491:10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005
1190:Sandstorm on road to Karbala
1100:shrouded in dust during the
7:
1659:. Nasa.gov. December 2007.
1239:
663:Severe weather terminology
125:Temperate and polar seasons
32:Dust storm (disambiguation)
10:
2305:
2030:Garner, Rob (2015-02-24).
1913:Goudie, Andrew S. (2014).
1213:
1209:
1168:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
1102:2009 Australian dust storm
971:or not having established
43:
39:Sandstorm (disambiguation)
36:
29:
1919:Environment International
1444:Emergency Management Plan
878:
848:, such as neglecting the
788:meteorological phenomenon
85:
69:
64:
76:A sandstorm approaching
2239:Portal to Texas History
1880:Atmospheric Environment
1681:Griffin, D. W. (2007).
1527:10.1111/1475-5661.00013
1015:are locally known as a
1229:
1191:
1105:
1007:
892:
724:Tropical cyclone terms
59:
46:Black Blizzard (manga)
1437:"Dust Storms Chapter"
1317:on December 18, 2023.
1227:
1214:Further information:
1189:
1123:and worsening of the
1096:
1002:
940:temperature inversion
886:
331:Extratropical cyclone
255:Air-mass thunderstorm
54:
2081:10.1002/2015GL063040
1990:10.7759/cureus.30097
1699:10.1128/CMR.00039-06
1127:in individuals with
1088:University of Oxford
825:The arid regions of
691:Weather modification
289:Anticyclonic tornado
30:For other uses, see
2073:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y
1931:2014EnInt..63..101G
1892:2013AtmEn..79..510L
1552:. EMS-2006: 54–59.
1519:2001TrIBG..26..165M
1482:2006ERL.....1a4005K
1425:. 18 November 2022.
1365:Squires, Victor R.
1271:List of dust storms
1086:, professor at the
1005:George Francis Lyon
686:Weather forecasting
522:Rain and snow mixed
348:Subtropical cyclone
2224:2020-04-16 at the
1642:2016-12-20 at the
1596:2016-12-20 at the
1256:Dust storm warning
1246:Coccidioidomycosis
1230:
1192:
1152:respiratory system
1106:
1008:
893:
742:Weather portal
358:Atlantic hurricane
336:European windstorm
243:Volcanic lightning
204:Cumulonimbus cloud
60:
1610:Brown, Lester R.
1341:978-1-351-85113-8
1281:Saharan Air Layer
1042:Bodélé Depression
985:soil conservation
969:intensive tillage
776:
775:
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
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2218:Dust in the Wind
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2067:(6): 1984–1991.
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2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1968:
1962:
1961:
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1958:
1949:. Archived from
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1904:
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1614:. Archived from
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1307:
802:or other strong
782:, also called a
768:
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739:
353:Tropical cyclone
265:Dry thunderstorm
160:Tropical seasons
103:
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62:
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21:
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2279:Weather hazards
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2226:Wayback Machine
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1679:
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1644:Wayback Machine
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1598:Wayback Machine
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1342:
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1309:
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1242:
1222:
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1180:
1178:Economic impact
997:
965:dryland farming
881:
831:the Middle East
822:it in another.
772:
734:
729:
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704:
696:
695:
554:
544:
543:
456:
446:
445:
434:Ground blizzard
194:
184:
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81:
80:April 27, 2005.
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42:
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23:
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2237:hosted by the
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2205:External links
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2110:
2047:
2022:
1983:(10): e30097.
1963:
1905:
1870:
1841:(6): 800–807.
1821:
1807:
1780:(4): 470–476.
1763:
1742:(6): 808–809.
1722:
1673:
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1453:on 2013-10-21.
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1618:on 2007-06-29
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1612:"Losing Soil"
1606:
1600:. ipsnews.net
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1334:. CRC Press.
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1125:lung function
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1084:Andrew Goudie
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2284:Road hazards
2245:
2217:
2191:. Retrieved
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2127:
2113:
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2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2025:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1922:
1918:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1838:
1835:Epidemiology
1834:
1824:
1816:"Dust Facts"
1810:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1739:
1736:Epidemiology
1735:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1651:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1605:
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1459:
1448:the original
1443:
1431:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1345:. Retrieved
1330:
1323:
1315:the original
1305:
1276:Mineral dust
1231:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1160:asphyxiation
1149:
1131:, increased
1118:
1107:
1077:Burkina Faso
1058:
1035:
1020:
1009:
989:wind erosion
981:revegetation
962:
944:
936:particulates
932:
912:thunderstorm
909:
905:
894:
868:
856:
854:
835:Central Asia
827:North Africa
824:
806:blows loose
783:
779:
777:
495:Diamond dust
419:Winter storm
374:
250:Thunderstorm
57:Namib Desert
2274:Dust storms
2260:via YouTube
1925:: 101–113.
1886:: 510–517.
1774:Respirology
1164:lung cancer
1071:, northern
977:cover crops
873:urban areas
709:Meteorology
644:Meteorology
532:Snow roller
527:Snow grains
490:Ice pellets
439:Snow squall
370:Storm surge
316:Anticyclone
272:Mesocyclone
260:Thundersnow
209:Arcus cloud
93:and spread
2268:Categories
2193:2013-11-21
2185:. THEMIS.
2168:2015-09-18
2143:2013-11-21
2041:2023-03-09
1957:2019-12-12
1667:2016-12-04
1622:2007-06-29
1513:(2): 165.
1408:2016-12-04
1383:2007-07-29
1347:4 December
1297:References
1266:Iberulites
1141:Asian dust
1081:geographer
1046:Mauritania
928:convective
916:cold front
889:Asian dust
869:dust storm
800:gust front
790:common in
780:dust storm
703:Glossaries
639:Jet stream
578:Convection
564:Atmosphere
512:Cloudburst
375:Dust storm
341:Nor'easter
311:Fire whirl
306:Dust devil
299:Waterspout
226:Heat burst
221:Microburst
179:Wet season
167:Dry season
89:May cause
65:Dust storm
2105:131476017
2089:0094-8276
1999:2168-8184
1646:. Reuters
1172:blindness
1156:silicosis
1137:morbidity
1133:mortality
958:Wildfires
924:Dust Bowl
897:saltation
857:sandstorm
855:The term
816:saltation
796:semi-arid
784:sandstorm
634:Heat wave
629:Cold wave
573:Chemistry
424:Ice storm
414:Firestorm
326:Polar low
294:Landspout
277:Supercell
238:Lightning
216:Downburst
172:Harmattan
106:Part of
18:Sandstorm
2222:Archived
2187:Archived
2137:Archived
2017:36381769
1947:24275707
1865:21092037
1857:18938653
1802:39768807
1794:16135170
1758:18854705
1717:17630335
1661:Archived
1640:Archived
1594:Archived
1402:Archived
1374:Archived
1251:Dry line
1240:See also
1197:plantain
1121:symptoms
1110:Bacteria
1063:loss in
1031:Khartoum
846:drylands
820:deposits
505:Freezing
466:Freezing
429:Blizzard
108:a series
91:coughing
2233:in the
2097:1225157
2069:Bibcode
2008:9643016
1927:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1708:1932751
1535:3650666
1515:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1291:Sirocco
1210:On Mars
1073:Nigeria
1061:topsoil
1054:Algeria
1029:around
954:farming
946:Drought
843:Earth's
786:, is a
659:Extreme
605:Physics
595:Climate
583:Physics
473:Graupel
461:Drizzle
409:Sirocco
392:Monsoon
363:Typhoon
321:Cyclone
284:Tornado
231:Derecho
116:Weather
78:Al Asad
2103:
2095:
2087:
2015:
2005:
1997:
1977:Cureus
1945:
1863:
1855:
1800:
1792:
1756:
1715:
1705:
1556:
1533:
1338:
1261:Haboob
1218:, and
1129:asthma
1114:fungus
1098:Sydney
1075:, and
1052:, and
1038:Sahara
1022:haboob
1017:simoom
891:storm.
879:Causes
861:desert
850:fallow
667:Canada
622:Season
552:Topics
397:Amihan
385:Haboob
380:Simoom
192:Storms
147:Autumn
142:Summer
137:Spring
132:Winter
86:Effect
2101:S2CID
1861:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1577:(PDF)
1531:JSTOR
1451:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1201:loess
1065:Niger
1027:Sudan
973:crops
901:creep
839:China
672:Japan
600:Cloud
588:River
537:Slush
199:Cloud
2093:OSTI
2085:ISSN
2036:NASA
2013:PMID
1995:ISSN
1943:PMID
1853:PMID
1790:PMID
1754:PMID
1713:PMID
1554:ISBN
1349:2017
1336:ISBN
1234:Mars
1135:and
1112:and
1069:Chad
1050:Mali
1036:The
950:wind
948:and
837:and
812:dirt
810:and
808:sand
804:wind
794:and
792:arid
654:List
617:Mist
517:Snow
500:Rain
478:Hail
404:Gale
95:dust
2077:doi
2003:PMC
1985:doi
1935:doi
1896:doi
1843:doi
1782:doi
1744:doi
1703:PMC
1695:doi
1523:doi
1486:doi
975:or
612:Fog
2270::
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1993:.
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