2146:
2030:
1538:
1821:
1860:
2112:
1781:
1914:
1489:
1673:
1948:
2071:
69:
1585:
2165:
2090:
1997:
686:
49:
2049:
1619:
700:. The breeding season usually coincides with a crop of seeds after the local rainy season and at this time the feeding flocks tend to break up into pairs. The nesting site is a slight depression in the ground, sometimes lined with a few pieces of dry foliage. Most typically, three cryptic eggs are laid, though occasionally there may be two or four. The intricately patterned, precocial downy young, and egg colouration (though not shape) closely resemble those of many
478:
1975:
4807:
4831:
1516:
591:
1722:
4843:
4819:
1838:
468:
which helps insulate the bird from extremes of heat and cold. The feathers of the belly are specially adapted for absorbing water and retaining it, allowing adults, particularly males, to carry water to chicks that may be many miles away from watering holes. The amount of water that can be carried in
715:
chicks are covered with down and leave the nest as soon as the last hatchling has dried out. The parents do not provide them with food and they learn, with parental guidance, what is edible and what is not. The chicks obtain their water from the soaked downy feathers on the adults' breasts. Chicks
668:
Sandgrouse travel tens of miles to their traditional water holes and tend to disregard temporary water sources which may appear periodically. This clearly has a survival value, because a dried up water source in an arid region could result in dehydration and death. The
Burchell's sandgrouse in the
621:
may also be eaten, especially during the breeding season. The diet of many sandgrouse is highly specialised, with the seeds of a small number of plant species being dominant. This may depend on local availability but in other cases it reflects actual selection of favoured seeds over others by the
664:
They are vulnerable to attack while watering but with a large number of birds milling about, predators find it difficult to select a target bird and are likely to have been spotted before they can get close to the flock. The choice of a watering site is influenced by the topography of the nearby
655:
Sandgrouse are gregarious, feeding in flocks of up to 100 birds. As a consequence of their dry diet, they need to visit water sources regularly. Drinking times vary among the species. Ten species drink at dawn, four at dusk, and two at indeterminate times. When drinking, water is sucked into the
408:. They are ground-dwelling birds restricted to treeless, open country, such as plains, savannahs, and semi-deserts. They are distributed across northern, southern, and eastern Africa, Madagascar, the Middle East, and India through central Asia. The ranges of the
433:
with the males being slightly larger and more brightly colored than the females. They have eleven strong primary feathers and long pointed wings, giving them a fast and direct flight. The muscles of the wings are powerful and the birds are capable of rapid
521:
and very occasionally is irruptive, appearing in areas well outside its normal range. This happened in 1863 and 1888, and a major irruption took place in 1908 when many birds were seen as far afield as
Ireland and the United Kingdom where they bred in
428:
Sandgrouse have small, pigeon-like heads and necks and sturdy compact bodies. They range in size from 24 to 40 centimetres (9.4 to 15.7 in) in length and from 150 to 500 grams (5.3 to 17.6 oz) in weight. The adults are
660:
to members of their own species and many hundreds or thousands synchronise their arrival at the drinking site despite converging from many different locations scattered over hundreds of square miles (kilometres) of territory.
656:
beak, which is then raised to let the water flow down into the crop. By repeating this procedure rapidly, enough water to last twenty four hours can be swallowed in a few seconds. As they travel to water holes, they
748:, an unusual characteristic. More recently, it has been reported that they cannot suck up water in this way, and they are now treated separately in the order Pterocliformes. They have been considered
720:
at first, and their parents shade them during the hottest part of the day, and brood them to keep warm at night. The chicks remain with their parents, as a family group, for several months.
464:, generally being in shades of sandy brown, grey and buff, and variously mottled and barred, enabling the birds to merge into the dusty landscape. There is a dense layer of under
2196:. No species is considered to be threatened although there have been some localised range contractions, particularly in Europe. A subspecies of the chestnut-bellied sandgrouse,
2180:
Sandgrouse have little interaction with people, primarily because most species live in arid unpopulated areas and at low densities. They are not generally sought after as
708:
duties are shared; in most species, the males incubate at night while the females sit on the eggs during the day. The eggs usually hatch after 20–25 days.
732:
due to the similarities the family shares with the true grouse. However, it was later discovered that these similarities are superficial and a result of
3719:
5293:
5193:
2439:
Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; et al. (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history".
3137:
763:, together with the Columbiformes. In the larger study by Hackett et al. (2008) they were once again positioned close to the Columbiformes, in
184:
5232:
195:
665:
ground. The sandgrouse tend to avoid sites with cover for mammalian predators and their greatest risk is usually from predatory birds.
648:
feed rapidly, exploring loose soil with their beaks and flicking it away sideways. Grit is also swallowed to help grind up food in the
173:
5167:
5206:
3714:
2184:
as they are not especially palatable, although they have on occasion been taken in great numbers at water holes. An attempt to
673:
sometimes travels over 100 miles (160 km) daily to reach a water source. Not all species need to drink every day, and the
3196:
5211:
4881:
2673:
2302:
2268:
2240:
5159:
2913:
5237:
2401:
Ferns, P. N.; Hinsley, S. A. (1995). "Importance of
Topography in the Selection of Drinking Sites by Sandgrouse".
3258:
2857:
453:
have legs feathered just at the front, no feathers on the toes, and rudimentary hind toes raised off the ground.
3025:
4859:
3228:
2969:
2829:
2545:
2717:
2349:
5219:
2997:
2801:
677:
does not need to travel to drink, because of the abundance of water from melting snowfields in its habitat.
5023:
1847:
1537:
978:
634:
and other grain are readily taken. Seeds are either collected from the ground or directly from the plants.
2745:
2029:
5115:
4983:
4847:
3704:
3109:
3081:
3053:
2689:
2145:
1705:
1265:
17:
5120:
2773:
68:
5003:
3486:
2374:
Ward, P. (1972). "The functional significance of mass drinking flights by sandgrouse (Pteroclididae)".
1768:
1095:
970:
438:
and sustained flight. In some species, the central feathers in the tail are extended into long points.
2941:
2885:
3401:
3391:
3141:
913:
5028:
5008:
4993:
4874:
3727:
3709:
1935:
1572:
1525:
1305:
1051:
889:
641:
554:
409:
155:
56:
3732:
3222:
1043:
3406:
5288:
5263:
5055:
5038:
5018:
4953:
4823:
3699:
3511:
3461:
2133:
2017:
1660:
1362:
921:
857:
514:
413:
2230:
447:
have feathers growing on both the legs and toes, and no hind toes, while members of the genus
5258:
5198:
5093:
5013:
4973:
3536:
2585:
Fain, Matthew G.; Houde, Peter (2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds".
1984:
1476:
1298:
1194:
1127:
1119:
1087:
881:
849:
813:
558:
5250:
5128:
5102:
4164:
2448:
1354:
1329:
1144:
733:
31:
2111:
1859:
8:
4867:
3694:
3586:
3526:
3471:
3251:
2587:
945:
697:
138:
2452:
1820:
5033:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4948:
4477:
3541:
3501:
3466:
3214:
2662:
2612:
2507:
2472:
2418:
2387:
2325:
2185:
2099:
2058:
1901:
1808:
1606:
1337:
1257:
1240:
1233:
1202:
1152:
953:
740:
largely due to their reported ability to drink by the "sucking" or "pumping" action of
689:
674:
657:
645:
594:
248:
63:
5107:
5245:
4830:
4603:
4550:
4500:
3643:
3633:
3576:
3376:
3371:
3311:
3192:
2669:
2604:
2464:
2298:
2264:
2236:
2204:
of Egypt in 1979. It is thought to be extinct, but the reasons for this are unknown.
805:
640:
techniques vary between species that coexist, which reduces competition; in
Namibia,
430:
412:
and the pin-tailed sandgrouse even extend into the
Iberian Peninsula and France, and
2511:
4903:
4469:
3611:
3283:
2616:
2596:
2499:
2490:
Maclean, G. L. (1967). "Die systematische
Stellung der Flughühner(Pteroclididae)".
2476:
2456:
2410:
2383:
1913:
717:
705:
417:
345:
332:
293:
1780:
4897:
4701:
4529:
3999:
3521:
3506:
3444:
3343:
3271:
753:
701:
670:
5224:
4889:
5154:
4811:
4741:
4693:
4627:
4566:
4521:
4508:
4382:
4345:
4196:
3970:
3807:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3531:
3516:
3411:
3386:
3381:
3363:
3244:
764:
749:
518:
123:
1672:
1488:
402:
and the other fourteen species, from Africa and Asia, are placed in the genus
5282:
5078:
4749:
4733:
4656:
4648:
4482:
4280:
4130:
4017:
3975:
3775:
3767:
3689:
3653:
3571:
3495:
3323:
1035:
737:
225:
2460:
2070:
1947:
1837:
4835:
4579:
4424:
4240:
4078:
4026:
3898:
3859:
3628:
3616:
3606:
3596:
3293:
2608:
2546:"Drinking behavior of sandgrouse in the Namib and Kalahari deserts, Africa"
2468:
2164:
685:
577:
though some make local migrations, typically to lower altitudes in winter.
465:
48:
2543:
2089:
5180:
5087:
4640:
4487:
4293:
4272:
4261:
4226:
4093:
4083:
4041:
3932:
3799:
3601:
3426:
3421:
3353:
3338:
3306:
2201:
2048:
834:
741:
729:
627:
623:
542:
494:
477:
215:
3221:
2631:
1584:
5172:
4939:
4757:
4619:
4558:
4537:
4353:
4288:
4233:
4205:
4137:
4102:
3980:
3828:
3663:
3638:
3396:
2503:
2422:
1996:
1065:
550:
537:
are mainly found in the drier parts of northern, eastern, and southern
443:
398:
235:
5185:
3236:
2570:
Crome, F.H.J.; Hutchins, M.; Thoney, D.A.; McDade, M.C., eds. (2004).
1974:
1618:
469:
this way is 15 to 20 millilitres (0.5 to 0.7 fluid ounces).
5141:
4964:
4717:
4672:
4461:
4254:
4171:
4155:
4144:
4054:
3990:
3949:
3648:
3449:
3436:
3416:
3316:
2181:
797:
745:
712:
602:
574:
523:
449:
404:
205:
80:
5049:
2414:
759:
In the DNA-study by Fain and Houde (2004) they were included in the
5146:
5072:
4685:
4415:
4390:
4336:
4247:
4219:
4109:
4073:
4065:
4047:
3942:
3927:
3911:
3658:
3621:
3454:
2600:
590:
566:
506:
100:
2664:
Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 4: Sandgrouse to
Cuckoos
2574:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale. pp. 241–246.
1515:
4927:
4595:
4448:
4327:
4212:
4178:
4116:
3937:
3791:
3783:
3476:
3348:
3333:
760:
649:
618:
498:
461:
457:
435:
4725:
4664:
4440:
4432:
4361:
4301:
4185:
4123:
4006:
3673:
3668:
3546:
2193:
2189:
768:
752:
birds, and are thought by some to be closer to the shorebirds (
637:
570:
538:
490:
90:
3162:
381:
323:
5133:
4917:
4611:
4398:
3961:
1721:
610:
562:
527:
510:
502:
393:
2584:
375:
4587:
3954:
3917:
3887:
3301:
3267:
606:
546:
360:
354:
336:
299:
110:
2660:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1997).
2400:
1596:
Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
605:. Other food items eaten include green shoots and leaves,
308:
4709:
3566:
3328:
2569:
631:
614:
369:
317:
2438:
2544:
Cade, T. J.; Willoughby, E. J.; Maclean, G. L. (1966).
2228:
779:
2659:
1965:– Northwest Africa, Canary Islands, Iberian Peninsula,
626:
plants are usually an important part of the diet. In
384:
372:
363:
348:
311:
2295:
Birds of Heath and
Woodland: Pteroclidae: Sandgrouse
1690:– north east Uganda, north Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia
541:, though the range of some species extends into the
366:
357:
351:
320:
314:
305:
296:
3858:
2572:
Birds II: Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)
2123:Mountains of central Asia, Tibet and central China
378:
302:
2661:
2259:Crome, France H.J. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
2258:
2037:Length 25 to 28 centimetres (9.8 to 11.0 in)
1925:Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa
396:. The two central Asian species are classified as
1877:– Israel, Sinai, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia
1793:– south Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa
1508:– Middle East, Turkey and eastward to Kazakhstan
597:are gregarious and feed and drink in large flocks
481:Pallas's sandgrouse in a field in the Gobi Desert
5280:
420:in large numbers from its normal range in Asia.
2297:. London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. pp. 2–11.
2153:Length 30 to 41 centimetres (12 to 16 in)
2119:Length 30 to 41 centimetres (12 to 16 in)
1921:Length 31 to 39 centimetres (12 to 15 in)
1545:Length 31 to 39 centimetres (12 to 15 in)
1496:Length 31 to 39 centimetres (12 to 15 in)
2489:
2082:Northern Africa, Middle East and western Asia
1557:– Namibia, Botswana, north west Cape Province
493:of central Asia. Their range extends from the
4875:
3252:
3180:
2263:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 114–115.
1503:– Spain, Portugal, France, north west Africa
728:The Pteroclidae was formerly included in the
549:. The Madagascar sandgrouse is restricted to
3766:
1892:– Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
441:The legs are short and members of the genus
3186:
2342:
1562:– Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Transvaal
4882:
4868:
3259:
3245:
2524:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1798:– Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, north Zambia
1734:– Sudan, Eritrea, north Ethiopia, Somalia
47:
2634:METAVES I Columbimorphae, Eurypygimorphae
2434:
2432:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2229:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (1985).
1960:– Kazakhstan, Pakistan and western China
3191:. London: A & C Black. p. 133.
2373:
2192:failed but they have been introduced to
2175:
1759:– south Ethiopia, Kenya, north Tanzania
1456:
736:. Sandgrouse were later placed near the
684:
589:
580:
476:
3266:
2563:
2311:
2292:
2213:
1872:– Sahara, Sahel, south Morocco to Chad
392:. They are traditionally placed in two
14:
5294:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
5281:
2518:
2429:
2277:
2157:Mountains and steppes of central Asia
5054:
5053:
4863:
3751:
3240:
3163:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
2254:
2252:
1967:Cyprus, Middle East, Turkey and Iran
1685:– south east Kenya and east Tanzania
4818:
2629:
2623:
2330:Creagrus: Bird Families of the World
644:feed slowly and methodically whilst
30:For the ornithological journal, see
4842:
2078:Length 33 centimetres (13 in)
1754:– south east Iran, Pakistan, India
1749:– Egypt (almost certainly extinct)
1739:– Saudi Arabia, Gulf States, Yemen
585:
24:
2388:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1972.tb00854.x
2249:
2163:
2144:
2110:
2088:
2069:
2047:
2028:
1995:
1973:
1946:
1912:
1858:
1836:
1819:
1779:
1720:
1671:
1631:– Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan
1617:
1583:
1536:
1514:
1487:
513:. They are normally resident, but
25:
5305:
3720:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
3208:
3187:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
3140:. Ultimate Upland. Archived from
4841:
4829:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4696:(New World vultures and condors)
344:
292:
67:
5014:Madagascar or masked sandgrouse
3217:on the Internet Bird Collection
3155:
3130:
3102:
3074:
3046:
3018:
2990:
2962:
2934:
2906:
2878:
2850:
2822:
2794:
2766:
2738:
2710:
2682:
2653:
2578:
2537:
2533:(Zool. Anz. Suppl. 12): 69–102.
2525:Lorenz, K. (1939). "Verhandl".
2261:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1592:Length 25 cm (10 in)
472:
3752:
3229:New International Encyclopedia
2483:
2394:
2367:
1468:Description, range and status
423:
13:
1:
3138:"Chestnut Bellied Sandgrouse"
2830:"Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
2207:
1636:– Sahara, Morocco to Red Sea
3118:The Internet Bird Collection
3090:The Internet Bird Collection
3062:The Internet Bird Collection
3034:The Internet Bird Collection
3006:The Internet Bird Collection
2978:The Internet Bird Collection
2950:The Internet Bird Collection
2922:The Internet Bird Collection
2894:The Internet Bird Collection
2866:The Internet Bird Collection
2858:"Yellow-throated sandgrouse
2838:The Internet Bird Collection
2810:The Internet Bird Collection
2782:The Internet Bird Collection
2754:The Internet Bird Collection
2726:The Internet Bird Collection
2698:The Internet Bird Collection
2235:. Buteo Books. p. 520.
1695:– west Kenya, west Tanzania
1680:There are three subspecies:
1547:There are three subspecies:
774:
704:. Eggs are near elliptical.
7:
4984:Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
4760:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2914:"Lichtenstein's sandgrouse
2293:Gooders, John, ed. (1979).
1867:There are five subspecies:
1706:Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
1626:There are five subspecies:
1266:Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
723:
716:are too small and young to
680:
601:Sandgrouse are principally
10:
5310:
5004:Yellow-throated sandgrouse
4622:(cormorants and relatives)
3715:Extinct species since 1500
2970:"Black-bellied sandgrouse
2916:(Pterocles lichtensteinii)
2718:"Double-banded sandgrouse
1955:There are two subspecies:
1788:There are two subspecies:
1769:Yellow-throated sandgrouse
1729:There are six subspecies:
1498:There are two subspecies:
1462:Common and binomial names
1449:
1096:yellow-throated sandgrouse
29:
5062:
5024:Lichtenstein's sandgrouse
4962:
4937:
4915:
4801:
4752:(kingfishers and rollers)
4684:
4639:
4606:(albatrosses and petrels)
4578:
4549:
4520:
4499:
4490:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4472:(nightjars and relatives)
4460:
4423:
4414:
4381:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4322:
4296:(pheasants and relatives)
4271:
4195:
4154:
4092:
4064:
4040:
4016:
3989:
3910:
3897:
3854:
3827:
3823:
3762:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3682:
3585:
3485:
3435:
3362:
3292:
3279:
3028:(Pterocles quadricinctus)
1882:– Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya
1848:Lichtenstein's sandgrouse
1351:
1326:
1319:
1295:
1288:
1254:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1191:
1184:
1141:
1116:
1109:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1040:
1028:
979:Lichtenstein's sandgrouse
967:
942:
935:
910:
903:
878:
871:
846:
839:
827:
802:
790:
254:
247:
168:
163:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
41:
5029:Double-banded sandgrouse
4994:Black-bellied sandgrouse
4651:(seriemas and relatives)
4630:(pelicans and relatives)
3026:"Four-banded sandgrouse
2802:"Black-faced sandgrouse
2326:"Pteroclidae Sandgrouse"
1936:Black-bellied sandgrouse
1852:Pterocles lichtensteinii
1651:– Sinai, Israel, Jordan
1526:Double-banded sandgrouse
1306:Black-bellied sandgrouse
890:double-banded sandgrouse
642:double-banded sandgrouse
555:black-bellied sandgrouse
509:to northern and central
410:black-bellied sandgrouse
230:Roberts, 1922 non Gmelin
57:Double-banded sandgrouse
4744:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4659:(falcons and relatives)
2998:"Madagascan sandgrouse
2746:"Burchell's sandgrouse
2690:"Pin-tailed sandgrouse
2461:10.1126/science.1157704
2200:, was last seen in the
2022:Pterocles quadricinctus
1044:Calopterocles burchelli
339:, members of the order
287:is the common name for
5039:Four-banded sandgrouse
5019:Black-faced sandgrouse
4728:(trogons and quetzals)
4540:(cranes and relatives)
3810:(emus and cassowaries)
3700:Glossary of bird terms
3512:Confuciusornithiformes
3112:(Syrrhaptes paradoxus)
3084:(Syrrhaptes tibetanus)
3056:(Pterocles senegallus)
3000:(Pterocles personatus)
2972:(Pterocles orientalis)
2860:(Pterocles gutturalis)
2492:Journal of Ornithology
2168:
2160:Status: Least concern
2149:
2126:Status: Least concern
2115:
2093:
2085:Status: Least concern
2074:
2052:
2044:Status: Least concern
2033:
2018:Four-banded sandgrouse
2010:Status: Least concern
2000:
1978:
1970:Status: Least concern
1951:
1928:Status: Least concern
1917:
1894:Status: Least concern
1863:
1841:
1833:Status: Least concern
1824:
1801:Status: Least concern
1784:
1761:Status: Least concern
1744:– Mauritania to Sudan
1725:
1698:Status: Least concern
1676:
1661:Black-faced sandgrouse
1653:Status: Least concern
1622:
1599:Status: Least concern
1588:
1565:Status: Least concern
1541:
1519:
1511:Status: Least concern
1492:
922:four-banded sandgrouse
858:black-faced sandgrouse
693:
613:. Insect food such as
598:
482:
335:of sixteen species of
5259:Paleobiology Database
5009:Burchell's sandgrouse
4974:Pin-tailed sandgrouse
4569:(kagu and sunbittern)
4532:(gulls and relatives)
3537:Songlingornithiformes
3502:Omnivoropterygiformes
3110:"Pallas's sandgrouse
2804:(Pterocles decoratus)
2776:(Pterocles coronatus)
2748:(Pterocles burchelli)
2720:(Pterocles bicinctus)
2354:(Namaqua sandgrouse)"
2232:A Dictionary of Birds
2176:Relations with humans
2167:
2148:
2114:
2092:
2073:
2051:
2032:
1999:
1985:Madagascar sandgrouse
1977:
1950:
1916:
1862:
1840:
1823:
1783:
1724:
1675:
1621:
1587:
1573:Burchell's sandgrouse
1540:
1518:
1491:
1477:Pin-tailed sandgrouse
1128:Madagascar sandgrouse
1052:Burchell's sandgrouse
814:pin-tailed sandgrouse
688:
622:sandgrouse. Seeds of
593:
581:Behaviour and ecology
559:pin-tailed sandgrouse
533:Members of the genus
485:Members of the genus
480:
200:Mourer-Chauviré, 1993
189:Mourer-Chauviré, 1992
4391:Phoenicopteriformes
3082:"Tibetan sandgrouse
3054:"Spotted sandgrouse
2942:"Namaqua sandgrouse
2886:"Painted sandgrouse
2774:"Crowned sandgrouse
2138:Syrrhaptes paradoxus
2104:Syrrhaptes tibetanus
2063:Pterocles senegallus
1989:Pterocles personatus
1940:Pterocles orientalis
1875:P. l. lichtensteinii
1773:Pterocles gutturalis
1552:– south west Angola
767:, but also with the
734:convergent evolution
32:Sandgrouse (journal)
4954:Pallas's sandgrouse
4362:Mesitornithiformes
4356:(doves and pigeons)
3690:Families and orders
3552:Ichthyornithiformes
3527:Patagopterygiformes
3223:"Sand-grouse"
2944:(Pterocles namaqua)
2888:(Pterocles indicus)
2832:(Pterocles exustus)
2692:(Pterocles alchata)
2630:Boyd, John (2007).
2527:Deutsch. Zool. Ges.
2453:2008Sci...320.1763H
2447:(5884): 1763–1768.
2134:Pallas's sandgrouse
1665:Pterocles decoratus
1614:Lichtenstein, 1823
1611:Pterocles coronatus
1577:Pterocles burchelli
1530:Pterocles bicinctus
1363:Pallas's sandgrouse
1264:(lesser pin-tailed/
1149:(Lichtenstain 1823)
573:. Most species are
515:Pallas's sandgrouse
414:Pallas's sandgrouse
5034:Painted sandgrouse
4999:Crowned sandgrouse
4989:Spotted sandgrouse
4979:Namaqua sandgrouse
4949:Tibetan sandgrouse
4704:(eagles and hawks)
4604:Procellariiformes
4509:Opisthocomiformes
4478:Steatornithiformes
3705:List by population
3542:Hongshanornithidae
3467:Evolution of birds
2641:(personal website)
2504:10.1007/BF01671410
2403:Functional Ecology
2169:
2150:
2116:
2100:Tibetan sandgrouse
2094:
2075:
2059:Spotted sandgrouse
2053:
2034:
2001:
1979:
1952:
1918:
1902:Namaqua sandgrouse
1864:
1842:
1825:
1809:Painted sandgrouse
1785:
1726:
1716:(Pictured on left)
1677:
1623:
1607:Crowned sandgrouse
1589:
1542:
1520:
1493:
1338:Tibetan sandgrouse
1241:Namaqua sandgrouse
1203:Spotted sandgrouse
1153:Crowned sandgrouse
954:painted sandgrouse
694:
690:Painted sandgrouse
675:Tibetan sandgrouse
646:Namaqua sandgrouse
599:
595:Namaqua sandgrouse
483:
431:sexually dimorphic
5274:
5273:
5246:Open Tree of Life
5056:Taxon identifiers
5047:
5046:
4857:
4856:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4590:(loons or divers)
4559:Phaethontiformes
4551:Phaethontimorphae
4501:Opisthocomiformes
4470:Caprimulgiformes
4410:
4409:
4399:Podicipediformes
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4036:
4035:
3819:
3818:
3776:Struthioniformes
3644:Waterfowl hunting
3577:Gastornithiformes
3572:Aepyornithiformes
3562:Lithornithiformes
3215:Sandgrouse videos
3198:978-1-4081-5725-1
2668:. Lynx Editions.
2595:(11): 2558–2573.
2352:Pterocles namaqua
2173:
2172:
2066:(Linnaeus, 1771)
2025:(Temminck, 1815)
1943:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1906:Pterocles namaqua
1813:Pterocles indicus
1710:Pterocles exustus
1484:(Linnaeus, 1766)
1481:Pterocles alchata
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1335:
1303:
1277:
1276:
1263:
1238:
1200:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1125:
1093:
1049:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
976:
971:N. lichtensteinii
951:
919:
887:
855:
811:
806:Pterocles alchata
497:through southern
489:are found in the
282:
281:
241:
231:
221:
211:
201:
190:
179:
159:
142:
16:(Redirected from
5301:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5240:
5228:
5227:
5225:NHMSYS0021252494
5215:
5214:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5124:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5051:
5050:
4900:: Pterocliformes
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4845:
4844:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4808:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4734:Leptosomiformes
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4702:Accipitriformes
4697:
4676:
4675:(perching birds)
4668:
4660:
4652:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4596:Sphenisciformes
4591:
4570:
4562:
4541:
4533:
4530:Charadriiformes
4512:
4491:
4473:
4452:
4444:
4441:Musophagiformes
4436:
4421:
4420:
4402:
4394:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4297:
4284:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4051:
3964:
3957:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3825:
3824:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3612:Bird collections
3567:Dinornithiformes
3472:Darwin's finches
3462:Origin of flight
3402:Seabird breeding
3392:Sexual selection
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3203:
3202:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2226:
1963:P. o. orientalis
1796:P. g. saturatior
1791:P. g. gutturalis
1757:P. e. olivascens
1693:P. d. loveridgei
1688:P. d. ellenbecki
1560:P. b. multicolor
1506:P. a. caudacutus
1454:
1453:
1358:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1261:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1148:
1126:(Masked/Gould's/
1123:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1047:
1031:
1030:
974:
949:
938:
937:
917:
914:N. quadricinctus
906:
905:
885:
874:
873:
853:
842:
841:
830:
829:
809:
793:
792:
783:
782:
586:Diet and feeding
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
260:Pteroclidiformes
239:
229:
219:
209:
199:
188:
177:
154:
137:
72:
71:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5262:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5205:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5166:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5106:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5058:
5048:
5043:
4958:
4933:
4911:
4888:
4858:
4853:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4742:Bucerotiformes
4736:(cuckoo-roller)
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4694:Cathartiformes
4680:
4674:
4666:
4665:Psittaciformes
4658:
4650:
4635:
4629:
4628:Pelecaniformes
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4574:
4568:
4567:Eurypygiformes
4560:
4545:
4539:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4495:
4489:
4471:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4406:
4400:
4392:
4377:
4371:
4370:Pterocliformes
4363:
4355:
4306:
4295:
4282:
4267:
4191:
4150:
4088:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4012:
3985:
3962:
3955:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3808:Casuariiformes
3801:
3800:Apterygiformes
3793:
3785:
3777:
3754:
3739:
3710:Lists by region
3678:
3588:
3581:
3522:Chaoyangiformes
3507:Jeholornithidae
3481:
3445:Origin of birds
3431:
3412:Brood parasites
3358:
3288:
3275:
3265:
3220:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2519:
2488:
2484:
2437:
2430:
2415:10.2307/2389999
2399:
2395:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2227:
2214:
2210:
2178:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2141:(Pallas, 1773)
2140:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2102:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2043:
2042:
2041:Central Africa
2040:
2038:
2024:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1958:P. o. arenarius
1956:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1909:(Gmelin, 1789)
1908:
1904:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1855:Temminck, 1825
1854:
1850:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1816:(Gmelin, 1789)
1815:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1755:
1752:P. e. hindustan
1750:
1745:
1740:
1737:P. e. erlangeri
1735:
1730:
1714:
1713:Temminck, 1825
1712:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1683:P. d. decoratus
1681:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1647:
1644:P. c. saturatus
1642:
1637:
1634:P. c. coronatus
1632:
1627:
1613:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:P. b. bicinctus
1553:
1548:
1546:
1533:Temminck, 1815
1532:
1528:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1479:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1278:
1262:(Temminck 1825)
1199:(Linnaeus 1771)
1174:
1165:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
975:(Temminck 1825)
886:(Temminck 1815)
810:(Linnaeus 1766)
777:
754:Charadriiformes
726:
702:Charadriiformes
696:Sandgrouse are
683:
671:Kalahari Desert
588:
583:
569:, and southern
517:can be locally
475:
426:
347:
343:
295:
291:
263:Pterocleiformes
178:Lambrecht, 1933
153:
136:
66:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5255:
5242:
5229:
5216:
5203:
5190:
5177:
5164:
5155:Fauna Europaea
5151:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5099:
5084:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4750:Coraciiformes
4747:
4739:
4731:
4726:Trogoniformes
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:Passeriformes
4670:
4662:
4657:Falconiformes
4654:
4649:Cariamiformes
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4612:Ciconiiformes
4609:
4601:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4522:Cursorimorphae
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4383:Mirandornithes
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4354:Columbiformes
4350:
4348:
4346:Columbimorphae
4339:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4281:Meleagridinae
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4197:Odontophoridae
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3976:Stictonettinae
3973:
3971:Dendrocygninae
3968:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3892:
3849:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:Notable birds
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3674:Egg collecting
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Hesperornithes
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Ambiortiformes
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Enantiornithes
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3218:
3210:
3209:External links
3207:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3179:
3154:
3129:
3101:
3073:
3045:
3017:
2989:
2961:
2933:
2905:
2877:
2849:
2821:
2793:
2765:
2737:
2709:
2681:
2674:
2652:
2622:
2601:10.1554/04-235
2577:
2562:
2536:
2517:
2498:(2): 203–217.
2482:
2428:
2409:(3): 371–375.
2393:
2382:(4): 533–536.
2366:
2356:. Biodiversity
2341:
2310:
2303:
2276:
2269:
2248:
2241:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2108:
2107:(Gould, 1850)
2096:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2035:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1890:P. l. arabicus
1885:P. l. ingramsi
1880:P. l. sukensis
1865:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1786:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1727:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1678:
1669:
1668:Cabanis, 1868
1657:
1656:
1654:
1649:P. c. vastitas
1624:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1581:
1580:Sclater, 1922
1569:
1568:
1566:
1550:P. b. ansorgei
1543:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1494:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1048:(Sclater 1922)
1039:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
983:
977:(close-barred/
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
941:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
918:(Temminck 1815
909:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
877:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
854:(Gabanis 1868)
845:
840:
838:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
801:
791:
789:
781:
776:
773:
765:Columbimorphae
750:near passerine
725:
722:
718:thermoregulate
682:
679:
587:
584:
582:
579:
561:also occur in
474:
471:
425:
422:
341:Pterocliformes
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
264:
261:
252:
251:
245:
244:
243:
242:
232:
222:
212:
210:Temminck, 1815
202:
191:
180:
166:
165:
161:
160:
148:
144:
143:
134:Pterocliformes
131:
127:
126:
124:Columbimorphae
121:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5306:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Pteroclididae
5287:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:Pteroclididae
5104:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4906:: Pteroclidae
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:Strigiformes
4708:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4561:(tropicbirds)
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4483:Podargiformes
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:Cuculiformes
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:Macrocephalon
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4018:Anseranatidae
4015:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:Tinamiformes
3790:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3768:Palaeognathae
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Pigeon racing
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:Archaeopteryx
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:Extinct Birds
3183:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3144:on 2012-11-04
3143:
3139:
3133:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2675:84-87334-22-9
2671:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2529:(in German).
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2304:0-85613-380-9
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2270:1-85391-186-0
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2242:0-931130-12-3
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:P. e. floweri
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:P. l. targius
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:P. e. floweri
1743:
1742:P. e. exustus
1738:
1733:
1732:P. e. ellioti
1728:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:P. c. atratus
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
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1561:
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1551:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1501:P. a. alchata
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
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1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1359:(Pallas 1773)
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1299:S. orientalis
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1259:
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1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1195:S. senegallus
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1120:S. personatus
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1088:S. gutturalis
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1036:Calopterocles
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
986:
985:
982:
980:
973:
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964:
961:
960:
957:
955:
950:(Gmelin 1789)
948:
947:
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932:
929:
928:
925:
923:
916:
915:
908:
907:
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891:
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876:
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869:
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785:
784:
780:
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766:
762:
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743:
739:
738:Columbiformes
735:
731:
721:
719:
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421:
419:
416:occasionally
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
389:
342:
338:
334:
328:
290:
286:
273:
271:Pteroclididae
270:
269:
268:Family level
267:
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
253:
250:
246:
240:Illiger, 1811
238:
237:
233:
228:
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226:Calopterocles
223:
220:Roberts, 1922
218:
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5063:
4963:
4938:
4926:
4916:
4892:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4720:(mousebirds)
4718:Coliiformes
4588:Gaviiformes
4580:Aequornithes
4488:Apodiformes
4449:Otidiformes
4425:Otidimorphae
4372:(sandgrouse)
4369:
4294:Phasianinae
4260:
4253:
4246:
4241:Odontophorus
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4079:Oreophasinae
4025:
4005:
3998:
3903:(waterfowls)
3899:Anseriformes
3649:Cockfighting
3634:Conservation
3629:Bird feeding
3617:Birdwatching
3607:Ornithomancy
3547:Gansuiformes
3494:
3487:Fossil birds
3377:Intelligence
3227:
3188:
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
3142:the original
3132:
3121:. Retrieved
3117:
3111:
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3093:. Retrieved
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3065:. Retrieved
3061:
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3033:
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3009:. Retrieved
3005:
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2953:. Retrieved
2949:
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2921:
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2897:. Retrieved
2893:
2887:
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2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2859:
2852:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2831:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:
2803:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:
2775:
2768:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:
2747:
2740:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2719:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2691:
2684:
2663:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2633:
2625:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2571:
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2556:
2552:
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2495:
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2485:
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2440:
2406:
2402:
2396:
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2375:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2351:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2294:
2260:
2231:
2197:
2179:
2137:
2103:
2062:
2021:
1992:Gould, 1843
1988:
1962:
1957:
1939:
1905:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1851:
1812:
1795:
1790:
1776:Smith, 1836
1772:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1664:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1610:
1576:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1529:
1505:
1500:
1480:
1355:S. paradoxus
1353:
1352:
1330:S. tibetanus
1328:
1327:
1297:
1296:
1256:
1255:
1232:
1231:
1193:
1192:
1145:S. coronatus
1143:
1142:
1124:(Gould 1843)
1118:
1117:
1092:(Smith 1836)
1086:
1085:
1064:
1042:
1041:
1034:
969:
968:
944:
943:
912:
911:
882:N. bicinctus
880:
879:
850:N. decoratus
848:
847:
833:
804:
803:
796:
786:
778:
758:
727:
710:
695:
667:
663:
654:
636:
628:agricultural
600:
545:and western
534:
532:
486:
484:
473:Distribution
455:
448:
442:
440:
427:
403:
397:
340:
288:
284:
283:
274:Pterocleidae
257:Order level
234:
224:
214:
204:
194:
185:Archaeoganga
183:
172:
150:
133:
117:
36:
5181:iNaturalist
5094:Pteroclidae
5088:Wikispecies
5064:Pteroclidae
4848:WikiProject
4758:Piciformes
4641:Australaves
4620:Suliformes
4538:Gruiformes
4393:(flamingos)
4302:Tetraoninae
4273:Phasianidae
4262:Rhynchortyx
4227:Dactylortyx
4094:Megapodidae
4084:Penelopinae
4042:Galliformes
3784:Rheiformes
3778:(ostriches)
3728:individuals
3602:Ornithology
3589:interaction
3344:Preen gland
2645:30 December
2202:Nile Valley
2007:Madagascar
1641:– Pakistan
1639:P. c. ladas
1457:Sandgrouse
835:Nyctiperdix
787:Pteroclidae
742:peristalsis
730:Galliformes
603:seed eaters
543:Middle East
495:Caspian Sea
424:Description
289:Pteroclidae
216:Nyctiperdix
151:Pteroclidae
42:Sandgrouse
18:Sand grouse
5283:Categories
4940:Syrrhaptes
4893:Sandgrouse
4598:(penguins)
4451:(bustards)
4289:Perdicinae
4234:Dendrortyx
4206:Callipepla
4138:Megapodius
4103:Aepypodius
3981:Tadorninae
3963:true geese
3794:(tinamous)
3753:Neornithes
3664:Pheasantry
3639:Aviculture
3407:Incubation
3397:Lek mating
3173:2012-06-29
3148:2012-06-29
3123:2012-06-02
3095:2012-06-02
3067:2012-06-02
3039:2012-06-02
3011:2012-06-02
2983:2012-06-02
2955:2012-06-02
2927:2012-06-02
2899:2012-06-02
2871:2012-06-02
2843:2012-06-02
2815:2012-06-02
2787:2012-06-02
2759:2012-06-02
2731:2012-06-02
2703:2012-06-02
2360:2012-06-06
2335:2012-05-30
2208:References
2188:them into
2182:game birds
2155:Monotypic
2121:Monotypic
2080:Monotypic
2039:Monotypic
2005:Monotypic
1923:Monotypic
1828:Monotypic
1594:Monotypic
1334:Gould 1850
1258:S. exustus
1234:S. namaqua
1066:Syrrhaptes
946:N. indicus
706:Incubation
698:monogamous
624:leguminous
551:Madagascar
487:Syrrhaptes
444:Syrrhaptes
418:breaks out
399:Syrrhaptes
285:Sandgrouse
236:Syrrhaptes
196:Leptoganga
4965:Pterocles
4667:(parrots)
4511:(hoatzin)
4462:Strisores
4443:(turacos)
4435:(cuckoos)
4364:(mesites)
4283:(turkeys)
4255:Philortyx
4172:Agelastes
4165:Acryllium
4156:Numididae
4145:Talegalla
4055:gamebirds
4048:landfowls
4027:Anseranas
3991:Anhimidae
3950:Anserinae
3733:fictional
3455:dinosaurs
3450:Theropoda
3437:Evolution
3382:Migration
3364:Behaviour
2588:Evolution
2186:introduce
856:(bridled/
798:Pterocles
775:Phylogeny
746:esophagus
713:precocial
575:sedentary
535:Pterocles
524:Yorkshire
519:migratory
450:Pterocles
405:Pterocles
206:Pterocles
156:Bonaparte
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
5073:Wikidata
4812:Category
4686:Afroaves
4614:(storks)
4416:Passerea
4401:(grebes)
4337:Columbea
4248:Oreortyx
4220:Cyrtonyx
4110:Alectura
4074:Cracinae
4066:Cracidae
3943:Oxyurini
3933:Aythyini
3928:Anatinae
3912:Anatidae
3659:Falconry
3622:big year
3477:Seabirds
3387:Foraging
3334:Feathers
2609:15612298
2512:39713128
2469:18583609
1887:– Yemen
724:Taxonomy
681:Breeding
638:Foraging
619:termites
567:Portugal
557:and the
507:Mongolia
436:take off
249:Synonyms
174:Gerandia
147:Family:
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
5173:4848517
5079:Q179983
4928:Species
4824:Commons
4328:Neoaves
4213:Colinus
4179:Guttera
4117:Eulipoa
3938:Mergini
3802:(kiwis)
3786:(rheas)
3597:Ringing
3422:Hybrids
3417:Nesting
3372:Singing
3349:Plumage
3324:Dactyly
3294:Anatomy
3284:Outline
3274:: Aves)
3232:. 1905.
2617:1296408
2553:The Auk
2477:6472805
2449:Bibcode
2441:Science
2423:2389999
1646:– Oman
1450:Species
769:Mesites
761:Metaves
744:of the
650:gizzard
611:berries
499:Siberia
491:steppes
462:cryptic
458:plumage
164:Genera
130:Order:
107:Class:
5251:244699
5212:177040
5199:102306
5186:200960
5147:1PRKLF
4904:family
4836:Portal
4712:(owls)
4186:Numida
4124:Leipoa
4007:Chauna
4000:Anhima
3695:Genera
3669:Imping
3587:Human
3427:Colony
3354:Vision
3339:Flight
3195:
3169:. IUCN
3167:2012.1
2672:
2615:
2607:
2510:
2475:
2467:
2421:
2301:
2267:
2239:
2194:Hawaii
2190:Nevada
1830:India
1465:Image
630:areas
609:, and
571:France
553:. The
539:Africa
505:, and
394:genera
333:family
158:, 1831
141:, 1868
139:Huxley
5264:39350
5238:56295
5194:IRMNG
5160:10789
5121:81645
4918:Genus
4898:order
3956:swans
3918:ducks
3888:fowls
3683:Lists
3307:Brain
3272:class
3268:Birds
2639:(PDF)
2613:S2CID
2549:(PDF)
2508:S2CID
2473:S2CID
2419:JSTOR
692:chick
607:bulbs
563:Spain
528:Moray
511:China
503:Tibet
118:Clade
5233:NCBI
5207:ITIS
5168:GBIF
5142:EPPO
5134:7991
5116:BOLD
3329:Eggs
3317:milk
3312:Crop
3302:Beak
3193:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2647:2015
2605:PMID
2559:(1).
2465:PMID
2376:Ibis
2299:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2237:ISBN
1471:Egg
711:The
658:call
632:oats
617:and
615:ants
547:Asia
526:and
466:down
456:The
337:bird
331:, a
111:Aves
5220:NBN
5129:EoL
5103:ADW
2597:doi
2500:doi
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