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408:... a young girl, seemingly about eighteen years of age, killed so near me, that when the first spear was stuck into her side she fell down at my feet, and twisted round my legs, so that it was with difficulty that I could disengage myself from her dying grasps. As two Indian men pursued this unfortunate victim, I solicited very hard for her life; but the murderers made no reply till they had stuck both their spears through her body ... even at this hour I cannot reflect on the transactions of that horrid day without shedding tears.
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April, the fish began to give out. On 24 April, a large body of
Indigenous people, mostly women, arrived from the south for the annual goose hunt. On 19 May, the geese arrived and there was now plenty to eat. They headed north and east past Baralzone Lake. By June, the geese had flown further north and they were again threatened with famine. At one point, they killed three
283:, fish and three stray caribou. The Indigenous people, who knew the country, had better sense than to risk starvation in this way and began deserting. When the last First Nations left, Hearne and his European companions returned to the sheltered valley of the Seal River, where he was able to find venison, and reached Churchill on 11 December.
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Since there was no canoe route to the northwest, the plan was to go on foot over the frozen winter ground. Without canoes, they would have to carry as much food as possible and then live off the land. Hearne planned to join a group of northern First
Nations that had come to trade at Churchill and
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who lived around the post and hunted in exchange for
European supplies. He left Churchill on 23 February. Reaching the Seal River, he found good hunting and followed it west until he reached a large lake, probably Sethnanei Lake. Here he decided to wait for better weather and live by fishing. In
383:
were generally a mild and peaceful people, however, they were in a state of conflict with the Inuit. A great number of
Yellowknife First Nations joined Hearne's party to accompany them to the Copper-mine River with intent to kill Inuit, who were understood to frequent that river in considerable
253:, decided to send Hearne in search of a possible copper mine. The basic theme of Hearne's three journeys is the Englishmen's ignorance of the methods of travel through this very difficult country and their dependence on First Nations who knew the land and how to live off of it.
423:
This expedition also proved successful in its primary goal by discovering copper in the
Coppermine River basin; however, an intensive search of the area yielded only one four-pound lump of copper and commercial mining was not considered viable.
489:
composed of three ships, including one of 74 guns, and 290 soldiers. As a veteran Hearne recognised hopeless odds and surrendered without a shot. Hearne and some of the other prisoners were allowed to sail back to
England from
322:
who was to be his guide on the next journey. Matonabbee may well have saved him from freezing or starving to death. Most of the land Hearne crossed on his second journey is very desolate and was not properly explored again until
317:
was destroyed, which accounts for the inaccuracy of latitudes on the remainder to this and the next journey. At this point the sources become vague, but Hearne returned to
Churchill in the autumn. On his return journey he met
399:
camp. At 1 am on 17 July 1771 Matonabbee and the other
Indigenous peoples fell upon the sleeping "Esquimaux" in a ruthless massacre. Approximately twenty men, women and children were killed; this would be known as the
513:
and the rest of
Churchill's leading First Nations had moved to other posts. Hearne's health began to fail and he delivered up command at Churchill on 16 August 1787 and returned to England.
599:
Several human skulls which bore the marks of violence, and many bones were strewed about the encampment, and as the spot exactly answers the description, given by Mr Hearne, of the place...
341:. The group also included eight of Matonabbee's wives to act as beasts of burden in the sledge traces, camp servant and cooks. This third expedition set out in December 1770, to reach the
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On 14 July 1771, they reached the Copper-mine River, a small stream flowing over a rocky bed in the "Barren Lands of the Little Sticks". A few miles down the river, just above a
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364:) hunters gathered to hunt the vast herds of caribou migrating north for the summer. A store of meat was laid up for Hearne's voyage and a band of "
136:, who died in 1748. His mother's name was Diana, and his sister's name was Sarah, three years younger than Samuel. Samuel Hearne joined the British
617:
In North
America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, like a whale, insects in the water.
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750:
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In the last decade of his life he used his experiences on the barrens, on the northern coast, and in the interior to help naturalists like
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had already left the Barren Grounds for the shelter of the forested country further south). They headed west and north, finding only a few
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By 19 November their European provisions gave out and their hunters had found little game (Hearne had left too late in the season and the
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463:). Having learned to live off the land, he took minimal provisions for the eight Europeans and two Home Guard Crees who accompanied him.
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in 1759. At the end of the Seven Years' War, having served in the English Channel and then the Mediterranean, he left the Navy in 1763.
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on 30 June 1772, having walked some 8,000 km (5,000 mi) and explored more than 650,000 km (250,000 sq mi).
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1393:
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The English on Hudson Bay had long known that the First Nations to the northwest used native copper, as indicated by such words as
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625:, originally published in 1795, was edited by Joseph Tyrell and reprinted as part of the General Series of the Champlain Society.
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He became governor of Fort Prince of Wales on 22 January 1776. On 8 August 1782 Hearne and his complement of 38 civilians were
260:
somehow induce them to lead him to the copper mine. He left Churchill on 6 November 1769 along with two company employees, two
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Hearne, Samuel. (1745–1792) A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne. Surrey, BC:TouchWood Editions.
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A journey from Prince of Wales's Fort, in Hudson's Bay, to the northern ocean ... in the years 1769, 1770, 1771 & 1772
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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A Journey from Price of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772
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Since he could not control the northern First Nations, Hearne proposed to try again using 'home guards', that is,
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by an overland route. By tracing the Coppermine River to the Arctic Ocean he had established there was no
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Ancient Mariner: The Arctic Adventures of Samuel Hearne, the Sailor Who Inspired Coleridge's Masterpiece
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Samuel Hearne was born in February 1745 in London. Hearne's father was Secretary of the Waterworks of
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traverse before provisions dwindled and in time for the spring hunt. Here Northern First Nations (
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A 1969 rendering of a map that Samuel Hearne had created of the track of his third expedition.
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coasts with a view to improving the cod fishery. During this time, he gained a reputation for
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Coppermine Journey: An Account of Great Adventure Selected from the Journals of Samuel Hearne
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entry where he mentioned Hearne's book. Hearne may have been one of the inspirations for the
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1968:
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478:. The site was linked to both the Saskatchewan River trade route and the Churchill system.
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455:, the second inland trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company in 1774 (the first being
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He was the first European to make an overland excursion across northern Canada to the
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which is about 720 km (450 mi) northwest of Churchill. On 14 August, his
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by Samuel Hearne. Foreword by Ken McGoogan. Published by TouchWood Editions, 2007.
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joined the expedition. Matonabbee ordered his women to wait for his return in the
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Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1819–20–21–22
431:
in Athabasca Country. In midwinter he became the first European to see and cross
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49:
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89:(February 1745 – November 1792) was an English explorer, fur-trader, author and
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A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean
678:
A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean
550:
A Journey From Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean
526:
A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean
475:
460:
456:
448:
413:
365:
310:
250:
121:
117:
97:
882:
809:
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A Journey from Prince of Wales' Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean
412:
A few days later, Hearne was the first European to reach the shore of the
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965:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
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1851:
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Matonabbee led Hearne back to Churchill by a wide westward circle past
338:
319:
246:
209:
who was at Hudson Bay during 1768–1769 after being commissioned by the
195:
180:
141:
137:
90:
1003:
by Ray Mears. Published by Hodder & Stoughton, 2009, Chapters 4–6.
3516:
2353:
1905:
1688:
954:
466:
After consulting some local chiefs, Hearne chose a strategic site on
388:
334:
1098:
780:
Lands Forlorn: A Story of an Expedition to Hearne's Coppermine River
555:
On 1 July 1767, he chiselled his name on smooth, glaciated stone at
497:
Hearne returned the next year but found trade had deteriorated. The
3448:
911:
506:
985:
by Ken McGoogan. Published by Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004.
528:. This was published in 1795, three years after Hearne's death of
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1720:
1696:
1684:
633:
510:
502:
357:
298:
and had to eat them raw because it was too wet to light a fire.
276:
2242:
977:
A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne
333:
Hearne contrived to travel as the only European with a group of
309:
where they found good hunting and fishing and then went west to
205:
Hearne was able to improve his navigational skills by observing
152:, seeing considerable action during the conflict, including the
2321:
1646:
629:
520:
in their researches. His friend William Wales was a teacher at
392:
346:
295:
1707:
991:
by Farley Mowat. Published by McClelland & Stewart, 1958.
529:
396:
350:
168:
632:, Northwest Territories, between 1969 and 2013. A school in
356:
Matonabbee kept a fast pace, so fast they reached the great
501:
had been decimated by European-introduced diseases such as
380:
369:
361:
290:
261:
1013:
Edited by Joseph Tyrell. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1912.
245:. When, in 1768, a northern First Nation (some say it was
997:
by Gordon Speck. Published by Caxton Printers, Ltd, 1963.
655:
The Company: The Rise and Fall of the Hudson's Bay Empire
628:
There was a junior/senior high school named after him in
621:
Samuel Hearne's account of his exploration of the north,
459:, established in 1743, 200 km or 120 mi up the
229:
Map of Samuel Hearne's second and third expeditions (red)
16:
18th-century English explorer, fur-trader, and naturalist
907:"Demolition of Samuel Hearne Secondary School in Inuvik"
2912:
583:
Hearne's journals and maps were proven correct by Sir
249:) brought lumps of copper to Churchill, the governor,
802:
Canadian Association of Aboriginal Entrepreneurship,
544:
Illustration of canoe building at Lake Clowey (today
927:"Toronto District School Board > School History"
731:(1st ed.), Boston and London: Ginn and Company
4265:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
194:expedition. In 1768, he examined portions of the
4221:
636:, Ontario, was also built in his name in 1973.
1027:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
755:, London: Strahan & Cadell, archived from
186:and participated in the company's short-lived
120:and the first permanent settlement in present
1114:
871:Tyrell, Joseph (1912). Walker, Edmund (ed.).
345:in summer, by which he could descend to the
1121:
1107:
1073:
1049:
657:. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. p. 161.
420:through the continent at lower latitudes.
272:, an east–west river north of Churchill.
190:fishery. In 1767, he found the remains of
31:
1016:
179:. Two years later, he became mate on the
116:, its second interior trading post after
4179:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
995:Samuel Hearne and the North West Passage
949:
822:
539:
232:
224:
3754:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
776:
4222:
870:
846:
748:
587:when he verified the discovery of the
4270:Pre-Confederation Saskatchewan people
2898:
1140:
1128:
1102:
652:
724:
3540:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1737:Norse colonization of North America
853:(1st ed.), London: John Murray
829:(3rd ed.), London: John Murray
532:in November 1792 at the age of 47.
148:. He remained with Hood during the
13:
4245:English explorers of North America
3069:United States Exploring Expedition
970:
593:Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822
14:
4281:
4143:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3511:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1036:
1021:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
4037:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3430:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1024:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
566:One of Wales's pupils, the poet
524:and he assisted Hearne to write
474:, 97 km (60 mi) above
167:, which was then engaged in the
159:In February 1766, he joined the
1090:Works by or about Samuel Hearne
919:
899:
864:
840:
777:Douglas, George Mellis (1914).
728:Canada: the Empire of the North
4260:Military personnel from London
816:
795:
770:
742:
718:
692:
683:
671:
646:
220:
1:
3416:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3351:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2899:
1047:Biodiversity Heritage Library
639:
442:
3773:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3589:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3395:French Antarctic Expeditions
3325:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3211:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1329:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
483:confronted by a French force
140:in 1756 at the age of 11 as
127:
7:
4255:Hudson's Bay Company people
2858:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2537:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1402:Andrée's balloon expedition
1029:University of Toronto Press
577:Rime of the Ancient Mariner
144:under the fighting captain
10:
4286:
2059:Franklin's lost expedition
1759:Christian IV's expeditions
1141:
268:and went north across the
72:Explorer, Author, Governor
3876:
3607:
3194:
2934:
2911:
2907:
2894:
2413:Great Northern Expedition
2307:
2089:Rae–Richardson expedition
1838:
1683:
1289:British Arctic Expedition
1181:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1017:Mackinnon, C. S. (1979).
535:
76:
68:
56:
42:
30:
23:
3697:British Antarctic Survey
3691:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2936:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
847:Darwin, Charles (1859),
607:in the sixth chapter of
563:where it remains today.
499:First Nations population
402:Massacre at Bloody Falls
108:. In 1774, Hearne built
4173:Pole of inaccessibility
3836:Antarctic Treaty System
2177:2nd Grinnell expedition
962:Encyclopædia Britannica
823:Franklin, John (1824),
805:Samuel Hearne 1745–1792
749:Hearne, Samuel (1795),
725:Laut, Agnes C. (1909),
700:"History – DENE NATION"
653:Brown, Stephen (2020).
603:Hearne is mentioned by
568:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
163:as a mate on the sloop
154:bombardment of Le Havre
60:November 1792 (aged 47)
1081:Works by Samuel Hearne
1067:Works by Samuel Hearne
1057:Works by Samuel Hearne
1043:Works by Samuel Hearne
956:"Hearne, Samuel"
619:
601:
552:
410:
264:hunters and a band of
238:
230:
3843:Transglobe Expedition
3742:Operation Deep Freeze
3151:Challenger expedition
2017:Coppermine expedition
1538:Drifting ice stations
883:10.3138/9781442617995
877:. Champlain Society.
615:
610:The Origin of Species
597:
589:Bloody Falls massacre
543:
435:. Hearne returned to
406:
376:country to the west.
236:
228:
561:Fort Prince of Wales
437:Fort Prince of Wales
217:with Joseph Dymond.
173:Prince of Wales Fort
161:Hudson's Bay Company
114:Hudson's Bay Company
4250:Explorers of Canada
4013:South magnetic pole
2679:Brusilov expedition
1788:Danish colonization
1226:North magnetic pole
1001:Northern Wilderness
812:on 11 November 2009
680:, Project Gutenberg
487:comte de La Pérouse
447:Hearne was sent to
177:Churchill, Manitoba
3704:Operation Windmill
3685:Operation Highjump
2660:Rusanov expedition
2565:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2309:North East Passage
2113:McClure expedition
706:. 19 February 2014
553:
494:in a small sloop.
472:Saskatchewan River
239:
231:
100:, specifically to
4240:Deaths from edema
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
3671:Operation Tabarin
3533:Far Eastern Party
3379:Nimrod Expedition
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2449:M. Pronchishcheva
2371:Siberian Cossacks
1840:Northwest Passage
1173:Research stations
1130:Polar exploration
1085:Project Gutenberg
892:978-1-4426-1799-5
522:Christ's Hospital
418:Northwest Passage
391:, were the domed
301:They crossed the
84:
83:
4277:
3718:Ronne Expedition
3203:
3197:
3061:Dumont d'Urville
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2444:V. Pronchishchev
1151:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1094:Internet Archive
1077:
1053:
1032:
1019:"Hearne, Samuel"
1006:Hearne, Samuel.
966:
958:
942:
941:
939:
937:
923:
917:
916:
903:
897:
896:
868:
862:
861:
860:
858:
844:
838:
837:
836:
834:
820:
814:
813:
808:, archived from
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
774:
768:
767:
766:
764:
746:
740:
739:
738:
736:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
696:
690:
687:
681:
675:
669:
668:
650:
468:Pine Island Lake
453:Cumberland House
433:Great Slave Lake
343:Coppermine River
215:Transit of Venus
150:Seven Years' War
110:Cumberland House
106:Coppermine River
35:
21:
20:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4205:
3880:
3872:
3748:McMurdo Station
3617:Modern research
3615:
3603:
3338:O. Nordenskjöld
3201:
3195:
3190:
3106:Ross expedition
2930:
2903:
2882:
2311:
2303:
1844:Northern Canada
1842:
1834:
1687:
1679:
1185:
1177:
1145:
1132:
1127:
1039:
973:
971:Further reading
946:
945:
935:
933:
925:
924:
920:
915:. 11 June 2013.
905:
904:
900:
893:
869:
865:
856:
854:
845:
841:
832:
830:
821:
817:
800:
796:
786:
784:
775:
771:
762:
760:
759:on 12 June 2011
747:
743:
734:
732:
723:
719:
709:
707:
698:
697:
693:
688:
684:
676:
672:
665:
651:
647:
642:
591:during his own
570:, made a brief
538:
445:
287:Second Journey:
223:
213:to observe the
130:
102:Coronation Gulf
64:
63:London, England
61:
52:
50:London, England
47:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4267:
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4257:
4252:
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4242:
4237:
4232:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4165:Vostok Station
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4116:Cherry-Garrard
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3956:Southern Cross
3952:
3951:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3886:
3884:
3878:Farthest South
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3839:
3832:
3831:
3830:
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3816:
3815:
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3802:
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3793:
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3769:
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3762:
3750:
3745:
3738:
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3714:
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3700:
3693:
3688:
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3667:
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3652:
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3639:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3604:
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3601:
3600:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3575:Ross Sea party
3571:
3562:
3561:
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3555:
3550:
3536:
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3527:
3522:
3507:
3502:
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3405:
3391:
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3389:
3375:
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3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:Southern Cross
3262:Southern Cross
3258:
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3256:
3251:
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3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3206:
3204:
3192:
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3087:
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3051:
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3041:
3036:
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3026:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:Bellingshausen
2998:
2991:
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2985:
2984:
2971:
2970:
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2956:
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2940:
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2923:
2918:
2905:
2904:
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2639:
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2620:
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2409:
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2374:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2313:Russian Arctic
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2259:
2254:
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2252:
2238:
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2224:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2173:
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2171:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1884:
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1869:
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1827:
1822:
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1815:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1755:
1750:
1748:Snæbjörn galti
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1699:
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1337:
1325:
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1305:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1256:
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1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:Farthest North
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1064:
1054:
1038:
1037:External links
1035:
1034:
1033:
1014:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
972:
969:
968:
967:
953:, ed. (1911).
951:Chisholm, Hugh
944:
943:
931:www.tdsb.on.ca
918:
898:
891:
863:
839:
815:
794:
769:
741:
717:
704:denenation.com
691:
682:
670:
664:978-0385694087
663:
644:
643:
641:
638:
605:Charles Darwin
537:
534:
518:Thomas Pennant
444:
441:
337:guides led by
331:Third Journey:
325:Joseph Tyrrell
257:First Journey:
222:
219:
192:James Knight's
129:
126:
82:
81:
78:
77:Known for
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
40:
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28:
27:
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4225:
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3297:
3296:Discovery Hut
3294:
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2827:
2826:A. Sibiryakov
2823:
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2799:
2798:Glavsevmorput
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2100:J. Richardson
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1589:Georgiy Sedov
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1476:Riiser-Larsen
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585:John Franklin
581:
579:
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573:
569:
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562:
558:
551:
547:
546:McArthur Lake
542:
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531:
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519:
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512:
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500:
495:
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492:Hudson Strait
488:
484:
479:
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451:to establish
450:
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307:Yathkyed Lake
304:
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273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
252:
248:
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211:Royal Society
208:
207:William Wales
203:
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197:
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182:
178:
174:
171:trade out of
170:
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134:London Bridge
125:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
87:Samuel Hearne
79:
75:
71:
69:Occupation(s)
67:
59:
55:
51:
46:February 1745
45:
41:
37:Samuel Hearne
34:
29:
25:Samuel Hearne
22:
19:
4171:
4159:Pole of Cold
4157:
4083:
4074:
4042:
4035:
4011:
3982:
3968:
3962:Borchgrevink
3954:
3941:
3926:
3906:
3891:
3860:
3841:
3834:
3818:
3804:
3795:
3778:
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3740:
3716:
3702:
3695:
3683:
3669:
3655:
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3634:
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3573:
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3538:
3531:
3518:
3509:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3447:
3435:
3428:
3414:
3402:Pourquoi-Pas
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3372:Orcadas Base
3370:
3362:
3349:
3343:C. A. Larsen
3331:
3323:
3309:
3302:
3289:
3281:
3275:Borchgrevink
3268:
3260:
3217:
3209:
3184:C. A. Larsen
3177:
3158:
3149:
3131:
3113:
3104:
3091:
3076:
3067:
3054:
3015:
3001:
2994:
2975:
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2796:
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2744:
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2608:
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2262:
2261:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2213:
2198:
2184:
2175:
2162:
2133:
2121:Investigator
2120:
2111:
2087:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2044:
2015:
1992:
1977:
1962:
1932:
1917:
1887:
1806:
1786:
1757:
1753:Erik the Red
1735:
1713:
1706:
1663:submersibles
1660:
1654:Arktika 2007
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1543:
1536:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1453:
1451:
1422:
1419:
1408:S. A. Andrée
1400:
1387:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1327:
1309:
1296:
1287:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1224:
1071:Open Library
1022:
1007:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
960:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
910:
901:
873:
866:
855:, retrieved
849:
842:
831:, retrieved
825:
818:
810:the original
804:
797:
785:. Retrieved
779:
772:
761:, retrieved
757:the original
751:
744:
733:, retrieved
727:
720:
708:. Retrieved
703:
694:
685:
673:
654:
648:
627:
622:
620:
616:
608:
602:
598:
595:. He wrote:
582:
575:
565:
557:Sloop's Cove
554:
549:
525:
515:
496:
480:
476:Fort Paskoya
465:
461:Albany River
457:Henley House
449:Saskatchewan
446:
426:
422:
414:Arctic Ocean
411:
407:
386:
378:
355:
330:
329:
311:Lake Dubawnt
300:
286:
285:
274:
256:
255:
251:Moses Norton
240:
204:
183:
164:
158:
131:
122:Saskatchewan
118:Henley House
98:Arctic Ocean
95:
86:
85:
18:
4235:1792 deaths
4230:1745 births
3862:Lake Vostok
3812:Tryoshnikov
3734:Schlossbach
3625:Christensen
3567:James Caird
3488:E. R. Evans
3254:Dobrowolski
3224:de Gerlache
2926:Expeditions
2812:Aviaarktika
2766:Samoylovich
2637:Kolomeitsev
2531:Middendorff
2491:Gedenshtrom
1911:I. Fyodorov
1673:Chilingarov
1561:E. Fyodorov
1168:Expeditions
783:. p. 3
366:Yellowknife
303:Kazan River
243:Yellowknife
221:Exploration
200:snowshoeing
188:black whale
146:Samuel Hood
4224:Categories
4085:Terra Nova
3990:Shackleton
3933:J. C. Ross
3892:Resolution
3882:South Pole
3657:New Swabia
3581:Mackintosh
3553:Shackleton
3472:Terra Nova
3465:Terra Nova
3199:Heroic Age
3159:Challenger
3119:J. C. Ross
3029:Bransfield
2961:Resolution
2876:icebreaker
2840:Chelyuskin
2581:expedition
2559:Expedition
2501:Matyushkin
2459:Kh. Laptev
2454:Chelyuskin
2348:Heemskerck
2338:Chancellor
2333:Willoughby
2328:Koch boats
2271:Stefansson
2205:McClintock
2169:Inglefield
2011:J. C. Ross
1918:Resolution
1770:Cunningham
1668:Sagalevich
1357:expedition
1316:Stephenson
1276:C. F. Hall
1263:expedition
1237:J. C. Ross
1200:Heemskerck
1187:North Pole
1061:Faded Page
857:9 November
833:9 November
763:9 November
735:9 November
640:References
485:under the
443:Later life
339:Matonabbee
320:Matonabbee
270:Seal River
266:Chipewyans
247:Matonabbee
196:Hudson Bay
181:Brigantine
142:midshipman
138:Royal Navy
104:, via the
91:naturalist
4184:Tolstikov
3970:Discovery
3940:HMS
3925:HMS
3907:Adventure
3905:HMS
3890:HMS
3826:Tolstikov
3547:Endurance
3332:Antarctic
3317:Drygalski
3290:Discovery
3283:Discovery
3244:Arctowski
3157:HMS
3130:HMS
3124:Abernethy
3112:HMS
3090:USS
3077:Vincennes
3075:USS
3055:Astrolabe
2995:San Telmo
2976:Adventure
2974:HMS
2959:HMS
2954:Kerguelen
2916:Continent
2901:Antarctic
2778:Urvantsev
2736:Vilkitsky
2589:Jeannette
2587:USS
2579:Jeannette
2543:Weyprecht
2521:Pakhtusov
2471:Chichagov
2464:D. Laptev
2407:Permyakov
2382:Stadukhin
2377:Perfilyev
2354:Mangazeya
2292:H. Larsen
2257:Rasmussen
2212:HMS
2183:USS
2132:HMS
2119:HMS
2083:Collinson
2073:HMS
2065:HMS
2043:HMS
1991:HMS
1976:HMS
1961:HMS
1946:Mackenzie
1933:Discovery
1931:HMS
1916:HMS
1888:Discovery
1867:Frobisher
1830:Rasmussen
1743:Gunnbjörn
1689:Greenland
1618:USS
1609:USS
1481:Ellsworth
1423:Roosevelt
1353:Nansen's
1310:Discovery
1308:HMS
1295:HMS
1242:Abernethy
1210:Marmaduke
429:Bear Lake
384:numbers.
374:Athabasca
335:Chipewyan
327:in 1893.
281:ptarmigan
184:Charlotte
165:Churchill
128:Biography
80:Exploring
4196:A. Fuchs
4153:V. Fuchs
4133:McKinley
4096:E. Evans
4055:Bjaaland
4050:Amundsen
4000:Marshall
3913:Furneaux
3765:V. Fuchs
3729:E. Ronne
3724:F. Ronne
3663:Ritscher
3517:SY
3505:Filchner
3449:Framheim
3443:Amundsen
3249:Racoviță
3234:Amundsen
3229:Lecointe
3098:Ringgold
3092:Porpoise
2982:Furneaux
2818:Shevelev
2773:Begichev
2752:Amundsen
2714:Nagórski
2692:Brusilov
2686:Sv. Anna
2600:Melville
2570:Palander
2526:Tsivolko
2486:Sannikov
2481:Billings
2424:Chirikov
2343:Barentsz
2285:St. Roch
2276:Bartlett
2250:Amundsen
2234:Sverdrup
2134:Resolute
2023:Franklin
1951:Kotzebue
1818:Sverdrup
1801:Scoresby
1775:Lindenov
1626:Plaisted
1611:Nautilus
1556:Shirshov
1530:Belyakov
1525:Baydukov
1499:Nautilus
1461:Amundsen
1421:SS
1380:Sverdrup
1375:Johansen
1345:Brainard
1340:Lockwood
1195:Barentsz
1063:(Canada)
912:CBC News
787:10 March
572:notebook
507:smallpox
389:cataract
315:quadrant
296:muskoxen
112:for the
4201:Messner
4148:Hillary
4128:Balchen
4076:Polheim
4070:Wisting
3948:Crozier
3920:Weddell
3898:J. Cook
3868:Kapitsa
3849:Fiennes
3791:Klenova
3760:Hillary
3710:Ketchum
3636:BANZARE
3611:·
3456:Polheim
3422:Shirase
3408:Charcot
3218:Belgica
3137:Crozier
3049:Morrell
3044:Weddell
3022:Lazarev
2967:J. Cook
2921:History
2871:Arktika
2847:Krassin
2832:Voronin
2804:Schmidt
2790:Ushakov
2729:Vaygach
2697:Albanov
2666:Rusanov
2647:Kolchak
2642:Matisen
2616:Makarov
2595:De Long
2496:Wrangel
2476:Lyakhov
2429:Malygin
2387:Dezhnev
2214:Pandora
2185:Advance
2152:Kennedy
2147:Belcher
2140:Kellett
2127:McClure
2051:Beechey
2045:Blossom
2038:Simpson
2006:Crozier
1999:Hoppner
1956:J. Ross
1924:J. Cook
1872:Gilbert
1765:J. Hall
1731:Ingólfr
1721:Naddodd
1715:Vikings
1702:Brendan
1697:Pytheas
1685:Iceland
1639:Arktika
1631:Herbert
1596:Badygin
1566:Krenkel
1551:Papanin
1520:Chkalov
1506:Wilkins
1471:Wisting
1415:F. Cook
1321:Markham
1281:Bessels
1270:Polaris
1261:Polaris
1232:J. Ross
1215:Carolus
1163:History
1092:at the
936:15 July
710:12 July
634:Toronto
548:) from
511:suicide
503:measles
470:in the
393:wigwams
358:caribou
277:caribou
4111:Bowers
4106:Wilson
4065:Hassel
4060:Helmer
4029:Mackay
4019:Mawson
3984:Nimrod
3942:Terror
3927:Erebus
3854:Burton
3649:Rymill
3525:Mawson
3519:Aurora
3498:Lashly
3483:Wilson
3386:Nimrod
3363:Scotia
3170:Murray
3145:Cooper
3132:Terror
3114:Erebus
3083:Wilkes
3034:Palmer
3002:Vostok
2949:Bouvet
2873:-class
2853:Gakkel
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