1230:
1426:
stated that although a same-sex marriage had to be registered as a marriage, this did not require organizations and agencies to give the same effect to them as other marriages. The court ruled similarly in June 2010 in a case involving the enrollment of a same-sex couple in a collective health insurance scheme, stating explicitly that enrollment to same-sex couples was only possible as enrollment was also open to non-married couples and thus excluding same-sex couples would constitute discrimination. If non-married couples were excluded, then there would be no obligation for same-sex couples to be included.
3029:
1435:
1392:. On April 13, 2007, the Supreme Court declared that, in accordance with the Charter, all marriages contracted in the different parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, must be accepted in the other parts of the Kingdom as well. It ruled that the matter that Aruba did not have a same-sex marriage law or that it " against Aruba's 'way of life'" was irrelevant to the issue. With this ruling, Aruba, as well as Curaçao and Sint Maarten, must recognize same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands and the
816:
3324:
1380:). The court upheld the decision on 23 August 2005, stating that: "The Dutch marriage can be inscribed in the register. Since Aruba is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it must comply with demands of the Kingdom." The ruling was based on Article 40 of the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which states that civil certificates are valid throughout the Kingdom. Aruban Prime Minister
1507:, on behalf of the Dutch Government, also welcomed the court ruling, saying, "This is very good news for the community. Of course the ruling still needs to be studied further, but I am happy to hear that we are one step closer – that everyone can simply marry the person he or she loves, regardless of gender." The ruling did not explicitly legalize same-sex marriage in Sint Maarten. Senator
1482:
same-sex couples, the argument that the legalization of same-sex marriages would "weaken marriage" was "objectively unjustified", and that registered partnerships were no acceptable alternative for same-sex couples as marriage carries "symbolic, emotional and intrinsic value" that offers "more protection and stability". The effect of the ruling was
1604:
poll showed that 92% of people in the
Netherlands proper thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 8% were opposed. For comparison, a 2021 Aruban poll showed that 49% of respondents supported registered partnerships for same-sex couples, and 46% supported same-sex marriage.
1517:
that the ruling "could very well have some bearing on our situation here. I'm definitely looking into it. We're researching it to see what is the possibility, and also in touch with our friends in Aruba who are, of course, overjoyed with this ruling." Some religious groups said they were disappointed
1328:
mean automatic equal treatment: if a facility (e.g. social benefits) is only open to married couples, this applies in certain cases only to heterosexual couples. When a facility, however, is also open to non-married couples, then same-sex couples have to be included based on non-discrimination rules.
1327:
is possible in all countries. In July 2024, the
Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in Aruba and Curaçao. Sint Maarten does not perform same-sex marriage but registers marriages performed in the remaining parts of the Kingdom. However, acceptance and registration of a same-sex marriage does not
1481:
ruled in both cases on 6 December 2022 that the same-sex marriage bans in Aruba and Curaçao were unconstitutional and that same-sex couples must be allowed to marry in those islands. The court ruled that "the fact that marriage is a centuries old tradition" did not justify differential treatment for
1469:
to address the unlawful discrimination. "There is no justification to deny same-sex couples the right to get married, certainly as long as there is no comparable legal system such as a registered partnership", the court said. The case was filed by a lesbian couple who had been together for more than
1425:
scheme. The judgement of the ruling held that "the recognition of the marriage certificate also means the recognition of the legal consequences of the marriage certificate". The decision was overturned on appeal in June 2009 by the Common Court of
Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, which
976:
voted in favor of an amendment to the Aruban Civil Code legalizing registered partnerships for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The amendment gives couples in registered partnerships almost all of the rights offered to married couples, such as access to spousal pensions and the possibility to
1559:
In
September 2018, three LGBT rights organizations presented a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Curaçao to the Vice President of Parliament, Giselle McWilliam. McWilliam applauded the action saying, "I think it's great. It shows that democracy is alive on Curaçao. That initiatives can come not
1457:
that the government was acting unlawfully by not offering an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples. The
Fundacion Orguyo Aruba appealed parts of the court decision on 6 July 2020, arguing that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry instead of having access to an alternative partnership
1372:
and were residing in the
Netherlands after leaving Aruba in November 2003 because of harassment when they tried to register as a married couple. In December 2004, the Aruba Court of First Instance ruled that their marriage should be registered in Aruba. The Aruban Government's stance was that the
1497:
On 12 July 2024 the
Supreme Court of the Netherlands upheld the lower court ruling, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in Aruba and Curaçao with immediate effect. Solicitor General Gerbrant Snijders had earlier advised the Supreme Court to preserve the earlier ruling of the Joint Court of
1550:
party introduced a bill to allow same-sex marriage to
Parliament in June 2022. On 8 May 2024, the Parliament could not reach an agreement on a newly-submitted same-sex marriage bill, with ten MPs voting in favor and ten against. One MP, Shailiny Tromp-Lee, abstained from the vote citing the
1470:
10 years and who sought the right to marry. The Human Rights
Caribbean Foundation said the ruling was a "step forward" and an "asset to anyone who supports fundamental rights and is committed to equality". The government filed an appeal of the decision in June 2022, though Prime Minister
1502:
welcomed the court ruling, describing it as "an amazing victory which applies to Aruba, Curaçao, and by implication St. Maarten. Aruba progresses into a society with less discrimination, more tolerance, and acceptance." State
Secretary for Kingdom Relations and Digitalisation
1905:
LANDSVERORDENING van 23 september 2016 tot wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek van Aruba (AB 1989 no. GT 100) in verband met een aantal onderwerpen die nog een regeling of aanpassing in het Burgerlijk Wetboek van Aruba behoeven (aanvulling Burgerlijk Wetboek van
1592:, said her party was planning on introducing a same-sex marriage bill to Parliament, noting that "there is precedent now within the Caribbean part of the kingdom (of the Netherlands) that it's not right to withhold same-sex marriage rights from people."
1205:
organizations in both Curaçao and Sint Maarten said they were hopeful such laws would also be approved in their respective countries. After an amendment giving cohabiting couples, including same-sex couples, some limited legal rights was proposed in the
1404:
In the case of a joint divorce request of a same-sex couple in Aruba, a court ruled in 2008 that even though same-sex marriages were not mentioned in the Civil Code of Aruba, the partners constituted a married couple and as such should be allowed to
2261:
892:
to the Supreme Court; however, the governments of both Curaçao and Aruba subsequently appealed. On 12 July 2024, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court ruling, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in Aruba and Curaçao with immediate effect.
1478:
1377:
885:
1564:
also welcomed the measure, saying that it "is now time to debate the issue", and that "exclusion and discrimination against the LGBT community affects human rights." On 4 June 2019, the bill was submitted to Parliament by members of the
2993:
1560:
only from the parliament or the government, but also from the people themselves. Everyone has the right to submit a bill, I am going to do everything to help this group, because they are also part of it." Prime Minister
3155:
2983:
1940:
2848:
1917:
3180:
1576:
In May 2023, MP Rennox Calmes introduced a bill to ban same-sex marriage in the Constitution of Curaçao. The bill would have required a two-thirds majority in the Parliament to become law.
1876:
3185:
1992:
2988:
2858:
628:
3463:
3306:
3150:
3110:
2963:
2933:
3050:
2998:
2973:
2948:
2908:
2863:
1295:
2953:
2928:
2873:
2938:
2868:
2153:
2943:
698:
Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship" is available in 68 of Cambodia’s communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
1850:
657:
Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
1461:
On 13 September 2021, the Court of First Instance in Curaçao found that the exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage was contrary to the equality principle of the
1955:
3485:
1746:
641:
3600:
2388:
1764:
1937:
1904:
3480:
3423:
3160:
3130:
1658:
901:
594:
559:
3951:
3660:
2446:
299:
888:
ruled on appeal that Aruba's and Curaçao's same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional. The court order was set to go into effect on 7 March 2023 if not
876:
on 12 July 2024. In September 2021, a lower court in Curaçao ruled that preventing same-sex couples from marrying violates the equality provisions of the
3231:
1421:) for discriminating against a married lesbian couple. The court ruled that the office had acted illegally when it refused to register the couple in its
1288:
1356:
A case was launched in 2002 by a same-sex couple seeking recognition of their Dutch marriage in Aruba. Citing one of the partners' inability to receive
2693:
2195:
3994:
3930:
3767:
3567:
2406:
1348:, Curaçao and Sint Maarten were part of the latter country, and as such their civil codes are based on the Civil Code of the Netherlands Antilles.
1707:
3070:
2352:
1880:
1605:
Support was higher among young people (about 75% of people under the age of 30 expressed support), and those who had completed higher education.
1368:. The government was adamantly opposed to the court challenge. The couple reported that they often had rocks thrown at them, were suffering from
3332:
3135:
1996:
1634:
1281:
524:
3989:
3582:
3400:
2301:
1417:
In July 2008, the Netherlands Antilles Court of First Instance in Curaçao ruled against the Antillean Office for Healthcare Facilities (BZV;
468:
2761:
2120:
3892:
3797:
3757:
3712:
3283:
2717:
2039:
1311:
and other documents regarding civil status from elsewhere in the Kingdom (including the European and Caribbean parts of the country of the
335:
330:
149:
1680:
3999:
3732:
3577:
3547:
3535:
3497:
3430:
2913:
421:
404:
1518:
but "not surprised". In its ruling, the Supreme Court noted the religious objections of opponents of same-sex marriage, but stated that
3842:
3807:
3645:
3525:
3440:
3435:
3405:
3345:
3313:
3273:
3263:
1824:
1600:
Support for same-sex marriage in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten is significantly lower than in the country of the Netherlands. A 2019
1320:
463:
393:
388:
224:
2370:
2174:
3910:
3874:
3832:
3787:
3747:
3702:
3650:
3625:
3607:
3515:
3458:
3350:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3085:
2279:
2083:
844:
529:
458:
432:
304:
289:
284:
3802:
3792:
3777:
3752:
3722:
3655:
3617:
3572:
3552:
3520:
3258:
3250:
3003:
2838:
2820:
2735:
2581:
519:
509:
453:
325:
314:
294:
255:
3125:
3902:
3837:
3717:
3557:
3542:
3530:
3453:
3268:
3224:
3075:
1345:
1344:
of the Kingdom is dependent on each other, decisions in other countries have in the same situation the same validity. Before the
416:
411:
398:
353:
340:
309:
229:
2783:
3887:
3670:
3507:
3470:
3008:
1854:
1093:
514:
234:
2544:
1747:"Hoge Raad: beslissing hof om in Aruba en Curaçao huwelijk open te stellen voor personen van gelijk geslacht blijft in stand"
1316:
985:
on 23 September 2016, and the law came into effect on 1 September 2021, after the government published a commencement order.
3979:
3857:
3762:
2562:
1629:
1324:
1253:
897:
174:
1792:
1384:
reacted to the decision by declaring, "We give neither legal nor moral recognition to same-sex marriages." The government
3920:
3140:
2646:
645:
564:
549:
1376:
The government appealed the ruling to the Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (since 2010 the
3727:
3217:
3197:
3174:
3120:
3090:
154:
3984:
2482:
1980:
3298:
3145:
707:
Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
199:
31:
1504:
3897:
3827:
3475:
3115:
2923:
2389:"advies AG aan Hoge Raad: laat openstellng huwelijk voor paren van hetzelfde geslacht in Aruba en Curaçao in stand"
1389:
873:
214:
179:
1584:
Following the December 2022 court ruling that Aruba's and Curaçao's same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional,
3737:
3375:
3105:
3100:
2898:
159:
99:
3080:
2057:
3882:
3847:
3388:
3340:
3095:
3018:
2853:
1969:
64:
59:
4004:
3974:
3852:
3812:
3782:
3592:
3370:
2893:
1812:
1340:, several court cases had given information on the status of same-sex marriages in the three islands. As the
837:
504:
194:
189:
94:
1551:
complexity of the issue. A second vote was held on June 19, with the same result, causing the bill to fail.
972:
promised to support bills legalizing registered partnerships for same-sex couples. On 8 September 2016, the
765:
Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
3707:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3665:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3492:
3448:
3395:
3065:
3060:
3013:
2918:
2813:
2620:
2605:
2427:
2325:
2199:
1494:
announced its intention to file an appeal on 13 December, followed by the Aruba Government on 24 February.
347:
239:
144:
134:
124:
119:
114:
109:
74:
69:
54:
2600:
2525:
2223:
2219:
2137:
1211:
3862:
3822:
3772:
3697:
3687:
3587:
3410:
3360:
3355:
2968:
2958:
2883:
2878:
2235:
2107:
1728:
1624:
1406:
1360:
benefits from the job of the other, as entitled to a spouse in a heterosexual marriage, they accused the
539:
219:
209:
184:
169:
139:
129:
84:
79:
1458:
institution. Registered partnerships were legalized in Aruba in September 2021, but the case continued.
3817:
3742:
3562:
3365:
3055:
2888:
2061:
1589:
869:
727:
686:
499:
494:
437:
204:
164:
89:
2040:"LANDSVERORDENING van de 13e december 2012 houdende vaststelling van een nieuw Wetboek van Strafrecht"
2019:"LANDSVERORDENING van de 2de november 2011 houdende vaststelling van een nieuw Wetboek van Strafrecht"
1462:
877:
3925:
3380:
2978:
2903:
1918:"DBSB biedt twee nieuwe producten aan haar klanten i.v.m. wijzigingen in het BW per 1 september 2021"
1490:
said the ruling should also apply to Sint Maarten "as all three have the same legal framework". The
1373:
Civil Code of Aruba did not allow for same-sex marriage, and that it " against Aruba's way of life".
904:, is also open to same-sex couples. The final constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
753:
682:
375:
104:
2501:
1619:
1011:
830:
2018:
1491:
1466:
1207:
881:
2806:
2464:
1570:
1487:
1479:
Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
1378:
Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
1229:
1221:
on the legalisation of same-sex marriage be held on the island, though no referendum was held.
886:
Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
534:
1765:"Eerste homohuwelijk in Caribisch Nederland (First gay marriage in the Caribbean Netherlands)"
716:
Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
3209:
1393:
965:
have been recognized in Aruba for different-sex and same-sex couples since 1 September 2021.
1614:
1513:
1486:
until 7 March 2023 pending appeal to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands. State Secretary
615:
544:
22:
2087:
8:
3037:
2651:
1519:
973:
945:
2736:"Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU"
1956:
Aruba vote on civil partnerships could finally extend LGBT rights to all Dutch citizens
1561:
1307:
Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have separate civil codes from the Netherlands proper.
2791:
1483:
1369:
1361:
1337:
857:
554:
44:
2798:
1434:
872:. The islands are obliged to conduct same-sex marriages following a ruling from the
1422:
1381:
1308:
677:
2371:"Ook Sint Maarten kan te maken krijgen met Arubaans/Curaçaos' vonnis homohuwelijk"
1522:"does not go so far as imposing one's own religious norms and values on another."
2262:"Eksklushon matrimonio di personanan di mesun sekso kontra prinsipio di igualdat"
1944:
978:
3241:
2674:
2447:"Dutch Supreme Court rules Aruba, Curaçao must allow same-sex couples to marry"
1365:
1214:
1151:
940:
928:
1474:
had announced immediately after the court ruling that it had plans to appeal.
3968:
1769:
1601:
1585:
1508:
1499:
1341:
2407:"Supreme Court's solicitor-general concludes in favor of same-sex marriage"
1471:
982:
905:
880:, but left the decision of whether to legalise same-sex marriage up to the
820:
739:
2694:"Insufficient support for bill proposal legalization gay marriage Curaçao"
1566:
1357:
1312:
1138:
924:
909:
733:
685:
obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of
270:
1659:"Same-same couples are allowed to marry in Aruba Curacao and St Maarten"
1530:
1218:
2353:"Aruba, Curaçao Ordered to Extend Marriage Rights to Same-sex Couples"
1708:"Aruba, Curaçao ordered to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples"
865:
3042:
1681:"'Exclusion of same-sex marriage violates the principle of equality'"
1547:
1526:
1234:
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico
969:
3028:
2830:
1525:
The first same-sex marriage in Curaçao occurred on 27 July 2024 in
1201:
Following the passage of the registered partnership bill in Aruba,
962:
957:
913:
774:
Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
644:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and
1573:, but it was withdrawn the following year due to lack of support.
743:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
689:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
3323:
1274: Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced
908:, does not perform same-sex marriages. Aruba has also recognized
2762:"Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht"
2302:"Court rules in favor of same-sex marriage on Aruba and Curaçao"
1938:
AMENDEMENT van de leden Bikker, Wever-Croes, Herde, Lopez-Tromp
1385:
889:
3239:
1453:
On 27 May 2020, the Court of First Instance of Aruba ruled in
961:) offering several of the rights, benefits and obligations of
2718:"Curaçao MP is pushing for a bill to block same-sex marriage"
2154:
Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
1877:"Aruba Parliament approves civil unions for same-sex couples"
1851:"Aruba Parliament approves civil unions for same-sex couples"
861:
605:
in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
2563:"Press Release: 'LGBTQ + Community Wants Equality Marriage'"
1825:"Parlement neemt amendement geregistreerd partnerschap aan"
1797:
Departamento di Integracion, Maneho y Admision di Stranhero
1202:
1429:
1412:
977:
make emergency medical decisions for a partner. Governor
2149:
2084:"Gay marriage causes rift between Aruba and Netherlands"
2280:"Curaçao government to appeal same-sex marriage ruling"
2121:"Het homohuwelijk hoort bij de wet, ook op de Antillen"
1729:"Aruba continues court fight against same-sex marriage"
2582:"Wetsvoorstel homohuwelijk trapt Curaçao Gay Pride af"
2483:"Eerste homohuwelijk op Curaçao bezegeld in Otrobanda"
900:
proper, as well as in the Caribbean municipalities of
2828:
2545:"'Er is verbetering in homo-acceptatie op Curaçao'"
912:providing almost all of the rights and benefits of
593:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the
1813:At Long Last, Change Is Coming for Caribbean Gays
1793:"Conexion entre union civil y permiso di estadia"
1351:
989:8 September 2016 vote in the Parliament of Aruba
3966:
1455:Fundacion Orguyo Aruba (et al.) v. Country Aruba
2784:"Dutch & Arubans At Odds Over Gay Marriage"
2502:"Geen meerderheid parlement Aruba homohuwelijk"
2175:"Antillean court rejects Dutch law in gay case"
2142:
1995:(in Dutch). Government of Aruba. Archived from
2422:
2420:
1635:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
525:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
3225:
2814:
2675:"Wetsvoorstel invoering homohuwelijk Curaçao"
1981:Schotte Wants Referendum On Same Sex Marriage
1289:
1268: Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
838:
3464:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3307:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3151:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2058:"Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands"
1723:
1721:
1674:
1672:
2417:
2118:
1900:
1898:
273:or registered partnerships but not marriage
3232:
3218:
2821:
2807:
2465:"First same-sex couple marries on Curaçao"
1656:
1533:between Danika Marquez and Melinda Angel.
1419:Stichting Bureau Ziektekostenvoorzieningen
1321:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1296:
1282:
919:
845:
831:
2295:
2293:
1970:"Referendum op Curaçao over homohuwelijk"
1879:. Metro. 9 September 2016. Archived from
1853:. Yahoo. 9 September 2016. Archived from
1718:
1669:
868:, which are constituent countries of the
530:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania
3995:Same-sex marriage by country subdivision
2579:
2542:
2499:
1895:
1433:
1262: No recognition of same-sex couples
1228:
797:
795:
627:Neither performed nor recognized in six
520:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
510:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
2647:"Wetsvoorstel homohuwelijk naar Staten"
2101:
1346:dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
3967:
2598:
2580:van Beek, Roelie (27 September 2018).
2543:van Beek, Roelie (30 September 2018).
2444:
2351:Lavers, Michael K. (9 December 2022).
2350:
2290:
1808:
1806:
1430:Discriminatory exclusion from marriage
1413:Non-equal treatment of married couples
1325:same-sex marriage from the Netherlands
956:
515:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
3213:
2802:
2601:"Gay Pride Curaçao eist homohuwelijk"
2489:(in Dutch). Willemstad. 27 July 2024.
1702:
1700:
1652:
1650:
1536:
941:[ɣəˌrəɣɪˈstreːrtˈpɑrtnərsxɑp]
939:
792:
651:
589:
587:
3990:Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands
2526:"LHBT's Curaçao willen homohuwelijk"
2428:"High Court backs same-sex marriage"
1993:"Burgerlijk wetboek (Aruba), boek 1"
1657:van Putten, Laurens (12 July 2024).
1630:Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands
1224:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
640:Neither performed nor recognized in
614:Neither performed nor recognized in
381:
277:
2268:(in Papiamento). 13 September 2021.
2213:
1803:
1399:
1336:As the civil codes did not mention
756:, but they are not legally binding.
565:LGBT rights by country or territory
13:
4000:Same-sex marriage in North America
2691:
2599:Drayer, Dick (29 September 2018).
2299:
1799:(in Papiamento). 1 September 2021.
1697:
1647:
1323:, and therefore registration of a
1033:Jeffrey Clifton Gilbert Paul Kelly
752:Some cities and prefectures issue
616:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands
584:
14:
4016:
2776:
1595:
1319:as a result of Article 40 of the
968:In November 2015, Prime Minister
783:Spousal health insurance benefits
660:
3424:Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
3322:
3027:
2994:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2742:. European Commission. p. 2
2445:Lavers, Michael (12 July 2024).
1678:
1390:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
1027:Desirée Geneviève de Sousa-Croes
902:Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
874:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
814:
3419:Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
2754:
2728:
2710:
2685:
2667:
2639:
2613:
2592:
2573:
2555:
2536:
2518:
2493:
2475:
2457:
2438:
2399:
2381:
2363:
2344:
2318:
2272:
2254:
2228:
2188:
2167:
2131:
2112:
2076:
2050:
2032:
2011:
1985:
1974:
1960:
1949:
1928:
1910:
1869:
1843:
1817:
1785:
1757:
1739:
1579:
1246: Unregistered cohabitation
1109:Crispin Valentino Junior Romero
777:
768:
759:
746:
719:
710:
3601:British Indian Ocean Territory
1352:Recognition of Dutch marriages
701:
692:
634:
621:
608:
1:
2790:. August 2005. Archived from
2768:(in Dutch). 26 February 2021.
2621:"Gay marriage bill submitted"
2395:(in Dutch). 22 December 2023.
2062:Government of the Netherlands
1753:(in Dutch). 22 December 2023.
1640:
1112:Evelyna Christina Wever-Croes
1082:Jennifer Justine Arends-Reyes
1056:Lorna Casandra Jansen-Varlack
505:Timeline of same-sex marriage
2606:Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
2377:(in Dutch). 24 January 2023.
2119:Jaus Müller (23 July 2008).
1831:(in Dutch). 8 September 2016
1315:) must be accepted by these
1277:
1164:Andin Ceasar Giovanni Bikker
1132:Danguillaume Pierrino Oduber
1036:Marisol Juliette Lopez-Tromp
629:British Overseas Territories
7:
3980:LGBT rights in Sint Maarten
3952:British Antarctic Territory
1924:(in Dutch). 31 August 2021.
1773:(in Dutch). 4 December 2012
1625:LGBT rights in Sint Maarten
1608:
1331:
1135:Xiomara Jeanira Ruiz-Maduro
1094:People's Electoral Movement
540:Divorce of same-sex couples
10:
4021:
2434:. The Hague. 14 July 2024.
2326:"ECLI:NL:OGHACMB:2022:135"
2224:ECLI:NL:OGHNAA:2010:BO0846
2220:ECLI:NL:OGHNAA:2010:BM9524
2177:. Expatica.com. 2009-06-22
2138:ECLI:NL:OGHNAA:2009:BI9335
1590:Parliament of Sint Maarten
1554:
1068:Clarisca Nereida Velasquez
933:geregistreerd partnerschap
870:Kingdom of the Netherlands
500:Same-sex union court cases
495:Same-sex union legislation
3941:
3873:
3616:
3506:
3331:
3320:
3249:
3169:
3136:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3036:
3025:
2837:
2829:Same-sex marriage in the
2413:. The Hague. 25 May 2024.
2330:uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl
2240:uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl
2108:ECLI:NL:OGEAA:2008:BM9542
1448: Limited recognition
1129:Guillfred Fransis Besaril
1042:Melvin Glorinda Wyatt-Ras
1024:Christiaan Gerard Dammers
683:European Court of Justice
3931:Northern Mariana Islands
3156:Turks and Caicos Islands
2698:www.curacaochronicle.com
2681:(in Dutch). 5 June 2019.
2306:www.curacaochronicle.com
2236:"ECLI:NL:OGEAA:2020:239"
2198:. Rnw.nl. Archived from
1541:
1252: Island subject to
884:. In December 2022, the
754:partnership certificates
2655:(in Dutch). 4 June 2019
2500:Redactie (2024-06-20).
1463:Constitution of Curaçao
1240: Same-sex marriage
1106:Glenbert Francois Croes
949:
925:Registered partnerships
920:Registered partnerships
916:since September 2021.
910:registered partnerships
878:Constitution of Curaçao
725:Courts have recognised
601:. May be registered in
3985:LGBT rights in Curaçao
3071:British Virgin Islands
2357:South Florida Gay News
1620:LGBT rights in Curaçao
1571:Real Alternative Party
1488:Alexandra van Huffelen
1450:
1304:
1059:Donald Raymond Rasmijn
958:[uˈnjonsiˈvil]
932:
535:Marriage privatization
3843:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2984:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1465:, but left it to the
1437:
1394:Caribbean Netherlands
1317:constituent countries
1232:
1208:Parliament of Curaçao
1065:Melvin Atanacio Tromp
1012:Aruban People's Party
882:Parliament of Curaçao
595:Caribbean Netherlands
4005:2024 in LGBT history
3975:LGBT rights in Aruba
2569:. 28 September 2018.
2532:. 28 September 2018.
2451:The Washington Blade
1883:on 17 September 2016
1615:LGBT rights in Aruba
1514:The Washington Blade
1139:Juan Edberto Thijsen
545:Domestic partnership
3486:U.S. tribal nations
3481:U.S. Virgin Islands
3161:U.S. Virgin Islands
3004:Trinidad and Tobago
2849:Antigua and Barbuda
2794:on 26 October 2005.
2652:Antilliaans Dagblad
1735:. 25 February 2023.
1520:freedom of religion
1062:Alfred Marlon Sneek
990:
974:Parliament of Aruba
642:some tribal nations
560:Listings by country
376:Minimal recognition
2914:Dominican Republic
2766:Antiliaans Dagblad
1943:2017-03-26 at the
1714:. 7 December 2022.
1588:, a member of the
1562:Eugene Rhuggenaath
1537:Legislative action
1492:Curaçao Government
1451:
1388:the ruling to the
1305:
1030:Gervais Rene Herdé
988:
801:Not yet in effect.
23:LGBT rights series
3962:
3961:
3207:
3206:
2722:Curaçao Chronicle
2625:Curacao Chronicle
2586:Caribisch Network
2567:Curaçao Chronicle
2549:Caribisch Network
2284:Curaçao Chronicle
2064:. 10 October 2010
1857:on 3 October 2016
1829:Caribisch Netwerk
1712:Los Angeles Blade
1679:Dept, Editorial.
1498:Justice. Senator
1362:Aruban Government
1338:same-sex marriage
1309:Marriage licenses
1225:Same-sex marriage
1217:suggested that a
1199:
1198:
1039:Norman Ceril Roos
858:Same-sex marriage
855:
854:
599:Aruba and Curaçao
597:), as well as in
478:
477:
365:
364:
4012:
3911:Pitcairn Islands
3459:Falkland Islands
3326:
3244:around the world
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3126:Saint Barthélemy
3086:Falkland Islands
3031:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:Associated Press
2770:
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2432:The Daily Herald
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2286:. 23 March 2022.
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2096:
2095:
2086:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
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2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
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2004:
1999:on 14 April 2011
1989:
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1685:The Daily Herald
1676:
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1441:
1423:health insurance
1400:Same-sex divorce
1382:Nelson O. Oduber
1298:
1291:
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1210:in 2017, former
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847:
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3768:North Macedonia
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3597:United Kingdom
3502:
3445:United Kingdom
3327:
3318:
3303:United Kingdom
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3242:same-sex unions
3238:
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3181:Central America
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2476:
2471:. 27 July 2024.
2463:
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2411:SintMaartenNews
2405:
2404:
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2393:www.hogeraad.nl
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2266:Kiko ta Pasando
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2150:"Appeal BI9335"
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2777:External links
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2724:. 29 May 2023.
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487:
486:
483:
482:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
445: •
440:
435:
429:
427:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
408:
407:
403: •
396:
391:
385:
380:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
354:Cayman Islands
352: •
350:
346: •
341:United Kingdom
338:
333:
328:
322:
320:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
300:Czech Republic
297:
292:
287:
281:
276:
275:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
258:
252:
251:
243:
242:
237:
232:
230:United Kingdom
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
50:
49:
43:
42:
39:
38:
29:
26:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4017:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Liechtenstein
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:Faroe Islands
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:United States
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3200:
3199:
3198:South America
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:North America
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:French Guiana
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:United States
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2679:dwtonline.com
2676:
2670:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2627:. 4 June 2019
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2202:on 2012-03-08
2201:
2197:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2090:on 2017-02-11
2089:
2085:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1772:
1771:
1770:de Volkskrant
1766:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1602:Eurobarometer
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:Melissa Gumbs
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:Melissa Gumbs
1506:
1501:
1500:Miguel Mansur
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:jurisprudence
1339:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1255:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:Voted against
999:
996:
993:
992:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
964:
959:
951:
947:
942:
934:
930:
926:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
822:
812:
811:
798:
796:
791:
780:
771:
762:
755:
749:
742:
741:
736:
735:
730:
729:
722:
713:
704:
695:
688:
684:
680:
679:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
654:
647:
643:
637:
630:
624:
617:
611:
604:
600:
596:
590:
588:
583:
575:
574:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
485:
484:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
443:
442:Netherlands:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
428:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
406:
402:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:
377:
372:
371:
355:
351:
349:
345:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
272:
267:
266:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
241:
238:
236:
235:United States
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
155:Liechtenstein
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
41:
40:
35:
28:
27:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3418:
3415:Netherlands
3299:South Africa
3196:
3173:
3146:Sint Maarten
3131:Saint Martin
3038:Dependencies
2792:the original
2787:
2765:
2756:
2746:23 September
2744:. Retrieved
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2440:
2431:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2152:(in Dutch).
2144:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2060:(in Dutch).
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1987:
1976:
1962:
1951:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1887:10 September
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1871:
1861:10 September
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1845:
1835:11 September
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1711:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:
1663:de Telegraaf
1662:
1599:
1583:
1580:Sint Maarten
1575:
1558:
1545:
1524:
1512:
1496:
1476:
1472:Gilmar Pisas
1460:
1454:
1452:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1375:
1355:
1335:
1306:
1233:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
983:royal assent
967:
923:
906:Sint Maarten
895:
860:is legal in
856:
779:
770:
761:
748:
740:maitri karar
738:
732:
728:guru–shishya
726:
721:
712:
703:
694:
676:
653:
636:
623:
610:
603:Sint Maarten
602:
598:
447:Sint Maarten
446:
271:Civil unions
247:
246:
200:South Africa
21:Part of the
15:
3898:New Zealand
3858:Isle of Man
3828:Switzerland
3763:Netherlands
3583:South Korea
3568:Philippines
3476:Puerto Rico
3401:El Salvador
3116:Puerto Rico
3043:territories
2989:Saint Lucia
2924:El Salvador
2159:18 December
2127:(in Dutch).
2068:29 December
2046:(in Dutch).
2044:overheid.nl
2028:(in Dutch).
2026:gobiernu.cw
2003:12 December
1567:Partido MAN
1505:Zsolt Szabó
1358:health care
1313:Netherlands
950:union civil
898:Netherlands
734:nata pratha
687:EU citizens
469:South Korea
215:Switzerland
180:New Zealand
175:Netherlands
3969:Categories
3942:Antarctica
3893:Micronesia
3798:San Marino
3758:Montenegro
3738:Luxembourg
3376:Costa Rica
3284:Mozambique
3240:Status of
3111:Montserrat
3106:Martinique
3101:Guadeloupe
2899:Costa Rica
2703:2022-12-06
2530:gaysite.nl
2511:2024-06-26
2506:Curacao.nu
2487:Bonaire.nu
2375:Curacao.nu
2332:(in Dutch)
2311:2022-12-06
2242:(in Dutch)
2206:2014-04-05
2181:2014-04-05
2094:2017-02-08
1967:(in Dutch)
1935:(in Dutch)
1777:9 December
1690:2021-09-15
1641:References
1531:Willemstad
1467:Parliament
1370:depression
1219:referendum
954:pronounced
946:Papiamento
937:pronounced
336:San Marino
331:Montenegro
248:Recognized
160:Luxembourg
100:Costa Rica
3883:Australia
3848:Gibraltar
3733:Lithuania
3578:Singapore
3548:Indonesia
3536:Hong Kong
3498:Venezuela
3431:Nicaragua
3389:Greenland
3341:Argentina
3186:Caribbean
3096:Greenland
3019:Venezuela
2964:Nicaragua
2934:Guatemala
2854:Argentina
2839:Sovereign
2336:1 January
2246:1 January
1548:Accion 21
1527:Otrobanda
997:Voted for
970:Mike Eman
422:Lithuania
405:Hong Kong
65:Australia
60:Argentina
3853:Guernsey
3813:Slovenia
3808:Slovakia
3783:Portugal
3646:Bulgaria
3593:Thailand
3526:Cambodia
3441:Suriname
3436:Paraguay
3406:Honduras
3385:Denmark
3371:Colombia
3346:Barbados
3333:Americas
3314:Zimbabwe
3274:Eswatini
3264:Botswana
3051:Anguilla
2999:Suriname
2974:Paraguay
2949:Honduras
2909:Dominica
2894:Colombia
2864:Barbados
2831:Americas
2692:Vordev.
2469:NL Times
2300:Vordev.
1941:Archived
1733:NL Times
1609:See also
1569:and the
1386:appealed
1332:Case law
981:granted
963:marriage
914:marriage
890:appealed
555:Adoption
488:See also
464:Slovakia
394:Cambodia
389:Bulgaria
225:Thailand
195:Slovenia
190:Portugal
95:Colombia
45:Marriage
3875:Oceania
3833:Ukraine
3788:Romania
3748:Moldova
3713:Ireland
3708:Iceland
3703:Hungary
3693:Germany
3683:Finland
3678:Estonia
3666:Denmark
3651:Croatia
3641:Belgium
3636:Austria
3631:Andorra
3626:Albania
3608:Vietnam
3516:Armenia
3493:Uruguay
3449:Bermuda
3396:Ecuador
3351:Bolivia
3294:Nigeria
3289:Namibia
3279:Lesotho
3081:Curaçao
3066:Bonaire
3061:Bermuda
3014:Uruguay
2954:Jamaica
2929:Grenada
2919:Ecuador
2874:Bolivia
2859:Bahamas
1555:Curaçao
1407:divorce
866:Curaçao
459:Romania
433:Namibia
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305:Hungary
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285:Bolivia
240:Uruguay
150:Ireland
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135:Germany
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120:Estonia
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110:Denmark
75:Belgium
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55:Andorra
3863:Jersey
3823:Sweden
3803:Serbia
3793:Russia
3778:Poland
3773:Norway
3753:Monaco
3723:Latvia
3698:Greece
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3743:Malta
3718:Italy
3563:Nepal
3558:Japan
3543:India
3531:China
3366:Chile
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