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Constantine the Great. After this an angel would descend, holding his sword. He would hand over the kingdom, together with the sword, to some insignificant, poor, and humble man who would happen to be standing by the Column. He would say to him: "Take this sword and avenge the Lord's people." Then the Turks would be turned back, would be massacred by the pursuing Romans, and would be ejected from the city and from all places in the west and the east and would be driven as far as the borders of Persia, to a place called the Lone Tree …. That was the cause for the flight into the Great Church. In one hour that famous and enormous church was filled with men and women. An innumerable crowd was everywhere: upstairs, downstairs, in the courtyards, and in every conceivable place. They closed the gates and stood there, hoping for salvation.
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Mehmet Han
Foundation. The council reasoned Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Istanbul, deemed the property to be used by the public as a mosque without any fees and was not within the jurisdiction of the Parliament or a ministry council. Despite secular and global criticism, Erdoğan signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque. The call to prayer was broadcast from the minarets shortly after the announcement of the change and rebroadcast by major Turkish news networks. The Hagia Sophia Museum's social media channels were taken down the same day, with Erdoğan announcing at a press conference that prayers themselves would be held there from 24 July. A presidential spokesperson said it would become a working mosque, open to anyone similar to the
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2318:. Maria Comnena and Renier occupied the cathedral with the support of the patriarch, refusing the imperial administration's demands for a peaceful departure. According to Niketas Choniates, they "transformed the sacred courtyard into a military camp", garrisoned the entrances to the complex with locals and mercenaries, and despite the strong opposition of the patriarch, made the "house of prayer into a den of thieves or a well-fortified and precipitous stronghold, impregnable to assault", while "all the dwellings adjacent to Hagia Sophia and adjoining the Augusteion were demolished by men". A battle ensued in the Augustaion and around the
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2322:, during which the defenders fought from the "gallery of the Catechumeneia (also called the Makron)" facing the Augusteion, from which they eventually retreated and took up positions in the exonarthex of Hagia Sophia itself. At this point, "the patriarch was anxious lest the enemy troops enter the temple, with unholy feet trample the holy floor, and with hands defiled and dripping with blood still warm plunder the all-holy dedicatory offerings". After a successful sally by Renier and his knights, Maria requested a truce, the imperial assault ceased, and an amnesty was negotiated by the
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5497:, who had travelled to Constantinople, in 1672 engraved and in 1680 published in Paris an image of the interior of Hagia Sophia which shows the apse mosaic indistinctly. Together with a picture by Cornelius Loos drawn in 1710, these images are early attestations of the mosiac before it was covered towards the end of the 18th century. The mosaic of the Virgin and Child was rediscovered during the restorations of the Fossati brothers in 1847–1848 and revealed by the restoration of Thomas Whittemore in 1935–1939. It was studied again in 1964 with the aid of scaffolding.
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2770:, Hagia Sophia was a refuge for the population during the city's capture. Despite the ill-repute and empty state of Hagia Sophia after December 1452, Doukas writes that after the Theodosian Walls were breached, the Byzantines took refuge there as the Turks advanced through the city: "All the women and men, monks, and nuns ran to the Great Church. They, both men and women, were holding in their arms their infants. What a spectacle! That street was crowded, full of human beings." He attributes their change of heart to a prophecy.
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5130:) located on the two east pendentives, and covered their faces again before the end of the restoration. The other two mosaics, placed on the west pendentives, are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them. As in this case, the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the
5774:, both in ceremonial costumes. He is offering a purse, as a symbol of donation, he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made. The inscription over the head of the emperor says: "Constantine, pious emperor in Christ the God, king of the Romans, Monomachus". The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows: "Zoë, the very pious Augusta". The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones. Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband
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4035:, UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Culture said "It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site's moveable property, or the site's management". UNESCO's statement of 10 July said "these concerns were shared with the Republic of Turkey in several letters, and again yesterday evening with the representative of the Turkish Delegation" without a response.
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1258:, at least at the western end. The Theodosian building had a monumental propylaeum hall with a portico that may account for this vaulting, which was thought by the original excavators in the 1930s to be part of the western entrance of the church itself. The propylaeum opened onto an atrium which lay in front of the basilica church itself. Preceding the propylaeum was a steep monumental staircase following the contours of the ground as it sloped away westwards in the direction of the
4638:, a nephew of Isidore of Miletus. Unlike the original, this included 40 ribs and was raised 6.1 meters (20 feet), in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls. A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well, over two episodes, so that as of 2021, only two sections of the present dome, the north and south sides, are from the 562 reconstructions. Of the whole dome's 40 ribs, the surviving north section contains eight ribs, while the south section includes six ribs.
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5834:, "Entreaty") probably dates from 1261. It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Latin Catholic use and the return to the Eastern Orthodox faith. It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries. It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia, because of the softness of the features, the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic. The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century, such as
2226:, to direct the repairs. He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch, and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs. The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994. At the end of the reconstruction, the church's decorations were renovated, including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs; a new depiction of Christ on the dome; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays, and on the
1679:... the Emperor Justinian built not long afterwards a church so finely shaped, that if anyone had enquired of the Christians before the burning if it would be their wish that the church should be destroyed and one like this should take its place, shewing them some sort of model of the building we now see, it seems to me that they would have prayed that they might see their church destroyed forthwith, in order that the building might be converted into its present form.
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953:("Holy Peace") church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed. Besides Hagia Irene, there is no record of major churches in the city-centre before the late 4th century. Rowland Mainstone argued the 4th-century church was not yet known as Hagia Sophia. Though its name as the 'Great Church' implies that it was larger than other Constantinopolitan churches, the only other major churches of the 4th century were the
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4472:. Svenshon suggested that the size of the side of the central square of Hagia Sophia is not 100 Byzantine feet but instead 99 feet. This measurement is not only rational, but it is also embedded in the system of the side-and-diagonal number progression (70/99) and therefore a usable value by the applied mathematics of antiquity. It gives a diagonal of 140 which is manageable for constructing a huge dome like that of the Hagia Sophia.
3820:," strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again, which would reverse Atatürk's measure of turning the Hagia Sophia into a secular museum. In March 2019 Erdoğan said that he would change the status of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque, adding that it had been a "very big mistake" to turn it into a museum. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, this change would require approval from UNESCO's
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4114:' twenty-seven foreign ministers "condemned the Turkish decision to convert such an emblematic monument as the Hagia Sophia" at meeting on 13 July, saying it "will inevitably fuel the mistrust, promote renewed division between religious communities and undermine our efforts at dialog and cooperation" and that "there was a broad support to call on the Turkish authorities to urgently reconsider and reverse this decision".
4046:, condemned the decision to convert the building into a mosque, saying that would "inevitably create uncertainties, suspicions and mistrust"; the World Council of Churches urged Turkey's president Erdoğan "to reconsider and reverse" his decision "in the interests of promoting mutual understanding, respect, dialogue and cooperation, and avoiding cultivating old animosities and divisions". At the recitation of the Sunday
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mortar underneath. When
Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola, he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again. Additionally, the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately 6 m (20 ft) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls. Moreover, he shaped the new cupola like a
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4623:, making the Hagia Sophia one of the first large-scale uses of this element. The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome, and they curve upwards into the dome to support it, thus restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards. The main dome of the Hagia Sophia was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion of
2848:(sermon) in Hagia Sophia, and this action marked the official conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque. The church's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites, prayers, and ceremonies until they were compelled to stop by the invaders. When Mehmed and his entourage entered the church, he ordered that it be converted into a mosque immediately. One of the
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2402.77 kilograms per cubic meter (150 pounds per cubic foot), an average weight of masonry construction at the time. Due to the materials plasticity, it was chosen over cut stone due to the fact that aggregate can be used over a longer distance. According to
Rowland Mainstone, "it is unlikely that the vaulting-shell is anywhere more than one normal brick in thickness".
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refugees inside became spoils-of-war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders. The building was desecrated and looted, and those who sought shelter within the church were enslaved. While most of the elderly and the infirm, injured, and sick were killed, the remainder (mainly teenage males and young boys) were chained and sold into slavery.
2447:, whose treatment of the Sack of Constantinople was probably dependent on a Christian source, the Crusaders massacred some clerics who had surrendered to them. Much of the interior was damaged and would not be repaired until its return to Orthodox control in 1261. The sack of Hagia Sophia, and Constantinople in general, remained a sore point in
12804:"Helge Svenshon 2010: Das Bauwerk als "Aistheton Soma" – Eine Neuinterpretation der Hagia Sophia im Spiegel antiker Vermessungslehre und angewandter Mathematik. In: Falko Daim · Jörg Drauschke (Hrsg.) Byzanz – das Römerreich im Mittelalter Teil 2, 1 Schauplätze, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte"
4961:, who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door. It is said that each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell. Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motifs. The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials.
1239:(women's section). The exterior was decorated with elaborate carvings of rich Theodosian-era designs, fragments of which have survived, while the floor just inside the portico was embellished with polychrome mosaics. The surviving carved gable end from the centre of the western façade is decorated with a cross-roundel. Fragments of a
13953:), pp. 39–45; Lorenzo Riccardi, Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25–28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio, Bari, Edizioni di Pagina 2012 (
2887:, the church was in a dilapidated state, with several of its doors fallen from their hinges. Mehmed II ordered a renovation of the building. Mehmed attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453. Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul. Most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the future
2739:. The orb was frequently referred to as an apple in foreigners' accounts of the city, and it was interpreted in Greek folklore as a symbol of the Turks' mythological homeland in Central Asia, the "Lone Apple Tree". The orb fell to the ground in 1316 and was replaced by 1325, but while it was still in place around 1412, by the time
3178:. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building. The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered "for protection against further damage".
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812:, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. The decision to designate Hagia Sophia as a mosque was highly controversial. It resulted in divided opinions and drew condemnation from the Turkish opposition,
4733:) and announcements. Mehmed had built a wooden minaret over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque. This minaret does not exist today. One of the minarets (at southeast) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the reign of Mehmed or his successor
2443:. He adds that mules and donkeys were brought into the cathedral's sanctuary to carry away the gilded silver plating of the bema, the ambo, and the doors and other furnishings, and that one of them slipped on the marble floor and was accidentally disembowelled, further contaminating the place. According to
4602:. Structural damage caused by natural disasters is visible on the Hagia Sophia's exterior surface. To ensure that the Hagia Sophia did not sustain any damage on the interior of the building, studies have been conducted using ground penetrating radar within the gallery of the Hagia Sophia. With the use of
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is represented on an adjacent pilaster. He is shown as a beardless youth, probably representing his appearance at his coronation aged seventeen. In this panel, one can already see a difference with the
Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older. There is a more realistic expression in the portraits
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of the arch also date from the 9th century. The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century. These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the
Byzantines of that time, as
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the inscription reveals the image is labelled "of the semi-dome of Hagia Sophia". This image is therefore the oldest depiction of the apse mosaic known and demonstrates that the apse mosaic's appearance was similar to the present day mosaic in the late 11th or early 12th centuries, when the hexaptych
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will be recited and prayers will be done at Hagia Sophia as part of conquest festival". In May, during the anniversary events, passages from the Quran were read in the Hagia Sophia. Greece condemned this action, while Turkey in response accused Greece of making "futile and ineffective statements". In
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allowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured. This period saw the destruction of many
Orthodox churches; Hagia Sophia itself was looted as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures of the city. Shortly
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of some parts, would have given Hagia Sophia a shimmering appearance quite different from the brick- and plaster-work of the modern period, and would have significantly increased its visibility from the sea. The cathedral's interior surfaces were sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with
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and Jan
Kostenec, a further remnant of the 4th century basilica may exist in a wall of alternating brick and stone banded masonry immediately to the west of the Justinianic church. The top part of the wall is constructed with bricks stamped with brick-stamps dating from the 5th century, but the lower
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The
Comnenus mosaic, also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery, dates from 1122. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, depicted, as usual in Byzantine art, in a dark blue gown. She holds the Christ Child on her lap. He gives his blessing with his right hand while holding a scroll
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stated in a sermon that "the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque would disappoint millions of
Christians around the world", he also said that Hagia Sophia, which was "a vital center where East is embraced with the West", would "fracture these two worlds" in the event of conversion. The proposed
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constructed of banded masonry in the lower two levels and of plain brick masonry in the third. Originally this rotunda, probably employed as a treasury for liturgical objects, had a second-floor internal gallery accessed by an external spiral staircase and two levels of niches for storage. A further
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In April 2022, the door was vandalised by unknown assailant(s). The incident became known after the
Association of Art Historians published a photo with the destruction. The Greek Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, while Turkish officials claimed that "a citizen has taken a piece of the door"
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in the 12th century also described the floor as a sea in which the ambo and other liturgical furniture stood as islands. During the 15th-century conquest of Constantinople, the Ottoman caliph Mehmed is said to have ascended to the dome and the galleries in order to admire the floor, which according
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is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows. Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical, with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m (102 ft 6 in and
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What was the reason that compelled all to flee to the Great Church? They had been listening, for many years, to some pseudo-soothsayers, who had declared that the city was destined to be handed over to the Turks, who would enter in large numbers and would massacre the Romans as far as the Column of
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abandoning Constantinople on 21 May 1453, in the final days of the Siege of Constantinople. The sky lit up, illuminating the city, and "many people gathered and saw on the Church of the Wisdom, at the top of the window, a large flame of fire issuing forth. It encircled the entire neck of the church
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from cities such as Rome and Ephesus. Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia, they vary in size. More than ten thousand people were employed during the construction process. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. Outside the church was an
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in 1347. Serious damage was done to the building by earthquakes in the 14th century, and it is possible that a standing image of the Virgin that existed in Photius's time was lost in the earthquake of 1346, in which the eastern end of Hagia Sophia was partly destroyed. This interpretation supposes
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The Hagia Sophia has been a victim of natural disasters that have caused deterioration to the buildings structure and walls. The deterioration of the Hagia Sophia's walls can be directly attributed to salt crystallization. The crystallization of salt is due to an intrusion of rainwater that causes
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allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process, which were later archived in Swiss libraries. This work did not include repairing the mosaics, and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. The Fossatis restored the mosaics of
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than brick, which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle, as the building would have been more flexible; however, the builders did not allow the mortar to cure before they began the next layer. When the dome was erected, its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet
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Following the Turkish government's decision, UNESCO announced it "deeply regret" the conversion "made without prior discussion", and asked Turkey to "open a dialogue without delay", stating that the lack of negotiation was "regrettable". UNESCO further announced that the "state of conservation" of
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collapsed and the victorious Ottoman troops entered the city, the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming inside. Once the three days passed, Mehmed was to claim the city's remaining contents for himself. However, by the end of the first
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in the form of a dialogue, in which the interlocutor, upon being told by the saint that Constantinople will be sunk in a flood and that "the waters as they gush forth will irresistibly deluge her and cover her and surrender her to the terrifying and immense sea of the abyss", says "some people say
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induced by gunpowder smoke and unusual weather. The author relates that the fall of the city to "Mohammadenism" was foretold in an omen seen by Constantine the Great – an eagle fighting with a snake – which also signified that "in the end Christianity will overpower Mohammedanism, will receive the
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Excavations on the western side of the site of the first church under the propylaeum wall reveal that the first church was built atop a road about 8 m (26 ft) wide. According to early accounts, the first Hagia Sophia was built on the site of an ancient pagan temple, although there are no
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standing, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Bibles. The figures of each patriarch, revered as saints, are identifiable by labels in Greek. The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes, as opposed to any deliberate
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to determine the depth of the subsurface structure and to discover other hidden cavities beneath the Hagia Sophia. The hidden cavities have also acted as a support system against earthquakes. With these findings using the LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters, it was also discovered that the Hagia Sophia's
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In July 2021, UNESCO asked for an updated report on the state of conservation and expressed "grave concern". There were also some concerns about the future of its World Heritage status. Turkey responded that the changes had "no negative impact" on UNESCO standards and the criticism is "biased and
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Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering above. This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the insertion of the windows in the dome structure
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While the Hagia Sophia has now been rehallowed as a mosque, the place remains open for visitors outside of prayer times. While at the beginning the entrance was free, later the Turkish government decided that, starting from 15 January 2024, the foreign nationals will have to pay an entrance fee.
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increased the level of humidity within the monument, creating an unstable environment for stone and paint. The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome. The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof, which was
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of the dome, which was too flat. These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome. Justinian ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus, who used lighter materials. The entire vault had to be taken down and rebuilt 20
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And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call "Sophia", an epithet which they have most
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during the mid-1930s, publishing his final report in 1941. Excavations in the area that had once been the 6th-century atrium of the Justinianic church revealed the monumental western entrance and atrium, along with columns and sculptural fragments from both 4th- and 5th-century churches. Further
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On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to transform the Hagia Sophia into a museum was annulled by the Council of State, decreeing that Hagia Sophia cannot be used "for any other purpose" than being a mosque and that the Hagia Sophia was property of the Fatih Sultan
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that the Great Church of God will not be submerged with the city but will be suspended in the air by an invisible power". The reply is given that "When the whole city sinks into the sea, how can the Great Church remain? Who will need her? Do you think God dwells in temples made with hands?" The
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in a circle, which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic, possibly even of the main dome, which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe. The Fossatis' drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Archive of the
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The great dome at the Hagia Sophia is 32.6 meters (one hundred and seven feet) in diameter and is only 0.61 meters (two feet) thick. The main building materials for the original Hagia Sophia were brick and mortar. Brick aggregate was used to make roofs easier to construct. The aggregate weighs
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and the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia, and the church was a safe-haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city's defence, including women, children, elderly, the sick and the wounded. As they were trapped in the church, the many congregants and other
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of the 1st century AD, may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space. Svenshon and Stiffel proposed that the architects used Hero's proposed values for constructing vaults. The square measurements were calculated using the
4341:, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, perceived as loyal to the Turkish government, endorsed the decision to convert the museum into a mosque. He said, "I believe that believers' praying suits better the spirit of the temple instead of curious tourists running around to take pictures."
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columns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque. The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished. A new entrance was
5730:. Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia, which had been covered over by ordinary plaster, the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden. It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute's successor to Whittemore,
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sits on her lap, giving his blessing and holding a scroll in his left hand. On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire, presenting a model of the city to Mary. The inscription next to him says: "Great emperor Constantine of the Saints". On her right side stands emperor
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The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery dates from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe (as is the custom in Byzantine art), is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving his blessing with the right hand and holding the
4745:. Both are 60 m (200 ft) in height, and their thick and massive patterns complete Hagia Sophia's main structure. Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th, 16th, and 19th centuries, which reflect each period's characteristics and ideals.
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for a long time. The flame gathered into one; its flame altered, and there was an indescribable light. At once it took to the sky. ... The light itself has gone up to heaven; the gates of heaven were opened; the light was received; and again they were closed." This phenomenon was perhaps
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At the northwest of the building, there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates. This column goes by different names; the "perspiring" or "sweating column", the "crying column", or the "wishing column". Legend states that it has been moist since the appearance of
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to the west of the building, although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople, were actually built during the Byzantine era. This shows that the Romans had prior knowledge of flying buttresses, which can also be seen at in Greece, at the
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11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa, Turkey: Mosaics of Turkey and parallel developments in the rest of the ancient and medieval world: questions of iconography, style and technique from the beginnings of mosaic until the late Byzantine
4580:, is horseshoe-shaped; it encloses the nave on three sides and is interrupted by the apse. Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery.
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denounced the conversion and considered it a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage titling. Greek culture minister Lina Mendoni called it an "open provocation to the civilised world" which "absolutely confirms that there is no independent justice" in Erdoğan's Turkey, and that his
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Syrmakezis, K.; Mavrouli, O.; Papaevaggeliou, P.; Aggelakopolulou, E.; Bakolas, A.; Moropoulou, A. (November 2013). "Finite element analysis and fragility curves for the evaluation of restoration mortars behavior regarding the earthquake protection of historic structures".
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sent emissaries to his neighbors to learn about Judaism, Islam, and Roman and Orthodox Christianity. After visiting Hagia Sophia his emissaries reported back: "We were led into a place where they serve their God, and we did not know where we were, in heaven or on earth."
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The Imperial Gate is the door that was used solely by the Emperor and his personal bodyguard and retinue. It is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century. It is about 7 meters long and Byzantine sources say it was made with wood from
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Lorenzo Riccardi, Observations on Basil II as Patron of the Arts, in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art, I, Collection of articles. Materials of the Conference of Young Specialists (St. Petersburg State University, 1–5 December 2010), St. Petersburg 2011
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When President Erdoğan announced that the first Muslim prayers would be held inside the building on 24 July, he added that "like all our mosques, the doors of Hagia Sophia will be wide open to locals and foreigners, Muslims and non-Muslims." Presidential spokesman
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Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25–28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele
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appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins.
911:"constructed the Great Church alongside that called Irene which because it was too small, the emperor's father had enlarged and beautified". A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century reports that the edifice was built by Constantius' father,
3983:". Erdoğan and some government ministers attended the midday prayers as many worshippers prayed outside; at one point the security cordon was breached and dozens of people broke through police lines. Turkey invited foreign leaders and officials, including
1037:
above it, was discovered before 1946, and the remnants of a brick wall with traces of marble revetment were identified in 2004. The hypogeum was a tomb which may have been part of the 4th-century church or may have been from the pre-Constantinian city of
4329:, Greek former foreign minister, said Turkey's actions had "crossed the Rubicon", distancing itself from the West. On the day of the building's re-opening, Mitsotakis called the re-conversion evidence of Turkey's weakness rather than a show of power.
12837:
Svenshon, Helge Olaf: Heron of Alexandria and the Dome of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. In: Proceedings of the Third Congress on Construction History. Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, 20th – 24th May 2009. NEUNPLUS1, Berlin, S. 1387–1394.
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inaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537, 5 years and 10 months after construction started, with much pomp. Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as
3403:
4465:
side-and-diagonal number progression, which results in squares defined by the numbers 12 and 17, wherein 12 defines the side of the square and 17 its diagonal, which have been used as standard values as early as in cuneiform Babylonian texts.
6060:. Each closely replicates the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia. The layout of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is nearly identical to the Hagia Sophia in size and geometry. Its marble revetment also mimics the style of the Hagia Sophia.
3751:
On 13 May 2017, a large group of people, organized by the Anatolia Youth Association (AGD), gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the re-conversion of the museum into a mosque. On 21 June 2017 the
1138:, 'Old Church'. At the time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, "both churches enclosed by a single wall and served by the same clergy". Thus, the complex would have encompassed a large area including the future site of the
4289:
said that the icons and mosaics of the building would be preserved, and that "in regards to the arguments of secularism, religious tolerance and coexistence, there are more than four hundred churches and synagogues open in Turkey today."
3811:
had talked of reverting the status of the Hagia Sophia back to a mosque, a move seen to be very popularly accepted by the religious populace whom Erdoğan was attempting to persuade. On 31 March 2018 Erdoğan recited the first verse of the
5325:
mosaics can be uncovered, but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures. In particular, much controversy rests upon whether the
4969:
The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC. The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple in
1058:), it is possible it originally had a funerary function, though by 405 its use had changed. A later account credited a woman called Anna with donating the land on which the church was built in return for the right to be buried there.
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pillars, and coverings of great artistic value. Justinian had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years until the completion of the
2763:'s account of the fall of the city in 1453, the Justinianic monument was interpreted in the last days of the siege as representing the city's founder Constantine the Great, indicating "this is the way my conqueror will come".
4559:
The Imperial Gate, or Imperial Door, was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex, and it was originally exclusively used by the emperor. A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper
8200:"The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284–813." Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. AM 6030 p. 316, with this note: Theophanes' precise date should be accepted.
3925:, publicly denounced the move, saying "Kemal Atatürk changed... Hagia Sophia from a mosque to a museum, honouring all previous Greek Orthodox and Latin Catholic history, making it as a sign of Turkish modern secularism".
3005:(mausoleum) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576–1577 (AH 984). In order to do that, parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year. Moreover, the golden
5098:. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847–1849, the building was restored by two
4147:, said his country "deplores" the move, saying "these decisions cast doubt on one of the most symbolic acts of modern and secular Turkey". Vladimir Dzhabarov, deputy head of the foreign affairs committee of the Russian
4618:
of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects, and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it. The dome is carried on four spherical triangular
3103:), the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated, contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics, which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers. In fact, it was usual for the mosaic's
3001:, who was also an earthquake engineer. In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's lodge and the
4792:), showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages, figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during the
4298:(AKP), announced on 13 July that entry to Hagia Sophia would be free of charge and open to all visitors outside prayer times, during which Christian imagery in the building's mosaics would be covered by curtains or
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Armenia's Foreign Ministry expressed "deep concern" about the move, adding that it brought to a close Hagia Sophia's symbolism of "cooperation and unity of humankind instead of clash of civilizations." Catholicos
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Byzantine feet (6.25 m or 20.5 ft) higher than before, giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 m (182 ft). Moreover, Isidorus changed the dome type, erecting a ribbed dome with
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marker, frequently mistaken as being a medieval artifact, near the probable location and is still visible today. The original tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans during the conversion of the church into a mosque.
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who was granted permission to preserve the mosaics, assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894. Eight years after his death, the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches of
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joints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces distributed evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand and
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2406:(six-winged angel) on the north-east pendentive (upper left), whose face was discovered and then covered back by the Fossati brothers after restoration works in the 19th century. It was uncovered again in 2009 (
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in 1204, the church was further ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders, as described by Choniates, though he did not witness the events in person. According to his account, composed at the court of the rump
1142:. If the fire of 404 destroyed only the 4th-century main basilica church, then the 5th century Theodosian basilica could have been built surrounded by a complex constructed primarily during the fourth century.
10615:"Ayasofya'nın 4 minaresinden 5 vakit ezan sesi yükseliyor: Ayasofya Müzesi'nin ibadete açık olan bölümü Hünkar Kasrı'na, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından uzun yıllardan sonra ilk kez asaleten imam atandı"
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4606:(GPR), teams discovered weak zones within the Hagia Sophia's gallery and also concluded that the curvature of the vault dome has been shifted out of proportion, compared to its original angular orientation.
1228:
digging was abandoned for fear of harming the structural integrity of the Justinianic building, but parts of the excavation trenches remain uncovered, laying bare the foundations of the Theodosian building.
4325:, Mitsotakis called for European sanctions against Turkey, referring to it as "a regional troublemaker, and which is evolving into a threat to the stability of the whole south-east Mediterranean region".
16917:
8732:, Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Proceedings, Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. 558,
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Theodosius, Earlier Second Church Ordered by I. I.; Rufinus, Built by Architect; Justinian, Current Church was Ordered by Emperor; Tralles, Designed by Greek Scientists Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of.
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interlude between the First Iconoclast (726–787) and the Second Iconoclast (814–842) periods. Having been plastered over in the Second Iconoclasm, Oikonomides argues a new, standing image of the Virgin
4853:
4317:, said his government was "considering its response at all levels" to what he called Turkey's "unnecessary, petty initiative", and that "with this backward action, Turkey is opting to sever links with
1219:
The area of the western entrance to the Justinianic Hagia Sophia revealed the western remains of its Theodosian predecessor, as well as some fragments of the Constantinian church. German archaeologist
7792:
Earlier second church ordered by Theodosius II, built by architect Rufinus, current Church was ordered by Emperor Justinian and designed by Greek scientists Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles
5485:
backless throne. Since its rediscovery after a period of concealment in the Ottoman era, it "has become one of the foremost monuments of Byzantium". The infant Jesus's garment is depicted with golden
4753:
Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors as well as mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these mosaics, the two
1302:'s western entrance – bricked up during the Ottoman era – was discovered inside the rotunda when it was archaeologically cleared to its foundations in 1979, during which time the brickwork was also
804:
annulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's
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4737:. The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone, of which the slender northeast column was erected by Bayezid II and the two identical, larger minarets to the west were erected by
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on the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was laid above the rubble when the dome was rebuilt in 558. From the installation of this second Justinianic floor, the floor became part of the
4099:
3971:, which established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic. The mosaics of the Virgin and Child in the apse were covered by white drapes. There had been proposals to conceal the mosaics with
2939:
was the last Western visitor to Hagia Sophia to report seeing the ancient Justinianic floor; shortly afterwards the floor was covered over with carpet and not seen again until the 19th century.
5067:
in 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Many of these items were shipped to
4310:
on 13 July that the government was surprised at the reaction of UNESCO, saying that "We have to protect our ancestors' heritage. The function can be this way or that way – it does not matter".
4066:). The International Association of Byzantine Studies announced that its 21st International Congress, due to be held in Istanbul in 2021, will no longer be held there and is postponed to 2022.
3391:
1992:
to Theodore Syncellus and possibly delivered on the anniversary of the event, describes the translation of the Virgin's garment and its ceremonial re-translation to Blachernae by the patriarch
596:
and is said to have "changed the history of architecture". The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in the
11727:
11942:
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9433:
The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and Perceptions: Papers from the Sixth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Istanbul, Turkey, 25-29 August 2004
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portrait which after the earthquake of 989 was replaced by the present image not later than the early 11th century. According to Oikonomides however, the image in fact dates to before the
4151:, said that it "will not do anything for the Muslim world. It does not bring nations together, but on the contrary brings them into collision" and calling the move a "mistake". The former
1231:
The basilica was built by architect Rufinus. The church's main entrance, which may have had gilded doors, faced west, and there was an additional entrance to the east. There was a central
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5907:. During the Ottoman period each seraph's (or cherub's) face was covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars, but these were removed to reveal the faces during renovations in 2009.
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on the dome of the cathedral should be removed, in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World to be exhibited (assuming the mosaic still exists).
5414:. It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis. The Virgin sits on a throne without a back, her feet resting on a pedestal, embellished with precious stones. The
3557:
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Yalçıner, Cahit Çağlar; Kurban, Yunus Can; Altunel, Erhan (May 2017). "Research using GPR into the cause of cracks and depressions in the floor of the gallery of Hagia Sophia Museum".
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Apart from the mosaics, many figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century: an image of Christ in the central dome; Eastern Orthodox saints, prophets and
3015:(about 24 m) wide was imposed around the building, leading to the demolition of all houses within the perimeter. The türbe became the location of the tombs of 43 Ottoman princes.
3661:
in the care of mosaics. By 2006, the WMF project was complete, though many areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement, restoration, and conservation.
6275:
6259:
5138:, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and many images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana.
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While use of the complex as a place of worship (mosque or church) was strictly prohibited, in 1991 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a pavilion in the museum complex (
19775:
10741:
5366:
bowing down before Christ Pantocrator, seated on a jewelled throne, giving his blessing and holding in his left hand an open book. The text on the book reads: "Peace be with you" (
5354:
above that gate, which was used only by the emperors when entering the church. Based on style analysis, it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century. The emperor with a
22154:
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The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building's existence. The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558; in 563 a new dome was built by
3835:
In 2020, Turkey's government celebrated the 567th anniversary of the Conquest of Constantinople with an Islamic prayer in Hagia Sophia. Erdoğan said during a televised broadcast "
2267:
bearing the icon of the Virgin Mary, the emperor participated in a ceremony at the cathedral before entering the imperial palace. In 1168, another triumph was held by the emperor
10959:
10636:"Ayasofya'da her ezan okuduğunda ilk günkü heyecanı yaşıyor: Büyük Ayasofya Camisi İmam Hatibi Kurra Hafız Önder Soy, Ayasofya'da 4 yıldır ilk günkü heyecanıyla görevini yapıyor"
11156:
3648:. During this time period, the building's copper roof had cracked, causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics. Moisture entered from below as well. Rising
3849:) said that "we would be very happy to open Hagia Sophia for worship" and that if it happened "we will provide our religious services as we do in all our mosques". On 25 June,
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had previously released a statement denouncing the decision, saying "decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government". The
3439:
11561:
5056:. Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period. Most of the mosaics, however, were created in the 10th and 12th centuries, following the periods of
1414:
19727:
12547:"The Reflections of His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians; on the Decision of the Turkish Authorities to turn the Hagia Sophia Cathedral-Museum into a Mosque"
5294:
3897:, said "a longing in the heart of our nation has ended". A presidential spokesperson claimed that all political parties in Turkey supported Erdoğan's decision; however, the
2731:, and later, the statue was thought to be fending off the advance of the Turks. The identity of the emperor was often confused with that of other famous saint-emperors like
5661:
and other theologically significant iconic representations, contains an image at the centre very similar to that in Hagia Sophia. The image is labelled in Greek merely as:
3636:' restoration, when the white plaster covering many of the mosaics had been removed. Due to neglect, the condition of the structure continued to deteriorate, prompting the
16458:
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10852:
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inaugurated the construction of a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors. Justinian appointed two architects, mathematician
2230:
a new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, between the apostles Peter and Paul. On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church.
19362:
16903:
4488:, a marble section of the floor in Hagia Sophia, is the place where Byzantine emperors have been crowned. The stone floor of the Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century.
4658:
that extend from the top down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.
4641:
Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. The
7116:
6098:
is formed by two semi-domes surrounding the main dome. The church's column capitals and mosaics also emulate the style of the Hagia Sophia. Other examples include the
2971:
and imperial gates depicting Jesus, Mary, and various Byzantine emperors were covered by whitewash and plaster, which were removed in 1930 under the Turkish Republic.
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8377:
Three political voices from the age of Justinian: Agapetus, 'Advice to the Emperor'; Dialogue on political science; Paul the Silentiary: 'Description of Hagia Sophia'
6434:
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5639:
was created above the older mosaic in 867, which then fell off in the earthquakes of the 1340s and revealed again the late 8th-century image of the Virgin enthroned.
21395:
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12546:
5032:
inscription has been discovered, which reads, "Halvdan was here." It is theorized that the inscription was created by a Viking soldier serving as a mercenary in the
4829:
4438:
At the western entrance and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smaller
2935:, and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice. In 1498,
13536:
6567:
6557:
6237:
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The basilica suffered damage, first in a great fire in 859, and again in an earthquake on 8 January 869 that caused the collapse of one of the half-domes. Emperor
1220:
691:
16453:
15049:
La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères
5903:. The mosaics survive in the eastern part of the dome, but since the ones on the western side were damaged during the Byzantine period, they have been renewed as
4110:, Turkey has committed to the promotion of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue and to fostering of tolerance and co-existence." According to Borrell, the
16348:
5709:
The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts the emperor
3451:
2865:
15781:
10941:
6845:
Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom, is one of the world's most spectacular churches, representing not only great beauty, but also masterful engineering.
2997:), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architect
2551:
1314). New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. Repairs by architects
19194:
5461:'. The composition of the figure of the Virgin enthroned was probably copied from the mosaic inside the semi-dome of the apse inside the liturgical space.
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2751:) had fallen to the earth. An attempt to raise it again in 1435 failed, and this amplified the prophecies of the city's fall. For the Turks, the "red apple" (
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Referring to the destruction of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia and comparing the new church with the old, Procopius lauded the Justinianic building, writing in
954:
16378:
4445:, a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft).
3463:
1837:, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople around 560. This reconstruction, which gave the church its present 6th-century form, was completed in 562. The poet
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Hagia Sophia was consecrated on December 27, 537, five years after construction had begun. The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, referring to the
4468:
Each of the four sides of the great square Hagia Sophia is approximately 31 m long, and it was previously thought that this was the equivalent of 100
4209:
welcomed the change, saying the decision was an "issue that should be considered as part of Turkey's national sovereignty" and "Turkey's internal affair".
2583:, the Hagia Sophia was tainted by these Catholic associations, and the anti-union Orthodox faithful avoided the cathedral, considering it to be a haunt of
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7409:
The original church on the site of the Hagia Sophia is said to have been ordered to be built by Constantine I in 325 on the foundations of a pagan temple.
7140:
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survived the fire. According to Dark and Kostenec, the fire may only have affected the main basilica, leaving the surrounding ancillary buildings intact.
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beside Hagia Sophia, which gestured towards Asia with right hand, was understood to represent the emperor holding back the threat to the Romans from the
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16443:
15647:
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8191:"The Chronicle of John Malalas," Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, and R. Scott. Australian Association of Byzantine Studies, 1986 vol 4.
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the Hagia Sophia's deteriorating inner and outer walls. Diverting excess rainwater is the main solution to the deteriorating walls at the Hagia Sophia.
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Many buildings have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes.
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On 17 July, Erdoğan announced that the first prayers in the Hagia Sophia would be open to between 1,000 and 1,500 worshippers. He said that Turkey had
1084:), and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burnt down. Palladius noted that the 4th-century
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4031:, urging Turkey "to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage".
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2439:, Hagia Sophia was stripped of its remaining metal ornaments, its altar was smashed into pieces, and a "woman laden with sins" sang and danced on the
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mosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to their high and inaccessible location. They depict Patriarchs of Constantinople
5727:
3713:. In response, the mufti of Ankara, Mefail Hızlı, said he believed the Pope's remarks would accelerate the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque.
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Tanja Damnjanović 2005: "Fighting" the St. Sava: Public Reaction to the Competition for the Largest Cathedral in Belgrade. Centropa, 5 (2), 125–135.
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also remain; unlike Justinian's 6th-century church, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia had both colourful floor mosaics and external decorative sculpture.
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represented in the inaugural sermon by the patriarch Photios. However, no record of figurative decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time.
1025:
16368:
12525:"Comment by the Spokesperson of the Foreign Ministry of Armenia on changing the status of Hagia Sophia by the decision of the Turkish authorities"
4823:
on each of the four pendentives. The Ottomans covered their faces with golden stars, but in 2009, one of them was restored to its original state.
4106:, released a statement calling the decisions by the Council of State and Erdoğan "regrettable" and pointing out that "as a founding member of the
3873:. The spokesperson also said that the change would not affect the status of the Hagia Sophia as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and that "Christian
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proclaimed in Hagia Sophia the long-anticipated ecclesiastical union between the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches as decided at the
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was also built under their direction. When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849. An edition of
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5795:, represented in a garb embellished with precious stones. He holds a purse, symbol of an imperial donation to the church. His wife, the empress
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Still other scholars have proposed an earlier date than the later 9th century. According to George Galavaris, the mosaic seen by Photius was a
5504:, the mosaic is "a curious reflection on how little we know about Byzantine art". The work is generally believed to date from after the end of
4183:. In a statement the Turkish foreign ministry condemned the burning of the flag, saying "nobody can disrespect or encroach our glorious flag".
3854:
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located in the apse where the altar used to stand, pointing towards Mecca. The two giant candlesticks flanking the mihrab were brought in from
926:
wrote that Constantine built Hagia Sophia with a wooden roof and removed 427 (mostly pagan) statues from the site. The 12th-century chronicler
824:, as well as numerous international leaders, while several Muslim leaders in Turkey and other countries welcomed its conversion into a mosque.
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of the empress is located in the centre of the gallery of the Hagia Sophia, above the Imperial Gate and directly opposite the apse. From this
4727:
were an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church's Byzantine design. They were built for notification of invitations for prayers (
4407:
and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the
3724:, filed a lawsuit for converting the museum into a mosque. The court decided it should stay as a 'monument museum'. In October 2016, Turkey's
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in Rome. Near the staircase, there was a cistern, perhaps to supply a fountain in the atrium or for worshippers to wash with before entering.
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likened the ambo and the solea connecting it to the sanctuary with an island in a sea, with the sanctuary itself a harbour. The 9th-century
3913:
attacked the policy of his former ally Erdoğan, saying the Hagia Sophia issue "has come to the agenda now only to cover up other problems".
3909:, said that he supports the conversion "as long as it benefits Turkey", adding that he felt that Hagia Sophia has been a mosque since 1453.
2031:. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. Following a brief hiatus during the reign of Empress
130:
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The geometric conception is based on mathematical formulas of Heron of Alexandria. It avoids use of irrational numbers for the construction
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who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church, probably in the upper eastern
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11051:
7453:
2575:, though it would be short-lived. The union was unpopular among the Byzantines, who had already expelled the Patriarch of Constantinople,
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The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under the
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2759:) came to symbolize Constantinople itself and subsequently the military supremacy of the Islamic caliphate over the Christian empire. In
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to have had a circular floor plan, and since some U-shaped basilicas in Rome were funerary churches with attached circular mausolea (the
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4515:(Sea of Marmara). This was the main white marble used in the monuments of Constantinople. Other parts of the floor, like the Thessalian
1567:, as indicated by remaining pieces of marble and surviving attachments for lost panels on the building's western face. The white marble
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welcomed the ruling, claiming it was "not only in accordance with the wishes of the people of Turkey but the entire Muslim world". The
3877:" within it would continue to be protected. Earlier the same day, before the final decision, the Turkish Finance and Treasury Minister
2673:, which is closer still. Hagia Sophia is mentioned in a hagiography of uncertain date detailing the life of the Eastern Orthodox saint
1515:
of gold, but he was dismissed from office in October 532. John the Lydian wrote that Phocas had acquired the funds by moral means, but
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Friedrich, Jürgen; Gerstenecker, Carl; Gürkan, Onur (October 1996). "Gravimetric examination of Hagia Sophia's subsurface structure".
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2868:. Mehmed is reported to have taken a sword to a soldier who tried to pry up one of the paving slabs of the Proconnesian marble floor.
2004:. Both George and Theodore, likely members of Sergius's literary circle, attribute the defeat of the Avars to the intervention of the
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35:
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6026:. Ottoman architects preferred to surround the central dome with four semi-domes rather than two. There are four semi-domes on the
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1619:). Columns and other marble elements were imported from throughout the Mediterranean, although the columns were once thought to be
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19820:
11093:
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Inalcik, Halil (1969). "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City".
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5782:. Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones.
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The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery. It was used by the participants in
18527:
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Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.)
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5858:. The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated. This mosaic is considered as the beginning of a renaissance in Byzantine
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On 1 July 2016, Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years. That November, a Turkish
2579:, for his pro-union stance. A new patriarch was not installed until after the Ottoman conquest. According to the Greek historian
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Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque, a particular challenge arises in the restoration process. Christian
4295:
4197:, welcomed the decision, calling it "sound" and "pleasing". He further criticized the government of Cyprus, claiming that "the
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issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons – ushering in the period of
1905:. The Avars attacked the extramural areas of Constantinople in 623, causing the Byzantines to move the "garment" relic (Greek:
867:, 'Great Church') because of its size compared to the sizes of the contemporary churches in the city. According to the
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Built between 532 and 537, a subsurface structure under the Hagia Sophia has been under investigation, using LaCoste-Romberg
3898:
1926:
1848:
984:. However, it may also have been a more conventional three-, four-, or five-aisled basilica, perhaps resembling the original
973:
632:
19609:
14375:
Galavaris, George P. (1964). "Observations on the date of the apse mosaic of the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople".
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The stone floor of Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century. After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was left
3816:
in the Hagia Sophia, dedicating the prayer to the "souls of all who left us this work as inheritance, especially Istanbul's
3679:) for use as a prayer room, and, since 2013, two of the museum's minarets had been used for voicing the call to prayer (the
2905:
shops, and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation. Through the imperial charters of 1520 (
1721:
to criminals, although there was disagreement about whether Justinian had intended for murderers to be eligible for asylum.
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18683:
18542:
17830:
14834:
Ljubomir Milanović 2001: Materializing Authority: The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade and its Architectural Significance.
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12931:
Majeska, George P. (1978). "Notes on the Archeology of St. Sophia at Constantinople: The Green Marble Bands on the Floor".
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3255:
Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height. A clock building, the
2298:
1946:, an elite body of soldiers, protested in Hagia Sophia against a planned increase in bread prices, after a stoppage of the
1192:– the Virgin Mary – "having given birth to God". Their theological differences were part of the controversy over the title
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of Constantinople from 339 to 341, and Constantine died in 337, it seems that the first church was erected by Constantius.
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354:
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beneath the main dome with two shallow semi-domes. The Église du Saint-Esprit is two thirds the size of the Hagia Sophia.
4337:, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said the move "violat the rights of national religious minorities in Turkey"
4217:, said that the matter was of one of "internal affairs, in which, of course, neither we nor others should interfere." The
2795:
day, he proclaimed that the looting should cease as he felt profound sadness when he toured the looted and enslaved city.
964:
The church itself is known to have had a timber roof, curtains, columns, and an entrance that faced west. It likely had a
22126:
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17674:
17058:
15316:
Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia
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10816:
6063:
As with Ottoman mosques, several churches based on the Hagia Sophia include four semi-domes rather than two, such as the
5318:. The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found.
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3657:. The second phase, the preservation of the dome's interior, afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkish
762:. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings including the
22140:
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19588:
19012:
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17073:
16734:
14468:
13888:
10780:
6532:
6038:. As with the original plan of the Hagia Sophia, these mosques are entered through colonnaded courtyards. However, the
5589:
that the present mosaic of the Virgin and Child enthroned is of the late 14th century, a time in which, beginning with
4595:
3563:
3189:, on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapher
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1282:
row of windows with marble window frames on the third level remain bricked up. The gallery was supported on monumental
1121:
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15778:
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15185:
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4180:
4135:, noted: "We are disappointed by the decision by the government of Turkey to change the status of the Hagia Sophia."
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2543:) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church, financing them with the inheritance of his late wife,
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In 2014, Hagia Sophia was the second most visited museum in Turkey, attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually.
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Der Kaiser in Proskynese. Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel.
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before being turned back by divine intervention; in later apocalyptic texts, the climactic turn takes place at the
17:
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8th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICLTET-2016) May 5-6 2016 Dubai (UAE)
12532:
11943:"Turkey: Statement by the High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell on the decision regarding Hagia Sophia"
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machine guns. The carpet and the layer of mortar underneath were removed and marble floor decorations such as the
2426:
stripped Hagia Sophia of all gold ornaments and silver oil-lamps in order to pay off the Crusaders who had ousted
535:
in 1453, it served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque.
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9211:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. pp. 89–90 & 382, notes 434–435.
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The southwestern entrance mosaic, situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance, dates from the reign of
5363:
5211:
5094:
Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due to
4548:
4011:
3979:, "Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror dedicated this magnificent construction to believers to remain a mosque until the
2089:
20327:
20287:
16619:
16037:
14399:"The Representation of Virgin and Child on a "Thokos" on Seals of the Constantinopolitan Patriarchs (pl. 54-61)"
4500:, with significant locations and spaces demarcated in various ways using different-coloured stones and marbles.
3574:
by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. On 19 January 1919, the Greek Orthodox Christian military priest
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20187:
19118:
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18901:
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18024:
17891:
16895:
14581:
12554:
12502:
11562:"The mosaics of the Virgin Mary in Hagia Sophia are hidden with white curtains – How Erdogan set up the fiesta"
11340:[Decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government].
7147:
6176:
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5650:
5574:
5311:
4152:
2651:
2533:
2469:) was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia in a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices.
2377:
1867:
1633:
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1186:
at the sanctuary of Nestorius's predecessors, claimed right of entry because of her equivalent position to the
897:
20868:
20783:
19871:
12689:
9588:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 339–349,
8631:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 247–268,
8522:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 181–201,
8471:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 315–338,
6398:
3987:, for the prayers. It is the fourth Byzantine church converted from museum to a mosque during Erdoğan's rule.
3697:
From the early 2010s, several campaigns and government high officials, notably Turkey's deputy prime minister
612:
was completed in 1520. Beginning with subsequent Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmatic
20472:
20457:
19614:
18975:
18965:
18880:
18635:
18420:
16698:
15644:
12803:
9435:. Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 175.
8420:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 81–102,
8311:
6562:
6053:
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5799:
stands on the left side of the Virgin, wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document. Their eldest son
5710:
5667:
5440:
3717:
3539:
3190:
2576:
2571:
1957:
1793:
1738:
1605:
667:, before being returned to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.
453:
31:
20853:
20337:
20076:
19896:
19578:
17855:
13566:
13016:
Opstall, Emilie M. van (28 June 2018). "On the Threshold: Paul the Silentiary's Ekphrasis of Hagia Sophia".
11615:
8724:
Sakar, Sonay; Yuksel, Fethi Ahmet; Hoskan, Nihan; Avci, Emine; Avci, Kerim; Erguven, Kubra (20 March 2014),
8079:
5227:
3857:, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan asking that he "consider the value of keeping the Aya Sofya as a museum".
1402:
395:
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21201:
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20973:
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19430:
19389:
19049:
19017:
18921:
18630:
18602:
18410:
17949:
16854:
16589:
12468:
8580:, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 7–54,
6537:
6140:
5355:
4680:
4111:
3548:
3011:
2723:
held in the statue's left was an expression of the global power of the Roman emperor. Subsequently, in the
2126:
in Constantinople. She was probably baptized in Hagia Sophia's baptistery, taking the name of the reigning
1534:. It is possible that both they and John the Lydian considered Hagia Sophia a great temple for the supreme
1322:
985:
977:
20843:
20352:
19304:
17083:
21022:
20893:
20532:
20517:
20382:
20167:
20134:
18773:
18415:
18262:
18019:
17770:
16948:
16745:
15604:
Polyeuktoskirche und Hagia Sophia. Umbildung und Auflösung antiker Formen, Entstehen des Kämpferkapitells
14982:
10403:
9680:
9508:"ÉTUDES SUR L'HISTOIRE ADMINISTRATIVE DE L'EMPIRE BYZANTIN. LE STRATOPÉDARQUE ET LE GRAND STRATOPÉDARQUE"
9141:. Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College London Publications 17. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 53–70.
6888:
6122:
6023:
5779:
5563:
5379:
4148:
3955:, Erbaş said Hagia Sophia would accommodate up to 1,000 worshippers at a time and asked that they bring "
3952:
3622:, transformed the building into a museum. During the Second World War, the minarets of the museum housed
2677:. The text is self-attributed to Nicephorus, a priest of Hagia Sophia, and contains a description of the
2625:
2459:
2398:
1993:
1728:
Basket capitals and verd antique and marble columns. The basket capitals of the building are carved with
958:
787:
19846:
16750:
4873:
2595:
was proclaimed, the Byzantines dispersed discontentedly to nearby venues where they drank toasts to the
2190:) in the Eastern Orthodox Church. According to an early 14th-century source, the second church in Kiev,
2077:) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.
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20247:
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18340:
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17886:
17729:
17669:
16993:
16057:
15656:
13788:"Influence of the Infiltrated Rainwater on the Degradation of the Inner Wall in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul"
10654:
10514:. İstanbul: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Mozaik Araştırmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi. pp. 749–768.
6011:. The latter was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia's during the reign of Justinian.
6004:
5879:
5243:
5048:
Ceiling decoration showing original Christian cross still visible through the later aniconic decoration
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4226:
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in the Hagia Sophia, the only such instance since the 1453 fall of Constantinople. The anti-occupation
3234:
2357:
2353:
1267:
1224:
901:
763:
388:
20124:
20081:
12907:
Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople
12772:"Disorders of the Building and its Remediation – Hagia Sophia, Turkey the Most the Byzantine Building"
9135:
Magdalino, Paul (2016). "The triumph of 1133". In Bucossi, Alessandra; Suarez, Alex Rodriguez (eds.).
8054:
Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople
7557:
Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople
7373:
Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople
7208:
Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople
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4885:
21583:
21144:
20467:
20357:
20332:
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20277:
20152:
20104:
19954:
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19319:
19294:
19264:
19224:
18953:
18477:
18333:
18118:
18009:
17896:
17173:
17118:
17013:
16943:
15733:
Alchermes, Joseph D. (2005). "Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian". In Maas, Michael (ed.).
15596:
Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet
14120:
6547:
6049:
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resembled "a sea in a storm" or a "petrified sea". Other Ottoman-era authors also praised the floor;
4201:
administration, who burned down our mosques, should not have a say in this". Through a spokesman the
4107:
4069:
4039:
3922:
2509:
2328:
817:
801:
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20001:
15115:
Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
15110:
14035:"The Image of the Virgin on the Sinai Hexaptych and the Apse Mosaic of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople"
13786:
Mizutani, Etsuko; Ogura, Daisuke; Ishizaki, Takeshi; Abuku, Masaru; Sasaki, Juni (1 November 2015).
11754:
10043:
Contested Spaces, Common Ground: Space and Power Structures in Contemporary Multireligious Societies
5423:, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. The medallions on both sides of the Virgin's head carry the
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20833:
20417:
19645:
19640:
19552:
19547:
18252:
18004:
17491:
17370:
17113:
16729:
13470:"The Marble Door." The Marble Door |Hagia Sophia Museum, ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-marble-door.
11710:"Заявление Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла в связи с ситуацией относительно Святой Софии"
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bearing the icon of the Virgin from the now-demolished East Gate (or Gate of St Barbara, later the
1901:. Theophanes states that these were made into gold and silver coins, and a tribute was paid to the
1871:
1051:
648:
419:
20903:
20734:
19686:
15932:
Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute
10340:
9799:
The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies
9767:
The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies
9635:
The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies
9556:
The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies
8081:
Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati restoration and the work of the Byzantine Institute
5891:
The dome was decorated with four non-identical figures of the six-winged angels which protect the
5693:
was inscribed in Georgian by a Georgian monk, which rules out a 14th-century date for the mosaic.
5375:
5371:
3825:
3619:
3606:
2211:. The name of this future cathedral of Kiev probably commemorates Olga's baptism at Hagia Sophia.
1174:
access to the sanctuary of the "Great Church", likely on 15 April 428. According to the anonymous
1012:
part is of constructed with bricks typical of the 4th century. This wall was probably part of the
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9463:
8099:(4th ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press/Pelican History of Art. p. 205.
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Several churches combine elements of the Hagia Sophia with a Latin cross plan. For instance, the
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5871:
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5387:
5351:
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4703:. Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architect
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The floor was praised by numerous authors and repeatedly compared to a sea. The Justinianic poet
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1996:
after the threat had passed. Another eyewitness account of the Avar–Persian siege was written by
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3139:, or social complex. At the same time, a new sultan's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside.
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1460:
was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the
1325:, and the second Hagia Sophia was burnt to the ground on 13–14 January 532. The court historian
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14809:
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8758:
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5809:
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Other scholars have favoured earlier or later dates for the present mosaic or its composition.
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2931:) later built another minaret at the northeast corner. One of the minarets collapsed after the
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was erected on the southwest corner of the building, above the stair tower. Mehmed's successor
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1808:, during a subsequent earthquake on 7 May 558, the eastern semi-dome collapsed, destroying the
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Museum or Mosque? Istanbul's Hagia Sophia has been a monument to selective readings of history
15584:
Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis
14168:"Hagia Sophia, Constantinople: Religious images and their functional context after iconoclasm"
12577:
10745:
10570:
10041:
9428:
9289:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. pp. xx–xxi, 141.
9069:"The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia"
8759:"Hagia Sophia, Constantinople: Religious images and their functional context after iconoclasm"
8084:. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. p. 17.
7917:. Internet Archive. Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press/Medieval Academy of America.
6993:
2599:
icon, which had, according to late Byzantine tradition, interceded to save them in the former
930:
reconciles the two opinions, writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated by
797:
Republic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019.
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12697:. 8th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICLTET'2016).
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6542:
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3369:'s 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by
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2385:
2214:
After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which collapsed the western dome arch, Emperor
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on 24 December 562. Paul the Silentiary's poem is conventionally known under the Latin title
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The sacred architecture of Byzantium: Art, liturgy and symbolism in early Christian churches
10942:"Hagia Sophia: Controversy as Erdogan says museum and former cathedral will become a mosque"
6019:
5218:
3170:) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of the
2701:
From the time of Procopius in the reign of Justinian, the equestrian imperial statue on the
2368:
was seen to fly from the east to Hagia Sophia, flying three times from the "building of the
957:, which lay outside the Constantinian walls and was perhaps attached to a cemetery, and the
775:
624:" and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization.
21997:
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10990:"Milli Gazete | Erdoğan Administration Takes Control Of Istanbul's Historic Topkapı Palace"
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in his left. A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and that
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Throughout the siege of Constantinople, the trapped people of the city participated in the
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2093:
2036:
2028:
2024:
1874:, various liturgical vessels of the cathedral were melted down on the order of the emperor
1527:
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1480:
On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor
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9255:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. pp. 129–136.
7138:
4448:
3748:
has been regularly called out from the Hagia Sophia's all four minarets five times a day.
3698:
2344:
compared the preservation of the cathedral to the efforts made by the 1st-century emperor
1266:. This arrangement would have resembled the steps outside the atrium of the Constantinian
8:
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16988:
16849:
16708:
16644:
16095:
15461:
13923:
13373:
13017:
11781:"WCC letter to President Erdogan to keep Hagia Sophia as the shared heritage of humanity"
11728:"Russian church leader says calls to turn Hagia Sophia into mosque threaten Christianity"
10183:
G. Gerola, "Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondemonti," SBN 3 (1931): 247–79.
10170:
10109:
Barry, Fabio (2007). "Walking on Water: Cosmic Floors in Antiquity and the Middle Ages".
8730:
Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014
7940:
7459:
6496:
6468:
6228:
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near the column in 1200. It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses.
4779:
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4531:
4314:
4120:
3980:
3906:
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3535:
3335:
3285:
Aya Sophia of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmedjid
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2427:
2315:
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who manifestated through light and the sun. John the Lydian describes the church as the "
1511:, Phocas was responsible for funding the initial construction of the building with 4,000
1287:
1213:
1055:
941:
893:
703:
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19482:
16533:
16047:
14208:
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12658:
4527:. The Thessalian verd antique bands across the nave floor were often likened to rivers.
3939:
On 22 July, a turquoise-coloured carpet was laid to prepare the mosque for worshippers;
3570:
In the aftermath of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Constantinople was
3147:
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39:
22227:
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20863:
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19239:
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17562:
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14354:
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12995:
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12744:
12716:
11690:"Orthodox Patriarch says turning Istanbul's Hagia Sophia into mosque would be divisive"
11364:"Istanbul mayor supports Hagia Sophia conversion move, 'as long as it benefits Turkey'"
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10134:
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9092:
8930:
8843:
8703:
8650:
8599:
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has been modelled after Hagia Sophia, using its primary square and the size of its dome
5658:
5585:
5281:
5142:
5095:
5079:
4987:
4946:
4772:. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the late 6th-century
4551:
compared it to waves of marble. The floor was hidden beneath a carpet on 22 July 2020.
4539:
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during prayer times, but this idea was ultimately shelved. Erbaş proclaimed during his
3968:
2580:
2478:
2423:
2201:
2001:
2000:, a deacon of Hagia Sophia and an administrative official in for the patriarchate from
1967:
1962:
1657:
1577:
1496:
1489:
1375:
1208:, a doctrine, which like Nestorius, rejects the use of the title. Pulcheria along with
1197:
869:
560:
183:
21420:
20923:
20641:
20565:
19497:
13772:
13430:
13145:
12531:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. 11 July 2020. Archived from
11994:
11839:
9136:
7029:
5545:
known to have been written and delivered by Photius in the cathedral on 29 March 867.
3824:. In late 2019 Erdoğan's office took over the administration and upkeep of the nearby
3701:
in November 2013, demanded the Hagia Sophia be converted back into a mosque. In 2015,
2760:
21948:
21922:
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18225:
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17008:
16784:
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15712:
15687:
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10348:
10242:
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9925:
9895:
9865:
9803:
9771:
9725:
9639:
9597:
9560:
9539:
9527:
9487:
Gallo, Rudolfo (1927). "La tomba di Enrico Dandolo in Santa Sofia a Constantinople".
9467:
9436:
9407:
9376:
9368:
Globalization and Orthodox Christianity: The Transformations of a Religious Tradition
9345:
9344:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. p. 306.
9316:
9315:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. p. 315.
9290:
9256:
9212:
9181:
9150:
9064:
9044:
9008:
8965:
8922:
8883:
8835:
8793:
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8654:
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8603:
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8531:
8494:
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8443:
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5078:
had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with Prince
5044:
4979:
4910:
4377:
4171:, a protest was held outside the Turkish consulate on 13 July, with the burning of a
4023:
stating that "a threat to Hagia Sophia s a threat to all of Christian civilization".
3902:
3805:
3706:
3078:
was built next to it in 1608 (AH 1017) by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa. His son
2728:
2630:
2608:
2482:
2341:
2268:
2261:
in 1133. After proceeding through the streets on foot carrying a cross with a silver
2242:
1997:
1942:
1523:
1461:
609:
557:
539:
504:
21936:
21479:
20948:
20595:
20452:
20437:
20407:
19701:
16884:
16654:
16579:
16301:
15753:
9180:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Wayne State University Press. 1984. p. 12.
8725:
6687:(the second entity of the Trinity) or, alternatively, Christ as the Logos incarnate.
5562:– while the present mosaic shows her seated. Likewise, a biography of the patriarch
3886:
3882:
3784:
3327:
2888:
2872:
771:
22098:
21789:
21739:
21685:
21640:
21569:
21369:
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20898:
20585:
20447:
20402:
20207:
20043:
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19959:
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19512:
18958:
18751:
18699:
18645:
18612:
18562:
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18345:
18123:
17811:
17703:
17626:
17609:
17587:
17572:
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16296:
15679:
15645:
Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century
15336:
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14781:
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14743:
14410:
14338:
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14179:
14132:
14085:
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13141:
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9717:
9589:
9519:
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8957:
8875:
8827:
8766:
8733:
8687:
8632:
8581:
8523:
8472:
8421:
8346:
8278:(in French) (1 ed.). Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. p. 41.
8223:
7985:
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7630:
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6625:
5859:
5843:
5796:
5792:
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4913:
and the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below. A green stone disc of
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1952:
rations resulting from the loss of the grain supply from Egypt. The Persians under
1937:
1830:
1817:
1665:
1585:
1531:
1526:, both of Hagia Sophia's architects named by Procopius were associated with to the
1453:
1209:
1132:, 'Great Church', while the former cathedral Hagia Irene is referred to as
739:
620:
a thousand years later. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the
608:, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until the
550:
516:
515:. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the
436:
65:
21794:
21619:
21605:
20798:
20704:
20202:
19573:
19456:
16796:
16584:
15670:
Xydis, Stephen G. (1947). "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia".
15331:
Glinavos, I. (2021). "Hagia Sophia at ICSID? The Limits of Sovereign Discretion".
15258:
15194:"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation"
12666:
10589:
10241:. Mungan & Wittek (eds); Taylor & Francis Group, London. pp. 383–84.
7912:
6709:(in Turkish). Vol. 4. Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Foundation. pp. 206–210.
5584:) composed before 1363 describes Isidore seeing a standing image of the Virgin at
4400:. A considerable amount of iron was used as well, in the form of cramps and ties.
4058:
said, "My thoughts go to Istanbul. I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained" (
3127:(soup kitchen for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 he added a
2974:
2689:
22232:
21960:
21849:
21764:
21744:
21695:
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17153:
16423:
16209:
16063:
The Most Visited Museums of Turkey: Hagia Sophia Museum, Governorship of Istanbul
15834:
15816:
15785:
15651:
15207:
Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger
15177:
15170:
15088:
15076:
14986:
14846:
14294:
13804:
13787:
13484:
13346:
13249:
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12856:
12788:
12771:
11916:
11810:
11709:
11433:
11398:
11230:
10835:"Muslim group prays in front of Hagia Sophia to demand re-conversion into mosque"
10718:
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7371:
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7276:
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7206:
6669:
Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History
6614:"Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople"
6482:
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5714:
5399:
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expressed their expectations of opening the Hagia Sophia to worship for Muslims.
2820:
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2719:
2710:
2674:
2559:
2365:
2131:
2067:
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whose diameter was between 32.7 and 33.5 m. Under Justinian's orders, eight
1809:
1718:
1709:
1508:
1448:
1066:
927:
719:
640:
621:
524:
216:
21754:
20387:
19461:
16925:
15797:
14074:"The Apse Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul. Report on Work Carried out in 1964"
12234:"Why did Moscow call Ankara's Hagia Sophia decision "Turkey's internal affair"?"
12083:"Turkey will cover Hagia Sophia mosaics during prayers – ruling party spokesman"
11534:"Turkey will cover Hagia Sophia mosaics during prayers - ruling party spokesman"
8585:
8527:
8425:
7584:
Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-Century Constantinople
7398:
4010:
Days before the final decision on the conversion was made, Ecumenical Patriarch
3531:
2294:, to Hagia Sophia for a thanks-giving service, and then to the imperial palace.
1507:
after the Nika Riots saw the destruction of the Theodosian church. According to
21799:
21774:
21720:
21705:
21661:
21532:
21524:
21405:
21124:
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The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum
15639:
14136:
13399:
13067:
12643:
11148:"Making the Hagia Sophia a mosque is a political slap in the face for the West"
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10164:
9581:
9507:
8624:
8464:
6783:
6389:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6170:
Six patriarchs mosaic in the southern tympanum as drawn by the Fossati brothers
6057:
5941:
5696:
The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in the
5115:
5075:
5072:
5064:
4971:
4800:
4627:, and it has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter.
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4156:
4128:
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2135:
2123:
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1821:
1452:
Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century Hagia Sophia (532–537) by
878:
687:
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672:
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528:
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464:
95:
80:
20590:
16353:
16246:
15898:
The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964
15828:
Why did Moscow call Ankara's Hagia Sophia decision "Turkey's internal affair"?
15485:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
15058:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
13708:
13307:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, structure, and liturgy of Justinian's great church
13251:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
13104:
13045:
13027:
9523:
8573:
8515:
8413:
7787:
7602:
7141:"Virtual Hagia Sophia: Restitution, Visualization and Virtual Life Simulation"
6799:
5812:, is shown with plaited blond hair, rosy cheeks, and grey eyes, revealing her
5052:
The first mosaics which adorned the church were completed during the reign of
4403:
Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of
3279:
from drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published in
1847:, or long visual poem, for the re-dedication of the basilica presided over by
1668:. On the opposite side of Hagia Sophia was the former cathedral, Hagia Irene.
1254:
At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there was
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21985:
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17023:
16978:
16772:
16624:
16478:
15691:
15504:
Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church
15044:
14892:
14424:
14350:
14271:
14232:
14193:
14144:
14097:
14050:
13866:
13823:
13655:
13226:
13153:
12991:
12952:
12740:
12674:
12631:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
10529:
10130:
9962:
9729:
9531:
8926:
8839:
8699:
8395:
8340:
8235:
7997:
7889:
7810:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
7305:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
7278:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
7238:
Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church
6807:
6741:
6700:
6637:
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6045:
5892:
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2458:
of Constantinople (1204–1261), the church became a Latin Catholic cathedral.
2349:
2254:
2250:
2233:
2062:
1495:
Construction of the church began in 532 during the short tenure of Phocas as
1291:
1201:
1109:
1070:
912:
794:
601:
145:
132:
20676:
20252:
20063:
19254:
17128:
16968:
16338:
16067:
13892:
13324:
12691:
Influence of Hagia Sophia on the Construction of Dome in Mosque Architecture
12394:"Mufti of Egypt says Turkey's Hagia Sophia mosque conversion is 'forbidden'"
11647:"Turkiye's Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque to hold 1st tarawih prayer in 88 years"
11338:"İnsanlık mirasına dair kararlar iktidarın politik oyunlarına göre alınamaz"
11015:"Erdoğan administration takes control of Istanbul's historic Topkapı Palace"
4281:, ruled that conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque is "impermissible".
2310:, fled to Hagia Sophia at the culmination of their dispute with the empress
1644:
and the Regia, the first stretch of Constantinople's main thoroughfare, the
22009:
21908:
21759:
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19279:
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18215:
17463:
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17292:
17148:
17103:
16958:
16869:
16844:
16639:
16594:
16413:
16154:
16025:
15197:
14868:
11204:"Ayasofya'yı camiden müzeye dönüştüren Bakanlar Kurulu kararı iptal edildi"
9915:
7669:
Gregory, Timothy E.; Culter, Anthony (2005) , Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.),
7582:
7489:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1
6510:
6447:
6031:
5851:
5478:
5424:
5415:
5203:
5106:
4914:
4788:
4684:
4563:
4524:
4516:
4274:
4258:
4222:
4172:
4055:
3984:
3702:
3649:
3160:
2906:
2896:
2811:
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2112:
2108:
1948:
1805:
1584:
that was tinted yellow and red during the 19th-century restorations by the
1564:
1535:
1379:
1216:
had Nestorius overthrown, condemned at the ecumenical council, and exiled.
1205:
1016:
at the west front of both the Constantinian and Theodosian Great Churches.
969:
900:
was being developed. According to the 5th-century ecclesiastical historian
664:
222:
17225:
16058:
Hagia Sophia Museum, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture & Tourism
14884:
14839:
14836:
Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies
14785:
14771:"Influence of Hagia Sophia on Construction of Dome in Mosque Architecture"
10543:
9146:
8737:
8350:
7989:
7881:
6372:
Southern side of Hagia Sophia, looking east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
6076:
4715:
4245:
called the verdict "a proud moment for all Muslims". Pakistani politician
3940:
3932:
over Hagia Sophia and was not obligated to bend to international opinion.
3586:
were held next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. In Greece, the 500
2854:(Islamic scholars) present climbed onto the church's ambo and recited the
2659:" conquest of the Roman Empire. In this text, the Muslim armies reach the
1499:. Although Phocas had been arrested in 529 as a suspected practitioner of
1476:
Construction of church depicted in codex Manasses Chronicle (14th century)
584:) and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and among
22058:
21831:
21769:
21680:
21675:
21275:
21238:
20147:
19696:
19507:
19219:
19123:
19098:
18592:
18402:
18169:
17775:
17760:
17108:
16998:
16983:
16659:
15623:
The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building
15340:
12884:"Die Hagia Sophia Justinians – Mathematischer Raum als Bühne des Kaisers"
11616:"Erdogan Signs Decree Allowing Hagia Sophia to Be Used as a Mosque Again"
11588:"Erdoğan invites Pope Francis to the inauguration of Hagia Sophia Mosque"
11179:"Turkish court rules 1934 conversion of Hagia Sophia into museum illegal"
7330:
6008:
5839:
5775:
5771:
5654:
5520:
5501:
5420:
5338:
5322:
5175:
4742:
4704:
4655:
4508:
4353:
4186:
3929:
3914:
3910:
3850:
3544:
3370:
3311:
3276:
2998:
2678:
2661:
2656:
2645:. A reference to the destruction of a city founded on seven hills in the
2381:
2372:" (a basilica erected on the southeastern side of the Augustaion) to the
2122:) – visited the emperor Constantine VII and was received as queen of the
1989:
1890:
1826:
1637:
1512:
1481:
1457:
1361:
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950:
874:
727:
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707:
652:
636:
542:
484:
351:
346:
248:
109:
16558:
14184:
14167:
14058:
14034:
12999:
12975:
12053:"Greece pushes for sanctions against Turkey, but EU insists on dialogue"
11069:"Turkey goes back to the future as Hagia Sophia set for Islamic prayers"
10877:"Turkish Court Clears Way for Hagia Sophia to Be Used as a Mosque Again"
10690:
10138:
8934:
8910:
8771:
4383:
The Hagia Sophia uses masonry construction. The structure has brick and
3764:) organized a special programme, broadcast live by state-run television
3722:
Association for the Protection of Historic Monuments and the Environment
3338:
in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
2011:
1978:
of Hagia Sophia, was among those who negotiated unsuccessfully with the
1925:) of Mary, mother of Jesus to Hagia Sophia from its usual shrine of the
1724:
1472:
21879:
21784:
21734:
21314:
21109:
20908:
18397:
18257:
18247:
18080:
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16604:
16513:
16146:
15994:
15922:
15905:
15888:
15871:
15699:
15415:
15398:
15381:
15323:
15306:
14755:
14734:
Martin, Charles (1930). "Hagia Sophia and the Great Imperial Mosques".
14415:
14398:
14358:
14326:
14279:
14247:
14105:
14073:
13858:
13814:
13234:
12960:
12598:"Hagia Sophia stripped of museum status, paving its return to a mosque"
12495:"Greece condemns Turkey's decision to convert Hagia Sophia into mosque"
11183:
Turkish court rules 1934 conversion of Hagia Sophia into museum illegal
10278:
10160:
9970:
9737:
9706:"The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary"
9705:
9138:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
9096:
8847:
8815:
8707:
8675:
8243:
8211:
5813:
5646:
5558:
5552:
pointed out that Photius's homily refers to a standing portrait of the
5122:, pr. hexapterygon, six-winged angel; it is uncertain whether they are
4835:
The Loge of the Empress. The columns are made of green Thessalian stone
4734:
4642:
4620:
4544:
4422:
4334:
4266:
4262:
4176:
3960:
3159:
The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan
3064:
2921:
2876:
2706:
2596:
2567:
2440:
2324:
2196:
1953:
1933:
1886:
1714:
1629:
1596:
1318:
1259:
1020:
1013:
723:
597:
589:
21034:
19381:
16468:
16343:
15251:
See also the thematically organised full bibliography in Stroth 2021.
13094:
13068:"Hagia Sophia Imperial Gate | Visit & Explore The Iconic Landmark"
12748:
12493:
Koutantou, Angeliki; Maltezou, Renee; Kambas, Michele (10 July 2020).
11094:"Turkey refutes Greece on Quran session in Hagia Sophia – Turkey News"
10902:"Turkish President Erdoğan recites Islamic prayer at the Hagia Sophia"
10742:"Pope's remarks 'to accelerate Hagia Sophia's conversion into mosque'"
10714:"Turkey: Pressure mounts for Hagia Sophia to be converted into mosque"
7973:
6645:
6613:
3135:
21843:
21430:
21410:
21079:
18946:
18826:
18318:
18186:
18133:
18065:
12770:
Plachý, Jan; Musílek, Josef; Podolka, Luboš; Karková, Monika (2016).
10960:"UNESCO "halts" Erdogan's plans to turn the Hagia Sophia into Mosque"
9403:
9372:
7421:
Ljudmila Djukic (9 September 2019). "Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)".
6721:
5928:
5922:
5643:
5631:
5541:). Most specifically, the mosaic has been connected with a surviving
5509:
5470:
5053:
4942:
4930:
4906:
4864:
4774:
4754:
4577:
4512:
4485:
4439:
4389:
4307:
4270:
3628:
3610:
MG08 on the minaret of the Ayasofya Museum in Istanbul, Turkey (1941)
3093:
3079:
3027:
3016:
2786:
2736:
2183:
2016:
1975:
1918:
1875:
1843:
1797:
1729:
1326:
1303:
1236:
1188:
1183:
1160:
1149:
1039:
1034:
997:
989:
546:
408:
19907:
16021:
15683:
15193:
14692:
Almughrabi, Naser; Prijotomo, Josef; Faqih, Mohammad (6 June 2015).
14342:
14263:
14089:
13218:
13205:
MacDonald, William (1957). "Design and Technology in Hagia Sophia".
12944:
9954:
9721:
9087:
9068:
8831:
8691:
8227:
7139:
Alessandro E. Foni; George Papagiannakis; Nadia Magnentat-Thalmann.
5825:
5250:
1628:, topped by an equestrian statue of the emperor which dominated the
21656:
21258:
21156:
21084:
19416:
19208:
18472:
18372:
18323:
18181:
18113:
17901:
16828:
16528:
16312:
16115:
15950:
14473:
13099:. Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
12732:
11895:
7428:
6629:
6476:
6091:
6068:
5982:
5916:
5487:
5411:
4938:
4860:
4816:
4765:
4738:
4671:
4397:
4269:, there were prayers and celebrations topped by the sacrifice of a
4238:
4159:, held a demonstration in protest outside the Turkish consulate in
3918:
3307:
3262:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3129:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3035:
2987:
2880:
2861:
2520:
2486:
2263:
2215:
2047:
1769:
1538:
1500:
1421:
1255:
1145:
During the reign of Theodosius II, the emperor's elder sister, the
1074:
1030:
1008:
889:
842:
508:
169:
20605:
20557:
16080:
15153:
Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente
14715:
Piltz, Elisabeth (2014). "Hagia Sophia and Ottoman architecture".
8292:. Istanbul /: Emporis. Archived from the original on 22 April 2007
6591:
Also translated: "I think of Hagia Sophia and I am very saddened."
4990:
in 838 where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex.
4986:
in south-eastern Turkey. It was incorporated into the building by
4796:(726–843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period.
3686:
3302:
Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the
3002:
972:. This may mean that it had a U-shaped plan like the basilicas of
21558:
21297:
21211:
21089:
20744:
18838:
18724:
18665:
18164:
18138:
17816:
16518:
16503:
14694:"SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE: SPACE CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES"
14248:"Images of the Mother: When the Virgin Mary Became "Meter Theou""
13703:
11866:"Pope Francis: 'I think of Hagia Sophia, and I am very saddened'"
11732:
11694:
11538:
10760:"First call to prayer inside Istanbul's Hagia Sophia in 85 years"
8726:"The gpr measurements on hagia sophia's surfaces facing the naos"
6490:
5531:
5367:
5029:
4812:
4757:
4724:
4700:
4692:
4651:
4538:
writes of it as "like the sea or the flowing waters of a river".
4497:
4442:
4047:
3999:
3990:
3836:
3796:
3744:, a pavilion for the sultans' private ablutions. Since then, the
3266:
3230:
3186:
3039:
2968:
2917:
2856:
2844:
2147:
2054:
1834:
1661:
1652:
1632:, the open square outside the church which connected it with the
1572:
1543:
1394:
965:
751:
358:
115:
22155:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
19335:
Zeyrek (Christ Pantokrator, Theotokos Eleousa & St. Michael)
15335:. Vol. 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 253–273.
12027:"World reacts to Turkey reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque"
8816:"Once Again concerning the Baptism of Olga, Archontissa of Rus'"
7939:
5804:
instead of an idealized representation. The Empress Irene (born
5657:
has determined that the panel, showing numerous scenes from the
4237:
was also in favour of the news. A spokesman for the Palestinian
4015:
conversion was decried by other Orthodox Christian leaders, the
3229:, the sons of Ali. In 1850, the architects Fossati built a new
1693:
Upon seeing the finished building, the Emperor reportedly said:
1277:
was replaced in the 5th century by the present-day structure, a
21263:
20686:
20096:
19946:
19412:
19202:
18467:
18242:
18108:
16317:
14869:"Hagia Sophia, 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument (review)"
13096:
A New Runic Inscription from Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Istanbul
12435:"Turkey will inform UNESCO about Hagia Sophia moves – minister"
11312:"Hagia Sophia icons to be preserved: Presidential spokesperson"
10309:
10307:
10305:
10303:
10301:
10299:
9665:
7914:
The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: Sources and documents
6282:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5835:
5542:
5383:
5285:
5127:
5123:
5099:
5068:
4918:
4902:
4820:
4786:. The spandrels of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs (
4372:
4368:
4299:
4214:
4144:
4124:
4115:
3976:
3280:
3249:
3245:
3171:
3123:
3121:(a Koranic school, subsequently the library of the museum), an
2963:
2641:
The eventual fall of Constantinople had long been predicted in
2319:
2142:
2097:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1641:
1620:
1581:
1436:
1295:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1101:
935:
813:
759:
755:
731:
554:
512:
500:
244:
231:
225:
15374:
The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia
14979:
13019:
Sacred Thresholds: The Door to the Sanctuary in Late Antiquity
11993:
Casert, Raf; Fraser, Suzan; Gatopoulos, Derek (13 July 2020).
10686:"Greece angered over Turkish Deputy PM's Hagia Sophia remarks"
7331:"Hagia Sophia History | Explore and Learn About This Monument"
6462:
4807:
below; historical figures connected with this church, such as
3800:
The plate placed on the day of its reversion to mosque in 2020
2785:
In accordance with the traditional custom of the time, Sultan
2649:
was frequently understood to be about Constantinople, and the
1660:, and the Justinianic civic basilica under which was the vast
21248:
20628:
20010:
16418:
16111:
15134:
The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire
14717:
Byzantinoslavica - Revue internationale des Études Byzantines
12976:"Devotional Crosses in the Columns and Walls of Hagia Sophia"
11969:"EU Urges Turkey to 'Reverse' Hagia Sophia Reconversion Plan"
11947:
EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission
11479:"Russian tourists to benefit from Hagia Sophia status change"
10775:
10773:
10279:"Facts About Hagia Sophia | Discover A Historic Masterpiece!"
7784:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6862:
Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2009).
6684:
5829:
5744:
5500:
It is not known when this mosaic was installed. According to
4958:
4867:. Carved from a single block of marble in the 2nd century BC.
4729:
4416:
4278:
4242:
4160:
3972:
3862:
3843:
June, the head of Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs (
3839:
3813:
3769:
3745:
3680:
3623:
3194:
3133:(fountain for ritual ablutions), thus transforming it into a
2849:
2693:
Drawing of the colossal bronze imperial statue from atop the
2584:
2345:
2169:
2167:
1906:
1650:. Also facing the Augustaeum were the enormous Constantinian
1465:
743:
711:
165:
15180:, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
13699:"Hagia Sophia. Nova PBS program; originally aired 2/25/2015"
13181:"pendentive (architecture) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
11995:"EU, Turkey clash over Hagia Sophia, Mediterranean drilling"
11840:"World Council of Churches "dismayed" at Hagia Sophia shift"
11286:"Hagia Sophia converted into mosque as Erdoğan signs decree"
10509:
Pavement of Middle Byzantine Age". In Şahin, Mustafa (ed.).
10296:
8866:
Kazhdan, Alexander P. (2005) , Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.),
7974:"The Making of Hagia Sophia and the Last Pagans of New Rome"
7866:"The Making of Hagia Sophia and the Last Pagans of New Rome"
7455:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
6112:
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
5310:
Many mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the
4261:
praised the move, calling it "a historic turning point". In
4027:
Hagia Sophia would be "examined" at the next session of the
3115:
ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a
2538:
2485:. In the 19th century, an Italian restoration team placed a
1443:
21270:
21253:
18746:
16548:
13836:
13507:""The Emperor Door." The Emperor Door, Hagia Sophia Museum"
12769:
11483:
Russian tourists to benefit from Hagia Sophia status change
9586:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
8629:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
8578:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
8520:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
8469:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
8418:
The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend
6197:'s engraving 1672, looking east and showing the apse mosaic
5850:), both shown in three-quarters profile, are imploring the
5697:
5672:
5600:), the patriarchs of Constantinople began to have official
5445:
4769:
4615:
4431:
4230:
4206:
3874:
3733:
3291:
Gaspare Fossati's Hagia Sophia (lithographs by Louis Haghe)
3210:
3031:
2901:
2892:
2621:
2508:), the church was in a dilapidated state. In 1317, emperor
2430:
and helped Isaac return to the throne. Upon the subsequent
2361:
2227:
2150:
of the Rus'. Her baptism was an important step towards the
2088:
In the 940s or 950s, probably around 954 or 955, after the
1781:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1610:
981:
862:
807:
458:
13785:
12573:"Armenian Patriarch backs opening Hagia Sophia to worship"
10817:"Hagia Sophia imam: part of Erdogan's Islamization drive?"
10770:
7621:
Gregory, Timothy E. (2005) , Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.),
6995:
The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
6906:
5713:
in full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and a
4363:
Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of
4321:
and its values". In relation to both Hagia Sophia and the
4042:, which claims to represent 500 million Christians of 350
3732:) appointed, for the first time in 81 years, a designated
3009:
was mounted on the top of the dome, and a respect zone 35
2871:
As described by Western visitors before 1453, such as the
15299:
The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references
14377:
Actes du XIIe Congrès International des Études Byzantines
12109:"Israeli group burns Turkish flag over Hagia Sophia move"
6754:
5954:
4934:
4005:
3967:
on 24 July, the 97th anniversary of the signature of the
3690:
3218:
3152:
1555:
1126:
a fifth-century list of monuments, names Hagia Sophia as
523:
church from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as a
118:
added in the 15th–16th centuries when it became a mosque.
19776:
Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam
14691:
14121:"Documentary Evidence on the Apse Mosaics of St. Sophia"
13611:"Discover the Beautiful Inside Hagia Sophia in Istanbul"
12216:"Russia: Hagia Sophia status 'Turkey's internal affair'"
12190:"Iran praises Turkey's reopening of Hagia Sophia mosque"
12135:"Turkey condemns burning of Turkish flag in E.Jerusalem"
11461:"Hagia Sophia a matter of Turkey's sovereignty: Erdogan"
10924:"Hagia Sophia's status to be changed to mosque: Erdoğan"
10870:
10868:
10866:
10853:"Turkey rejects Greek criticism of Hagia Sophia prayers"
9399:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
6784:"The Name of the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople"
6568:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
6558:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
5816:
descent. The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner.
4064:
Penso a Santa Sofia, a Istanbul, e sono molto addolorato
15422:
12492:
12469:"Greece says Turkey is being 'petty' over Hagia Sophia"
12409:"Turkish spokesman: Hagia Sophia icons to be preserved"
12369:"Mauritania rejoices opening of Hagia Sophia as mosque"
12343:"South African Muslims hail Turkey's Hagia Sophia move"
6758:
Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1–18
5968:
5028:
In the southern section of Hagia Sophia, a 9th-century
3998:
In April 2022, the Hagia Sophia held its first Ramadan
3326:
South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the
3053:
built the türbe of Murad III, where the Sultan and his
2384:. This was supposed to presage the end of the reign of
1563:
Originally the exterior of the church was covered with
1519:
later wrote that the money had been obtained unjustly.
1424:, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II
1290:
designs, similar to those used on the late 5th-century
1104:, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II
15606:. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
15406:
Kinross, Lord (1972). "Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man".
12612:"Turkey hits back at UNESCO concern over Hagia Sophia"
12265:"Arabs hail Turkey's reopening of Hagia Sophia mosque"
11992:
11504:"Foreign visitors to pay entrance fee at Hagia Sophia"
11254:
11252:
10224:. Istanbul: Ticaret Matbaacilik T.A.Ş. pp. 22–23.
10031:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972, p. 389.
9802:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 229–230.
9770:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 214–217.
9638:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 221–223.
7400:
Hagia Sophia | History, Facts, & Significance
7117:"Hagia Sophia still Istanbul's top tourist attraction"
4587:
Slope leading to the upper gallery in the Hagia Sophia
4133:
spokesperson for the United States Department of State
2864:
is his messenger"), thus marking the beginning of the
1624:
elaborate array of monuments around the bronze-plated
16048:
360 Degree Virtual Tour of Hagia Sophia Mosque Museum
15754:"History of Hagia Sophia – the Church of Holy Wisdom"
15546:
Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present
14028:
14026:
14024:
14022:
14020:
14018:
13481:""The Nice Door." The nice door, Hagia Sophia Museum"
13131:
12317:"Pakistani lawmaker hails Turkey's Hagia Sophia move"
11892:"Papa: "Penso a Santa Sofia e sono molto addolorato""
11672:"Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew about Hagia Sophia"
10863:
10505:
of Saint Sophia in Constantinople. An Analysis of an
9791:
9789:
9787:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9747:
8723:
6861:
5747:
in his left hand. On either side of his head are the
4847:
Verd antique columns and disc in the empress's loggia
3963:, patience and understanding". The mosque opened for
3779:
3526:
3151:
Calligraphy with the name of the 4th Rashidun Caliph
2834:
fell to the attacking Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453.
2158:
does not mention baptism. Olga is deemed a saint and
2008:, a belief that strengthened in following centuries.
15565:
Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument
14320:
14318:
14316:
14296:
Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument
14016:
14014:
14012:
14010:
14008:
14006:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13998:
13559:"Aya Sofya or Hagia Sophia Mosque-Church and Museum"
13345:. Directorate of Hagia Sophia Museum. Archived from
12164:"Northern Cyprus content with Hagia Sophia decision"
12076:
12074:
10345:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
9455:
6761:(12th ed.). Mason, OH: Wadsworth. p. 329.
6458:
6018:
have plans based on the Hagia Sophia, including the
6003:
churches influenced by the Hagia Sophia include the
5390:). On each side of Christ's shoulders is a circular
4087:, passing Hagia Sophia on the way to his coronation.
3828:, transferring responsibility for the site from the
2669:
closer to Hagia Sophia; in others, it occurs at the
2057:
ordered repair of the tympanas, arches, and vaults.
1235:
and likely an upper gallery, possibly employed as a
877:
on 15 February 360, during the reign of the emperor
805:
16826:
15864:
The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia
14209:"Interpreting the Mosaics of S. Sophia at Istanbul"
13533:"'Imperial Gate' in Hagia Sophia Mosque vandalized"
12858:
Hagia Sophia and the Byzantine Aesthetic Experience
11434:"First Friday prayers at Hagia Sophia for 86 years"
11304:
11261:"'Hagia Sophia decision ends our nation's longing'"
11249:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
6985:
5791:in his left hand. On her right side stands emperor
4748:
4123:"takes his country back six centuries". Greece and
3155:, one of eight medallions added in the 19th century
1775:
1761:
1749:
856:
579:
507:serving as a major cultural and historical site in
22052:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
16053:Gigapixel of Hagia Sophia Dome (214 Billion Pixel)
15934:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
14392:
14390:
14370:
14368:
13687:. Istanbul: Ticaret Matbaacilik T.A.Ş. p. 27.
13300:
13298:
13296:
12888:L.I.S.A. WISSENSCHAFTSPORTAL GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG
11811:"Church body wants Hagia Sophia decision reversed"
11614:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11399:"Hagia Sophia opens to Muslims for Friday prayers"
11393:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11385:
11146:
10653:
10609:
10607:
10169:. Trans. M. Letts. London: G. Routledge. pp.
9853:
9851:
9849:
9784:
9744:
9274:
9272:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9074:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
8948:Flier, Michael S. (2010), Bjork, Robert E. (ed.),
8756:
8126:(1st ed.). New York: Electa/Rizzoli. p.
7802:
7800:
7587:. Newburyport: Pen & Sword Books. p. 14.
6992:McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1998).
6968:An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches
3063:were buried. The octagonal mausoleum of their son
2493:Upon the capture of Constantinople in 1261 by the
2414:Choniates further writes that in 1203, during the
2080:Early in the 10th century, the pagan ruler of the
2050:installed at the southern entrance of the church.
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
22187:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
15912:
14313:
13995:
13431:"Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture"
12432:
12188:Kursun, Muhammet; Salari, Elaheh (13 July 2020).
12080:
12071:
11231:"Turkey turns iconic Istanbul museum into mosque"
11225:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11217:
10799:"Court declares Hagia Sophia a 'monument museum'"
10427:"The Last Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia of 1919"
10418:
9883:
9881:
9666:"Constantinople in Byzantine Apocalyptic Thought"
9580:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
9559:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 228.
9364:
9334:
9332:
8623:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
8572:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8514:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
8463:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
8412:Hurbanič, Martin (2019), Hurbanič, Martin (ed.),
7967:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7721:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
7230:
7228:
7030:"Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture"
6723:The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople
6117:Synagogues based on the Hagia Sophia include the
6048:churches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include the
5134:. These include a mosaic over a now-unidentified
3521:Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east
3509:Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west
2967:. During Suleiman's reign, the mosaics above the
2154:, though the emperor's treatment of her visit in
934:, after it had collapsed. Since Eusebius was the
22284:
17084:Holy Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora
15766:"A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia"
15520:
13011:
13009:
12433:Kucukgocmen, Ali; Butler, Daren (13 July 2020).
12157:
12155:
12081:Kucukgocmen, Ali; Butler, Daren (13 July 2020).
11834:
11832:
9894:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–148.
9795:
9763:
9631:
9616:
9552:
9459:Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction
9341:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
9312:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
9286:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
9252:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
9208:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
9177:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
8407:
8405:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7485:
5342:foundation is built on a slope of natural rock.
5265:Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint
3590:banknotes issued in 1923 featured Hagia Sophia.
3409:Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west
2913:and other markets were added to the foundation.
2727:, the threat held back by the statue became the
2620:, the Hagia Sophia was the focus of an alarming
2617:Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad
15883:. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
15735:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian
15543:
15333:European Yearbook of International Economic Law
15150:
15051:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines.
14698:International Journal of Education and Research
14583:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
14471:. "Hagia Sophia: A History of Constantinople."
14387:
14365:
14327:"Some Remarks on the Apse Mosaic of St. Sophia"
13293:
13279:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 90–93.
12462:
12460:
12291:"Hamas movement supports Hagia Sophia decision"
11917:"Pope 'pained' by Hagia Sophia mosque decision"
11749:
11747:
11745:
11743:
11417:
11382:
11116:
11114:
10604:
10369:"Hagia Sophia - Meaning, Mosque & Istanbul"
9846:
9269:
9225:
9032:
9030:
8861:
8859:
8857:
7797:
7710:
7708:
7424:The Byzantine Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
7420:
6611:
6386:Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen
5405:
5398:: on his left the Archangel Gabriel, holding a
4430:The vast interior has a complex structure. The
3551:, with Hagia Sophia visible in the background (
2909:926) and 1547 (AH 954), shops and parts of the
2297:In 1181, the daughter of the emperor Manuel I,
1816:. The collapse was due mainly to the excessive
702:of Istanbul until the 1616 construction of the
19605:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library
19300:Little Haghia Sophia (SS. Sergius and Bacchus)
17616:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
16926:Church buildings and monasteries in Byzantine
16650:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library
14992:
14937:
12899:
12897:
12595:
12258:
12256:
12254:
12132:
11458:
11214:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
9991:"The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"
9878:
9796:Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011).
9764:Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011).
9699:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9632:Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011).
9553:Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2001).
9329:
8673:
8558:
8342:Descriptio Sanctae Sophiae. Descriptio Ambonis
7954:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7451:
7225:
6991:
6917:
6866:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
6612:Emerson, William; van Nice, Robert L. (1950).
4674:have been added throughout the centuries. The
3855:International Association of Byzantine Studies
2241:According to the 13th-century Greek historian
1591:The construction is described by Procopius in
849:The first church on the site was known as the
822:International Association of Byzantine Studies
631:for nearly one thousand years, the church was
616:, and its architectural style was emulated by
114:Hagia Sophia Church was built in 537 AD, with
22182:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
21356:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
21050:
19923:
19877:Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances
19397:
19188:
17241:
16911:
16812:
16096:
16072:
15929:
15737:. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. pp. 343–75.
15423:Kleinbauer, W. Eugene; Anthony White (2007).
15371:
15109:
13006:
12973:
12628:
12152:
11829:
11259:Avundukluoğlu, Muhammet Emin (11 July 2020).
11258:
10809:
10781:"Turkish politics heats up over Hagia Sophia"
10008:
9835:
9833:
9659:
9657:
9655:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8719:
8717:
8676:"The Constantinopolitan Solidi of Theophilus"
8402:
8077:
8017:
8015:
7668:
7657:
7609:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
6831:Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History
6755:Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2008).
6698:
6096:Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)
4741:and designed by the famous Ottoman architect
4598:believed to have been left by members of the
4233:, both congratulated Turkey on the move. The
3844:
3758:
3270:
3256:
3239:
2953:) brought two colossal candlesticks from his
2035:(797–802), the iconoclasts returned. Emperor
1580:, and gold mosaics. The exterior was clad in
1119:), who inaugurated it on 10 October 415. The
553:between 532 and 537, and was designed by the
519:, it was completed in AD 537. The site was a
57:
21336:List of works designed with the golden ratio
15779:The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism
15230:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
14940:Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca 680–850)
14802:
14403:Δελτίον Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας
14072:Mango, Cyril; Hawkins, Ernest J. W. (1965).
14071:
13117:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12903:
12833:
12831:
12457:
12187:
11858:
11755:"UNESCO statement on Hagia Sophia, Istanbul"
11740:
11111:
10630:
10628:
10425:Stivaktakis, Anthony E. (27 February 2004).
10347:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 324.
10334:
10332:
9027:
8956:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
8874:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
8854:
8338:
8050:
8046:
8044:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7788:"Exterior, Walls and Architectural Elements"
7761:Αγια Σοφια: ο ναος της Αγιας του Θεου Σοφιας
7723:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
7705:
7677:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
7629:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
7553:
7481:
7479:
7369:
7204:
7132:
7047:
6998:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 149.
6660:
5865:
4695:, and in Italy at the octagonal basilica of
4189:, prime minister of the Turkish Republic of
3397:Nave and apse after restoration, facing east
3181:Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs or
3042:) and placed them on two sides of the nave.
2743:saw the statue in 1427, the "empire-apple" (
655:in 1054, an act considered the start of the
27:Mosque and former church in Istanbul, Turkey
22298:Mosques converted from churches in Istanbul
19290:Kefeli (Monastery of Manuel / St. Nicholas)
17255:
15915:Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics
15460:
15151:Ronchey, Silvia; Braccini, Tommaso (2010).
15093:The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church
14918:
14324:
14299:. University of Chicago Press. p. 10.
14032:
13591:. Architectural Press Limited. 15 July 1905
12894:
12681:
12629:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010).
12263:Yusuf, Ahmed; Asmar, Ahmed (13 July 2020).
12251:
10424:
10228:
10087:
10073:. Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
9864:. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
9690:
8212:"Killing, Asylum, and the Law in Byzantium"
8094:
7950:. Vol. 02 (11th ed.). p. 93.
6356:Fountain of Ahmed III from the gate of the
6016:mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty
5704:
5350:The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in the
5305:
5089:
3671:The interior undergoing restoration in 2007
3261:, was built by the Fossatis for use by the
3089:) converted the baptistery into his türbe.
1796:caused cracks in the main dome and eastern
1168: 10 April 428 – 22 June 431
1133:
1127:
1108:A second church on the site was ordered by
850:
832:
472:
87:
72:
22293:Churches and monasteries of Constantinople
21057:
21043:
20488:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)
19930:
19916:
19404:
19390:
19195:
19181:
17248:
17234:
16918:
16904:
16819:
16805:
16103:
16089:
15976:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15466:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
15441:
15087:
15060:(reprint ed.). W.W. Norton & Co.
15016:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
14866:
14245:
13668:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12714:
12406:
12262:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12015:
11773:
11039:Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip (6 September 2019).
10655:"Call to reinstate Hagia Sophia as mosque"
10338:
10021:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9830:
9652:
9395:
8802:
8714:
8097:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
8012:
7813:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 135.
7506:
7348:
7308:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 137.
7281:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 132.
7241:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 131.
7185:
6971:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
6958:
6940:
4594:The northern first floor gallery contains
4221:was supportive. Ekrema Sabri, imam of the
3445:North aisle from the entrance, facing east
3244:. The Fossati brothers also renovated the
3193:(1801–1877) and painted with the names of
3142:
2895:. From 1478, 2,360 shops, 1,300 houses, 4
2360:. Choniates reports that in 1182, a white
1866:According to the history of the patriarch
1091:
896:. It was built next to the area where the
627:The religious and spiritual centre of the
21396:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
20934:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque of Lüleburgaz
19295:Koca Mustafa Pasha (St. Andrew in Krisei)
15861:
15732:
15625:. Boston, MA: Adamant Media Corporation.
15501:
15482:
15313:
15131:
15095:. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
15055:
14942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14923:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14414:
14396:
14374:
14183:
13813:
13803:
13728:
13726:
13635:
13304:
13274:
13247:
13204:
12854:
12828:
12787:
10625:
10396:"Architectural Adventure of Hagia Sophia"
10329:
10029:The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453
9429:"Arab perspectives on the Fourth Crusade"
9134:
9086:
8999:(5th ed.), Oxford University Press,
8770:
8380:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
8041:
7971:
7863:
7827:
7806:
7764:(in Greek). Εκδόσεις Έφεσος. p. 20.
7757:
7476:
7301:
7274:
7234:
6951:
6949:
6666:
5508:and usually dated to the patriarchate of
5023:
4949:and carved from single blocks of marble.
4654:shell or the inside of an umbrella, with
4313:On 14 July the prime minister of Greece,
4165:accession of Turkey to the European Union
4104:Vice-President of the European Commission
3772:and prayers in Hagia Sophia, to mark the
3736:, Önder Soy, to the Hagia Sophia mosque (
3653:undertaken with the participation of the
3469:Nave and south aisle from the north aisle
1444:Church of Justinian I (current structure)
1000:. The building was likely preceded by an
36:List of churches dedicated to Holy Wisdom
15948:
15751:
15620:
15567:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15468:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15330:
15191:
15075:
14810:"Catedrala Ortodoxă: Strada Mitropoliei"
14780:. International Institute of Engineers.
14637:
14606:
14548:
14517:
14486:
14437:
13970:
13913:
13636:Patricios, Nicholas N. (27 March 2014).
13367:
12717:"An Apologia for Byzantine Architecture"
12647:Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
12133:Cagatay Zontur, Erdogan (14 July 2020).
11909:
11459:Cagatay Zontur, Erdogan (17 July 2020).
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10066:
9887:
9857:
9579:
9505:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
8954:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
8622:
8571:
8513:
8462:
8411:
8209:
8153:The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
7580:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
6880:
6822:
6719:
6182:Moasics as drawn by the Fossati brothers
5988:
5972:
5043:
4896:
4714:
4582:
4562:
4479:
4447:
4421:
4359:b) Plan of the ground floor (lower half)
4352:
4167:to be terminated "once and for all". In
4068:
3989:
3795:
3783:
3685:
3666:
3605:
3597:
3530:
3146:
2973:
2810:
2688:
2397:
2232:
2010:
1723:
1640:. At the edge of the Augustaeum was the
1471:
1447:
1317:A fire started during the tumult of the
1262:, the Basilica, and the harbours of the
1178:, the virgin empress, a promoter of the
1095:
1004:, as in the later churches on the site.
968:and is described as being shaped like a
940:
836:
686:After the fall of Constantinople to the
21942:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
21064:
19503:İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum
19411:
19315:Sancaktar Hayrettin (Gastria Monastery)
19265:Hirami Ahmet Pasha (St. John in Trullo)
18504:
15866:. Archaeological Institute of America.
15405:
15296:
15256:
15083:. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
15024:
14956:
14938:Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011).
14206:
14165:
13015:
12930:
12910:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 69–72.
12213:
12161:
12012:
11966:
11038:
10566:"Top 10: Turkey's most visited museums"
10339:Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2009).
9989:Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021).
9977:
9944:
9426:
9063:
9040:A History of the Russian Church to 1488
9036:
8908:
8865:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
7714:
7620:
7560:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 15–20.
7376:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 12–15.
7211:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 11–12.
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
6928:
6428:Hagia Sophia in the snow, December 2015
5883:destruction by the Ottoman conquerors.
5345:
5096:Islam's ban on representational imagery
4707:. A total of 24 buttresses were added.
4100:High Representative for Foreign Affairs
3768:, which included the recitation of the
3655:Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism
3618:and founder of the Republic of Turkey,
2271:, again preceding with a gilded silver
2046:) had two-winged bronze doors with his
659:. In 1204, it was converted during the
538:The current structure was built by the
14:
22285:
20483:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)
19255:Gül (St. Theodosia / Christ Euergetes)
17119:St. Thekla in the Palace of Blachernae
15601:
15562:
15388:
15257:Balfour, John Patrick Douglas (1972).
15223:
15204:
14993:Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996),
14733:
14586:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 379.
14292:
13723:
13414:
12466:
12288:
10500:
10234:
10204:
10186:
9988:
9489:Rivista Mensile della Citta di Venezia
8990:
8150:
7012:
6946:
6886:
6781:
6416:Hagia Sophia from the south-west, 1914
6108:Saint Clement Catholic Church, Chicago
6042:of the Hagia Sophia no longer exists.
5854:of Christ Pantocrator for humanity on
4554:
4503:The floor is predominantly made up of
4006:International reaction and discussions
3632:appeared for the first time since the
3269:(Islamic school) was constructed. The
3221:), and the two grandsons of Muhammad:
2961:and placed them on either side of the
2866:conversion of the church into a mosque
1349:Remains of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia
606:ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople
592:dome. It is considered the epitome of
21038:
20493:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)
19937:
19911:
19821:Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin
19385:
19176:
19072:
18503:
18288:
17980:
17647:
17268:
17229:
16899:
16800:
16084:
16071:
15984:
15895:
15878:
15706:
15669:
15581:
15277:
15043:
14768:
14714:
14579:
14397:Galavaris, George (11 January 1962).
14118:
13396:"Minarets | Hagia Sophia Museum"
13305:Mainstone, R.J. (Rowland J.) (1988).
12715:Ousterhout, Robert (1 January 1996).
12687:
12366:
12340:
12314:
12106:
11606:
11196:
11122:"Byzantine News, Issue 33, July 2020"
10666:from the original on 10 December 2022
10586:"İstanbul Tanıtımı – Ayasofya Müzesi"
10393:
10255:
10195:
10159:
10108:
9924:. London: Edward Arnold. p. 88.
9914:
9703:
9663:
9486:
9365:Victor Roudometof (15 October 2013).
9112:
8947:
8813:
8273:
8267:
8119:
7937:
7910:
7165:
7027:
6964:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6119:Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco)
5737:
5473:above the apse at the east end shows
4819:let artists paint a giant six-winged
3593:
3481:Northern gallery and entrance to the
2806:
1571:of much of the church, together with
790:, which became the city's cathedral.
19842:Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum
18289:
17134:SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Hormisdou
15359:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
14995:Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen
14921:A social History of Ottoman Istanbul
13682:
12904:Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019).
12881:
12704:from the original on 9 October 2022.
11803:
11612:
11159:from the original on 10 January 2022
11057:from the original on 9 October 2022.
10874:
10558:
10219:
9686:from the original on 9 October 2022.
9456:A. Edward Siecienski (3 June 2019).
9103:
9005:10.1093/acref/9780199596607.001.0001
8962:10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001
8911:"When and Where was Ol'ga Baptized?"
8880:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001
8757:Teteriatnikov, Natalia (2004–2005).
8465:"The Spiritual Arsenal of the Siege"
8373:
8169:
8051:Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019).
8023:De Magistratibus reipublicae Romanae
7729:10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001
7683:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001
7635:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001
7554:Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019).
7370:Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019).
7205:Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019).
7123:
7069:
6934:
6828:
6692:
6667:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016).
5993:Interior of the Church of Saint Sava
5969:Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia
5938:–20 January 1639), in the courtyard.
4323:Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
3693:, Hagia Sophia's famous cat, in 2014
3497:Southern gallery from the south-west
3385:Nave before restoration, facing east
2066:("Book of Ceremonies"), the emperor
1855:, and he was also author of another
663:into a Catholic cathedral under the
22127:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
20363:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)
19310:Odalar (St. Mary of Constantinople)
17991:
16954:Martyrium of St. Carpus and Papylus
16110:
15913:Mango, Cyril; Heinz Kahler (1967).
15795:
15544:Mark, R.; Çakmaktitle, AS. (1992).
13891:. Guideistanbul.net. Archived from
13749:. 21 September 2014. Archived from
13134:Construction and Building Materials
12855:Schibille, Nadine (22 April 2016).
12816:from the original on 9 October 2022
10501:Pedone, Silvia (2011). "The Marble
8057:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 46.
5895:; it is uncertain whether they are
5105:, Gaspare and Giuseppe, and Sultan
4357:a) Plan of the gallery (upper half)
4127:called for EU sanctions on Turkey.
3792:) in the Hagia Sophia complex, 2020
3265:(the mosque timekeeper), and a new
3092:In 1717, under the reign of Sultan
2838:entered the city and performed the
2686:, however, is prophesied to endure.
2591:. Doukas also notes that after the
2449:Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations
2152:Christianization of the Kievan Rus'
24:
22141:Making Mathematics with Needlework
19363:Church buildings in Constantinople
15930:Teteriatnikov, Natalia B. (1998).
15523:Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires
15521:Mango, Cyril; Ahmed Ertuğ (1997).
15246:
15209:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
14919:Boyran, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010).
14225:10.1111/j.1467-8365.1981.tb00707.x
13539:from the original on 21 April 2022
13339:"Buttresses | Hagia Sophia Museum"
13092:
12407:Kara Aydin, Havva (11 July 2020).
11967:Stearns, Jonathan (13 July 2020).
8872:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
7675:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
7627:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
6887:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993).
6850:
6782:Downey, Glanville (January 1959).
6533:Runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia
5785:
5174:Southwestern entrance mosaic with
4924:
3780:Reversion to mosque (2018–present)
3640:(WMF) to include the Hagia Sophia
3564:National Historical Museum, Athens
3527:Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923)
2891:were endowed to the corresponding
2314:, regent for her son, the emperor
1310:was again restored in 2014 by the
1159:) was challenged by the patriarch
1122:Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae
1069:came into a conflict with Empress
1019:The building was accompanied by a
25:
22314:
21967:I quattro libri dell'architettura
20503:Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)
19543:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
19114:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
16850:Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)
16003:
15862:MacDonald, William Lloyd (1951).
15318:. American School of Philosophy.
13254:. Thames and Hudson. p. 81.
13146:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.036
11627:from the original on 11 July 2020
10166:Travels and Adventures, 1435–1439
9673:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU
8374:Bell, Peter Neville, ed. (2009).
7328:
6100:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia
5964:–7 November 2020), in the garden.
5951:–June 1205), in the east gallery.
5358:could possibly represent emperor
5010:
4367:. Its interior is decorated with
4181:flag of the Greek Orthodox Church
2860:("There is no god but Allah, and
2218:asked for the Armenian architect
1899:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1792:Earthquakes in August 553 and on
581:Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías
22271:
22246:
22245:
21491:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
21175:
20988:
20413:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque
20368:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)
20000:
19994:
19988:
19569:Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul
19493:Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum
19349:
19240:Eski Imaret (Christ Pantepoptes)
19153:
17193:
17044:Monastery of St. Mary Hodegetria
16779:
16778:
16766:
16016:
15314:Goriansky, Lev Vladimir (1933).
15117:(in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth.
14961:(in Greek). Athens: Psychogios.
14860:
14851:
14838:, Volume 24, Numbers 1-2: 63-81
14828:
14762:
14727:
14708:
14685:
14662:
14631:
14600:
14573:
14542:
14511:
14480:
14462:
14431:
14286:
14239:
14200:
14159:
14112:
14065:
13964:
13938:
13907:
13881:
13830:
13779:
13757:
13735:
13691:
13676:
13629:
13603:
13581:
13551:
13525:
13499:
13473:
13464:
13448:
13423:
13388:
13361:
13331:
13268:
13241:
13198:
13173:
13160:
13125:
13086:
13060:
12967:
12924:
12875:
12848:
12796:
12763:
12708:
12637:
12622:
12604:
12589:
12565:
12539:
12517:
12486:
12467:Kambas, Michele (14 July 2020).
12426:
12400:
12386:
12360:
12334:
12308:
12282:
12226:
12207:
12181:
12126:
12100:
12045:
11986:
11960:
11935:
11884:
11720:
11702:
11682:
11664:
11639:
11580:
11554:
11526:
11496:
11471:
11452:
11356:
11330:
11278:
11171:
11139:
11086:
11061:
11032:
11007:
10982:
10952:
10934:
10916:
10894:
10845:
10827:
10791:
10752:
10734:
10706:
10678:
10646:
10578:
10536:
10494:
10469:
10444:
10387:
10361:
10271:
10213:
10210:Boyar & Fleet (2010), p. 145
10177:
10153:
10060:
10034:
9938:
9908:
9816:
8674:Dikigoropoulos, Andreas (1964).
6585:
6517:
6503:
6489:
6475:
6461:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6377:
6365:
6349:
6329:
6302:
6290:
6274:
6258:
6236:
6217:
6202:
6187:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6139:
5910:
5819:
5582: 1353–1354, 1364–1376
5402:, on his right his mother Mary.
5300:a Seraph angel. 13th century CE.
5293:
5273:
5258:
5242:
5226:
5210:
5191:
5167:
5155:
4993:
4964:
4884:
4872:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4749:Notable elements and decorations
4571:
4302:. The Turkish foreign minister,
3754:Directorate of Religious Affairs
3726:Directorate of Religious Affairs
3514:
3502:
3490:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3359:
3343:
3319:
3295:
3238:constructed for the sultan: the
3111:—to be sold to visitors. Sultan
3087: 1617–1618, 1622–1623
2638:, and will be enthroned in it".
2348:to avoid the destruction of the
1956:and the Avars together laid the
1859:on the ambon of the church, the
1429:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1368:
1353:
1321:, which had begun nearby in the
1065:The Patriarch of Constantinople
786:. The patriarchate moved to the
746:were removed or plastered over.
108:
19528:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
19424:Archaeology and history museums
19370:Public places in Constantinople
19225:Atik Mustafa Pasha (St. Thekla)
17503:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
17325:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
17207:Public spaces of Constantinople
15506:. London: Thames & Hudson.
15487:. London: Thames & Hudson.
15372:Howland Swift, Emerson (1937).
15155:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
14166:Natalia, Teteriatnikov (2005).
13309:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
12974:Teteriatnikov, Natalia (1998).
12596:Romey, Kristin (13 July 2020).
12214:Teslova, Elena (13 July 2020).
11613:Gall, Carlotta (15 July 2020).
11510:. November 2023. Archived from
10966:. 27 March 2019. Archived from
10875:Gall, Carlotta (10 July 2020).
10070:The Fall of Constantinople 1453
9921:The End of the Byzantine Empire
9891:The Fall of Constantinople 1453
9861:The Fall of Constantinople 1453
9841:The End of the Byzantine Empire
9573:
9546:
9499:
9480:
9449:
9420:
9389:
9358:
9303:
9194:
9163:
9128:
9057:
8997:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints
8984:
8941:
8902:
8792:. 2022, Yale University Press.
8779:
8750:
8667:
8616:
8507:
8456:
8367:
8332:
8318:
8282:
8258:
8203:
8194:
8185:
8144:
8113:
8088:
8078:Teteriatnikov, Natalia (1998).
8071:
8028:
7931:
7904:
7857:
7807:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) .
7778:
7751:
7574:
7445:
7414:
7390:
7322:
7302:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) .
7295:
7275:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) .
7268:
7255:
7235:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) .
7109:
6922:
6618:American Journal of Archaeology
6553:List of oldest church buildings
6360:, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
6265:Watercolour of the interior by
6212:'s engraving 1672, looking west
6073:Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa
5595:
5579:
5568:
5536:
5525:
5519:) and the time of the emperors
5514:
5464:
5364:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4348:
4078:
4012:Bartholomew I of Constantinople
3830:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
3165:
3098:
3084:
3069:
3021:
2992:
2948:
2926:
2514:
2503:
2464:
2390:
2117:
2102:
2072:
2063:De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae
2041:
1880:
1732:of the names Justinian (Greek:
1695:"Solomon, I have surpassed thee
1247:with 12 lambs representing the
1165:
1154:
1114:
1079:
917:
883:
327:23 February 532–27 February 537
22202:National Museum of Mathematics
21954:Regole generali d'architettura
20293:İskender Pasha Mosque, Kanlıca
19887:Museum of the Princes' Islands
19759:Science and technology museums
18588:Great Palace of Constantinople
18329:Patriarchate of Constantinople
17648:
16989:St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome
15502:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1988).
15442:Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2000).
15361:. Hambledon/Continuum (2007).
15056:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997).
14873:The Catholic Historical Review
14867:Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2007).
14748:10.1080/00043079.1930.11409287
13275:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001).
13248:Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997).
13168:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
13093:A., Mel'nikova, Elena (2016).
12581:. 14 June 2020. Archived from
12557:. 14 July 2020. Archived from
12555:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
12341:Kavak, Gokhan (13 July 2020).
12289:Yildiz, Hamdi (11 July 2020).
12162:Aytekin, Emre (11 July 2020).
11787:. 11 July 2020. Archived from
10123:10.1080/00043079.2007.10786367
9431:. In Madden, Thomas F. (ed.).
8264:Stroth (2021), esp. pp. 19–53.
7845:. Loeb Classical Library. 1940
7758:Δετοράκης, Θεοχάρης Ε (2004).
6775:
6748:
6713:
6605:
6081:Église du Saint-Esprit (Paris)
5886:
5723:Byzantine Institute of America
5434:, abbreviations of the Greek:
5312:Byzantine Institute of America
5141:One mosaic they documented is
5007:and started an investigation.
4952:
4567:West side of the upper gallery
4153:deputy prime minister of Italy
2652:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
2290:'Cannon Gate') in the
1182:who habitually partook in the
904:, the emperor Constantius had
573:Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας
497:Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi
13:
1:
19796:SantralIstanbul Energy Museum
19615:Orhan Kemal Literature Museum
19610:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum
19584:Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion
19220:Arap (St. Paul / St. Dominic)
15263:. W.W. Norton & Company.
14989:. Accessed 23 September 2014.
14325:Oikonomidès, Nicolas (1985).
13457:Istanbul City Guide (English)
12688:Sqour, Saqer (5–6 May 2016).
12667:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.07.002
12315:Latif, Aamir (11 July 2020).
10317:. Turkish Cultural Foundation
8339:Silentiarius, Paulus (2011).
8095:Krautheimer, Richard (1986).
7938:Heath, Thomas Little (1911).
7719:, in Smith, Bonnie G. (ed.),
7018:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 112.
6573:
6563:List of Turkish Grand Mosques
6248:
6104:St Sophia's Cathedral, London
6054:Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu
5958:
5945:
5932:
5642:More recently, analysis of a
5624:
4665:
4296:Justice and Development Party
4213:, deputy foreign minister of
3951:was left exposed. Due to the
3351:
3314:after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
3191:Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi
2205:
1760:) and their imperial titles "
905:
567:. It was formally called the
297:; 1664 years ago
282:
207:
53:
32:Hagia Sophia (disambiguation)
21727:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
20974:Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex
20288:İskender Pasha Mosque, Fatih
19436:Museum of the Ancient Orient
19431:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
19270:Imrahor (Stoudios Monastery)
19050:University of Constantinople
18631:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
17981:
17781:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
17470:Byzantine successor states (
17129:St. Theodosia in Dexiokratou
16855:Hippodrome of Constantinople
16620:İstanbul Archaeology Museums
16600:Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery
16590:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
16022:360° panoraITS A BISHic view
15427:. London: Scala Publishers.
15027:Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul
14207:Cormack, Robin (June 1981).
13805:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.153
12789:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.825
12367:Erdem, Omer (11 July 2020).
12107:Firat, Esat (13 July 2020).
10908:. April 2018. Archived from
10268:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 93.
10238:Hagia Sophia and Mimar Sinan
9594:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_15
9427:Hamblin, William J. (2008).
9109:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 87.
8637:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_11
8477:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_14
8182:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 86.
7129:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 84.
7106:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 91.
7028:Jarus, Owen (1 March 2013).
6598:
6538:List of Byzantine inventions
6446:mounted on a minaret during
6321:, and commander of the 1204
6225:Interior of the Hagia Sophia
6005:Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki
5673:
5517: 858–867, 877–886
5446:
5406:Southwestern entrance mosaic
4859:Lustration urn brought from
4426:Cutaway isometric projection
4163:, calling for all plans for
4112:European Union member states
3788:A small Muslim prayer room (
3677:Ayasofya Müzesi Hünkar Kasrı
3549:occupation of Constantinople
3176:Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati
2942:In the 16th century, Sultan
2548:
2539:
2184:
2111:– regent for her infant son
2092:of 941 and the death of the
1919:
1782:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1611:
1557:tò toû megálou theoû Témenos
1556:
1323:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1170:). The patriarch denied the
986:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
863:
764:Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki
683:, was buried in the church.
647:was officially delivered by
459:
7:
22277:Stroth (2021), pp. 137–183.
20784:Alaeddin Mosque (Eskişehir)
20518:Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
19728:Galata Mevlevi House Museum
19625:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum
19245:Fenari Isa (Lips Monastery)
18720:Saint Catherine's Monastery
17776:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
17771:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
17269:
17200:Byzantine Empire portal
15987:The mosaics of Hagia Sophia
15598:, Wiesbaden 1964, S. 27–35.
15548:. Princeton Architectural.
14769:Sqour, Saqer (6 May 2016).
10394:Admin (11 September 2020).
8586:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_2
8528:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_8
8426:10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_4
8414:"The Last War of Antiquity"
8326:"Baalbek keeps its secrets"
8155:. Penguin. pp. 86–87.
7972:Kaldellis, Anthony (2013).
7864:Kaldellis, Anthony (2013).
6720:Phillips, Jonathan (2005).
6454:
6297:Imperial Gate from the nave
6123:Great Synagogue of Florence
6083:both replace the two large
5651:Saint Catherine's Monastery
5380:I am the light of the world
4941:during the reign of Sultan
4811:; and some scenes from the
4784:Description of Hagia Sophia
4710:
4519:"marble", were quarried in
4294:, spokesman for the ruling
3947:, attended its laying. The
3738:Ayasofya Camii Hünkar Kasrı
3711:officially denied in Turkey
3547:in 1919, during the Allied
2587:and a "Hellenic" temple of
2555:and Peralta began in 1354.
2460:Baldwin I of Constantinople
2253:after his victory over the
2134:, and receiving the titles
1549:τὸ τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ Τέμενος
1062:artefacts to confirm this.
959:Church of the Holy Apostles
806:
788:Church of the Holy Apostles
706:. Upon its conversion, the
580:
569:Church of God's Holy Wisdom
10:
22319:
21244:Islamic geometric patterns
20959:Tekeli Mehmet Pasha Mosque
20854:Kahramanmaraş Grand Mosque
20443:Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque
20258:Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque
20248:Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
19986:
19786:Kandilli Earthquake Museum
19781:Kandilli Earthquake Museum
19441:Great Palace Mosaic Museum
19330:Vefa Kilise (St. Theodore)
19109:Neo-Byzantine architecture
19073:
17730:Comes sacrarum largitionum
17214:Church-mosques in Istanbul
17014:St. John Baptist in Trullo
15949:Riccardi, Lorenzo (2012).
15657:Metropolitan Museum of Art
15602:Strube, Christine (1973).
15563:Nelson, Robert S. (2004).
15171:The Fall of Constantinople
15136:. London: Reaktion Books.
14911:
14580:Parry, Ken (10 May 2010).
14293:Nelson, Robert S. (2004).
14137:10.1515/byzs.1954.47.2.395
14033:Skhirtladze, Zaza (2014).
13589:"The Architectural Review"
11716:(in Russian). 6 July 2020.
10588:. Istanbul. Archived from
10477:"Tarihin aktığı takvim..."
10046:. BRILL. 27 October 2016.
10016:The Fall of Constantinople
9916:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray
9826:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
9037:Fennell, John L. (2013) .
7842:The Buildings of Procopius
6918:Heinle & Schlaich 1996
6788:Harvard Theological Review
6132:
5880:Ignatios of Constantinople
5830:
5662:
5435:
5284:mosaic, also known as the
5039:
4396:, a predecessor to modern
4251:Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
4227:Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili
4021:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
3705:publicly acknowledged the
3584:Sultanahmet demonstrations
3578:performed an unauthorized
2528:
2380:, where new emperors were
2170:
2168:
2019:on the wall of the gallery
1907:
1853:Descriptio Sanctae Sophiae
1776:
1762:
1750:
1733:
1719:sanctuary from persecution
1702:
1600:
1548:
1547:of the Great God" (Greek:
1492:, to design the building.
1488:and geometer and engineer
1360:Column and capital with a
1225:archaeological excavations
902:Socrates of Constantinople
857:
827:
549:of Constantinople for the
448:
389:Historic Areas of Istanbul
378:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
22241:
22210:
22164:
22118:
22065:A Mathematician's Apology
22025:
21978:
21861:
21824:
21817:
21649:
21502:
21448:
21439:
21386:
21328:
21184:
21173:
21072:
20982:
20844:İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque
20776:
20743:
20685:
20627:
20604:
20556:
20358:Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque
20333:Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
20278:Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque
20153:Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque
20133:
20105:Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque
20095:
20062:
20009:
19955:Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque
19945:
19829:
19758:
19715:
19659:
19633:
19597:
19561:
19475:
19449:
19423:
19343:
19275:Kalenderhane (Kyriotissa)
19215:
19136:
19079:
19068:
18989:
18889:
18847:
18792:
18737:
18692:
18679:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
18664:
18621:
18553:
18523:
18514:
18510:
18499:
18441:
18299:
18295:
18284:
18206:
18152:
18091:
18048:
18000:
17987:
17976:
17935:
17910:
17879:
17838:
17829:
17804:
17748:
17712:
17665:
17658:
17654:
17643:
17516:
17432:
17379:
17310:
17281:
17277:
17264:
17187:
17169:Unknown (Palace Basilica)
17004:Hagia Yorgi in Edirnekapı
16934:
16835:
16760:
16722:
16691:
16675:
16572:
16326:
16122:
16078:
16073:Links to related articles
16015:
16010:
15956:. Bari. pp. 357–71.
15798:"Aya Sofya Photo Gallery"
15621:Swainson, Harold (2005).
15376:. University of Chicago.
15169:Runciman, Steven (1965).
15132:Necipoĝlu, Gulru (2005).
15029:(in German). Bern: Lang.
14957:Cameron, Averil (2009).
14845:29 September 2020 at the
14246:Kalavrezou, Ioli (1990).
14125:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
13889:"The Hagia Sophia Church"
13599:– via Google Books.
13028:10.1163/9789004369009_003
11126:us17.campaign-archive.com
10067:Runciman, Steven (1965).
9888:Runciman, Steven (1965).
9858:Runciman, Steven (1965).
9524:10.1515/byzs.1953.46.1.63
9512:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
9396:Avner Falk (8 May 2018).
9043:. Routledge. p. 29.
8915:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
8909:Pritsak, Omeljan (1985).
8790:The Story of Architecture
8574:"The Memory of the Siege"
8310:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7978:Journal of Late Antiquity
7870:Journal of Late Antiquity
7715:Krawiec, Rebecca (2008),
7492:. Abc-Clio. p. 853.
7486:Lucien Ellington (2005).
6889:"Center of Ottoman Power"
6800:10.1017/s001781600002664x
6671:. ABC-CLIO. p. 299.
6548:List of largest monoliths
6404:Interior of Haghia Sophia
6309:19th-century cenotaph of
6050:Kronstadt Naval Cathedral
5866:Northern tympanum mosaics
5768:Constantine IX Monomachus
5481:and seated on a jewelled
5119:
4917:marks the spot where the
4764:are still visible in the
4462:Hellenistic mathematician
4195:recognized only by Turkey
4108:Alliance of Civilisations
4040:World Council of Churches
3899:Peoples' Democratic Party
3881:and the Justice Minister
3205:(the first four caliphs:
2790:after the defence of the
2510:Andronicus II Palaeologus
2329:Andronikos Kontostephanos
2237:Detail of the verd column
1988:, attributed by existing
1960:in 626; according to the
1530:of the pagan philosopher
1420:Theodosian capital for a
1100:Theodosian capital for a
978:Sant'Agnese fuori le mura
945:View of the dome interior
818:World Council of Churches
572:
493:Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque
426:
414:
404:
394:
384:
375:
368:
340:
317:
309:
291:
278:
270:
262:
254:
240:
228:(1453–1934; 2020–present)
197:
176:
161:
127:
123:
107:
73:
52:
22177:The Bridges Organization
20418:Piri Mehmed Pasha Mosque
19589:İsmet İnönü House Museum
19553:Madame Tussauds Istanbul
19548:Museum of World Costumes
19280:Kariye (Chora Monastery)
18253:Droungarios of the Fleet
17009:St. John Baptist at Lips
16699:Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi
15856:hagiasophia.com: Mosaics
15483:Mainstone, R.J. (1997).
15301:. Vance Bibliographies.
15282:. Milet Publishing Ltd.
15192:Savignac, David (2020).
15176:27 December 2022 at the
15025:Hoffman, Volker (1999).
14958:
13973:"Southwestern Vestibule"
12882:Stiftung, Gerda Henkel.
12633:. ABC-CLIO. p. 513.
10431:www.johnsanidopoulos.com
10192:Mamboury (1953), p. 288.
9824:"Fall of Constantinople"
8625:"From History to Legend"
8516:"The Avars at the Gates"
8276:Constantinople Byzantine
8210:Macrides, R. J. (1988).
7911:Mango, Cyril A. (1986).
7581:Crawford, Peter (2019).
7263:Patria of Constantinople
6833:. ABC-CLIO. p. 39.
6703:[Hagia Sophia].
6578:
5705:Emperor Alexander mosaic
5623:, having been completed
5306:20th-century restoration
5132:1894 Istanbul earthquake
5090:19th-century restoration
5018:Gregory the Wonderworker
4794:iconoclastic controversy
4719:Minarets of Hagia Sophia
4604:ground-penetrating radar
4511:(Marmara Island) in the
4475:
4435:101 ft 3 in).
4029:World Heritage Committee
3832:by presidential decree.
3822:World Heritage Committee
3457:North aisle, facing west
3433:Exonarthex, facing north
2944:Suleiman the Magnificent
2825:Suleiman the Magnificent
2601:sieges of Constantinople
2499:Michael VIII Palaeologus
1872:Theophanes the Confessor
1378:column; column capital;
1052:Mausoleum of Constantina
833:Church of Constantius II
750:additions included four
649:Humbert of Silva Candida
400:Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
22039:The Grammar of Ornament
21991:Nature's Harmonic Unity
21901:De prospectiva pingendi
20944:Sivrihisar Grand Mosque
20789:Alaaddin Mosque (Sinop)
20538:Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque
20428:Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque
20378:Muhammad Maarifi Mosque
20328:Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex
20308:Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque
20082:Hazreti Süleyman Mosque
19897:Women's Museum İstanbul
19837:The Museum of Innocence
19811:Istanbul Zoology Museum
19745:Jewish Museum of Turkey
19476:Culture and art museums
19250:Fethiye (Pammakaristos)
18767:Early Byzantine mosaics
18129:Domestic of the Schools
17174:Unknown (Şeyh Süleyman)
17059:St. Mary of the Mongols
17034:St. Mary of the Cistern
16827:Proximate landmarks of
16683:Sirkeci railway station
15808:Ousterhout, Robert G. "
15774:magazine, December 2008
15297:Doumato, Lamia (1980).
15227:Grove Dictionary of Art
15205:Stroth, Fabian (2021).
15111:Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang
14985:19 January 2012 at the
10201:Necipoĝlu (2005), p. 13
9704:Rydén, Lennart (1974).
9464:Oxford University Press
8814:Poppe, Andrzej (1992).
8274:Janin, Raymond (1950).
8151:Herrin, Judith (2007).
8034:Evagrius Scholasticus,
7947:Encyclopædia Britannica
7452:Sharon La Boda (1994).
7405:Encyclopædia Britannica
6210:Guillaume-Joseph Grelot
6195:Guillaume-Joseph Grelot
5919:(1524–15 December 1574)
5591:Nilus of Constantinople
5495:Guillaume-Joseph Grelot
5082:, the son of a deposed
4909:(women's gallery), the
4609:
4255:Muslim Judicial Council
4175:and the display of the
4017:Russian Orthodox Church
3895:Grand National Assembly
3143:Renovation of 1847–1849
2885:Cristoforo Buondelmonti
2792:Walls of Constantinople
2768:Laonicus Chalcocondyles
2301:, and her husband, the
1958:siege of Constantinople
1885:) after the capture of
1833:were disassembled from
1717:. The basilica offered
1268:Old St Peter's Basilica
1200:and the stimulation of
1180:cult of the Virgin Mary
1092:Church of Theodosius II
974:San Marcellino e Pietro
784:Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex
768:Panagia Ekatontapiliani
629:Eastern Orthodox Church
274:55 m (180 ft)
266:73 m (240 ft)
258:82 m (269 ft)
40:Sophia of Rome#Churches
22192:Institute For Figuring
22104:The 'Life' of a Carpet
21929:A Treatise on Painting
20929:Sabancı Central Mosque
20700:Grand Mosque of Tarsus
20695:Grand Mosque of Mersin
20533:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
19892:TGC Press Media Museum
19562:Historic house museums
19084:Byzantine commonwealth
17846:Praetorian prefectures
17766:Logothetes tou genikou
17740:Quaestor sacri palatii
17735:Comes rerum privatarum
17508:Fall of Constantinople
17447:Sack of Constantinople
17149:Unknown (Bogdan Saray)
17079:St. Mary of the Spring
17064:St. Mary Pammakaristos
17029:St. Mary of Blachernae
16630:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
15764:Bordewich, Fergus M.,
15752:Atchison, Bob (2020).
15389:Kahler, Heinz (1967).
15081:The Tourists' Istanbul
13916:"Imperial Door Mosaic"
13732:Hoffman (1999), p. 207
13420:Ronchey (2010), p. 157
12600:. National Geographic.
10546:. World Monuments Fund
10315:"The Fossati brothers"
10283:hagiasophiatickets.com
9664:Kraft, András (2012).
9125:Mamboury (1953) p. 287
8991:Farmer, David (2011),
8345:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
8123:Byzantine Architecture
8036:Historia Ecclesiastica
7839:"Book I (beginning)".
6829:Hamm, Jean S. (2010).
6699:Eyice, Semavi (1991).
6323:Sack of Constantinople
5994:
5986:
5810:Ladislaus I of Hungary
5778:or her second husband
5065:Sack of Constantinople
5049:
5024:The Viking Inscription
4933:(ritual purification)
4921:of the empress stood.
4720:
4687:, at the monastery of
4588:
4576:The upper gallery, or
4568:
4489:
4453:
4427:
4365:Byzantine architecture
4360:
4247:Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi
4088:
4063:
3995:
3845:
3801:
3793:
3759:
3694:
3672:
3611:
3603:
3567:
3271:
3257:
3240:
3156:
2983:
2982:) for ritual ablutions
2828:
2783:
2756:
2748:
2698:
2643:apocalyptic literature
2432:Sack of Constantinople
2411:
2374:Palace of the Kathisma
2358:First Jewish–Roman War
2280:
2238:
2020:
1789:
1691:
1616:
1532:Ammonius of Alexandria
1477:
1469:
1346:
1221:Alfons Maria Schneider
1134:
1128:
1105:
1073:, wife of the emperor
994:Church of the Nativity
946:
851:
846:
681:Sack of Constantinople
594:Byzantine architecture
533:fall of Constantinople
496:
468:
440:
88:
58:
22073:George David Birkhoff
22047:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
21915:De divina proportione
21895:Piero della Francesca
21874:Leon Battista Alberti
21461:Piero della Francesca
21100:Hyperboloid structure
20904:Niğde Alaaddin Mosque
20834:Habib'i Neccar Mosque
20829:Great Mosque of Adana
20824:Grand Mosque of Sivas
20758:İskender Pasha Mosque
20735:Bilal-i Habeşi Masjid
20338:Küçük Mecidiye Mosque
20198:Church-Mosque of Vefa
19872:MSA Gastronomy Museum
19660:Palaces and pavilions
18784:Komnenian renaissance
18779:Macedonian period art
18684:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
18656:Walls of Thessaloniki
17756:Logothetes tou dromou
17371:Twenty Years' Anarchy
17335:Valentinianic dynasty
17330:Constantinian dynasty
17089:St. Michael Archangel
15985:Yücel, Erdem (1988).
15896:Mango, Cyril (1968).
15879:Mango, Cyril (1972).
15839:Middle East Institute
15833:14 April 2021 at the
15815:14 April 2021 at the
15758:My World of Byzantium
15707:Yucel, Erdem (2005).
15650:26 April 2015 at the
15446:. William L. Bauhan.
15278:Cimok, Fatih (2004).
14885:10.1353/cat.2007.0181
14786:10.15242/IIE.E0516006
14331:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
14252:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
14119:Mango, Cyril (1954).
14078:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
14039:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
13769:Mount Holyoke College
13343:ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr
12933:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
12238:Middle East Institute
11041:"Presidential Decree"
10994:en.milligazete.com.tr
9947:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
9710:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
9506:Guilland, R. (1953).
9147:10.4324/9781315590547
8820:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
8738:10.4133/sageep.27-200
8680:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
8351:10.1515/9783110239072
8120:Mango, Cyril (1985).
7990:10.1353/jla.2013.0019
7882:10.1353/jla.2013.0019
7182:Janin (1953), p. 472.
6955:Janin (1953), p. 471.
6864:Buildings Across Time
6543:List of tallest domes
6245:Sébah & Joaillier
6158:Detail of the columns
6146:Detail of the columns
6036:New Mosque (Istanbul)
5992:
5976:
5475:Mary, mother of Jesus
5180:Constantine the Great
5047:
4897:Loggia of the Empress
4718:
4586:
4566:
4549:Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi
4483:
4451:
4425:
4356:
4273:. On the other hand,
4072:
3993:
3826:Topkapı Palace Museum
3799:
3787:
3689:
3670:
3620:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3609:
3601:
3576:Eleftherios Noufrakis
3534:
3421:Narthex, facing north
3332:Fountain of Ahmed III
3150:
3026:) imported two large
2977:
2916:Before 1481, a small
2814:
2772:
2692:
2684:Column of Constantine
2671:Column of Constantine
2558:On 12 December 1452,
2401:
2386:Andronicus I Comnenus
2249:celebrated a revived
2236:
2160:equal-to-the-apostles
2014:
1940:. On 14 May 626, the
1727:
1677:
1517:Evagrius Scholasticus
1475:
1451:
1331:
1196:that resulted in the
1099:
944:
932:Eusebius of Nicomedia
913:Constantine the Great
840:
748:Islamic architectural
734:depictions of Jesus,
692:converted to a mosque
350:, a reference to the
146:41.00833°N 28.98000°E
21998:Frederik Macody Lund
21869:Filippo Brunelleschi
21750:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
21612:La condition humaine
21016:Ottoman architecture
20819:Grand Mosque of Uşak
20809:Divriği Great Mosque
20794:Ala Mosque (Kadirli)
20662:Hacıveyiszade Mosque
20637:Akşehir Grand Mosque
20576:Kestanepazarı Mosque
20543:Zeynep Sultan Mosque
20468:Şeyh Süleyman Mosque
20283:Hırka-i Şerif Mosque
20273:Haseki Sultan Mosque
20054:Veled-i Yaniç Mosque
19750:Pammakaristos Church
19667:Aynalıkavak Pavilion
19533:Sadberk Hanım Museum
19523:Sakıp Sabancı Museum
18981:Units of measurement
18715:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
18608:Pammakaristos Church
18456:Corpus Juris Civilis
18407:Missionary activity
17866:Exarchate of Ravenna
17692:Imperial bureaucracy
17179:Unknown (Toklu Dede)
17069:St. Mary Peribleptos
16964:Christ of the Chalkè
16944:St. Andrew in Krisei
16714:Kadir Has University
16704:Istanbul High School
16635:Rüstem Pasha Medrese
15900:. Johnson Reprints.
15711:. Scala Publishers.
15582:Özkul, T.A. (2007).
15462:Krautheimer, Richard
15341:10.1007/8165_2021_78
14670:"Dome Angel Figures"
13743:"Monuments éternels"
13166:Kleiner and Mamiya.
13072:Hagia Sophia Tickets
12776:Procedia Engineering
12561:on 25 February 2021.
10662:. 15 November 2013.
7460:Taylor & Francis
7335:Hagia Sophia Tickets
6965:Binns, John (2002).
6342:John Frederick Lewis
6065:Church of Saint Sava
5979:Church of Saint Sava
5838:. In this panel the
5621:Triumph of Orthodoxy
5550:Nikolaos Oikonomides
5506:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5346:Imperial Gate mosaic
5162:Imperial gate mosaic
5058:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5034:Eastern Roman Empire
4945:. They are from the
4662:reduced its weight.
4413:Western Christianity
4409:Eastern Christianity
4378:cathedral in Seville
4002:prayer in 88 years.
3994:Hagia Sophia in 2023
3809:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3638:World Monuments Fund
3602:Hagia Sophia in 1937
3350:The imperial lodge (
3334:on the left and the
3233:or caliphal loge in
2986:During the reign of
2667:Column of Theodosius
2334:megas hetaireiarches
2308:Renier of Montferrat
2094:Grand Prince of Kiev
2029:Byzantine iconoclasm
2023:In 726, the emperor
1820:and to the enormous
1636:complex through the
1505:John the Cappadocian
1486:Anthemius of Tralles
924:Hesychius of Miletus
726:were removed, while
696:Mehmed the Conqueror
645:Michael I Cerularius
614:Orthodox church form
565:Anthemius of Tralles
531:and 1261. After the
517:Eastern Roman Empire
292:Completion date
189:Anthemius of Tralles
22223:Mathematical beauty
22148:Rhythm of Structure
22091:Gödel, Escher, Bach
21887:De re aedificatoria
21518:The Ancient of Days
21137:Projective geometry
21066:Mathematics and art
20954:Hafsa Sultan Mosque
20919:Pertev Pasha Mosque
20433:Rüstem Pasha Mosque
20423:Piyale Pasha Mosque
20398:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
20373:Molla Çelebi Mosque
20348:Little Hagia Sophia
20303:Kalenderhane Mosque
20087:Sheikh Matar Mosque
20072:Behram Pasha Mosque
20039:Hüdavendigar Mosque
19980:Melike Hatun Mosque
19882:Ottoman Bank Museum
19862:Istanbul UFO Museum
19857:İstanbul Toy Museum
19791:Rahmi M. Koç Museum
18505:Culture and society
18368:Ecumenical councils
17871:Exarchate of Africa
17861:Quaestura exercitus
17725:Magister officiorum
17720:Praetorian prefects
17363:Byzantine Dark Ages
17159:Unknown (Kasım Ağa)
17099:Myrelaion Monastery
17049:St. Mary Kyriotissa
17024:Monastery of Manuel
16709:Istanbul University
16645:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
15784:20 May 2022 at the
15224:Turner, J. (1996).
14680:on 11 January 2019.
14674:Hagia Sophia Museum
14650:on 20 December 2018
14619:on 20 December 2018
14561:on 20 December 2018
14530:on 20 December 2018
14499:on 20 December 2018
14489:"Emperor Alexander"
14477:, 1972, pp. 132–33.
14450:on 20 December 2018
14185:10.2298/ZOG0530009T
13983:on 20 December 2018
13851:1996JGeod..70..645F
13569:on 17 February 2020
13513:on 30 December 2018
13487:on 29 December 2018
12659:2013SDEE...54...61S
12578:Hürriyet Daily News
11098:Hürriyet Daily News
10912:on 24 January 2020.
10805:. 22 November 2016.
10746:Hürriyet Daily News
10574:. 10 November 2014.
10571:Hürriyet Daily News
10375:. 29 September 2020
10235:Mungan, I. (2004).
9995:The Armenian Weekly
9278:Niketas Choniates,
9244:Niketas Choniates,
9200:Niketas Choniates,
9169:Niketas Choniates,
8772:10.2298/zog0530009t
6706:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
6497:Christianity portal
6469:Architecture portal
6285:on the Marble Door.
6229:John Singer Sargent
6028:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
5776:Romanus III Argyrus
5766:. He is flanked by
5573:) by his successor
5328:Islamic calligraphy
5198:Apse mosaic of the
5176:Justinian the Great
4780:Paul the Silentiary
4681:Rotunda of Galerius
4636:Isidore the Younger
4625:St Peter's Basilica
4555:Narthex and portals
4532:Paul the Silentiary
4505:Proconnesian marble
4315:Kyriakos Mitsotakis
4121:Turkish nationalism
3981:Day of Resurrection
3853:, president of the
3614:In 1935, the first
3553:Lycourgos Kogevinas
3485:from the north-west
3336:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
3283:in 1852, entitled:
3185:were hung from the
3174:architect brothers
2937:Bernardo Bonsignori
2741:Johann Schiltberger
2725:Arab–Byzantine wars
2717:, while the orb or
2703:Column of Justinian
2695:Column of Justinian
2624:interpreted as the
2566:and decreed by the
2564:Council of Florence
2545:Irene of Montferrat
2519:) ordered four new
2428:Alexius III Angelus
2316:Alexius II Comnenus
1966:, on 2 August 626,
1870:and the chronicler
1849:Patriarch Eutychius
1839:Paul the Silentiary
1800:. According to the
1703:Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών
1626:Column of Justinian
1458:Justinian the Great
1214:Cyril of Alexandria
1056:Mausoleum of Helena
955:Church of St Mocius
894:Eudoxius of Antioch
845:, Turkey, ca. 1897.
780:Rüstem Pasha Mosque
704:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
639:. It was where the
527:church between the
310:Dedicated date
279:Beginning date
142: /
49:
22228:Patterns in nature
22085:Douglas Hofstadter
21711:Desmond Paul Henry
21701:Bathsheba Grossman
21633:The Swallow's Tail
21554:Giorgio de Chirico
21426:Sydney Opera House
21281:Croatian interlace
21023:Mosques by country
20969:Zagan Pasha Mosque
20964:Yivliminare Mosque
20894:Murat Pasha Mosque
20864:Kazim Bulut Mosque
20849:İzzet Pasha Mosque
20586:Birgi Grand Mosque
20581:Salepçioğlu Mosque
20528:Yeni Valide Mosque
20523:Yavuz Selim Mosque
20498:Süleymaniye Mosque
20473:Sinan Pasha Mosque
20463:Şemsi Pasha Mosque
20383:Murat Pasha Mosque
20268:Handan Agha Mosque
20228:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
20223:Eski Imaret Mosque
20158:Atik Valide Mosque
20125:Üç Şerefeli Mosque
20024:Emir Sultan Mosque
19965:Hacı Bayram Mosque
19852:Galatasaray Museum
19816:ITU Science Center
19771:Hasanpaşa Gasworks
19230:Bodrum (Myrelaion)
18922:Flags and insignia
18568:Baths of Zeuxippus
18451:Codex Theodosianus
18341:Oriental Orthodoxy
17299:Later Roman Empire
17154:Unknown (Ese Kapi)
17144:Stoudios Monastery
17074:St. Mary of Pharos
16979:Christ Pantokrator
16974:Christ Pantepoptes
16880:Süleymaniye Mosque
16865:Theodosius Cistern
16309:Yavuz Sultan Selim
15357:Harris, Jonathan,
14416:10.12681/dchae.729
13859:10.1007/bf00868226
13839:Journal of Geodesy
13775:on 4 October 2018.
13765:"The Hagia Sophia"
13615:istanbul-pulse.com
13376:on 28 January 2013
13022:. pp. 31–65.
12551:armenianchurch.org
11870:www.vaticannews.va
11714:www.patriarchia.ru
11676:www.ecupatria.org/
11621:The New York Times
11514:on 1 November 2023
10881:The New York Times
10823:. 7 November 2016.
10722:. 13 December 2013
10694:. 19 November 2013
10621:. 20 October 2016.
10592:on 24 January 2012
9949:. 23/24: 229–249.
9067:(September 2003).
9065:Maranci, Christina
7407:. 14 August 2023.
7065:on 5 January 2009.
6893:The New York Times
6020:Süleymaniye Mosque
5995:
5987:
5738:Empress Zoe mosaic
5688:', but in the
5659:life of the Virgin
5469:The mosaic in the
5282:Christ Pantocrator
5143:Christ Pantocrator
5050:
4988:Emperor Theophilos
4947:Hellenistic period
4937:were brought from
4891:The wishing column
4815:in the galleries.
4809:Patriarch Ignatius
4721:
4589:
4569:
4540:Michael the Deacon
4490:
4458:Hero of Alexandria
4454:
4428:
4392:was often used in
4361:
4339:Sahak II Mashalian
4235:Muslim Brotherhood
4219:Arab Maghreb Union
4149:Federation Council
4137:Jean-Yves Le Drian
4089:
3996:
3969:Treaty of Lausanne
3802:
3794:
3740:), located at the
3695:
3673:
3612:
3604:
3594:Museum (1935–2020)
3568:
3157:
3049:(court architect)
3045:In 1594 (AH 1004)
2984:
2959:Kingdom of Hungary
2933:earthquake of 1509
2829:
2807:Mosque (1453–1935)
2715:Roman–Persian Wars
2699:
2655:had predicted an "
2647:Book of Revelation
2424:Alexius IV Angelus
2412:
2354:siege of Jerusalem
2340:. Greek historian
2239:
2202:Byzantine calendar
2140:and the styles of
2090:Rus'–Byzantine War
2021:
2015:Polychrome marble
2002:Antioch in Pisidia
1968:Theodore Syncellus
1963:Chronicon Paschale
1831:Corinthian columns
1790:
1658:Baths of Zeuxippus
1497:praetorian prefect
1490:Isidore of Miletus
1478:
1470:
1408:Theodosian capital
1198:Council of Ephesus
1140:Hospital of Samson
1106:
1033:, perhaps with an
947:
870:Chronicon Paschale
847:
800:In July 2020, the
776:Süleymaniye Mosque
588:to employ a fully
561:Isidore of Miletus
491:), officially the
318:Restored date
219:church (1204–1261)
184:Isidore of Miletus
151:41.00833; 28.98000
47:
38:, and
22267:
22266:
22261:
22260:
22114:
22113:
22078:Aesthetic Measure
21949:Sebastiano Serlio
21923:Leonardo da Vinci
21813:
21812:
21805:Margaret Wertheim
21466:Leonardo da Vinci
21032:
21031:
20995:Turkey portal
20914:Omer Pasha Mosque
20884:Mahmut Bey Mosque
20879:Liberation Mosque
20874:Kuyularonu Mosque
20768:New Friday Mosque
20730:Laal Pasha Mosque
20715:Tarsus Old Mosque
20710:Mersin Old Mosque
20619:Haji Özbek Mosque
20318:Kasım Agha Mosque
20243:Firuz Agha Mosque
20238:Fenari Isa Mosque
20213:Dolmabahçe Mosque
20178:Beylerbeyi Mosque
20168:Bayezid II Mosque
20143:Altunizade Mosque
20049:Orhan Gazi Mosque
19939:Mosques in Turkey
19905:
19904:
19847:Fenerbahçe Museum
19716:Religious museums
19677:Dolmabahçe Palace
19672:Beylerbeyi Palace
19620:Piyer Loti Museum
19467:Yedikule Fortress
19379:
19378:
19356:Turkey portal
19170:
19169:
19132:
19131:
19089:Byzantine studies
19064:
19063:
19060:
19059:
18875:Alexander Romance
18733:
18732:
18710:Nea Moni of Chios
18573:Blachernae Palace
18495:
18494:
18491:
18490:
18461:Code of Justinian
18309:Eastern Orthodoxy
18280:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18202:
18201:
18076:Scholae Palatinae
17972:
17971:
17968:
17967:
17937:Foreign relations
17931:
17930:
17825:
17824:
17639:
17638:
17635:
17634:
17438:(1204–1453)
17223:
17222:
16994:Gastria Monastery
16893:
16892:
16794:
16793:
16773:Turkey portal
16667:Yedikule Fortress
16610:Firuz Agha Mosque
16032:
16031:
15963:978-88-7470-229-9
15941:978-0-88402-264-0
15777:Calian, Florian,
15744:978-0-521-52071-3
15718:978-1-85759-250-4
15665:978-0-87099-179-0
15655:, no. 592, 1979,
15632:978-1-4021-8345-4
15590:Scharf, Joachim:
15574:978-0-226-57171-3
15555:978-1-878271-11-2
15513:978-0-500-34098-1
15494:978-0-500-27945-8
15475:978-0-300-05294-7
15453:978-0-87233-123-5
15434:978-1-85759-308-2
15367:978-1-84725-179-4
15350:978-3-031-05082-4
15289:978-975-7199-61-8
15270:978-0-88225-014-4
15237:978-0-19-517068-9
15216:978-3-95490-272-9
15162:978-88-06-18921-1
15143:978-1-86189-244-7
15124:978-3-8030-1022-3
15102:978-0-913836-90-3
15067:978-0-500-27945-8
15036:978-3-906762-81-4
14968:978-960-453-529-3
14949:978-0-521-43093-7
14930:978-0-521-19955-1
14795:978-93-84422-65-3
14593:978-1-4443-3361-9
14306:978-0-226-57171-3
13959:978-88-7470-229-9
13951:978-5-288-05174-6
13926:on 7 January 2019
13895:on 9 January 2020
13683:Gökovali, Şadan.
13647:978-1-78076-291-3
13535:. 21 April 2022.
13349:on 28 August 2019
13316:978-0-500-34098-1
13286:978-0-500-27945-8
13261:978-0-500-27945-8
12917:978-1-78925-030-5
12868:978-1-317-12415-3
12844:978-3-936033-31-1
11785:www.oikoumene.org
11508:hurriyetdailynews
11368:hurriyetdailynews
11316:hurriyetdailynews
11290:hurriyetdailynews
10803:hurriyetdailynews
10785:hurriyetdailynews
10521:978-605-5607-81-4
10400:Architecture News
10354:978-0-19-530991-1
10248:978-90-5809-642-5
10220:Gökovali, Şadan.
10080:978-0-521-39832-9
10053:978-90-04-32580-7
10027:Nicol, Donald M.
9931:978-0-7131-6250-9
9901:978-0-521-39832-9
9871:978-0-521-39832-9
9809:978-1-4094-1064-5
9777:978-1-4094-1064-5
9645:978-1-4094-1064-5
9603:978-3-030-16684-7
9566:978-1-4094-1064-5
9473:978-0-19-088329-4
9442:978-0-7546-6319-5
9413:978-0-429-89969-0
9382:978-1-135-01469-8
9351:978-0-8143-1764-8
9322:978-0-8143-1764-8
9296:978-0-8143-1764-8
9262:978-0-8143-1764-8
9218:978-0-8143-1764-8
9187:978-0-8143-1764-8
9156:978-1-315-59054-7
9050:978-1-317-89720-0
9014:978-0-19-959660-7
8971:978-0-19-866262-4
8889:978-0-19-504652-6
8786:Witold Rybczynski
8646:978-3-030-16684-7
8595:978-3-030-16684-7
8537:978-3-030-16684-7
8486:978-3-030-16684-7
8435:978-3-030-16684-7
8387:978-1-84631-209-0
8360:978-3-11-023907-2
8162:978-0-7139-9997-6
8137:978-0-8478-0615-7
8106:978-0-300-05296-1
8064:978-1-78925-030-5
7941:"Anthemius"
7924:978-0-8020-6627-5
7820:978-0-500-27945-8
7771:978-960-8326-14-9
7738:978-0-19-514890-9
7692:978-0-19-504652-6
7644:978-0-19-504652-6
7594:978-1-4738-5927-2
7567:978-1-78925-030-5
7499:978-1-57607-800-6
7469:978-1-884964-02-2
7438:978-1-4408-5147-6
7383:978-1-78925-030-5
7315:978-0-500-27945-8
7288:978-0-500-27945-8
7248:978-0-500-27945-8
7218:978-1-78925-030-5
7005:978-0-664-25652-4
6978:978-0-521-66738-8
6873:978-0-07-305304-2
6840:978-0-313-35967-5
6768:978-0-495-46740-3
6733:978-1-101-12188-7
6726:. Penguin Books.
6678:978-1-61069-566-4
6267:Philippe Chaperon
6024:Bayezid II Mosque
5848:Ioannes Prodromos
5732:Paul A. Underwood
5721:, founder of the
5719:Thomas Whittemore
5690:Georgian language
5683:
5671:
5456:
5444:
5316:Thomas Whittemore
5204:Christ the Child.
5182:(right) with the
5084:Byzantine emperor
4980:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
4768:(corners) of the
4676:flying buttresses
4277:, grand mufti of
4229:, grand mufti of
4052:St Peter's Square
3953:COVID-19 pandemic
3903:mayor of Istanbul
3806:Turkish president
3707:Armenian genocide
3616:Turkish President
2729:Umayyad Caliphate
2609:Umayyad Caliphate
2537:
2342:Niketas Choniates
2289:
2269:Manuel I Comnenus
2243:Niketas Choniates
2222:, creator of the
2194:, was founded in
2181:
1998:George of Pisidia
1943:Scholae Palatinae
1936:just outside the
1916:
1861:Descripto Ambonis
1742:
1609:
1554:
1524:Anthony Kaldellis
1462:Seville Cathedral
1223:began conducting
873:, the church was
610:Seville Cathedral
578:
545:as the Christian
540:Byzantine emperor
457:
430:
429:
341:Dedicated to
213:–1204; 1261–1453)
16:(Redirected from
22310:
22278:
22275:
22249:
22248:
22099:Nikos Salingaros
21822:
21821:
21790:Hiroshi Sugimoto
21740:Robert Longhurst
21686:Helaman Ferguson
21641:Crockett Johnson
21570:Circle Limit III
21539:Danseuse au café
21446:
21445:
21416:Pyramid of Khufu
21179:
21059:
21052:
21045:
21036:
21035:
20993:
20992:
20991:
20939:Şaban Ağa Mosque
20899:Nasrullah Mosque
20839:İlyas Bey Mosque
20804:Çapanoğlu Mosque
20720:Güzeloluk Mosque
20657:Ferruhşah Mosque
20652:Eşrefoğlu Mosque
20513:Teşvikiye Mosque
20448:Sancaklar Mosque
20403:Nusretiye Mosque
20208:Defterdar Mosque
20044:Muradiye Complex
20019:Bayezid I Mosque
20004:
19998:
19992:
19960:Aslanhane Mosque
19932:
19925:
19918:
19909:
19908:
19736:
19687:Küçüksu Pavilion
19682:Ihlamur Pavilion
19634:Military museums
19598:Literary museums
19513:Rezan Has Museum
19483:Ara Güler Museum
19406:
19399:
19392:
19383:
19382:
19354:
19353:
19352:
19205:(Kilise-Camiler)
19197:
19190:
19183:
19174:
19173:
19157:
19070:
19069:
19013:Imperial Library
18959:Byzantine Greeks
18700:Daphni Monastery
18651:Panagia Chalkeon
18646:Hagios Demetrios
18613:Prison of Anemas
18563:Basilica Cistern
18521:
18520:
18512:
18511:
18501:
18500:
18356:West Syriac Rite
18346:Alexandrian Rite
18297:
18296:
18290:Religion and law
18286:
18285:
18221:Maritime themata
18177:Palaiologan army
18030:Military manuals
17998:
17997:
17989:
17988:
17978:
17977:
17836:
17835:
17812:Megas logothetes
17663:
17662:
17656:
17655:
17645:
17644:
17518:By modern region
17439:
17386:
17385:(717–1204)
17317:
17279:
17278:
17266:
17265:
17257:Byzantine Empire
17250:
17243:
17236:
17227:
17226:
17198:
17197:
17196:
17164:Unknown (Odalar)
17054:St. Mary at Lips
17039:St. Mary Eleousa
16969:Christ Euergetes
16920:
16913:
16906:
16897:
16896:
16860:Basilica Cistern
16821:
16814:
16807:
16798:
16797:
16782:
16781:
16771:
16770:
16769:
16740:Topkapı—Ulubatlı
16459:Küçükmustafapaşa
16238:Mimar Kemalettin
16220:Koca Mustafapaşa
16105:
16098:
16091:
16082:
16081:
16069:
16068:
16044:
16041:
16040:
16038:Official website
16020:
16019:
16008:
16007:
15998:
15981:
15975:
15967:
15945:
15926:
15909:
15892:
15875:
15826:Suchkov, Maxim,
15805:
15761:
15748:
15722:
15703:
15672:The Art Bulletin
15636:
15617:
15587:
15578:
15559:
15540:
15534:
15526:
15517:
15498:
15479:
15457:
15438:
15419:
15402:
15385:
15354:
15327:
15310:
15293:
15274:
15241:
15220:
15201:
15166:
15147:
15128:
15106:
15089:Meyendorff, John
15084:
15077:Mamboury, Ernest
15071:
15052:
15040:
15021:
15015:
15007:
14972:
14953:
14934:
14905:
14904:
14864:
14858:
14855:
14849:
14832:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14806:
14800:
14799:
14775:
14766:
14760:
14759:
14736:The Art Bulletin
14731:
14725:
14724:
14712:
14706:
14705:
14689:
14683:
14681:
14676:. Archived from
14666:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14655:
14646:. Archived from
14640:"North Tympanum"
14635:
14629:
14628:
14626:
14624:
14615:. Archived from
14604:
14598:
14597:
14577:
14571:
14570:
14568:
14566:
14557:. Archived from
14546:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14526:. Archived from
14515:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14495:. Archived from
14484:
14478:
14466:
14460:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14446:. Archived from
14435:
14429:
14428:
14418:
14394:
14385:
14384:
14372:
14363:
14362:
14322:
14311:
14310:
14290:
14284:
14283:
14243:
14237:
14236:
14204:
14198:
14197:
14187:
14163:
14157:
14156:
14116:
14110:
14109:
14069:
14063:
14062:
14030:
13993:
13992:
13990:
13988:
13979:. Archived from
13968:
13962:
13942:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13931:
13922:. Archived from
13911:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13885:
13879:
13878:
13834:
13828:
13827:
13817:
13807:
13783:
13777:
13776:
13771:. Archived from
13761:
13755:
13754:
13739:
13733:
13730:
13721:
13720:
13718:
13716:
13707:. Archived from
13695:
13689:
13688:
13680:
13674:
13673:
13667:
13659:
13633:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13607:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13585:
13579:
13578:
13576:
13574:
13565:. Archived from
13555:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13544:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13509:. Archived from
13503:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13492:
13483:. Archived from
13477:
13471:
13468:
13462:
13461:
13452:
13446:
13445:
13443:
13441:
13427:
13421:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13407:
13402:on 30 March 2019
13398:. Archived from
13392:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13381:
13372:. Archived from
13365:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13354:
13335:
13329:
13328:
13302:
13291:
13290:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13245:
13239:
13238:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13177:
13171:
13164:
13158:
13157:
13129:
13123:
13122:
13116:
13108:
13090:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13079:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13013:
13004:
13003:
12971:
12965:
12964:
12928:
12922:
12921:
12901:
12892:
12891:
12879:
12873:
12872:
12852:
12846:
12835:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12821:
12815:
12808:
12800:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12767:
12761:
12760:
12712:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12696:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12608:
12602:
12601:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12585:on 24 July 2021.
12569:
12563:
12562:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12535:on 24 July 2021.
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12501:. Archived from
12490:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12464:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12441:. Archived from
12430:
12424:
12423:
12421:
12419:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12390:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12338:
12332:
12331:
12329:
12327:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12301:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12260:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12185:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12159:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12130:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12119:
12104:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12078:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12049:
12043:
12042:
12040:
12038:
12023:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12005:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11964:
11958:
11957:
11955:
11953:
11939:
11933:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11913:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11902:
11888:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11862:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11836:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11751:
11738:
11737:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11686:
11680:
11679:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11618:
11610:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11599:
11584:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11558:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11547:
11530:
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11475:
11469:
11468:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11430:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11395:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11375:
11360:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11256:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11227:
11212:
11211:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11175:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11150:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11118:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11104:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11045:
11036:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11025:
11011:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10986:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10956:
10950:
10949:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10872:
10861:
10860:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10795:
10789:
10788:
10777:
10768:
10767:
10756:
10750:
10749:
10748:. 16 April 2015.
10738:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10699:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10657:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10632:
10623:
10622:
10611:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10473:
10467:
10466:
10464:
10462:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10411:
10402:. Archived from
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10336:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10322:
10311:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10289:
10275:
10269:
10266:
10253:
10252:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10202:
10199:
10193:
10190:
10184:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10111:The Art Bulletin
10106:
10085:
10084:
10064:
10058:
10057:
10038:
10032:
10025:
10019:
10012:
10006:
10005:
10003:
10001:
9986:
9975:
9974:
9942:
9936:
9935:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9885:
9876:
9875:
9855:
9844:
9837:
9828:
9827:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9793:
9782:
9781:
9761:
9742:
9741:
9701:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9670:
9661:
9650:
9649:
9629:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9336:
9327:
9326:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9276:
9267:
9266:
9242:
9223:
9222:
9198:
9192:
9191:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9132:
9126:
9123:
9110:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9090:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9034:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9021:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8863:
8852:
8851:
8811:
8800:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8721:
8712:
8711:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8569:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8409:
8400:
8399:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8309:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8271:
8265:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8207:
8201:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8167:
8166:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8048:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8010:
8009:
7969:
7952:
7951:
7943:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7836:
7825:
7824:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7712:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7666:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7618:
7607:
7606:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7551:
7504:
7503:
7483:
7474:
7473:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7397:"Hagia Sophia".
7394:
7388:
7387:
7367:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7272:
7266:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7232:
7223:
7222:
7202:
7183:
7180:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7152:
7146:. Archived from
7145:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7067:
7066:
7061:. Archived from
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6915:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6859:
6848:
6847:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6609:
6592:
6589:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6437:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6381:
6369:
6353:
6333:
6306:
6294:
6278:
6262:
6253:
6252: 1900–1910
6250:
6240:
6221:
6206:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
5963:
5960:
5950:
5947:
5937:
5934:
5844:John the Baptist
5833:
5832:
5801:Alexius Comnenus
5797:Irene of Hungary
5793:John II Comnenus
5760:
5754:
5678:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5649:icon panel from
5629:
5626:
5599:
5598: 1380–1388
5597:
5583:
5581:
5572:
5571: 1347–1350
5570:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5516:
5451:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5297:
5277:
5262:
5246:
5230:
5214:
5195:
5171:
5159:
5148:Canton of Ticino
5136:Door of the Poor
5121:
5103:Fossati brothers
4929:Two huge marble
4888:
4876:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4456:The theories of
4304:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
4211:Sergei Vershinin
4203:Foreign Ministry
4141:foreign minister
4082:
4080:
3848:
3762:
3646:1998 Watch Lists
3561:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3323:
3310:. Lithograph by
3299:
3274:
3260:
3243:
3169:
3168: 1823–1861
3167:
3107:—believed to be
3102:
3101: 1703–1730
3100:
3088:
3086:
3073:
3072: 1595–1603
3071:
3025:
3024: 1574–1595
3023:
2996:
2995: 1566–1574
2994:
2952:
2951: 1520–1566
2950:
2930:
2929: 1481–1512
2928:
2836:Sultan Mehmed II
2781:
2780:Doukas, XXXIX.18
2550:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2518:
2517: 1282–1328
2516:
2507:
2506: 1261–1282
2505:
2497:and the emperor
2495:Empire of Nicaea
2468:
2467: 1204–1205
2466:
2456:Latin occupation
2445:Ali ibn al-Athir
2437:Empire of Nicaea
2420:Isaac II Angelus
2394:
2393: 1183–1185
2392:
2312:Maria of Antioch
2284:
2257:at the siege of
2247:John II Comnenus
2224:Cathedral of Ani
2210:
2207:
2189:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2121:
2119:
2106:
2104:
2076:
2074:
2045:
2043:
2025:Leo the Isaurian
1984:of the Avars. A
1938:Theodosian Walls
1924:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1884:
1882:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1704:
1689:
1666:Basilica Cistern
1614:
1604:
1602:
1559:
1553:romanized:
1552:
1550:
1433:
1417:
1405:
1390:
1372:
1357:
1344:
1273:The 4th-century
1210:Pope Celestine I
1176:Letter to Cosmas
1169:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1137:
1135:Ecclesia Antiqua
1131:
1118:
1116:
1083:
1081:
921:
919:
910:
907:
887:
885:
866:
860:
859:
854:
811:
802:Council of State
740:Christian saints
700:principal mosque
690:in 1453, it was
657:East–West Schism
583:
577:romanized:
576:
574:
551:Byzantine Empire
490:
487:
482:
479:
476:
469:Sancta Sapientia
462:
452:
450:
305:
303:
298:
287:
284:
212:
209:
204:Eastern Orthodox
157:
156:
154:
153:
152:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
112:
99:
91:
89:Sancta Sapientia
84:
76:
75:
69:
61:
50:
46:
21:
18:Sancta Sapientia
22318:
22317:
22313:
22312:
22311:
22309:
22308:
22307:
22283:
22282:
22281:
22276:
22272:
22268:
22263:
22262:
22257:
22237:
22233:Sacred geometry
22206:
22172:Ars Mathematica
22160:
22110:
22021:
21974:
21961:Andrea Palladio
21857:
21850:De architectura
21809:
21765:Antoine Pevsner
21745:Jeanette McLeod
21696:Susan Goldstine
21645:
21504:
21498:
21435:
21421:Sagrada Família
21382:
21324:
21192:Algorithmic art
21180:
21171:
21167:Wallpaper group
21105:Minimal surface
21068:
21063:
21033:
21028:
21009:Islam in Turkey
20989:
20987:
20978:
20924:Reşadiye Mosque
20889:Menüçehr Mosque
20869:Kurşunlu Mosque
20859:Kazdağlı Mosque
20772:
20739:
20681:
20672:Selimiye Mosque
20642:Alâeddin Mosque
20623:
20600:
20566:Başdurak Mosque
20552:
20458:Selimiye Mosque
20353:Manastır Mosque
20129:
20120:Selimiye Mosque
20110:Muradiye Mosque
20091:
20058:
20005:
19999:
19993:
19984:
19970:Kocatepe Mosque
19941:
19936:
19906:
19901:
19825:
19754:
19730:
19711:
19692:Maslak Pavilion
19655:
19646:Military Museum
19641:Aviation Museum
19629:
19593:
19557:
19518:SantralIstanbul
19498:İstanbul Modern
19488:Doğançay Museum
19471:
19445:
19419:
19410:
19380:
19375:
19350:
19348:
19339:
19211:
19203:Church-Mosques
19201:
19171:
19166:
19163:
19128:
19104:Cyrillic script
19075:
19056:
19001:
18985:
18885:
18867:Digenes Akritas
18843:
18788:
18729:
18693:Other locations
18688:
18660:
18617:
18549:
18538:Cross-in-square
18506:
18487:
18437:
18291:
18272:
18198:
18148:
18144:Varangian Guard
18087:
18061:East Roman army
18056:Late Roman army
18044:
17983:
17964:
17927:
17906:
17875:
17821:
17800:
17796:Epi ton deeseon
17786:Epi tou eidikou
17744:
17708:
17650:
17631:
17618:
17521:
17519:
17512:
17498:Palaiologan era
17440:
17437:
17428:
17399:Nikephorian era
17387:
17384:
17375:
17318:
17316:(330–717)
17315:
17306:
17286:
17273:
17260:
17254:
17224:
17219:
17194:
17192:
17183:
16959:Chora Monastery
16930:
16924:
16894:
16889:
16831:
16825:
16795:
16790:
16767:
16765:
16756:
16718:
16687:
16671:
16568:
16322:
16235:Mimar Hayrettin
16195:Hoca Gıyasettin
16118:
16109:
16074:
16042:
16036:
16035:
16017:
16006:
16001:
15969:
15968:
15964:
15942:
15835:Wayback Machine
15817:Wayback Machine
15796:Osseman, Dick.
15790:Armenian Weekly
15786:Wayback Machine
15745:
15719:
15684:10.2307/3047098
15652:Wayback Machine
15640:Weitzmann, Kurt
15633:
15614:
15575:
15556:
15528:
15527:
15514:
15495:
15476:
15454:
15435:
15351:
15290:
15271:
15249:
15247:Further reading
15244:
15238:
15217:
15178:Wayback Machine
15163:
15144:
15125:
15103:
15068:
15037:
15009:
15008:
15005:
14987:Wayback Machine
14969:
14960:
14950:
14931:
14914:
14909:
14908:
14865:
14861:
14856:
14852:
14847:Wayback Machine
14833:
14829:
14819:
14817:
14808:
14807:
14803:
14796:
14773:
14767:
14763:
14732:
14728:
14713:
14709:
14690:
14686:
14668:
14667:
14663:
14653:
14651:
14644:hagiasophia.com
14636:
14632:
14622:
14620:
14613:hagiasophia.com
14605:
14601:
14594:
14578:
14574:
14564:
14562:
14555:hagiasophia.com
14547:
14543:
14533:
14531:
14524:hagiasophia.com
14516:
14512:
14502:
14500:
14493:hagiasophia.com
14485:
14481:
14467:
14463:
14453:
14451:
14444:hagiasophia.com
14436:
14432:
14395:
14388:
14373:
14366:
14343:10.2307/1291518
14323:
14314:
14307:
14291:
14287:
14264:10.2307/1291625
14244:
14240:
14205:
14201:
14164:
14160:
14117:
14113:
14090:10.2307/1291228
14070:
14066:
14031:
13996:
13986:
13984:
13977:hagiasophia.com
13969:
13965:
13943:
13939:
13929:
13927:
13920:hagiasophia.com
13912:
13908:
13898:
13896:
13887:
13886:
13882:
13835:
13831:
13792:Energy Procedia
13784:
13780:
13763:
13762:
13758:
13747:Programmes ARTE
13741:
13740:
13736:
13731:
13724:
13714:
13712:
13697:
13696:
13692:
13681:
13677:
13661:
13660:
13648:
13634:
13630:
13620:
13618:
13609:
13608:
13604:
13594:
13592:
13587:
13586:
13582:
13572:
13570:
13557:
13556:
13552:
13542:
13540:
13531:
13530:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13505:
13504:
13500:
13490:
13488:
13479:
13478:
13474:
13469:
13465:
13460:. ASBOOK. 2009.
13454:
13453:
13449:
13439:
13437:
13429:
13428:
13424:
13419:
13415:
13405:
13403:
13394:
13393:
13389:
13379:
13377:
13366:
13362:
13352:
13350:
13337:
13336:
13332:
13317:
13303:
13294:
13287:
13273:
13269:
13262:
13246:
13242:
13219:10.2307/1566853
13203:
13199:
13189:
13187:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13165:
13161:
13130:
13126:
13110:
13109:
13091:
13087:
13077:
13075:
13074:. 10 April 2023
13066:
13065:
13061:
13038:
13014:
13007:
12972:
12968:
12945:10.2307/1291426
12929:
12925:
12918:
12902:
12895:
12880:
12876:
12869:
12853:
12849:
12836:
12829:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12806:
12802:
12801:
12797:
12768:
12764:
12713:
12709:
12701:
12694:
12686:
12682:
12642:
12638:
12627:
12623:
12618:. 24 July 2021.
12610:
12609:
12605:
12594:
12590:
12571:
12570:
12566:
12545:
12544:
12540:
12523:
12522:
12518:
12508:
12506:
12505:on 17 July 2020
12491:
12487:
12477:
12475:
12465:
12458:
12448:
12446:
12445:on 17 July 2020
12431:
12427:
12417:
12415:
12405:
12401:
12396:. 18 July 2020.
12392:
12391:
12387:
12377:
12375:
12365:
12361:
12351:
12349:
12339:
12335:
12325:
12323:
12313:
12309:
12299:
12297:
12287:
12283:
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12271:
12261:
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12227:
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12196:
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12143:
12141:
12131:
12127:
12117:
12115:
12105:
12101:
12091:
12089:
12079:
12072:
12062:
12060:
12051:
12050:
12046:
12036:
12034:
12025:
12024:
12013:
12003:
12001:
11991:
11987:
11977:
11975:
11965:
11961:
11951:
11949:
11941:
11940:
11936:
11926:
11924:
11915:
11914:
11910:
11900:
11898:
11890:
11889:
11885:
11875:
11873:
11864:
11863:
11859:
11849:
11847:
11838:
11837:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11794:
11792:
11791:on 24 July 2020
11779:
11778:
11774:
11764:
11762:
11753:
11752:
11741:
11726:
11725:
11721:
11708:
11707:
11703:
11698:. 30 June 2020.
11688:
11687:
11683:
11678:. 30 June 2020.
11670:
11669:
11665:
11655:
11653:
11645:
11644:
11640:
11630:
11628:
11611:
11607:
11597:
11595:
11586:
11585:
11581:
11571:
11569:
11560:
11559:
11555:
11545:
11543:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11517:
11515:
11502:
11501:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11477:
11476:
11472:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11441:
11432:
11431:
11418:
11408:
11406:
11397:
11396:
11383:
11373:
11371:
11362:
11361:
11357:
11347:
11345:
11336:
11335:
11331:
11321:
11319:
11310:
11309:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11284:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11257:
11250:
11240:
11238:
11229:
11228:
11215:
11202:
11201:
11197:
11187:
11185:
11177:
11176:
11172:
11162:
11160:
11145:
11144:
11140:
11130:
11128:
11120:
11119:
11112:
11102:
11100:
11092:
11091:
11087:
11077:
11075:
11073:Middle East Eye
11067:
11066:
11062:
11054:
11043:
11037:
11033:
11023:
11021:
11013:
11012:
11008:
10998:
10996:
10988:
10987:
10983:
10973:
10971:
10970:on 6 April 2020
10958:
10957:
10953:
10940:
10939:
10935:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10900:
10899:
10895:
10885:
10883:
10873:
10864:
10851:
10850:
10846:
10833:
10832:
10828:
10815:
10814:
10810:
10797:
10796:
10792:
10787:. 12 June 2020.
10779:
10778:
10771:
10758:
10757:
10753:
10740:
10739:
10735:
10725:
10723:
10719:Christian Today
10712:
10711:
10707:
10697:
10695:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10669:
10667:
10660:Financial Times
10652:
10651:
10647:
10642:. 11 June 2020.
10634:
10633:
10626:
10613:
10612:
10605:
10595:
10593:
10584:
10583:
10579:
10564:
10563:
10559:
10549:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10537:
10522:
10499:
10495:
10485:
10483:
10475:
10474:
10470:
10460:
10458:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10435:
10433:
10423:
10419:
10409:
10407:
10406:on 29 July 2021
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10367:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10337:
10330:
10320:
10318:
10313:
10312:
10297:
10287:
10285:
10277:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10256:
10249:
10233:
10229:
10218:
10214:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10196:
10191:
10187:
10182:
10178:
10158:
10154:
10107:
10088:
10081:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10040:
10039:
10035:
10026:
10022:
10013:
10009:
9999:
9997:
9987:
9978:
9955:10.2307/1291293
9943:
9939:
9932:
9913:
9909:
9902:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9856:
9847:
9838:
9831:
9822:
9821:
9817:
9810:
9794:
9785:
9778:
9762:
9745:
9722:10.2307/1291359
9702:
9691:
9683:
9668:
9662:
9653:
9646:
9630:
9617:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9551:
9547:
9504:
9500:
9485:
9481:
9474:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9425:
9421:
9414:
9406:. p. 164.
9394:
9390:
9383:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9338:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9297:
9283:
9277:
9270:
9263:
9249:
9243:
9226:
9219:
9205:
9199:
9195:
9188:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9133:
9129:
9124:
9113:
9108:
9104:
9088:10.2307/3592516
9062:
9058:
9051:
9035:
9028:
9019:
9017:
9015:
8989:
8985:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8946:
8942:
8907:
8903:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8864:
8855:
8832:10.2307/1291660
8812:
8803:
8784:
8780:
8755:
8751:
8742:
8740:
8722:
8715:
8692:10.2307/1291219
8672:
8668:
8659:
8657:
8647:
8621:
8617:
8608:
8606:
8596:
8570:
8559:
8550:
8548:
8538:
8512:
8508:
8499:
8497:
8487:
8461:
8457:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8410:
8403:
8388:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8337:
8333:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8303:
8302:
8295:
8293:
8290:"Haghia Sophia"
8288:
8287:
8283:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8228:10.2307/2852633
8208:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8170:
8163:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8093:
8089:
8076:
8072:
8065:
8049:
8042:
8033:
8029:
8020:
8013:
7970:
7955:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7909:
7905:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7838:
7837:
7828:
7821:
7805:
7798:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7756:
7752:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7713:
7706:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7619:
7610:
7595:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7552:
7507:
7500:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7462:. p. 343.
7450:
7446:
7439:
7431:. p. 195.
7427:. Vol. 2.
7419:
7415:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7368:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7329:Ahmad, Tufail.
7327:
7323:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7273:
7269:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7203:
7186:
7181:
7166:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7070:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7034:livescience.com
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7006:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6947:
6941:Meyendorff 1982
6939:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6907:
6897:
6895:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6860:
6851:
6841:
6827:
6823:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6753:
6749:
6734:
6718:
6714:
6697:
6693:
6679:
6665:
6661:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6483:Religion portal
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6457:
6450:
6442:Maschinengewehr
6438:
6429:
6426:
6417:
6414:
6405:
6402:
6393:
6382:
6373:
6370:
6361:
6354:
6345:
6334:
6325:
6307:
6298:
6295:
6286:
6279:
6270:
6263:
6254:
6251:
6241:
6232:
6222:
6213:
6207:
6198:
6192:
6183:
6180:
6171:
6168:
6159:
6156:
6147:
6144:
6135:
6127:Hurva Synagogue
5971:
5961:
5948:
5935:
5913:
5889:
5876:John Chrysostom
5868:
5822:
5808:), daughter of
5788:
5786:Comnenus mosaic
5764:Iēsous Christos
5758:
5752:
5740:
5728:Robert Van Nice
5715:globus cruciger
5707:
5627:
5608:enthroned on a
5594:
5578:
5567:
5535:
5524:
5513:
5467:
5431:
5427:
5408:
5360:Leo VI the Wise
5348:
5308:
5301:
5298:
5289:
5278:
5269:
5267:John Chrysostom
5263:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5231:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5196:
5187:
5172:
5163:
5160:
5092:
5080:Alexios Angelos
5042:
5026:
5013:
4996:
4984:Mersin Province
4967:
4955:
4927:
4925:Lustration urns
4899:
4892:
4889:
4880:
4877:
4868:
4857:
4848:
4845:
4836:
4833:
4751:
4713:
4668:
4612:
4600:Varangian Guard
4574:
4557:
4478:
4358:
4351:
4327:Dora Bakoyannis
4191:Northern Cyprus
4077:
4008:
3930:sovereign power
3782:
3596:
3555:
3540:Georgios Averof
3529:
3522:
3519:
3510:
3507:
3498:
3495:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3434:
3431:
3422:
3419:
3410:
3407:
3398:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3367:Gaspare Fossati
3364:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3324:
3315:
3300:
3164:
3145:
3097:
3083:
3068:
3020:
2991:
2947:
2925:
2821:Ottoman Hungary
2809:
2782:
2779:
2761:Niccolò Barbaro
2720:globus cruciger
2711:Sasanian Empire
2697:(15th century).
2675:Andrew the Fool
2593:Laetentur Caeli
2572:Laetentur Caeli
2560:Isidore of Kiev
2513:
2502:
2463:
2418:, the emperors
2389:
2208:
2132:Helena Lecapena
2116:
2101:
2071:
2068:Constantine VII
2040:
1895:Sasanian Empire
1879:
1794:14 December 557
1748:) and Thedora (
1710:Patriarch Menas
1690:
1683:
1509:John the Lydian
1446:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1345:
1338:
1164:
1153:
1113:
1094:
1078:
1067:John Chrysostom
928:Joannes Zonaras
916:
908:
882:
864:Megálē Ekklēsíā
858:Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία
835:
830:
698:and became the
651:, the envoy of
641:excommunication
622:Christian world
618:Ottoman mosques
488:
483:
480:
477:
380:
336:
313:15 February 360
301:
299:
296:
285:
210:
193:
150:
148:
144:
141:
136:
133:
131:
129:
128:
119:
103:
102:
93:
78:
63:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22316:
22306:
22305:
22300:
22295:
22280:
22279:
22269:
22265:
22264:
22259:
22258:
22256:
22255:
22242:
22239:
22238:
22236:
22235:
22230:
22225:
22220:
22214:
22212:
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22205:
22204:
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22194:
22189:
22184:
22179:
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22168:
22166:
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22144:
22137:
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22120:
22116:
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22111:
22109:
22108:
22107:
22106:
22096:
22095:
22094:
22082:
22081:
22080:
22070:
22069:
22068:
22056:
22055:
22054:
22044:
22043:
22042:
22029:
22027:
22023:
22022:
22020:
22019:
22018:
22017:
22015:The Greek Vase
22007:
22006:
22005:
21995:
21994:
21993:
21982:
21980:
21976:
21975:
21973:
21972:
21971:
21970:
21958:
21957:
21956:
21946:
21945:
21944:
21937:Albrecht Dürer
21934:
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21932:
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21802:
21800:Roman Verostko
21797:
21792:
21787:
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21777:
21775:Alba Rojo Cama
21772:
21767:
21762:
21757:
21752:
21747:
21742:
21737:
21732:
21731:
21730:
21721:Charles Jencks
21718:
21713:
21708:
21706:George W. Hart
21703:
21698:
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21678:
21673:
21668:
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21601:
21594:
21587:
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21573:
21561:
21556:
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21533:Jean Metzinger
21530:
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21528:
21521:
21508:
21506:
21500:
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21497:
21496:
21495:
21494:
21482:
21480:Albrecht Dürer
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21209:
21199:
21197:Anamorphic art
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21125:Camera obscura
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21005:
20998:
20983:
20980:
20979:
20977:
20976:
20971:
20966:
20961:
20956:
20951:
20949:Şirvani Mosque
20946:
20941:
20936:
20931:
20926:
20921:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20886:
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20876:
20871:
20866:
20861:
20856:
20851:
20846:
20841:
20836:
20831:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20814:Göğceli Mosque
20811:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20780:
20778:
20774:
20773:
20771:
20770:
20765:
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20755:
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20722:
20717:
20712:
20707:
20702:
20697:
20691:
20689:
20683:
20682:
20680:
20679:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20654:
20649:
20647:Aziziye Mosque
20644:
20639:
20633:
20631:
20625:
20624:
20622:
20621:
20616:
20610:
20608:
20602:
20601:
20599:
20598:
20596:İsa Bey Mosque
20593:
20588:
20583:
20578:
20573:
20568:
20562:
20560:
20554:
20553:
20551:
20550:
20545:
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20515:
20510:
20505:
20500:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20470:
20465:
20460:
20455:
20453:Şehzade Mosque
20450:
20445:
20440:
20438:Şakirin Mosque
20435:
20430:
20425:
20420:
20415:
20410:
20408:Ortaköy Mosque
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20330:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20265:
20260:
20255:
20250:
20245:
20240:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20218:Emirgan Mosque
20215:
20210:
20205:
20200:
20195:
20193:Çamlıca Mosque
20190:
20188:Burmalı Mosque
20185:
20180:
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20155:
20150:
20145:
20139:
20137:
20131:
20130:
20128:
20127:
20122:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20101:
20099:
20093:
20092:
20090:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20074:
20068:
20066:
20060:
20059:
20057:
20056:
20051:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20026:
20021:
20015:
20013:
20007:
20006:
19987:
19985:
19983:
19982:
19977:
19975:Maltepe Mosque
19972:
19967:
19962:
19957:
19951:
19949:
19943:
19942:
19935:
19934:
19927:
19920:
19912:
19903:
19902:
19900:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19833:
19831:
19827:
19826:
19824:
19823:
19818:
19813:
19808:
19806:Railway Museum
19803:
19798:
19793:
19788:
19783:
19778:
19773:
19768:
19762:
19760:
19756:
19755:
19753:
19752:
19747:
19742:
19737:
19725:
19719:
19717:
19713:
19712:
19710:
19709:
19704:
19702:Topkapı Palace
19699:
19694:
19689:
19684:
19679:
19674:
19669:
19663:
19661:
19657:
19656:
19654:
19653:
19648:
19643:
19637:
19635:
19631:
19630:
19628:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19601:
19599:
19595:
19594:
19592:
19591:
19586:
19581:
19579:Atatürk Museum
19576:
19571:
19565:
19563:
19559:
19558:
19556:
19555:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19495:
19490:
19485:
19479:
19477:
19473:
19472:
19470:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19453:
19451:
19447:
19446:
19444:
19443:
19438:
19433:
19427:
19425:
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19420:
19409:
19408:
19401:
19394:
19386:
19377:
19376:
19374:
19373:
19366:
19359:
19344:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19232:
19227:
19222:
19216:
19213:
19212:
19200:
19199:
19192:
19185:
19177:
19168:
19167:
19165:
19164:
19162:
19161:
19151:
19146:
19140:
19137:
19134:
19133:
19130:
19129:
19127:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19091:
19086:
19080:
19077:
19076:
19066:
19065:
19062:
19061:
19058:
19057:
19055:
19054:
19053:
19052:
19042:
19037:
19036:
19035:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19004:
19002:
19000:
18999:
18996:
18990:
18987:
18986:
18984:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18962:
18961:
18951:
18950:
18949:
18944:
18934:
18929:
18924:
18919:
18914:
18909:
18904:
18899:
18893:
18891:
18887:
18886:
18884:
18883:
18878:
18871:
18870:
18869:
18859:
18853:
18851:
18845:
18844:
18842:
18841:
18836:
18835:
18834:
18829:
18824:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18798:
18796:
18790:
18789:
18787:
18786:
18781:
18776:
18771:
18770:
18769:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18743:
18741:
18735:
18734:
18731:
18730:
18728:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18696:
18694:
18690:
18689:
18687:
18686:
18681:
18676:
18670:
18668:
18662:
18661:
18659:
18658:
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18636:Byzantine Bath
18633:
18627:
18625:
18619:
18618:
18616:
18615:
18610:
18605:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18559:
18557:
18555:Constantinople
18551:
18550:
18548:
18547:
18546:
18545:
18540:
18530:
18524:
18518:
18508:
18507:
18497:
18496:
18493:
18492:
18489:
18488:
18486:
18485:
18480:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18464:
18463:
18453:
18447:
18445:
18439:
18438:
18436:
18435:
18430:
18429:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18405:
18400:
18395:
18390:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18364:
18363:
18358:
18353:
18348:
18338:
18337:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18314:Byzantine Rite
18305:
18303:
18293:
18292:
18282:
18281:
18278:
18277:
18274:
18273:
18271:
18270:
18265:
18260:
18255:
18250:
18245:
18240:
18239:
18238:
18233:
18228:
18218:
18212:
18210:
18204:
18203:
18200:
18199:
18197:
18196:
18194:Grand domestic
18191:
18190:
18189:
18184:
18174:
18173:
18172:
18167:
18160:Komnenian army
18156:
18154:
18150:
18149:
18147:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18126:
18121:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18095:
18093:
18089:
18088:
18086:
18085:
18084:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18058:
18052:
18050:
18046:
18045:
18043:
18042:
18037:
18035:Military units
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18005:Battle tactics
18001:
17995:
17985:
17984:
17974:
17973:
17970:
17969:
17966:
17965:
17963:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17941:
17939:
17933:
17932:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17925:
17920:
17914:
17912:
17908:
17907:
17905:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17883:
17881:
17877:
17876:
17874:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17842:
17840:
17833:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17819:
17814:
17808:
17806:
17802:
17801:
17799:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17752:
17750:
17746:
17745:
17743:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17716:
17714:
17710:
17709:
17707:
17706:
17701:
17700:
17699:
17697:Medieval Greek
17689:
17688:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17666:
17660:
17652:
17651:
17641:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17632:
17630:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17591:
17590:
17585:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17550:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17524:
17522:
17517:
17514:
17513:
17511:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17468:
17467:
17466:
17456:
17455:
17454:
17452:Fourth Crusade
17443:
17441:
17433:
17430:
17429:
17427:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17409:Macedonian era
17406:
17401:
17396:
17390:
17388:
17380:
17377:
17376:
17374:
17373:
17368:
17367:
17366:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17342:Theodosian era
17339:
17338:
17337:
17332:
17321:
17319:
17311:
17308:
17307:
17305:
17304:
17303:
17302:
17289:
17287:
17282:
17275:
17274:
17262:
17261:
17253:
17252:
17245:
17238:
17230:
17221:
17220:
17218:
17217:
17210:
17203:
17188:
17185:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17114:St. Polyeuctus
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17019:Lips Monastery
17016:
17011:
17006:
17001:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16935:
16932:
16931:
16928:Constantinople
16923:
16922:
16915:
16908:
16900:
16891:
16890:
16888:
16887:
16885:Topkapı Palace
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16836:
16833:
16832:
16824:
16823:
16816:
16809:
16801:
16792:
16791:
16789:
16788:
16776:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16755:
16754:
16748:
16743:
16737:
16732:
16726:
16724:
16723:Metro Stations
16720:
16719:
16717:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16695:
16693:
16689:
16688:
16686:
16685:
16679:
16677:
16673:
16672:
16670:
16669:
16664:
16663:
16662:
16655:Topkapı Palace
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16580:Beyazıt Square
16576:
16574:
16570:
16569:
16567:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16516:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16456:
16451:
16446:
16441:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16330:
16328:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16307:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16291:
16288:
16285:
16282:
16279:
16276:
16273:
16270:
16267:
16264:
16261:
16258:
16255:
16252:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16236:
16233:
16230:
16227:
16224:
16223:Küçük Ayasofya
16221:
16218:
16215:
16212:
16207:
16204:
16199:
16196:
16193:
16190:
16187:
16184:
16181:
16178:
16175:
16172:
16169:
16166:
16163:
16160:
16157:
16152:
16149:
16144:
16141:
16138:
16135:
16132:
16126:
16124:
16123:Neighbourhoods
16120:
16119:
16108:
16107:
16100:
16093:
16085:
16079:
16076:
16075:
16066:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16030:
16029:
16013:
16012:
16011:External image
16005:
16004:External links
16002:
16000:
15999:
15989:. Efe Turizm.
15982:
15962:
15946:
15940:
15927:
15910:
15893:
15876:
15859:
15843:
15842:
15824:
15806:
15793:
15775:
15762:
15749:
15743:
15724:
15723:
15717:
15704:
15667:
15637:
15631:
15618:
15612:
15599:
15588:
15579:
15573:
15560:
15554:
15541:
15518:
15512:
15499:
15493:
15480:
15474:
15458:
15452:
15439:
15433:
15420:
15403:
15386:
15369:
15355:
15349:
15328:
15311:
15294:
15288:
15275:
15269:
15253:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15242:
15236:
15221:
15215:
15202:
15189:
15167:
15161:
15148:
15142:
15129:
15123:
15107:
15101:
15085:
15073:
15066:
15053:
15045:Janin, Raymond
15041:
15035:
15022:
15003:
14990:
14973:
14967:
14954:
14948:
14935:
14929:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14907:
14906:
14879:(2): 367–370.
14859:
14850:
14827:
14801:
14794:
14761:
14742:(4): 321–345.
14726:
14707:
14684:
14661:
14638:Hagia Sophia.
14630:
14607:Hagia Sophia.
14599:
14592:
14572:
14549:Hagia Sophia.
14541:
14518:Hagia Sophia.
14510:
14487:Hagia Sophia.
14479:
14461:
14438:Hagia Sophia.
14430:
14386:
14364:
14312:
14305:
14285:
14238:
14219:(2): 131–149.
14199:
14158:
14131:(2): 395–402.
14111:
14064:
13994:
13971:Hagia Sophia.
13963:
13961:), pp. 357–71.
13937:
13914:Hagia Sophia.
13906:
13880:
13845:(10): 645–51.
13829:
13778:
13756:
13753:on 5 May 2015.
13734:
13722:
13711:on 18 May 2016
13690:
13675:
13646:
13628:
13617:. 4 April 2023
13602:
13580:
13550:
13524:
13498:
13472:
13463:
13447:
13422:
13413:
13387:
13368:Hagia Sophia.
13360:
13330:
13315:
13292:
13285:
13267:
13260:
13240:
13197:
13185:Britannica.com
13172:
13159:
13124:
13085:
13059:
13036:
13005:
12986:(2): 419–445.
12966:
12923:
12916:
12893:
12874:
12867:
12847:
12827:
12795:
12762:
12733:10.2307/767224
12707:
12680:
12636:
12621:
12603:
12588:
12564:
12538:
12516:
12485:
12456:
12425:
12413:Anadolu Agency
12399:
12385:
12373:Anadolu Agency
12359:
12347:Anadolu Agency
12333:
12321:Anadolu Agency
12307:
12295:Anadolu Agency
12281:
12269:Anadolu Agency
12250:
12225:
12220:Anadolu Agency
12206:
12194:Anadolu Agency
12180:
12168:Anadolu Agency
12151:
12139:Anadolu Agency
12125:
12113:Anadolu Agency
12099:
12070:
12059:. 13 July 2020
12044:
12033:. 10 July 2020
12011:
11985:
11959:
11934:
11923:. 12 July 2020
11908:
11894:(in Italian).
11883:
11872:. 12 July 2020
11857:
11846:. 11 July 2020
11828:
11817:. 11 July 2020
11802:
11772:
11761:. 10 July 2020
11739:
11736:. 6 July 2020.
11719:
11701:
11681:
11663:
11638:
11605:
11594:. 22 July 2020
11579:
11568:. 24 July 2020
11566:Orthodox Times
11553:
11542:. 13 July 2020
11525:
11495:
11470:
11465:Anadolu Agency
11451:
11440:. 24 July 2020
11416:
11405:. 24 July 2020
11381:
11370:. 13 July 2020
11355:
11342:www.hdp.org.tr
11329:
11318:. 12 July 2020
11303:
11292:. 10 July 2020
11277:
11265:Anadolu Agency
11248:
11237:. 10 July 2020
11213:
11195:
11170:
11138:
11110:
11085:
11060:
11050:(in Turkish).
11031:
11006:
10981:
10951:
10933:
10915:
10893:
10862:
10844:
10826:
10821:Deutsche Welle
10808:
10790:
10769:
10751:
10733:
10705:
10677:
10645:
10640:Anadolu Agency
10638:(in Turkish).
10624:
10619:Anadolu Agency
10617:(in Turkish).
10603:
10577:
10557:
10544:"Hagia Sophia"
10535:
10520:
10493:
10480:www.ntv.com.tr
10468:
10452:"500 Drachmai"
10443:
10417:
10386:
10360:
10353:
10328:
10295:
10270:
10254:
10247:
10227:
10212:
10203:
10194:
10185:
10176:
10152:
10117:(4): 627–656.
10086:
10079:
10059:
10052:
10033:
10020:
10007:
9976:
9937:
9930:
9907:
9900:
9877:
9870:
9845:
9829:
9815:
9808:
9783:
9776:
9743:
9689:
9651:
9644:
9615:
9602:
9572:
9565:
9545:
9498:
9479:
9472:
9466:. p. 24.
9448:
9441:
9419:
9412:
9388:
9381:
9375:. p. 47.
9357:
9350:
9328:
9321:
9302:
9295:
9268:
9261:
9248:CCXXX–CCXLII.
9224:
9217:
9204:CLVII–CLVIII.
9193:
9186:
9162:
9155:
9127:
9111:
9102:
9081:(3): 294–305.
9056:
9049:
9026:
9013:
8983:
8970:
8940:
8901:
8888:
8853:
8801:
8778:
8749:
8713:
8666:
8645:
8615:
8594:
8557:
8536:
8506:
8485:
8455:
8434:
8401:
8386:
8366:
8359:
8331:
8317:
8281:
8266:
8257:
8222:(3): 509–538.
8202:
8193:
8184:
8168:
8161:
8143:
8136:
8112:
8105:
8087:
8070:
8063:
8040:
8027:
8011:
7984:(2): 347–366.
7953:
7930:
7923:
7903:
7876:(2): 347–366.
7856:
7826:
7819:
7796:
7777:
7770:
7750:
7737:
7704:
7691:
7656:
7643:
7608:
7593:
7573:
7566:
7505:
7498:
7475:
7468:
7444:
7437:
7413:
7389:
7382:
7347:
7321:
7314:
7294:
7287:
7267:
7254:
7247:
7224:
7217:
7184:
7164:
7153:on 9 July 2007
7131:
7122:
7108:
7068:
7055:"Hagia Sophia"
7046:
7020:
7011:
7004:
6984:
6977:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6921:
6905:
6879:
6872:
6849:
6839:
6821:
6774:
6767:
6747:
6732:
6712:
6691:
6677:
6659:
6630:10.2307/500639
6603:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6514:
6500:
6486:
6472:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6439:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6396:
6394:
6390:Adriaan Reland
6383:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6364:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6311:Enrico Dandolo
6308:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6289:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6255:
6243:Photograph by
6242:
6235:
6233:
6223:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6058:Poti Cathedral
5970:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5952:
5942:Enrico Dandolo
5939:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5909:
5888:
5885:
5867:
5864:
5821:
5818:
5787:
5784:
5739:
5736:
5706:
5703:
5628: 787–797
5604:depicting the
5539: 867–886
5528: 842–867
5466:
5463:
5436:Μήτηρ του Θεοῦ
5407:
5404:
5356:nimbus or halo
5347:
5344:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5280:Detail of the
5279:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5186:in the center
5173:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5154:
5091:
5088:
5076:Enrico Dandolo
5041:
5038:
5025:
5022:
5012:
5011:Wishing column
5009:
4995:
4992:
4982:in modern-day
4978:, part of the
4966:
4963:
4954:
4951:
4926:
4923:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4827:
4801:Church Fathers
4750:
4747:
4712:
4709:
4667:
4664:
4611:
4608:
4596:runic graffiti
4573:
4570:
4556:
4553:
4507:, quarried on
4477:
4474:
4470:Byzantine feet
4405:late antiquity
4394:Roman concrete
4350:
4347:
4223:al-Aqsa Mosque
4169:East Jerusalem
4157:Matteo Salvini
4129:Morgan Ortagus
4096:European Union
4085:Ottoman caliph
4081: 1922–24
4033:Ernesto Ottone
4007:
4004:
3965:Friday prayers
3943:, head of the
3923:Nobel laureate
3907:Ekrem İmamoğlu
3887:Mustafa Şentop
3883:Abdulhamit Gül
3879:Berat Albayrak
3781:
3778:
3774:Laylat al-Qadr
3595:
3592:
3580:Divine Liturgy
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3328:Topkapı Palace
3325:
3318:
3316:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3272:Kasr-ı Hümayun
3241:Hünkar Mahfili
3144:
3141:
2889:Topkapı Palace
2832:Constantinople
2808:
2805:
2800:Divine Liturgy
2777:
2631:St Elmo's fire
2605:Avar Khaganate
2589:Roman paganism
2525:Medieval Greek
2471:Enrico Dandolo
2416:Fourth Crusade
2292:Propontis Wall
2245:, the emperor
2192:Saint Sophia's
2156:De caerimoniis
2137:zōstē patrikía
2120: 945–972
2105: 912–945
2075: 913–959
2044: 829–842
1927:Church of the
1883: 610–641
1708:Justinian and
1699:Medieval Greek
1681:
1612:Peri ktismatōn
1601:Περὶ κτισμάτων
1503:, he replaced
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1336:
1308:skeuophylakion
1300:skeuophylakion
1275:skeuophylakion
1212:and Patriarch
1157: 414–453
1129:Magna Ecclesia
1117: 402–450
1093:
1090:
1086:skeuophylakion
1082: 383–408
1044:skeuophylakion
1026:skeuophylakion
920: 306–337
886: 337–361
879:Constantius II
852:Magna Ecclesia
841:Hagia Sophia,
834:
831:
829:
826:
772:Şehzade Mosque
730:, such as the
688:Ottoman Empire
677:Fourth Crusade
673:doge of Venice
669:Enrico Dandolo
661:Fourth Crusade
529:Fourth Crusade
525:Latin Catholic
521:Greek Orthodox
428:
427:
424:
423:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
372:
370:
366:
365:
342:
338:
337:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
321:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
293:
289:
288:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
242:
238:
237:
236:
235:
229:
220:
217:Roman Catholic
214:
199:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
180:
178:
174:
173:
163:
159:
158:
125:
124:
121:
120:
113:
105:
104:
101:
100:
85:
70:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22315:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22290:
22288:
22274:
22270:
22254:
22253:
22244:
22243:
22240:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22218:Droste effect
22216:
22215:
22213:
22209:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22197:Mathemalchemy
22195:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22173:
22170:
22169:
22167:
22165:Organizations
22163:
22157:
22156:
22152:
22150:
22149:
22145:
22143:
22142:
22138:
22136:
22135:
22134:Lumen Naturae
22131:
22129:
22128:
22124:
22123:
22121:
22117:
22105:
22102:
22101:
22100:
22097:
22093:
22092:
22088:
22087:
22086:
22083:
22079:
22076:
22075:
22074:
22071:
22067:
22066:
22062:
22061:
22060:
22057:
22053:
22050:
22049:
22048:
22045:
22041:
22040:
22036:
22035:
22034:
22031:
22030:
22028:
22024:
22016:
22013:
22012:
22011:
22008:
22004:
22001:
22000:
21999:
21996:
21992:
21989:
21988:
21987:
21986:Samuel Colman
21984:
21983:
21981:
21977:
21969:
21968:
21964:
21963:
21962:
21959:
21955:
21952:
21951:
21950:
21947:
21943:
21940:
21939:
21938:
21935:
21931:
21930:
21926:
21925:
21924:
21921:
21917:
21916:
21912:
21911:
21910:
21907:
21903:
21902:
21898:
21897:
21896:
21893:
21889:
21888:
21884:
21882:
21881:
21877:
21876:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21866:
21864:
21860:
21852:
21851:
21847:
21846:
21845:
21842:
21838:
21835:
21834:
21833:
21830:
21829:
21827:
21823:
21820:
21816:
21806:
21803:
21801:
21798:
21796:
21795:Daina Taimiņa
21793:
21791:
21788:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21780:Reza Sarhangi
21778:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21741:
21738:
21736:
21733:
21729:
21728:
21724:
21723:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21707:
21704:
21702:
21699:
21697:
21694:
21692:
21691:Peter Forakis
21689:
21687:
21684:
21682:
21679:
21677:
21674:
21672:
21669:
21667:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21654:
21652:
21648:
21642:
21639:
21635:
21634:
21630:
21628:
21627:
21623:
21622:
21621:
21620:Salvador Dalí
21618:
21614:
21613:
21609:
21608:
21607:
21606:René Magritte
21604:
21600:
21599:
21595:
21593:
21592:
21588:
21586:
21585:
21581:
21579:
21578:
21577:Print Gallery
21574:
21572:
21571:
21567:
21566:
21565:
21562:
21560:
21557:
21555:
21552:
21548:
21547:
21546:L'Oiseau bleu
21543:
21541:
21540:
21536:
21535:
21534:
21531:
21527:
21526:
21522:
21520:
21519:
21515:
21514:
21513:
21512:William Blake
21510:
21509:
21507:
21501:
21493:
21492:
21488:
21487:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21474:
21473:
21472:Vitruvian Man
21469:
21468:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21456:Paolo Uccello
21454:
21453:
21451:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21438:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21394:
21393:
21391:
21389:
21385:
21379:
21378:
21377:Pi in the Sky
21374:
21372:
21371:
21367:
21365:
21364:
21360:
21358:
21357:
21353:
21351:
21350:
21349:Mathemalchemy
21346:
21344:
21343:
21339:
21337:
21334:
21333:
21331:
21327:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21308:
21304:
21301:
21300:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21287:
21284:
21282:
21279:
21277:
21274:
21273:
21272:
21269:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21246:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21218:
21217:Vastu shastra
21215:
21213:
21210:
21208:
21207:Geodesic dome
21205:
21204:
21203:
21200:
21198:
21195:
21193:
21190:
21189:
21187:
21183:
21178:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21142:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21132:Plastic ratio
21130:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21120:Camera lucida
21118:
21117:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21101:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21091:
21088:
21086:
21083:
21081:
21078:
21077:
21075:
21071:
21067:
21060:
21055:
21053:
21048:
21046:
21041:
21040:
21037:
21025:
21024:
21020:
21018:
21017:
21013:
21011:
21010:
21006:
21004:
21003:
20999:
20997:
20996:
20985:
20984:
20981:
20975:
20972:
20970:
20967:
20965:
20962:
20960:
20957:
20955:
20952:
20950:
20947:
20945:
20942:
20940:
20937:
20935:
20932:
20930:
20927:
20925:
20922:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
20865:
20862:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20852:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20799:Boyacı Mosque
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20781:
20779:
20775:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20761:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20750:
20748:
20746:
20742:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20711:
20708:
20706:
20705:Muğdat Mosque
20703:
20701:
20698:
20696:
20693:
20692:
20690:
20688:
20684:
20678:
20675:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20667:Kileci Mosque
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20643:
20640:
20638:
20635:
20634:
20632:
20630:
20626:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20611:
20609:
20607:
20603:
20597:
20594:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20577:
20574:
20572:
20569:
20567:
20564:
20563:
20561:
20559:
20555:
20549:
20548:Zeyrek Mosque
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20509:
20508:Taksim Mosque
20506:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20469:
20466:
20464:
20461:
20459:
20456:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20343:Laleli Mosque
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20323:Kefeli Mosque
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20264:
20261:
20259:
20256:
20254:
20251:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20241:
20239:
20236:
20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20203:Çinili Mosque
20201:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20189:
20186:
20184:
20183:Bodrum Mosque
20181:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20166:
20164:
20163:Ayazma Mosque
20161:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20140:
20138:
20136:
20132:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20102:
20100:
20098:
20094:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20069:
20067:
20065:
20061:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20016:
20014:
20012:
20008:
20003:
19997:
19991:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19952:
19950:
19948:
19944:
19940:
19933:
19928:
19926:
19921:
19919:
19914:
19913:
19910:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19867:İşbank Museum
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19834:
19832:
19830:Miscellaneous
19828:
19822:
19819:
19817:
19814:
19812:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19801:Postal Museum
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19766:Camera Museum
19764:
19763:
19761:
19757:
19751:
19748:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19734:
19729:
19726:
19724:
19721:
19720:
19718:
19714:
19708:
19707:Yıldız Palace
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19675:
19673:
19670:
19668:
19665:
19664:
19662:
19658:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19638:
19636:
19632:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19602:
19600:
19596:
19590:
19587:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19574:Aşiyan Museum
19572:
19570:
19567:
19566:
19564:
19560:
19554:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19480:
19478:
19474:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19457:Anadoluhisarı
19455:
19454:
19452:
19448:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19428:
19426:
19422:
19418:
19414:
19407:
19402:
19400:
19395:
19393:
19388:
19387:
19384:
19372:
19371:
19367:
19365:
19364:
19360:
19358:
19357:
19346:
19345:
19342:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19320:Şeyh Süleyman
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19217:
19214:
19210:
19206:
19198:
19193:
19191:
19186:
19184:
19179:
19178:
19175:
19160:
19156:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19141:
19139:
19138:
19135:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19090:
19087:
19085:
19082:
19081:
19078:
19071:
19067:
19051:
19048:
19047:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19034:
19031:
19030:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19008:Encyclopedias
19006:
19005:
19003:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18991:
18988:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18955:
18952:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18939:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18932:Hellenization
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18894:
18892:
18890:Everyday life
18888:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18876:
18872:
18868:
18865:
18864:
18863:
18862:Acritic songs
18860:
18858:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18850:
18846:
18840:
18837:
18833:
18830:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18819:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18799:
18797:
18795:
18791:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18768:
18765:
18764:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18744:
18742:
18740:
18736:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18705:Hosios Loukas
18703:
18701:
18698:
18697:
18695:
18691:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18671:
18669:
18667:
18663:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18628:
18626:
18624:
18620:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18604:
18601:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18560:
18558:
18556:
18552:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18525:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18502:
18498:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18462:
18459:
18458:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18448:
18446:
18444:
18440:
18434:
18431:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18408:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18378:Monophysitism
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18351:Armenian Rite
18349:
18347:
18344:
18343:
18342:
18339:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18311:
18310:
18307:
18306:
18304:
18302:
18298:
18294:
18287:
18283:
18269:
18268:Naval battles
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18254:
18251:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18237:
18234:
18232:
18229:
18227:
18224:
18223:
18222:
18219:
18217:
18214:
18213:
18211:
18209:
18205:
18195:
18192:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18179:
18178:
18175:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18162:
18161:
18158:
18157:
18155:
18151:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18096:
18094:
18090:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18063:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18053:
18051:
18047:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18002:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17990:
17986:
17979:
17975:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17942:
17940:
17938:
17934:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17915:
17913:
17909:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17884:
17882:
17878:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17843:
17841:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17828:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17809:
17807:
17803:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17791:Protasekretis
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17753:
17751:
17747:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17711:
17705:
17702:
17698:
17695:
17694:
17693:
17690:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17672:
17671:
17668:
17667:
17664:
17661:
17657:
17653:
17646:
17642:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17617:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17580:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17525:
17523:
17515:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17493:
17489:
17485:
17481:
17477:
17473:
17469:
17465:
17462:
17461:
17460:
17457:
17453:
17450:
17449:
17448:
17445:
17444:
17442:
17436:
17431:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17419:Komnenian era
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17391:
17389:
17383:
17378:
17372:
17369:
17364:
17360:
17359:
17358:
17357:Heraclian era
17355:
17353:
17352:Justinian era
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17327:
17326:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17314:
17309:
17301:
17300:
17296:
17295:
17294:
17291:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17280:
17276:
17272:
17267:
17263:
17258:
17251:
17246:
17244:
17239:
17237:
17232:
17231:
17228:
17216:
17215:
17211:
17209:
17208:
17204:
17202:
17201:
17190:
17189:
17186:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16949:Holy Apostles
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16936:
16933:
16929:
16921:
16916:
16914:
16909:
16907:
16902:
16901:
16898:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16837:
16834:
16830:
16822:
16817:
16815:
16810:
16808:
16803:
16802:
16799:
16787:
16786:
16777:
16775:
16774:
16763:
16762:
16759:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16735:Emniyet—Fatih
16733:
16731:
16728:
16727:
16725:
16721:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16696:
16694:
16690:
16684:
16681:
16680:
16678:
16674:
16668:
16665:
16661:
16658:
16657:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16625:Laleli Mosque
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16585:Beyazıt Tower
16583:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16575:
16571:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16457:
16455:
16452:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16331:
16329:
16325:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16292:
16289:
16287:Sümbül Efendi
16286:
16283:
16280:
16277:
16274:
16271:
16268:
16265:
16262:
16259:
16256:
16254:Muhsine Hatun
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16237:
16234:
16231:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16197:
16194:
16191:
16189:Hırka-İ Şerif
16188:
16186:Haseki Sultan
16185:
16182:
16179:
16176:
16173:
16170:
16167:
16164:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16150:
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16139:
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16133:
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16128:
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16099:
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16077:
16070:
16064:
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16046:
16039:
16034:
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16027:
16023:
16014:
16009:
15996:
15992:
15988:
15983:
15979:
15973:
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15959:
15955:
15954:
15947:
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15928:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15911:
15907:
15903:
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15890:
15886:
15882:
15877:
15873:
15869:
15865:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15849:
15848:
15847:
15840:
15836:
15832:
15829:
15825:
15822:
15821:History Today
15818:
15814:
15811:
15807:
15803:
15799:
15794:
15791:
15787:
15783:
15780:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15767:
15763:
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15755:
15750:
15746:
15740:
15736:
15731:
15730:
15729:
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15720:
15714:
15710:
15705:
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15668:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15653:
15649:
15646:
15641:
15638:
15634:
15628:
15624:
15619:
15615:
15613:3-7696-0087-8
15609:
15605:
15600:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15585:
15580:
15576:
15570:
15566:
15561:
15557:
15551:
15547:
15542:
15538:
15532:
15524:
15519:
15515:
15509:
15505:
15500:
15496:
15490:
15486:
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15477:
15471:
15467:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15449:
15445:
15440:
15436:
15430:
15426:
15421:
15417:
15413:
15409:
15404:
15400:
15396:
15392:
15391:Haghia Sophia
15387:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15360:
15356:
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15190:
15187:
15186:0-521-39832-0
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15038:
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15028:
15023:
15019:
15013:
15006:
15004:3-421-03062-6
15000:
14997:, Stuttgart,
14996:
14991:
14988:
14984:
14981:
14977:
14974:
14970:
14964:
14959:Οι Βυζαντινοί
14955:
14951:
14945:
14941:
14936:
14932:
14926:
14922:
14917:
14916:
14902:
14898:
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14882:
14878:
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14870:
14863:
14854:
14848:
14844:
14841:
14837:
14831:
14816:(in Romanian)
14815:
14811:
14805:
14797:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14772:
14765:
14757:
14753:
14749:
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14730:
14722:
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14576:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14545:
14529:
14525:
14521:
14520:"Empress Zoe"
14514:
14498:
14494:
14490:
14483:
14476:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14449:
14445:
14441:
14440:"Apse Mosaic"
14434:
14426:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14393:
14391:
14382:
14378:
14371:
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14360:
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14230:
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14214:
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14173:
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14146:
14142:
14138:
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14122:
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14023:
14021:
14019:
14017:
14015:
14013:
14011:
14009:
14007:
14005:
14003:
14001:
13999:
13982:
13978:
13974:
13967:
13960:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13941:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13910:
13894:
13890:
13884:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13864:
13860:
13856:
13852:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13833:
13825:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13797:
13793:
13789:
13782:
13774:
13770:
13766:
13760:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13738:
13729:
13727:
13710:
13706:
13705:
13700:
13694:
13686:
13679:
13671:
13665:
13657:
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13649:
13643:
13639:
13632:
13616:
13612:
13606:
13590:
13584:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13554:
13538:
13534:
13528:
13512:
13508:
13502:
13486:
13482:
13476:
13467:
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13458:
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13397:
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13371:
13364:
13348:
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13340:
13334:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13312:
13308:
13301:
13299:
13297:
13288:
13282:
13278:
13271:
13263:
13257:
13253:
13252:
13244:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13212:
13208:
13201:
13186:
13182:
13176:
13169:
13163:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13135:
13128:
13120:
13114:
13106:
13102:
13098:
13097:
13089:
13073:
13069:
13063:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13037:9789004369009
13033:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13020:
13012:
13010:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12970:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12950:
12946:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12927:
12919:
12913:
12909:
12908:
12900:
12898:
12889:
12885:
12878:
12870:
12864:
12861:. Routledge.
12860:
12859:
12851:
12845:
12841:
12834:
12832:
12812:
12805:
12799:
12790:
12785:
12782:: 2259–2264.
12781:
12777:
12773:
12766:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12711:
12700:
12693:
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12676:
12672:
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12579:
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12520:
12504:
12500:
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12296:
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12032:
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12020:
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12016:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11974:
11970:
11963:
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11912:
11897:
11893:
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11845:
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11776:
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11723:
11715:
11711:
11705:
11697:
11696:
11691:
11685:
11677:
11673:
11667:
11652:
11651:www.aa.com.tr
11648:
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11224:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11209:
11208:www.aa.com.tr
11205:
11199:
11184:
11180:
11174:
11158:
11154:
11153:The Telegraph
11149:
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11123:
11117:
11115:
11099:
11095:
11089:
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11070:
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11053:
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11016:
11010:
10995:
10991:
10985:
10969:
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10961:
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10947:
10943:
10937:
10929:
10925:
10919:
10911:
10907:
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10878:
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10867:
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10854:
10848:
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10836:
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10800:
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10709:
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10665:
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10517:
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10508:
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10472:
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10364:
10356:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10333:
10316:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10304:
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10284:
10280:
10274:
10265:
10263:
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10244:
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10239:
10231:
10223:
10216:
10207:
10198:
10189:
10180:
10172:
10168:
10167:
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10156:
10148:
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10116:
10112:
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10101:
10099:
10097:
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10082:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10063:
10055:
10049:
10045:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10024:
10018:, pp. 133–34.
10017:
10011:
9996:
9992:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
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9750:
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9707:
9700:
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9220:
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9118:
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9106:
9098:
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9076:
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9033:
9031:
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8994:
8987:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8921:(1/2): 5–24.
8920:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8891:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8862:
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8343:
8335:
8328:. stoneworld.
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7803:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7781:
7773:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7754:
7740:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7709:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7646:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7501:
7495:
7491:
7490:
7482:
7480:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7448:
7440:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7417:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7385:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7298:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7229:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7126:
7118:
7112:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7015:
7007:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6961:
6952:
6950:
6942:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:Turkey portal
6515:
6512:
6501:
6498:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6478:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6046:Neo-Byzantine
6043:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5956:
5953:
5943:
5940:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5911:Other burials
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:Throne of God
5884:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:The northern
5863:
5861:
5860:pictorial art
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5820:Deësis mosaic
5817:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5686:Mother of God
5681:
5675:
5669:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5633:
5630:, during the
5622:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5592:
5587:
5576:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5533:
5522:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5459:Mother of God
5454:
5448:
5442:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:Swiss-Italian
5097:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4994:Imperial Gate
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4965:The Nice Door
4962:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4689:Hosios Loukas
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4572:Upper gallery
4565:
4561:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4355:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:western world
4316:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4287:İbrahim Kalın
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:, capital of
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:Greek Cypriot
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:Josep Borrell
4086:
4075:
4074:Abdulmejid II
4071:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:denominations
4041:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:) regularly.
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:in their 1996
3639:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3235:Neo-Byzantine
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:Swiss-Italian
3162:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3061:Safiye Sultan
3058:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:caravanserais
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:Friday prayer
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2766:According to
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2614:According to
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Second Temple
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:Maria Comnena
2295:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2255:Danishmendids
2252:
2251:Roman triumph
2248:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2107:), his widow
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:, altar, and
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1734:᾽Ιουστινιανός
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:De aedificiis
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:De aedificiis
1669:
1667:
1664:known as the
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1617:De aedificiis
1613:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:marble veneer
1561:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:According to
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:De aedificiis
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Column of Leo
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Monophysitism
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1111:
1110:Theodosius II
1103:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1071:Aelia Eudoxia
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1007:According to
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
914:
903:
899:
895:
891:
880:
876:
872:
871:
865:
853:
844:
839:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
809:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
679:and the 1204
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:of Patriarch
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:episcopal see
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
570:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
548:
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486:
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455:
446:
445:Ancient Greek
442:
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211: 360 AD
205:
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196:
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187:
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167:
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126:
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37:
33:
19:
22303:Hagia Sophia
22273:
22250:
22153:
22146:
22139:
22132:
22125:
22119:Publications
22103:
22089:
22077:
22063:
22051:
22037:
22014:
22010:Jay Hambidge
22003:Ad Quadratum
22002:
21990:
21965:
21953:
21941:
21927:
21913:
21909:Luca Pacioli
21899:
21885:
21878:
21848:
21836:
21760:Hinke Osinga
21755:István Orosz
21725:
21716:Anthony Hill
21671:Scott Draves
21666:Erik Demaine
21650:Contemporary
21631:
21624:
21610:
21596:
21589:
21582:
21575:
21568:
21564:M. C. Escher
21544:
21537:
21523:
21516:
21489:
21485:Parmigianino
21470:
21401:Hagia Sophia
21400:
21375:
21368:
21361:
21354:
21347:
21340:
21224:Computer art
21202:Architecture
21162:Tessellation
21145:Architecture
21095:Golden ratio
21021:
21014:
21007:
21000:
20986:
20777:Other places
20763:Nakip Mosque
20753:Fatih Mosque
20725:Müftü Mosque
20614:Green Mosque
20571:Hisar Mosque
20478:Şişli Mosque
20388:Nallı Masjid
20263:Hagia Sophia
20262:
20233:Fatih Mosque
20173:Bebek Mosque
20077:Great Mosque
20034:Green Mosque
20029:Grand Mosque
19740:Hagia Sophia
19739:
19723:Chora Church
19651:Naval Museum
19538:Elgiz Museum
19462:Rumelihisarı
19368:
19361:
19347:
19260:Hagia Sophia
19259:
19204:
18873:
18641:Hagia Sophia
18623:Thessalonica
18598:Hagia Sophia
18597:
18578:Chora Church
18516:Architecture
18393:Great Schism
18383:Paulicianism
18361:Miaphysitism
18216:Karabisianoi
17520:or territory
17480:Thessalonica
17464:Latin Empire
17459:Frankokratia
17434:
17394:Isaurian era
17381:
17312:
17297:
17293:Roman Empire
17283:
17212:
17205:
17191:
17139:Hagia Sophia
17138:
17124:St. Theodore
17104:Nea Ekklesia
16875:Grand Bazaar
16870:Galata Tower
16845:Chora Church
16840:Hagia Sophia
16839:
16783:
16764:
16640:Spice Bazaar
16615:Hagia Sophia
16614:
16595:Chora Church
16494:Nuruosmaniye
16284:Sultan Ahmet
16272:Şehsuvar Bey
16251:Molla Hüsrev
16206:Kalenderhane
16202:İskenderpaşa
16043:(in Turkish)
16026:virtual tour
15986:
15951:
15931:
15914:
15897:
15880:
15863:
15852:Hagia Sophia
15851:
15845:
15844:
15838:
15823:(Sept 2020).
15820:
15801:
15789:
15769:
15757:
15734:
15726:
15725:
15709:Hagia Sophia
15708:
15675:
15671:
15659:, New York,
15643:
15622:
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15595:
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15425:Hagia Sophia
15424:
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15358:
15332:
15315:
15298:
15280:Hagia Sophia
15279:
15260:Hagia Sophia
15259:
15250:
15226:
15206:
15198:Academia.edu
15196:– via
15152:
15133:
15114:
15092:
15080:
15057:
15048:
15026:
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14980:Hagia Sophia
14976:Hagia Sophia
14975:
14939:
14920:
14876:
14872:
14862:
14853:
14835:
14830:
14818:. Retrieved
14813:
14804:
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14764:
14739:
14735:
14729:
14720:
14716:
14710:
14701:
14697:
14687:
14678:the original
14673:
14664:
14652:. Retrieved
14648:the original
14643:
14633:
14621:. Retrieved
14617:the original
14612:
14602:
14582:
14575:
14563:. Retrieved
14559:the original
14554:
14544:
14532:. Retrieved
14528:the original
14523:
14513:
14501:. Retrieved
14497:the original
14492:
14482:
14472:
14469:Lord Kinross
14464:
14452:. Retrieved
14448:the original
14443:
14433:
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14402:
14380:
14376:
14334:
14330:
14295:
14288:
14255:
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14202:
14178:(30): 9–13.
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14081:
14077:
14067:
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14038:
13985:. Retrieved
13981:the original
13976:
13966:
13940:
13928:. Retrieved
13924:the original
13919:
13909:
13897:. Retrieved
13893:the original
13883:
13842:
13838:
13832:
13795:
13791:
13781:
13773:the original
13768:
13759:
13751:the original
13746:
13737:
13713:. Retrieved
13709:the original
13702:
13693:
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13678:
13637:
13631:
13619:. Retrieved
13614:
13605:
13593:. Retrieved
13583:
13571:. Retrieved
13567:the original
13562:
13553:
13541:. Retrieved
13527:
13515:. Retrieved
13511:the original
13501:
13489:. Retrieved
13485:the original
13475:
13466:
13456:
13450:
13438:. Retrieved
13435:Live Science
13434:
13425:
13416:
13404:. Retrieved
13400:the original
13390:
13378:. Retrieved
13374:the original
13363:
13351:. Retrieved
13347:the original
13342:
13333:
13306:
13277:Hagia Sophia
13276:
13270:
13250:
13243:
13210:
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13200:
13188:. Retrieved
13184:
13175:
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13162:
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13133:
13127:
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13088:
13076:. Retrieved
13071:
13062:
13018:
12983:
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12969:
12936:
12932:
12926:
12906:
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12877:
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12850:
12818:. Retrieved
12798:
12779:
12775:
12765:
12727:(1): 21–33.
12724:
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12533:the original
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12519:
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12503:the original
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12488:
12476:. Retrieved
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12443:the original
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12428:
12416:. Retrieved
12412:
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12350:. Retrieved
12346:
12336:
12324:. Retrieved
12320:
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12298:. Retrieved
12294:
12284:
12272:. Retrieved
12268:
12241:. Retrieved
12237:
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12219:
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12197:. Retrieved
12193:
12183:
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12167:
12142:. Retrieved
12138:
12128:
12116:. Retrieved
12112:
12102:
12090:. Retrieved
12086:
12061:. Retrieved
12056:
12047:
12035:. Retrieved
12030:
12002:. Retrieved
11998:
11988:
11976:. Retrieved
11972:
11962:
11950:. Retrieved
11946:
11937:
11925:. Retrieved
11920:
11911:
11899:. Retrieved
11886:
11874:. Retrieved
11869:
11860:
11848:. Retrieved
11843:
11819:. Retrieved
11814:
11805:
11793:. Retrieved
11789:the original
11784:
11775:
11763:. Retrieved
11758:
11731:
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11713:
11704:
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11666:
11654:. Retrieved
11650:
11641:
11629:. Retrieved
11620:
11608:
11596:. Retrieved
11591:
11582:
11570:. Retrieved
11565:
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11544:. Retrieved
11537:
11528:
11516:. Retrieved
11512:the original
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11442:. Retrieved
11437:
11407:. Retrieved
11402:
11372:. Retrieved
11367:
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11346:. Retrieved
11344:(in Turkish)
11341:
11332:
11320:. Retrieved
11315:
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11289:
11280:
11268:. Retrieved
11264:
11239:. Retrieved
11234:
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11186:. Retrieved
11182:
11173:
11161:. Retrieved
11152:
11141:
11129:. Retrieved
11125:
11101:. Retrieved
11097:
11088:
11076:. Retrieved
11072:
11063:
11048:Resmî Gazete
11047:
11034:
11022:. Retrieved
11018:
11009:
10997:. Retrieved
10993:
10984:
10972:. Retrieved
10968:the original
10964:Daily Hellas
10963:
10954:
10945:
10936:
10927:
10918:
10910:the original
10905:
10896:
10884:. Retrieved
10880:
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10838:
10829:
10811:
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10793:
10784:
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10754:
10736:
10724:. Retrieved
10717:
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10696:. Retrieved
10689:
10680:
10668:. Retrieved
10659:
10648:
10594:. Retrieved
10590:the original
10580:
10569:
10560:
10548:. Retrieved
10538:
10510:
10507:Opus Sectile
10506:
10502:
10496:
10484:. Retrieved
10482:(in Turkish)
10479:
10471:
10459:. Retrieved
10455:
10446:
10434:. Retrieved
10430:
10420:
10408:. Retrieved
10404:the original
10399:
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10377:. Retrieved
10372:
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10344:
10319:. Retrieved
10286:. Retrieved
10282:
10273:
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10230:
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10215:
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10155:
10114:
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10069:
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9998:. Retrieved
9994:
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9890:
9860:
9840:
9818:
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9709:
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9634:
9607:, retrieved
9585:
9582:"Conclusion"
9575:
9555:
9548:
9515:
9511:
9501:
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9165:
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9105:
9078:
9072:
9059:
9039:
9018:, retrieved
8996:
8986:
8975:, retrieved
8953:
8943:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8893:, retrieved
8871:
8823:
8819:
8789:
8781:
8765:(30): 9–19.
8762:
8752:
8741:, retrieved
8729:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8658:, retrieved
8628:
8618:
8607:, retrieved
8577:
8549:, retrieved
8519:
8509:
8498:, retrieved
8468:
8458:
8447:, retrieved
8417:
8376:
8369:
8341:
8334:
8320:
8294:. Retrieved
8284:
8275:
8269:
8260:
8219:
8215:
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8053:
8035:
8030:
8022:
8021:John Lydus,
7981:
7977:
7945:
7933:
7913:
7906:
7873:
7869:
7859:
7847:. Retrieved
7841:
7809:
7791:
7780:
7760:
7753:
7742:, retrieved
7720:
7696:, retrieved
7674:
7648:, retrieved
7626:
7583:
7576:
7556:
7488:
7454:
7447:
7423:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7392:
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7338:. Retrieved
7334:
7324:
7304:
7297:
7277:
7270:
7261:
7257:
7237:
7207:
7155:. Retrieved
7148:the original
7134:
7125:
7111:
7063:the original
7058:
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:
7023:
7014:
6994:
6987:
6967:
6960:
6936:
6929:Cameron 2009
6924:
6896:. Retrieved
6892:
6882:
6863:
6844:
6830:
6824:
6794:(1): 37–41.
6791:
6787:
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6682:
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6511:Islam portal
6448:World War II
6441:
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6357:
6337:
6336:Gate of the
6224:
6116:
6089:
6062:
6044:
6032:Fatih Mosque
6013:
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5996:
5890:
5869:
5856:Judgment Day
5852:intercession
5847:
5823:
5805:
5789:
5763:
5757:
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5749:nomina sacra
5748:
5741:
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5575:Philotheus I
5557:
5553:
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5493:
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5482:
5479:Christ Child
5477:holding the
5468:
5465:Apse mosaics
5425:nomina sacra
5416:Christ Child
5409:
5349:
5336:
5332:
5323:iconographic
5320:
5309:
5140:
5135:
5111:
5107:Abdulmejid I
5093:
5062:
5051:
5027:
5014:
5005:
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4968:
4956:
4928:
4915:verd antique
4900:
4798:
4789:opus sectile
4787:
4783:
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4752:
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4685:Thessaloniki
4669:
4660:
4640:
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4629:
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4590:
4575:
4558:
4535:
4529:
4525:Roman Greece
4517:verd antique
4502:
4493:
4491:
4467:
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4382:
4362:
4349:Architecture
4345:political".
4343:
4331:
4312:
4283:
4275:Shawki Allam
4259:South Africa
4185:
4173:Turkish flag
4090:
4083:), the last
4056:Pope Francis
4037:
4025:
4009:
3997:
3985:Pope Francis
3948:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3893:of Turkey's
3859:
3834:
3804:Since 2018,
3803:
3789:
3757:
3750:
3742:Hünkar Kasrı
3741:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3703:Pope Francis
3699:Bülent Arınç
3696:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3659:conservators
3650:ground water
3627:
3613:
3569:
3538:
3482:
3303:
3284:
3258:Muvakkithane
3254:
3180:
3161:Abdulmejid I
3158:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3091:
3075:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3030:Hellenistic
3010:
2985:
2979:
2962:
2941:
2915:
2911:Grand Bazaar
2900:
2870:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2830:
2816:
2797:
2784:
2773:
2765:
2733:Theodosius I
2718:
2700:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2615:
2613:
2592:
2570:
2557:
2492:
2453:
2413:
2404:hexapterygon
2403:
2378:Great Palace
2369:
2332:
2323:
2302:
2296:
2272:
2262:
2240:
2213:
2200:6460 in the
2195:
2185:
2155:
2141:
2136:
2127:
2113:Sviatoslav I
2109:Olga of Kiev
2087:
2079:
2061:
2060:In his book
2059:
2052:
2022:
2005:
1979:
1961:
1949:Cura Annonae
1947:
1941:
1928:
1920:
1868:Nicephorus I
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1841:composed an
1818:bearing load
1806:John Malalas
1801:
1791:
1745:Ioustinianós
1707:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1651:
1646:
1634:Great Palace
1593:On Buildings
1592:
1590:
1588:architects.
1562:
1542:
1536:Neoplatonist
1521:
1513:Roman pounds
1494:
1479:
1393:Soffits and
1380:impost block
1340:
1332:
1316:
1307:
1299:
1286:with carved
1274:
1272:
1253:
1230:
1218:
1206:Nestorianism
1193:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1146:
1144:
1120:
1107:
1085:
1064:
1060:
1043:
1024:
1018:
1006:
970:Roman circus
963:
948:
898:Great Palace
868:
848:
799:
792:
685:
675:who led the
665:Latin Empire
626:
568:
537:
492:
460:Hagía Sophía
433:Hagia Sophia
432:
431:
363:Jesus Christ
345:
223:Sunni Muslim
48:Hagia Sophia
44:
22059:G. H. Hardy
21862:Renaissance
21832:Polykleitos
21770:Tony Robbin
21681:John Ernest
21676:Jan Dibbets
21626:Crucifixion
21449:Renaissance
21303:Mathematics
21276:Celtic knot
21239:Fractal art
21141:Proportion
21115:Perspective
20591:Yalı Mosque
20148:Arap Mosque
19731: [
19697:Tiled Kiosk
19508:Pera Museum
19124:Megali Idea
19099:Byzantinism
18802:Agriculture
18593:Hagia Irene
18426:Kievan Rus'
18403:Mount Athos
18226:Cibyrrhaeot
18170:Vestiaritai
18025:Mercenaries
17902:Catepanates
17761:Sakellarios
17680:Family tree
17605:Mesopotamia
17424:Angelid era
17404:Amorian era
16999:Hagia Irene
16984:St. Dominic
16939:St. Acacius
16660:Hagia Irene
16534:Şehzadebaşı
16394:Çukurbostan
16389:Çemberlitaş
16379:Çatladıkapı
16354:Belgradkapı
16306:Yavuz Sinan
16281:Süleymaniye
16278:Silivrikapı
16275:Seyyid Ömer
16263:Saraç İshak
16247:Mollagürani
16242:Mollafenari
16232:Mevlanakapı
16214:Katip Kasım
16165:Cankurtaran
16162:Binbirdirek
16134:Akşemsettin
15917:. Praeger.
15771:Smithsonian
15678:(1): 1–24.
15586:. Elsevier.
15525:. Istanbul.
15393:. Praeger.
14820:5 September
14682:(archived).
14337:: 111–115.
14258:: 165–172.
14213:Art History
14084:: 113–151.
14045:: 369–386.
13815:2433/215879
13798:: 1353–58.
13563:Very Turkey
13491:19 November
13406:20 November
13380:26 February
12939:: 299–308.
11592:romereports
10726:24 December
10698:20 November
10670:24 December
10486:22 February
10461:22 February
10161:Tafur, Pero
9716:: 197–261.
8826:: 271–277.
8686:: 353–361.
7717:"Pulcheria"
7671:"Pulcheria"
7623:"Nestorios"
7119:. hurriyet.
6009:Hagia Irene
5962: 2004
5949: 1107
5936: 1600
5887:Dome mosaic
5840:Virgin Mary
5772:Empress Zoe
5674:Mētēr Theou
5655:Mount Sinai
5521:Michael III
5502:Cyril Mango
5447:Mētēr Theou
5421:Justinian I
5362:or his son
5339:gravimeters
5219:Empress Zoe
5200:Virgin Mary
5184:Virgin Mary
5178:(left) and
5120:ἑξαπτέρυγον
5112:hexapteryga
5063:During the
4953:Marble Door
4879:Marble Door
4743:Mimar Sinan
4643:bricklayers
4621:pendentives
4509:Proconnesus
4193:, which is
4187:Ersin Tatar
4054:on 12 July
3915:Orhan Pamuk
3911:Ali Babacan
3851:John Haldon
3709:, which is
3556: [
3545:Golden Horn
3543:enters the
3371:Louis Haghe
3330:, with the
3312:Louis Haghe
3277:lithographs
2999:Mimar Sinan
2883:geographer
2749:Reichsapfel
2662:Forum Bovis
2636:Seven Hills
2626:Holy Spirit
2577:Gregory III
2454:During the
2408:annotations
2352:during the
2338:John Doukas
2186:isapóstolos
2171:ἰσαπόστολος
2143:archontissa
2082:Kievan Rus'
1990:manuscripts
1897:during the
1891:Roman Egypt
1827:pendentives
1715:coronations
1688:, I.1.22–23
1684:Procopius,
1638:Chalke Gate
1482:Justinian I
1362:Greek cross
1343:, I.1.21–22
1339:Procopius,
1319:Nika Revolt
1264:Golden Horn
1249:12 apostles
1046:is said by
951:Hagia Irene
949:The nearby
875:consecrated
728:iconography
716:iconostasis
653:Pope Leo IX
637:Holy Wisdom
543:Justinian I
503:and former
485:Holy Wisdom
415:Inscription
347:Holy Wisdom
249:Roman brick
234:(1935–2020)
149: /
22287:Categories
22033:Owen Jones
21880:De pictura
21785:Oliver Sin
21735:Andy Lomas
21584:Relativity
21315:String art
21229:Fiber arts
21110:Paraboloid
20909:Oil Mosque
20677:Taşmedrese
20393:New Mosque
20253:Gül Mosque
20115:Old Mosque
20064:Diyarbakır
19325:Toklu Dede
19119:Third Rome
19045:University
19028:Philosophy
19018:Inventions
18881:Historians
18849:Literature
18832:Varangians
18674:San Vitale
18603:Hippodrome
18583:City Walls
18483:Mutilation
18478:Hexabiblos
18398:Bogomilism
18388:Iconoclasm
18258:Megas doux
18248:Greek fire
18231:Aegean Sea
18104:Kleisourai
18081:Excubitors
18071:Bucellarii
17923:Despotates
17892:Kleisourai
17831:Provincial
17675:Coronation
17649:Governance
17414:Doukid era
17347:Leonid era
17094:St. Mocius
16746:Vezneciler
16605:Eski Saray
16554:Vezneciler
16514:Sarayburnu
16499:Pazartekke
16484:Mahmutpaşa
16474:Küçüklanga
16464:Küçükpazar
16424:Fındıkzade
16404:Edirnekapı
16359:Büyüklanga
16339:Altımermer
16260:Rüstempaşa
16210:Karagümrük
16183:Hacı Kadın
16180:Emin Sinan
16177:Derviş Ali
16168:Cerrahpaşa
16151:Balabanağa
16147:Ayvansaray
15995:B0007CBGYA
15923:B0000CO5IL
15906:B0007G5RBY
15889:B0007CAVA0
15872:B0007GZTKS
15416:B000K5QN9W
15399:B0008C47EA
15382:B000889GIG
15324:B0008C47EA
15307:B0006E2O2M
14723:: 293–309.
14654:27 January
14623:27 January
14565:27 January
14551:"Comnenus"
14534:27 January
14503:27 January
14454:27 January
14383:: 107–110.
13987:27 January
13930:27 January
13899:4 December
13640:. London.
13190:4 December
13140:: 458–66.
13105:1233690226
13046:1037899166
12031:Al Jazeera
11518:1 November
10596:4 December
10550:4 December
10341:"Istanbul"
10014:Runciman.
9609:20 October
9020:17 October
8977:17 October
8950:"Olga, St"
8895:17 October
8660:20 October
8609:20 October
8551:20 October
8500:20 October
8449:20 October
8296:4 December
7603:1206400173
6701:"Ayasofya"
6574:References
6281:Detail of
6110:, and the
6034:, and the
6007:, and the
5780:Michael IV
5762:, meaning
5663:Μήτηρ Θεοῦ
5647:menologion
5637:Hodegetria
5617:Hodegetria
5559:Hodegetria
5372:John 20:19
5114:(singular
5001:Noah's Ark
4931:lustration
4755:archangels
4735:Beyazıd II
4697:San Vitale
4672:buttresses
4666:Buttresses
4645:used more
4545:Tursun Beg
4440:semi-domed
4380:in Spain.
4335:Karekin II
4292:Ömer Çelik
4267:Mauritania
4263:Nouakchott
4177:Greek flag
4050:prayer at
3961:prayer rug
3917:, Turkish
3871:Notre-Dame
3867:Sacré-Cœur
3183:medallions
3074:) and his
3065:Mehmed III
2978:Fountain (
2922:Bayezid II
2881:Florentine
2877:Pero Tafur
2823:by Sultan
2757:kızıl elma
2707:Augustaion
2657:Ishmaelite
2597:Hodegetria
2568:papal bull
2521:buttresses
2441:synthronon
2325:megas doux
2281:Top Kapısı
2209: 952
2197:anno mundi
2037:Theophilus
1954:Shahrbaraz
1934:Blachernae
1887:Alexandria
1822:shear load
1630:Augustaeum
1464:(1507) in
1294:. A large
1260:Strategion
1021:baptistery
1014:propylaeum
909: 346
724:baptistery
598:Nika riots
590:pendentive
495:(Turkish:
449:Ἁγία Σοφία
418:1985 (9th
286: 346
137:28°58′48″E
134:41°00′30″N
74:Ἁγία Σοφία
21844:Vitruvius
21818:Theorists
21598:Waterfall
21503:19th–20th
21431:Taj Mahal
21411:Parthenon
21388:Buildings
21342:Continuum
21310:Sculpture
21286:Interlace
21080:Algorithm
19285:Kasım Ağa
18947:Octoechos
18827:Silk Road
18319:Hesychasm
18187:Paramonai
18134:Hetaireia
18066:Foederati
17955:Diplomacy
17950:Diplomats
17856:Provinces
17685:Empresses
17488:Trebizond
17284:Preceding
16692:Education
16676:Transport
16573:Landmarks
16564:Yusufpaşa
16509:Saraçhane
16489:Narlıkapı
16429:Gedikpaşa
16374:Çarşıkapı
16364:Cağaloğlu
16349:Bahçekapı
16297:Tayahatun
16293:Tahtakale
16269:Şehremini
16266:Sarıdemir
16229:Mesihpaşa
16217:Kemalpaşa
16140:Ali Kuşçu
15972:cite book
15802:Pbase.com
15727:Articles
15692:0004-3079
15531:cite book
14901:159508818
14893:1534-0708
14814:sibiul.ro
14425:2241-2190
14351:0070-7546
14272:0070-7546
14233:0141-6790
14194:0350-1361
14153:191481936
14145:0007-7704
14098:0070-7546
14051:0070-7546
13875:129375039
13867:0949-7714
13824:1876-6102
13664:cite book
13656:879616183
13227:0079-0958
13213:: 20–27.
13207:Perspecta
13170:, p. 331.
13154:0950-0618
13113:cite book
13054:201516637
12992:0378-2506
12980:Byzantion
12953:0070-7546
12757:193354724
12741:0016-920X
12675:0267-7261
12653:: 61–65.
11973:Bloomberg
10530:801099151
10147:194078403
10131:0004-3079
9963:0070-7546
9730:0070-7546
9679:: 25–36.
9540:191369605
9532:0007-7704
9495:: 270–83.
9404:Routledge
9373:Routledge
8927:0363-5570
8840:0070-7546
8700:0070-7546
8655:200995315
8604:199944450
8546:199934427
8495:201011125
8444:200105105
8396:318874086
8252:159951797
8236:0038-7134
8006:162336421
7998:1942-1273
7898:162336421
7890:1942-1273
7744:1 October
7698:1 October
7650:1 October
6816:163442071
6808:0017-8160
6742:607531385
6654:193099976
6638:0002-9114
6599:Citations
6085:tympanums
6077:São Paulo
6040:courtyard
6001:Byzantine
5929:Mustafa I
5925:1546–1595
5923:Murad III
5814:Hungarian
5711:Alexander
5668:romanized
5644:hexaptych
5632:iconodule
5606:Theotokos
5564:Isidore I
5554:Theotokos
5510:Photius I
5471:semi-dome
5441:romanized
5392:medallion
5388:John 8:12
5054:Justin II
4943:Murad III
4907:matroneum
4865:Murad III
4775:ekphrasis
4766:spandrels
4670:Numerous
4652:scalloped
4578:matroneum
4513:Propontis
4486:Omphalion
4390:potsherds
4308:TRT Haber
4257:group in
4241:movement
3949:omphalion
3941:Ali Erbaş
3865:churches
3818:conqueror
3629:omphalion
3483:matroneum
3109:talismans
3094:Ahmed III
3080:Mustafa I
3051:Davud Ağa
3028:alabaster
3017:Murad III
2875:nobleman
2787:Mehmed II
2737:Heraclius
2540:Pyramídas
2534:romanized
2529:Πυραμίδας
2382:acclaimed
2370:Thōmaitēs
2179:translit.
2048:monograms
2017:revetment
2006:Theotokos
1994:Sergius I
1976:presbyter
1929:Theotokos
1914:translit.
1876:Heraclius
1857:ekphrasis
1844:ekphrasis
1802:Chronicle
1798:semi-dome
1739:romanized
1730:monograms
1615:, Latin:
1606:romanized
1454:Byzantine
1327:Procopius
1304:repointed
1237:matroneum
1194:theotokos
1189:Theotokos
1184:Eucharist
1161:Nestorius
1150:Pulcheria
1048:Palladius
1040:Byzantium
1035:martyrium
998:Bethlehem
990:Jerusalem
888:) by the
633:dedicated
600:. As the
586:the first
558:geometers
547:cathedral
454:romanized
405:Reference
333:2002–2006
330:1847–1849
22252:Category
21979:Romantic
21657:Max Bill
21591:Reptiles
21406:Pantheon
21363:Octacube
21329:Artworks
21271:Knotting
21259:Muqarnas
21157:Symmetry
21085:Catenary
21073:Concepts
21002:Category
20135:Istanbul
19417:Istanbul
19305:Manastır
19235:Ese Kapi
19209:Istanbul
19040:Scholars
19033:Rhetoric
19023:Medicine
18998:Learning
18897:Calendar
18774:Painters
18473:Basilika
18411:Bulgaria
18373:Arianism
18324:Hayhurum
18301:Religion
18263:Admirals
18182:Allagion
18114:Droungos
18020:Generals
17982:Military
17945:Treaties
17851:Dioceses
17670:Emperors
17583:Sardinia
17563:Dalmatia
17543:Bulgaria
17533:Anatolia
17492:Theodoro
17486: /
17482: /
17474: /
17109:St. Paul
16829:Istanbul
16785:Category
16751:Yenikapı
16559:Yenikapı
16544:Unkapanı
16539:Taşkasap
16529:Sulukule
16409:Eğrikapı
16384:Çarşamba
16334:Ahırkapı
16327:Quarters
16313:Yedikule
16198:Hocapaşa
16174:Demirtaş
16116:Istanbul
15846:Mosaics
15831:Archived
15813:Archived
15782:Archived
15648:Archived
15464:(1984).
15408:Newsweek
15174:Archived
15113:(1977).
15091:(1982).
15079:(1953).
15047:(1953).
15012:citation
14983:Archived
14843:Archived
14609:"Deesis"
14474:Newsweek
14059:24643764
13685:Istanbul
13621:21 April
13573:26 March
13543:21 April
13537:Archived
13370:"Mosque"
13353:18 April
13325:15378795
13000:44172340
12811:Archived
12699:Archived
12243:14 April
12057:EURACTIV
11921:BBC News
11896:LaPresse
11815:BBC News
11625:Archived
11438:BBC News
11403:BBC News
11235:BBC News
11157:Archived
11052:Archived
11024:2 August
10999:2 August
10974:10 April
10946:Euronews
10928:Hürriyet
10906:Hürriyet
10857:Hürriyet
10839:Hürriyet
10764:Hürriyet
10691:Hürriyet
10664:Archived
10503:Omphalos
10436:8 August
10222:Istanbul
10163:(1926).
10139:25067354
10000:14 April
9918:(1979).
9843:, p. 90.
9681:Archived
8935:41036130
8306:cite web
8216:Speculum
7429:ABC-CLIO
6455:See also
6092:transept
6079:and the
6069:Belgrade
6022:and the
6014:Several
5983:Belgrade
5917:Selim II
5905:frescoes
5901:cherubim
5897:seraphim
5872:tympanum
5828:mosaic (
5586:Epiphany
5488:tesserae
5412:Basil II
5352:tympanum
5235:Comnenus
5128:cherubim
5124:seraphim
5110:the two
5071:, whose
4939:Pergamon
4861:Pergamon
4817:Basil II
4739:Selim II
4725:minarets
4711:Minarets
4560:gallery.
4536:Narratio
4521:Thessaly
4398:concrete
4239:Islamist
3919:novelist
3863:Parisian
3634:Fossatis
3572:occupied
3308:Mahmud I
3263:muwaqqit
3207:Abu Bakr
3203:Rashidun
3199:Muhammad
3130:Şadirvan
3113:Mahmud I
3105:tesserae
3036:Pergamon
3007:crescent
2988:Selim II
2980:Şadırvan
2955:conquest
2879:and the
2873:Córdoban
2862:Muhammad
2778:—
2679:end time
2607:and the
2487:cenotaph
2364:wearing
2331:and the
2273:quadriga
2264:quadriga
2259:Kastamon
2216:Basil II
1814:ciborium
1784:augoústa
1777:αὐγούστα
1770:basileús
1763:βασιλεύς
1757:Theodṓra
1682:—
1578:porphyry
1569:cladding
1501:paganism
1456:emperor
1422:pilaster
1376:Porphyry
1337:—
1312:Vakıflar
1288:acanthus
1284:consoles
1256:vaulting
1075:Arcadius
1054:and the
1031:hypogeum
1009:Ken Dark
843:Istanbul
820:and the
782:and the
752:minarets
571:(Greek:
509:Istanbul
499:), is a
441:Ayasofya
396:Criteria
241:Material
206:church (
177:Designer
172:, Turkey
170:Istanbul
162:Location
116:minarets
59:Ayasofya
22211:Related
21825:Ancient
21559:Man Ray
21505:Century
21441:Artists
21298:Origami
21212:Pyramid
21090:Fractal
20745:Trabzon
20298:Imrahor
19450:Castles
19413:Museums
19149:Outline
19094:Museums
18994:Science
18971:Slavery
18927:Gardens
18907:Cuisine
18839:Dynatoi
18807:Coinage
18794:Economy
18762:Mosaics
18725:Mystras
18666:Ravenna
18528:Secular
18416:Moravia
18165:Pronoia
18139:Akritai
18124:Tagmata
18099:Themata
18040:Revolts
18010:Battles
17918:Kephale
17887:Themata
17817:Mesazon
17659:Central
17595:Maghreb
17548:Corsica
17538:Armenia
17528:Albania
17271:History
16730:Aksaray
16524:Sofular
16519:Sirkeci
16504:Samatya
16469:Kumkapı
16454:Kıztaşı
16449:Kadırga
16444:İmrahor
16414:Eminönü
16344:Ayakapı
16302:Topkapı
16257:Nişanca
16159:Beyazıt
16143:Atikali
16137:Alemdar
16130:Aksaray
15700:3047098
15642:, ed.,
14912:Sources
14756:3050788
14409:: 153.
14359:1291518
14280:1291625
14106:1291228
13847:Bibcode
13715:15 July
13704:YouTube
13595:15 July
13517:15 July
13440:12 June
13235:1566853
13078:18 July
12961:1291426
12820:15 July
12655:Bibcode
12509:17 July
12499:Reuters
12478:17 July
12473:Reuters
12449:17 July
12439:Reuters
12418:17 July
12378:17 July
12352:17 July
12326:17 July
12300:17 July
12274:17 July
12199:17 July
12173:17 July
12144:17 July
12118:17 July
12092:17 July
12087:Reuters
12063:17 July
12037:10 July
12004:17 July
11999:AP NEWS
11978:17 July
11952:17 July
11927:13 July
11901:26 July
11876:25 July
11850:17 July
11844:AP News
11821:13 July
11795:25 July
11765:11 July
11733:Reuters
11695:Reuters
11656:4 April
11631:17 July
11598:22 July
11539:Reuters
11488:25 July
11444:25 July
11409:24 July
11374:13 July
11348:12 July
11322:12 July
11296:10 July
11270:17 July
11241:11 July
11188:25 July
11131:25 July
11103:11 July
11078:11 July
10886:10 July
10456:Numista
10410:29 July
10373:HISTORY
10321:26 July
10288:19 July
9971:1291293
9839:Nicol.
9738:1291359
9280:Annals,
9246:Annals,
9202:Annals,
9171:Annals,
9097:3592516
8868:"Ol'ga"
8848:1291660
8743:19 June
8708:1291219
8244:2852633
7849:15 July
7340:19 July
7059:ArchNet
7039:15 July
6358:külliye
6338:külliye
6133:Gallery
6094:of the
6071:. The
5806:Piroska
5682:
5670::
5532:Basil I
5455:
5443::
5378:) and "
5368:John 20
5314:led by
5288:mosaic.
5040:Mosaics
4976:Cilicia
4911:empress
4813:Gospels
4805:tympana
4803:in the
4762:Michael
4758:Gabriel
4701:Ravenna
4693:Boeotia
4498:liturgy
4494:in situ
4443:exedrae
4419:alike.
4369:mosaics
4306:, told
4249:of the
4060:Italian
4048:Angelus
4000:tarawih
3945:Diyanet
3891:Speaker
3846:Diyanet
3837:Al-Fath
3760:Diyanet
3730:Diyanet
3588:drachma
3304:madrasa
3267:madrasa
3231:maqsura
3187:cornice
3136:külliye
3118:medrese
3040:Bergama
2969:narthex
2957:of the
2918:minaret
2857:shahada
2851:ʿulamāʾ
2845:khutbah
2753:Turkish
2713:in the
2705:in the
2603:by the
2536::
2483:gallery
2376:in the
2356:in the
2288:
2277:Turkish
2148:hegemon
2128:augusta
2055:Basil I
1893:by the
1835:Baalbek
1774:" and "
1751:Θεοδώρα
1741::
1662:cistern
1653:thermae
1608::
1586:Fossati
1576:purple
1573:gilding
1544:temenos
1437:Soffits
1395:cornice
1329:wrote:
1298:of the
1279:rotunda
1245:reliefs
1172:Augusta
1147:Augusta
992:or the
966:narthex
892:bishop
828:History
795:secular
635:to the
604:of the
478:
456::
437:Turkish
420:Session
385:Part of
369:Website
359:Trinity
357:of the
300: (
66:Turkish
22026:Modern
21662:Martin
21525:Newton
21320:Tiling
21264:Zellij
21234:4D art
20687:Mersin
20313:Kariye
20097:Edirne
19947:Ankara
19159:Portal
19074:Impact
18954:People
18902:Cities
18752:Enamel
18533:Sacred
18468:Ecloga
18334:Saints
18243:Dromon
18119:Bandon
18109:Tourma
18092:Middle
18015:Beacon
17897:Bandon
17880:Middle
17749:Middle
17704:Senate
17627:Thrace
17610:Serbia
17588:Sicily
17573:Greece
17558:Cyprus
17476:Epirus
17472:Nicaea
17382:Middle
17259:topics
16753:(part)
16742:(part)
16479:Laleli
16439:Horhor
16434:Haseki
16399:Draman
16318:Zeyrek
16290:Sururi
16226:Mercan
16192:Hobyar
16171:Cibali
15993:
15960:
15953:Trizio
15938:
15921:
15904:
15887:
15870:
15741:
15715:
15698:
15690:
15663:
15629:
15610:
15571:
15552:
15510:
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