48:
404:
517:
245:
557:
528:
The exact duration of
Sanakht's time on the throne is unknown. Unlike Djoser, few relics survive from his reign, which casts serious doubts on the traditional figure of 18 years of reign for this king, as given by both Manetho and the Turin Canon. It must be stressed that the Turin Canon and Manetho
415:
Proponents of the theory that
Sanakht was nonetheless the founder of the dynasty object that the presence of Djoser's seals in Khasekhemwy's tomb only shows that Djoser conducted cultural rituals in honor of this king, and does not necessarily imply that Djoser was Khasekhemwy's immediate successor.
635:
Francesco M. Galassi and
Egyptologist Michael E. Habicht from Zurich University's Institute of Evolutionary Medicine coordinated an international team of researchers to reassess this case. Their conclusion was that the alleged remains of Sanakht are clearly the oldest known case of gigantism in the
447:-sign, the end of the name "Nebka". Likewise, Dietrich Wildung favors equating Nebka with Sanakht, although he questions the validity of the seal as evidence given that it is too badly damaged to read the inscription within the cartouche as "Nebka" with any certainty.
529:
were more than one and two thousand years removed from the time of Egypt's Third
Dynasty, and would be expected to contain some inaccurate or unreliable data. The Turin Canon, for instance, was transcribed on papyri that dates to the reign of the New Kingdom king,
572:, as excavations there yielded relief fragments bearing his name. However, some Egyptologists now regard this mastaba as the burial of a high official, prince or queen rather than that of a pharaoh, while others continue to support the first hypothesis.
47:
601:, the proportions of his long bones were tropically adapted like those of most other ancient Egyptians; especially those from the predynastic period. His overall cranial features, however, were closer to those of dynastic period Egyptian skulls.
454:
are against equating Nebka with
Sanakht. They refer to the fact that the name "Nebka" is not attested on any monument nor in any document dating to before Djoser. Instead, Nabil Swelim identifies Nebka with the Horus name
356:. However, this remains disputed because no further royal title of that king has ever been found; either in contemporary source or later ones. There are two relief fragments depicting Sanakht originally from the
593:, this stature was considerably taller than the 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) average of prehistoric and later Egyptians. The specimen's skull was very large and capacious. Although his
970:
Francesco M. Galassi, Maciej
Henneberg, Wouter de Herder, Frank Rühli, Michael E. Habicht, "Oldest case of gigantism? Assessment of the alleged remains of Sa-Nakht, king of ancient Egypt."
544:
suggest an important
Egyptian presence there at the time of the Third Dynasty. Expeditions were launched to that location for the procurement of mineral resources, in particular
372:
Sanakht's identity and position in the Third
Dynasty is not entirely clear and remains the subject of debate. While Sanakht's existence is attested by seal fragments from
400:
who helped bury—and thus succeed—Khasekhemwy, rather than
Sanakht. This is determined from seals bearing Djoser's name found at the entrance to the latter's tomb.
342:. His chronological position is highly uncertain (though he is more likely to have reigned towards the end of the dynasty), and it is also unclear under which
424:
rather than his wife. Together with
Sanakht, they could be the parents of Djoser. Alternatively, some have considered Sanakht to be Djoser's elder brother.
4490:
439:
equate Sanakht with "Nebka", a name appearing in Ramesside king lists. In support of this theory is a clay seal fragment on which the lower part of a
703:
4569:
608:, who he describes as being particularly tall. The Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck proposed another hypothesis; namely, that Sanakht's tomb is an
604:
Consequently, the mastaba has been associated with an anecdote related by Manetho in which he tells of a late Second Dynasty king, called
4505:
4500:
489:. King Weneg, however, is widely held to have ruled during the Second Dynasty, and Helck's theory has been greeted with skepticism.
4480:
4475:
217:
4485:
220:
892:
Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Band 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien
760:
Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Band 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien
4465:
958:
188:
222:
148:
4495:
4470:
469:
form of the throne name of Sanakht. He dated Sanakht's reign to between the seventh and eighth king of the Third Dynasty.
4460:
2240:
2028:
485:, seeing the name "Sa" as a short form of "Sanakht". From this, Wolfgang Helck holds that Sanakht's Nisut-Biti name was
4449:
3210:
2926:
1794:
1054:
1028:
4564:
933:
836:
808:
722:
682:
536:
Very little is known of Sanakht's activities during his reign. The presence of reliefs depicting him in the Sinai at
427:
Presently, the dominant theory is that Sanakht's reign dates to the later Third Dynasty, after Djoser. Egyptologists
4515:
564:
The location of Sanakht's tomb is not known with certainty. It was long thought that Sanakht's tomb was the large
520:
Clay seal fragment bearing Sanakht's serekh, together with what could be a cartouche of Nebka, from mastaba K2 at
3702:
139:
4574:
3752:
3479:
3335:
743:
4048:
3838:
3770:
3635:
3502:
3412:
3225:
1343:
3620:
3557:
2840:
987:
3981:
3090:
3002:
2487:
2264:
2255:
3810:
3143:
2880:
2707:
2639:
1221:
4331:
2102:
913:
Jean Claude Goyon, Christine Cardin: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists
700:
Jean Claude Goyon, Christine Cardin: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists
650:
2176:
1947:
1809:
655:
4016:
3931:
3908:
2225:
2087:
2024:
1813:
1613:
1429:
472:
4520:
4510:
4058:
4037:
3956:
2870:
2730:
2340:
1974:
1934:
1728:
1670:
1554:
1358:
1021:
381:
335:
307:
619:
While the case of Sanakht has often appeared in the medical literature as a potential case of
4530:
4006:
3971:
3951:
3941:
3903:
2503:
2407:
1761:
1001:
350:
could have listed him. Many Egyptologists connect Sanakht with the Ramesside cartouche name
4525:
4031:
3986:
3359:
2987:
2922:
2775:
2770:
2477:
2472:
2325:
1751:
1539:
1418:
339:
8:
4021:
3996:
3961:
3898:
3273:
3248:
2452:
2447:
1871:
1302:
73:
4311:
4298:
3875:
2885:
2457:
2432:
1499:
1274:
873:
497:
4366:
4345:
4239:
4206:
3918:
3253:
2875:
2755:
2377:
2305:
1963:
1766:
1756:
1688:
1014:
954:
929:
832:
804:
786:, The Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Alexandria 1983, pp. 95, 217–220 and 224.
739:
718:
678:
620:
613:
436:
575:
In the mastaba were found the skeletal remains of a man over 1.87 m (6 ft
4545:
4372:
4200:
3966:
3720:
3303:
2600:
2496:
2437:
1861:
1841:
975:
865:
645:
590:
4317:
4287:
4246:
4182:
3926:
3856:
3726:
3065:
2720:
2442:
1836:
1474:
1442:
1281:
632:
486:
432:
361:
53:
2023:
443:
appears. In this cartouche Wilkinson, Seidlmayer and Stadelmann see traces of a
52:
Relief fragment of Sanakht in the pose of smiting an enemy. Originally from the
4413:
4211:
4172:
3890:
3846:
3715:
2799:
2725:
2555:
2427:
2387:
2135:
1987:
1952:
1942:
1876:
1831:
1713:
1708:
1288:
1267:
1233:
451:
428:
57:
4558:
4092:
3991:
3823:
3793:
3469:
3324:
3181:
3050:
2890:
2865:
2815:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2209:
2140:
2130:
1992:
1746:
1494:
1437:
1390:
1227:
1186:
609:
598:
594:
537:
476:
466:
408:
393:
357:
343:
327:
4177:
4011:
4001:
3976:
3828:
3778:
3737:
3463:
3375:
3263:
3176:
3156:
3075:
3040:
3035:
2921:
2860:
2570:
2392:
2382:
2345:
2300:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2110:
1826:
1703:
1512:
1453:
1313:
1260:
1165:
569:
521:
377:
296:
176:
4281:
4226:
4077:
4026:
3946:
3818:
3710:
3692:
3650:
3561:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3396:
3380:
3353:
3318:
3308:
3243:
3196:
3186:
3171:
3161:
3108:
3070:
3045:
3025:
3015:
2781:
2765:
2740:
2735:
2535:
2462:
2372:
2355:
2310:
2285:
2219:
2199:
2184:
2166:
1896:
1891:
1698:
1525:
1505:
1319:
1253:
1244:
1128:
530:
421:
389:
273:
103:
79:
500:. Today, this reading is not in use anymore; the up-to-date reading is "
392:, has been seriously undermined by recent archaeological discoveries at
4398:
4352:
4305:
4260:
4232:
4053:
3936:
3861:
3788:
3677:
3492:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3402:
3390:
3370:
3343:
3313:
3293:
3238:
3191:
3166:
3098:
3060:
3030:
3020:
2760:
2560:
2550:
2320:
2315:
2280:
2189:
2161:
1982:
1886:
1881:
1866:
1851:
1659:
1653:
1567:
1295:
1113:
1050:
988:
http://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-giant-pharaoh-king-sanakht-647292
986:
Newsweek: Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Is World’s Oldest Case of Gigantism
877:
624:
623:, no definitive consensus has existed for many years on whether it was
541:
323:
118:
91:
4338:
4253:
4216:
4142:
4136:
4063:
4043:
3760:
3742:
3687:
3667:
3530:
3365:
3348:
3298:
3151:
3118:
3113:
3055:
2854:
2675:
2628:
2580:
2540:
2517:
2290:
2156:
2125:
1779:
1693:
1519:
1400:
1137:
949:. In: Francesco Raffaele, Massimiliano Nuzzolo and Ilaria Incordino:
628:
545:
461:
440:
417:
284:
20:
869:
853:
4408:
4403:
4392:
4359:
4274:
4267:
4221:
4193:
4187:
4152:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
3732:
3672:
3515:
3487:
3080:
3010:
2822:
2808:
2788:
2750:
2662:
2607:
2565:
2397:
2367:
2330:
2275:
2120:
1997:
1902:
1846:
1741:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1597:
1481:
1467:
1460:
1447:
1411:
1151:
736:
Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated and Annotated Notes and Comments
481:
384:, his position as the founder of the Third Dynasty, as recorded by
126:
38:
560:
Possible skull of Pharaoh Sanakht from mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf.
4385:
4324:
4167:
3851:
3662:
3656:
3644:
3525:
3520:
3457:
3436:
3281:
3233:
3133:
3123:
2848:
2745:
2715:
2697:
2686:
2669:
2621:
2614:
2545:
2467:
2115:
1923:
1909:
1821:
1772:
1678:
1621:
1405:
1395:
1375:
1308:
1158:
1037:
565:
403:
385:
373:
347:
331:
66:
1049:
4292:
4162:
3799:
3682:
3287:
3258:
3128:
3103:
2895:
2829:
2655:
2648:
2575:
2530:
2524:
2350:
2270:
1856:
1683:
1636:
1590:
1562:
1488:
1366:
1325:
1207:
1172:
1144:
854:"The Bones of Hen Nekht, an Egyptian King of the Third Dynasty"
516:
397:
130:
99:
4378:
4157:
4147:
4125:
3783:
2692:
2680:
2593:
2510:
2361:
2295:
1957:
1626:
1584:
1578:
1370:
1329:
1200:
1193:
1179:
947:
Reign of Horus Sanakht: possible founder of the Third Dynasty
456:
352:
114:
95:
34:
556:
4130:
4120:
3510:
3385:
2586:
1916:
1736:
1718:
1603:
1385:
1380:
1214:
1006:
201:
122:
479:
proposed that Sanakht's Horus name is that of the shadowy
2335:
3556:
675:
Early Dynastic Egypt. Strategies, Society and Security.
951:
Recent Discoveries and Latest Researches in Egyptology
715:
Early Dynastic Egypt. Strategies, Society and Security
780:Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty.
396:. These discoveries establish that it was likely
4556:
976:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30171-7
766:, vol. 17.). Hessling, Berlin 1969, p. 54 – 58.
1022:
898:, vol. 17.). Hessling, Berlin 1969, p. 54-58.
459:. He further identifies Sanakht with a king
909:The third dynasty: A historical hypothesis.
696:The third dynasty: A historical hypothesis.
1029:
1015:
831:, vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,
465:mentioned by Manetho, regarding this as a
46:
901:
754:
752:
4439:
774:
772:
555:
533:, who ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC.
515:
402:
82:, most likely less, starting ca. 2650 BC
847:
845:
819:
817:
475:, Wolfgang Helck, Dietrich Wildung and
420:, with Nimaethap being the daughter of
198:
4570:Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty of Egypt
4557:
3586:
2951:
2053:
1079:
918:
749:
416:Sanakht could then have married Queen
4438:
3555:
2920:
2022:
1048:
1010:
928:. Blackwell-Publishing, Oxford 1992,
851:
784:Archaeological and Historical Studies
769:
4091:
842:
814:
803:. vol. 49). von Zabern, Mainz 1999,
797:Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen
972:Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
13:
974:. 2017 Vol 5 (8) p. 580-581. DOI:
738:, vol. 2. Blackwell, Oxford 1999,
540:together with those of Djoser and
450:John D. Degreef, Nabil Swelim and
14:
4586:
995:
953:. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010,
243:
980:
964:
939:
896:Münchner ägyptologische Studien
884:
825:Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit
801:Münchner ägyptologische Studien
764:Münchner ägyptologische Studien
597:was unusually broad and almost
56:, now EA 691 on display at the
789:
728:
707:
688:
677:Routledge, London u. a. 1999,
667:
492:Sanakht's name was once read "
166:Horus the victorious protector
1:
4049:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
661:
589: in) tall. According to
155:
1036:
7:
3982:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
829:Ägyptologische Abhandlungen
639:
496:" by Egyptologists such as
407:Relief of Sanakht from the
367:
346:name the ancient historian
10:
4591:
2881:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2265:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2029:Second Intermediate Period
926:A History of Ancient Egypt
852:Myers, Charles S. (1901).
734:Kenneth Anderson Kitchen:
717:. Routledge, London 1999,
234:
209:
204:
180:
78:18 years according to the
18:
4543:
4445:
4434:
4332:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4076:
4022:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
3917:
3889:
3874:
3837:
3809:
3769:
3751:
3701:
3634:
3619:
3577:
3573:
3551:
3501:
3478:
3411:
3334:
3272:
3224:
3209:
3142:
3089:
3001:
2986:
2942:
2938:
2927:Third Intermediate Period
2916:
2839:
2798:
2706:
2638:
2486:
2254:
2239:
2175:
2149:
2101:
2086:
2044:
2040:
2018:
1973:
1933:
1808:
1793:
1727:
1669:
1612:
1553:
1538:
1428:
1357:
1342:
1243:
1127:
1112:
1070:
1066:
1055:First Intermediate Period
1044:
651:List of Egyptian pyramids
303:
291:
280:
269:
208:
154:
147:
136:
109:
86:
72:
65:
45:
33:
28:
4565:27th-century BC pharaohs
4044:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2301:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1059: (<3150–2040 BC)
656:List of megalithic sites
511:
19:Not to be confused with
4017:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
3932:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2226:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1002:Egyptian kings: Sanakht
811:, p. 49, 283 & 293.
551:
4059:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4038:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4032:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
3987:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
3957:Arsinoe III Philopator
2871:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
2341:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
2281:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
1872:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
795:Jürgen von Beckerath:
713:Toby A. H. Wilkinson:
685:, p. 83 & 95.
673:Toby A. H. Wilkinson:
561:
525:
431:, Stephan Seidlmayer,
412:
4575:People with gigantism
4007:Ptolemy X Alexander I
3972:Ptolemy VI Philometor
3952:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3947:Berenice II Euergetes
3942:Ptolemy III Euergetes
3904:Philip III Arrhidaeus
2413:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
2408:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
1762:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
559:
519:
406:
4440:Dynastic genealogies
4064:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3360:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
3274:High Priests of Amun
2776:Merankhre Mentuhotep
2478:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
2473:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
2326:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2033: (2040–1550 BC)
1752:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
610:unfinished structure
473:Jürgen von Beckerath
3962:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
3899:Alexander the Great
2931: (1550–664 BC)
2453:Mershepsesre Ini II
2448:Merkawre Sobekhotep
1842:Neferkare IV Khendu
907:Illaria Incordino:
694:Illaria Incordino:
498:Ernest Wallis Budge
4299:Trebonianus Gallus
2886:Senakhtenre Ahmose
2504:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
2458:Sewahenre Senebmiu
2433:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
1862:Neferkare V Tereru
1832:Neferkare III Neby
1500:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
945:Ilaria Incordino:
890:Dietrich Wildung:
758:Dietrich Wildung:
562:
526:
413:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4346:Claudius Gothicus
4240:Severus Alexander
4207:Septimius Severus
4072:
4071:
3870:
3869:
3615:
3614:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3254:Osorkon the Elder
3205:
3204:
2982:
2981:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2876:Nubkheperre Intef
2756:Sekhemre Shedwast
2378:Sehetepkare Intef
2306:Semenkare Nebnuni
2235:
2234:
2082:
2081:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1789:
1788:
1767:Netjerkare Siptah
1689:Neferirkare Kakai
1534:
1533:
1338:
1337:
1108:
1107:
959:978-3-447-06251-0
839:, p. 20 & 21.
633:palaeopathologist
621:pituitary disease
614:pyramid of Djoser
437:Rainer Stadelmann
313:
312:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
238:
237:
230:
229:
226:
225:
196:
195:
192:
191:
117:(most likely) or
94:(most likely) or
4582:
4546:List of pharaohs
4436:
4435:
4201:Pescennius Niger
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
3997:Ptolemy IX Soter
3967:Cleopatra I Syra
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3553:
3552:
3304:Djedkhonsuefankh
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2969:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2918:
2917:
2511:Qareh Khawoserre
2497:Yakbim Sekhaenre
2438:Mersekhemre Ined
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2019:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1007:
990:
984:
978:
968:
962:
943:
937:
924:Nicolas Grimal:
922:
916:
905:
899:
888:
882:
881:
849:
840:
823:Wolfgang Helck:
821:
812:
793:
787:
776:
767:
756:
747:
732:
726:
711:
705:
692:
686:
671:
646:List of Pharaohs
591:Charles S. Myers
588:
587:
583:
580:
328:ancient Egyptian
247:
246:
214:
213:
210:
202:
185:
184:
181:
177:
173:
172:
156:
145:
144:
50:
26:
25:
16:Egyptian pharaoh
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4535:
4441:
4418:
4318:Macrianus Minor
4247:Maximinus Thrax
4183:Marcus Aurelius
4082:
4081:
4080:
4068:
3927:Ptolemy I Soter
3913:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3833:
3805:
3765:
3747:
3727:Psammetichus IV
3697:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3589:
3580:
3569:
3566:(664 BC–313 AD)
3565:
3564:
3535:
3497:
3474:
3470:Menkheperre Ini
3407:
3330:
3268:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3138:
3085:
3066:Neferneferuaten
2992:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2961:Pharaohs
2954:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2900:
2835:
2794:
2721:Sobekhotep VIII
2702:
2634:
2482:
2443:Sewadjkare Hori
2245:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2171:
2145:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2056:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2002:
1969:
1929:
1837:Djedkare Shemai
1799:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1723:
1665:
1608:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1424:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1239:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1035:
998:
993:
985:
981:
969:
965:
944:
940:
923:
919:
906:
902:
889:
885:
870:10.2307/2839307
850:
843:
822:
815:
794:
790:
777:
770:
757:
750:
746:, p. 534 – 538.
733:
729:
725:, p. 101 – 104.
712:
708:
693:
689:
672:
668:
664:
642:
585:
581:
578:
576:
554:
514:
504:" or (seldom) "
433:Kenneth Kitchen
370:
362:Sinai Peninsula
265:
264:
244:
221:
164:
160:
142:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4414:Maximinus Daza
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Antoninus Pius
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4083:(30 BC–313 AD)
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Artaxerxes III
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3716:Petubastis III
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3211:3 Intermediate
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2993:(1550–1070 BC)
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Neferhotep III
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Sewadjkare III
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2525:Maaibre Sheshi
2521:
2518:'Ammu Ahotepre
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Merhotepre Ini
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Sobekhotep III
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2246:(1802–1550 BC)
2241:2 Intermediate
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:Mentuhotep III
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2093:(2040–1802 BC)
2088:Middle Kingdom
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2025:Middle Kingdom
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Neferkare VIII
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:Nebkaure Khety
1950:
1945:
1943:Meryibre Khety
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Neferkamin Anu
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1803:
1800:(2181–2040 BC)
1795:1 Intermediate
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1714:Djedkare Isesi
1711:
1709:Menkauhor Kaiu
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1545:(2686–2181 BC)
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1349:(3150–2686 BC)
1344:Early Dynastic
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:External links
994:
992:
991:
979:
963:
938:
917:
900:
883:
841:
813:
788:
778:Nabil Swelim:
768:
748:
727:
706:
687:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
641:
638:
599:brachycephalic
553:
550:
513:
510:
452:Wolfgang Helck
429:Toby Wilkinson
369:
366:
318:(also read as
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:mastaba K2 at
293:
289:
288:
282:
278:
277:
271:
267:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
206:
205:
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
169:
168:
152:
151:
143:
140:Royal titulary
138:
137:
134:
133:
111:
107:
106:
88:
84:
83:
76:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:British Museum
51:
43:
42:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4587:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4542:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Cleopatra III
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:Nepherites II
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3325:Psusennes III
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:(1069–664 BC)
3212:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Ramesses VIII
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Amenhotep III
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Seqenenre Tao
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Sobekemsaf II
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:Wepwawetemsaf
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Merneferre Ay
2421:
2419:
2418:Wahibre Ibiau
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Sobekhotep IV
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Amenemhat III
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:Mentuhotep IV
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Mentuhotep II
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Wahkare Khety
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Neferkare VII
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Seth-Peribsen
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Hotepsekhemwy
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:Double Falcon
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:(pre-3150 BC)
1115:
1114:Protodynastic
1111:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1051:Protodynastic
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
999:
989:
983:
977:
973:
967:
961:, p. 145-155.
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
935:
934:0-631-19396-0
931:
927:
921:
914:
910:
904:
897:
893:
887:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
846:
838:
837:3-447-02677-4
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
810:
809:3-8053-2591-6
806:
802:
798:
792:
785:
781:
775:
773:
765:
761:
755:
753:
745:
741:
737:
731:
724:
723:0-415-18633-1
720:
716:
710:
704:
701:
697:
691:
684:
683:0-415-18633-1
680:
676:
670:
666:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
595:cranial index
592:
573:
571:
567:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
538:Wadi Maghareh
534:
532:
523:
518:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
477:Peter Kaplony
474:
470:
468:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
410:
409:Wadi Maghareh
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
358:Wadi Maghareh
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Third Dynasty
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
242:
240:
233:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
203:
200:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
163:
158:
157:
153:
150:
146:
141:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:
64:
59:
55:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4304:
4297:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4199:
4192:
4178:Lucius Verus
4135:
4036:
4012:Berenice III
4002:Cleopatra IV
3977:Cleopatra II
3909:Alexander IV
3829:Nectanebo II
3798:
3779:Nepherites I
3738:Artaxerxes I
3725:
3655:
3643:
3626:(664–332 BC)
3606:
3562:Roman Period
3464:Shoshenq VII
3462:
3435:
3395:
3376:Shoshenq III
3358:
3323:
3286:
3264:Psusennes II
3177:Ramesses VII
3157:Ramesses III
3041:Amenhotep II
3036:Thutmose III
2972:
2861:Sobekemsaf I
2853:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2787:
2780:
2685:
2668:
2663:'Aper-'Anati
2661:
2654:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2571:Sekheperenre
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2393:Neferhotep I
2383:Seth Meribre
2360:
2346:Djedkheperew
2263:
2224:
2215:Amenemhat IV
2205:Senusret III
2195:Amenemhat II
2111:Mentuhotep I
2073:
1962:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1827:Neferkare II
1778:
1771:
1704:Nyuserre Ini
1658:
1641:
1596:
1589:
1577:
1572:
1518:
1513:Neferkasokar
1511:
1504:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1417:
1410:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1261:Finger Snail
1259:
1252:
1232:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1099:
982:
971:
966:
950:
946:
941:
925:
920:
912:
908:
903:
895:
891:
886:
861:
857:
828:
824:
800:
796:
791:
783:
779:
763:
759:
735:
730:
714:
709:
699:
695:
690:
674:
669:
618:
612:west of the
605:
603:
574:
570:Beit Khallaf
563:
535:
527:
522:Beit Khallaf
505:
501:
493:
491:
480:
471:
460:
449:
444:
426:
414:
378:Beit Khallaf
371:
351:
319:
315:
314:
297:Beit Khallaf
165:
161:
4282:Gordian III
4227:Diadumenian
4027:Cleopatra V
3881:(332–30 BC)
3876:Hellenistic
3819:Nectanebo I
3711:Cambyses II
3693:Psamtik III
3651:Tefnakht II
3453:Takelot III
3448:Osorkon III
3443:Shoshenq VI
3397:Pedubast II
3381:Shoshenq IV
3354:Shoshenq II
3319:Pinedjem II
3309:Menkheperre
3244:Psusennes I
3197:Ramesses XI
3187:Ramesses IX
3172:Ramesses VI
3162:Ramesses IV
3109:Ramesses II
3071:Tutankhamun
3046:Thutmose IV
3026:Thutmose II
3016:Amenhotep I
2988:New Kingdom
2923:New Kingdom
2782:Senusret IV
2766:Dedumose II
2741:Nebiriau II
2736:Nebiryraw I
2731:Mentuhotepi
2536:Khakherewre
2463:Merkheperre
2373:Imyremeshaw
2356:Sedjefakare
2311:Sehetepibre
2286:Ameny Qemau
2220:Sobekneferu
2200:Senusret II
2185:Amenemhat I
2167:Iyibkhentre
1897:Neferirkare
1892:Neferkauhor
1699:Shepseskare
1540:Old Kingdom
1526:Khasekhemwy
1506:Neferkara I
1475:Weneg-Nebty
1320:Scorpion II
864:: 152–153.
702:. p. 965,
531:Ramesses II
422:Khasekhemwy
390:Turin Canon
340:Old Kingdom
338:during the
320:Hor-Sanakht
308:3rd Dynasty
274:Khasekhemwy
159:Hor-Sanakht
113:uncertain,
104:Khasekhemwy
90:uncertain,
87:Predecessor
80:Turin Canon
4559:Categories
4399:Diocletian
4353:Quintillus
4306:Aemilianus
4261:Gordian II
4233:Elagabalus
4054:Arsinoe IV
3937:Arsinoe II
3862:Darius III
3789:Psammuthes
3678:Psamtik II
3493:Bakenranef
3431:Pedubast I
3426:Takelot II
3421:Harsiese A
3403:Osorkon IV
3391:Shoshenq V
3371:Osorkon II
3344:Shoshenq I
3314:Smendes II
3294:Pinedjem I
3239:Amenemnisu
3192:Ramesses X
3167:Ramesses V
3119:Amenmesses
3099:Ramesses I
3061:Smenkhkare
3031:Hatshepsut
3021:Thutmose I
2771:Montuemsaf
2761:Dedumose I
2561:Nebdjefare
2551:Merdjefare
2321:Nedjemibre
2316:Sewadjkare
2190:Senusret I
2162:Qakare Ini
1983:Meryhathor
1887:Neferkaure
1882:Qakare Iby
1867:Neferkahor
1852:Neferkamin
1660:Thamphthis
1654:Shepseskaf
1568:Sekhemkhet
1419:Horus Bird
1296:Scorpion I
744:063118435X
662:References
631:. In 2017
625:acromegaly
542:Sekhemkhet
467:Hellenized
344:Hellenized
324:Horus name
149:Horus name
119:Sekhemkhet
92:Sekhemkhet
4531:Ptolemaic
4339:Gallienus
4254:Gordian I
4217:Caracalla
4143:Vespasian
4137:Vitellius
3919:Ptolemaic
3761:Amyrtaeus
3743:Darius II
3688:Ahmose II
3668:Psamtik I
3607:uncertain
3595:Pharaohs
3531:Tanutamun
3366:Takelot I
3349:Osorkon I
3299:Masaharta
3249:Amenemope
3152:Setnakhte
3114:Merneptah
3056:Akhenaten
2973:uncertain
2855:Nebmaatre
2676:Sakir-Har
2629:Yaqub-Har
2541:Nebefawre
2291:Hotepibre
2157:Segerseni
2126:Intef III
2074:uncertain
2062:Pharaohs
1694:Neferefre
1520:Hudjefa I
1401:Semerkhet
1138:Hedju Hor
1100:uncertain
1088:Pharaohs
915:. p. 966
629:gigantism
606:Sesochris
546:turquoise
494:Hen Nekht
462:Mesochris
441:cartouche
418:Nimaethap
334:) of the
322:) is the
285:Nimaathap
162:Ḥr-S3.nḫt
110:Successor
21:Setnakhte
4491:21 to 23
4409:Galerius
4404:Maximian
4393:Numerian
4360:Aurelian
4312:Valerian
4275:Balbinus
4268:Pupienus
4222:Macrinus
4194:Pertinax
4188:Commodus
4153:Domitian
4116:Claudius
4111:Caligula
4106:Tiberius
4101:Augustus
3721:Darius I
3673:Necho II
3516:Shebitku
3488:Tefnakht
3081:Horemheb
3011:Ahmose I
2823:Pantjeny
2809:Senebkay
2789:Pepi III
2751:Bebiankh
2608:Shenshek
2566:Nebsenre
2398:Sihathor
2368:Khendjer
2331:Renseneb
2276:Nerikare
2121:Intef II
1998:Merykare
1903:Wadjkare
1847:Merenhor
1742:Userkare
1649:Menkaure
1643:Bikheris
1632:Djedefre
1598:Qahedjet
1482:Wadjenes
1468:Horus Sa
1461:Nubnefer
1448:Nynetjer
1412:Sneferka
1152:Ni-Neith
1038:Pharaohs
936:, p. 64.
640:See also
506:Nakht-Sa
482:Horus Sa
388:and the
382:graffito
368:Identity
127:Qahedjet
39:Horus Sa
37: ?
4386:Carinus
4367:Tacitus
4325:Quietus
4168:Hadrian
3852:Khabash
3683:Wahibre
3663:Necho I
3657:Nekauba
3645:Ammeris
3588:Dynasty
3526:Taharqa
3521:Shabaka
3458:Rudamun
3437:Iuput I
3282:Herihor
3234:Smendes
3134:Twosret
3124:Seti II
2968:female)
2953:Dynasty
2849:Rahotep
2746:Semenre
2716:Djehuti
2698:Khamudi
2687:Yanassi
2670:Salitis
2622:Yakareb
2615:Khamure
2546:Sehebre
2468:Merkare
2116:Intef I
2055:Dynasty
1964:Imhotep
1924:Iytjenu
1910:Khuiqer
1822:Menkare
1773:Neferka
1757:Pepi II
1679:Userkaf
1573:Sanakht
1396:Anedjib
1376:Hor-Aha
1309:Iry-Hor
1303:Shendjw
1275:Pen-Abu
1159:Hat-Hor
1081:Dynasty
878:2839307
636:world.
584:⁄
566:mastaba
502:Sanakht
386:Manetho
374:mastaba
360:on the
348:Manetho
332:pharaoh
316:Sanakht
304:Dynasty
287: ?
276: ?
67:Pharaoh
41: ?
29:Sanakht
4526:Argead
4373:Probus
4293:Decius
4288:Philip
4163:Trajan
3891:Argead
3800:Muthis
3753:XXVIII
3733:Xerxes
3601:female
3579:Period
3288:Piankh
3259:Siamun
3129:Siptah
3104:Seti I
2944:Period
2896:Kamose
2830:Snaaib
2800:Abydos
2656:Semqen
2649:Sharek
2601:Sheneh
2581:'Apepi
2576:Bebnum
2531:Nehesy
2351:Sebkay
2271:Sonbef
2068:female
2046:Period
1857:Nikare
1747:Pepi I
1684:Sahure
1637:Khafre
1622:Snefru
1591:Sedjes
1563:Djoser
1489:Senedj
1367:Narmer
1326:Narmer
1208:Wazner
1173:Hsekiu
1145:Ny-Hor
1094:female
1072:Period
957:
932:
911:, in:
876:
835:
807:
782:, in:
742:
721:
698:, in:
681:
568:K2 at
398:Djoser
394:Abydos
380:and a
376:K2 at
330:king (
326:of an
292:Burial
281:Mother
270:Father
131:Djoser
100:Djoser
4379:Carus
4158:Nerva
4148:Titus
4126:Galba
4093:XXXIV
4078:Roman
3857:Arses
3784:Hakor
3703:XXVII
3413:XXIII
3003:XVIII
2963:(male
2693:Apepi
2681:Khyan
2594:Wazad
2362:Wegaf
2296:Iufni
2150:Nubia
1958:Setut
1780:Nefer
1627:Khufu
1585:Khaba
1579:Nebka
1443:Nebra
1371:Menes
1330:Menes
1282:Stork
1245:Upper
1201:Neheb
1194:Thesh
1180:Khayu
1129:Lower
874:JSTOR
512:Reign
487:Weneg
457:Khaba
353:Nebka
115:Khaba
96:Khaba
74:Reign
54:Sinai
35:Nebka
4212:Geta
4131:Otho
4121:Nero
3839:XXXI
3824:Teos
3771:XXIX
3636:XXVI
3621:Late
3598:male
3558:Late
3511:Piye
3480:XXIV
3386:Pami
3336:XXII
2925:and
2841:XVII
2587:Nuya
2256:XIII
2065:male
2027:and
1917:Khui
1814:VIII
1737:Teti
1719:Unas
1604:Huni
1406:Qa'a
1386:Djet
1381:Djer
1289:Bull
1268:Fish
1234:Wash
1215:Mekh
1091:male
955:ISBN
930:ISBN
833:ISBN
805:ISBN
740:ISBN
719:ISBN
679:ISBN
552:Tomb
435:and
123:Huni
3811:XXX
3560:to
3503:XXV
3226:XXI
3091:XIX
2708:XVI
2488:XIV
2336:Hor
2177:XII
1810:VII
1555:III
1391:Den
1187:Tiu
1053:to
894:(=
866:doi
862:131
858:Man
827:(=
799:(=
762:(=
627:or
508:".
4561::
4521:31
4516:30
4511:27
4506:26
4501:25
4496:24
4486:20
4481:19
4476:18
4471:12
4466:11
3144:XX
3076:Ay
2640:XV
2103:XI
1935:IX
1729:VI
1614:IV
1454:Ba
1430:II
1369:/
1328:/
1314:Ka
1166:Pu
872:.
860:.
856:.
844:^
816:^
771:^
751:^
616:.
548:.
445:Ka
364:.
129:,
125:,
121:,
102:,
98:,
4461:4
4457:3
4454:2
4450:1
1975:X
1812:/
1671:V
1359:I
1254:A
1222:A
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
880:.
868::
586:2
582:1
579:+
577:1
524:.
411:.
299:?
60:.
23:.
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