578:, is the most common fiber used in sailcloth; it is also commonly referred to by the brand name Dacron. PET has excellent resiliency, high abrasion resistance, high UV resistance, high flex strength and low cost. Low absorbency allows the fiber to dry quickly. PET has been replaced by stronger fibers for most serious racing applications, but remains the most popular sail cloth due to lower price and high durability. Dacron is the brand name of Dupontâs Type 52 high modulus fiber made specifically for sailcloth. Allied Signal has produced a fiber called 1W70 polyester that has a 27% higher tenacity than Dacron. Other trade names include Terylene, Tetoron, Trevira and Diolen.
242:
734:
748:) produced by Ticona. It is naturally gold in color and has a modulus similar to Kevlar 29, but has less strength loss with flex. This is a benefit in endurance applications and for cruising sails where durability is key. Additional advantages of Vectran fiber has a 0.02% creep at 30% of max load after 10 000 hours, high chemical and abrasion resistance and high tensile strength. The UV endurance is inferior to PET and PEN, but the degradation levels off after roughly 400 hours of exposure, while the Aramids and Spectra continue to degrade.
590:), commonly known by Honeywell's trade name "Pentex", is another kind of polyester fiber, which stretches only 40% as much as standard PET fibers, but about twice as much as Kevlar 29. Because it only shrinks about a third as much as a good PET, PEN can not be woven as tightly; thus, woven PEN must be impregnated with resin making sails prone to damage from improper use and handling. PEN is better suited for making laminated sailcloth, where the fibers are laid straight for strength and are bonded to sheets of film for stability (e.g.,
548:
1163:-mat sails, probably because canoes and voyaging were included in the elaborate pre-Christian taboo system. Christianity took hold on Satawal during the decades after World War II, and the islanders then used canvas. When I and Gary Mount, as Peace Corps volunteers, demonstrated the obvious superiority of dacron over canvas with only a 4-inch square sample, the men agreed to purchase sails for the canoes of the island. As word of the superiority of dacron spread, the people of
183:
677:, which offers superior UV resistance (on par with PET), very high initial modulus numbers (second only to high modulus Carbon Fiber), superior breaking strength, and high flex strength. However, it also exhibits permanent and continuous elongation under a sustained load (AKA: creep). This results in a change in shape as the sail ages. Because of this Spectra is only used in spinnakers on high performance boats where the sails are replaced regularly.
31:
476:
725:. It is a gold fiber with an initial modulus that is significantly higher than other high modulus yarns, including aramids. Among PBO's desirable properties are high thermal stability, low creep, high chemical resistance, high cut and abrasion resistance, and excellent resistance to stretch after repeated folding. PBO is also quite flexible and has a soft feel. But PBOs have poor resistance to both UV and visible light.
233:; however, in some cases the strength of linen was preferred for some types of sails. It was not until the late 20th century that natural fibers were replaced by synthetics in mainstream use. Cotton sailcloth is still used for sportswear, upholstery and draperies. The traditional width for carded cotton sailcloth in the US was 23 inches (58 cm) while the British standard was 24 inches (61 cm).
697:. It is often used by European sailcloth manufacturers, is available in a wider variety of yarn sizes than Spectra, and is growing in popularity. Dyneema DSK78 set a new standard combining the typical high strength to weight ratio, excellent low stretch, abrasion, and UV resistance but added three times better creep performance compared to Dyneema SK75 and nearly two times better than Dyneema SK90.
128:
225:. These natural fibers have poor resistance to rot, UV light and water absorption. Linen is stronger, but cotton is lighter. Linen was the traditional fiber of sails until it was supplanted by cotton during the 19th century. At first cotton was used as a matter of necessity in the United States as it was indigenous and the supply of flax was periodically interrupted by wars such as the
607:
862:, the film provides most of the stretch resistance and the taffeta enhances tear and abrasion resistance. The high-end versions of this method use a woven Spectra or Kevlar taffeta. In some newer styles, off threadline aramid yarns, are also laid into the laminate. In some cases the second layer of taffeta is eliminated for cost and weight savings
538:
There is no perfect solution since in most cases the increase of one attribute generally results in the decreased attractiveness of another. Reduced stretch generally also reduces the flexibility causing a trade-off of performance for durability. Solving both problems generally sends the price out
849:
In the 1970s sailmakers began to laminate multiple materials with different characteristics to synergize the qualities of each. Using sheets of PET or PEN reduces stretch in all directions, where weaves are most efficient in the direction of the threadlines. Lamination also allow fibers to be placed
626:
has developed higher modulus Types 129, 149 and 159, but these have seen little use in sails, since generally as the modulus increases the flex strength decreases. DuPont has recently introduced Kevlar Edge, a fiber developed specifically for sails with 25% higher flex strength and a higher modulus
562:
because of its light weight, high tensile strength, superior abrasion resistance and flexibility. However, it has a low modulus allowing too much stretch to be suitable for upwind sails. Nylon is more susceptible to UV and chemical degradation than polyesters and its physical properties can change
657:
is an aramid, which is produced in The
Netherlands by Teijin, is chemically and physically similar to DuPontâs Kevlar. Twaron HM (High modulus) has similar stretch properties to Kevlar 49, greater tensile strength and better UV resistance. Twaron SM is similar to Kevlar 29. Like Kevlar, the fiber
621:
fiber, has become the predominant fiber for racing sails, since it was introduced by DuPont in 1971. It is stronger, has a higher strength to weight ratio than steel, and has a modulus that is five times greater than PET, and about twice as high as PEN. There are two popular types of Kevlar: Type
201:
used wool for sailcloth. The cloth was woven in one of three ways, according to locality and tradition: plain weave with individual threads going over and under each other, three-shaft twill with two threads going over and under at each cross thread, and four-shaft twill with thread interwoven with
796:
Sailcloth is woven in two forms: balanced and unbalanced. The yarns in balanced cloth are the same diameter and weight in lengthwise (the "warp") and across the width of the cloth (the "fill"). Unbalanced means a heavier yarn is used in one direction. Most moderns sails are "crosscut", which is an
483:
The characteristics of a sail are due to design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. The following sections discuss the attributes of fibers assuming a good design and careful construction. According to Mahr, there are six key factors in
891:
Wovens on both sides of a scrim without the film layer. The problem is getting enough high modulus yarn into the sandwich, and still being able to get a good bond, because, dissimilar fabrics donât often bond well. This technique is more experimental than practical, but may yield results in time.
828:
PEN film is extruded and biaxially oriented version of PEN fiber. Just as PEN fiber is stronger than PET fiber, PEN film is stronger than PET film. However, PEN film is rarely used in standard sailcloth styles because it shrinks more rapidly than PET, is less resistant to abuse, and reduces the
870:
In this construction, a scrim or strands (inserts) are sandwiched between layers of film. Thus load-bearing members are laid straight, which maximizes the high modulus of the fibers, where a woven material will have some inherent stretch to the weave. Laminating film to film around the strands
627:
than Kevlar 49. Kevlar, along with other aramid fibers, have poor UV resistance (Kevlar loses strength roughly twice as quickly in sunlight as PET) and rapid loss of strength with flexing, folding and flogging. Minimal flogging and careful handling can greatly extend the life of a Kevlar sail.
759:
is a high modulus synthetic fiber made from carbon atoms. It is virtually unaffected by UV exposure and provides exceptionally low stretch. Variants can balance along a continuum from brittle with no-stretch to extreme durability/flexibility with only slightly more stretch than aramid sails.
800:
Woven sail cloths have an inherent problem with stretch resistance. In a weave the warp and fill yarns pass over and under one another. As load is applied the yarns attempt to straighten out, this results in the fabric stretching, commonly referred to as "crimp". Fibers which are resistant to
779: yd/lb). The quality and weight of the weave can be more critical than the choice of fibers, since a poor weave can lead to high stretch and poor sail form. Weight is described in ounces, for example "an 8 oz. cloth". This means that an area of 72 cm Ă 91 cm (
1124:
646:, has a slightly lower modulus strength than Kevlar 29 but a slightly higher resistance to flex fatigue. The fiberâs lower UV resistance is enhanced by dyeing the naturally gold fiber black. Technora is most often used as bias support (X-ply) in laminate sailcloth.
909:
882:
Woven fabric with high UV and abrasion protection is added to the film-on-film. This combines the best of the above, but is costly, heavy, and stiff. This is an attractive method to combine high modulus fibers with poor UV resistance.
1138:
768:
Combed singles yarn sailcloth in high counts is used for spinnaker and head sails. The count often is 148 by 160 and the fabric is finished at 100 cm (40 in) wide with a length-to-mass ratio of about 13.10 m/kg
797:
unbalanced technique where the heavier yarns is in the fill. This allows greater loads to radiate up from the clew (back lower corner) along the leech (back edge). This is especially true of mainsails and high aspect jibs.
229:, during which demand for sailcloth for military use was high. As sail size grew linen was too heavy to be practical so cotton became more popular. Cotton did not substantially replace linen worldwide until the end of the
1158:
sails sewn by the men themselves. Most
Carolinian canoes had used canvas acquired during the Japanese presence in the islands. The people of Satawal, however, were reluctant to switch from the cumbersome
713:
similar to
Spectra, with about one half the modulus rating of Spectra. It has similar properties to Spectra including superior resistance to flex fatigue and UV degradation but also exhibits creep.
820:
is the most common film used in laminated sailcloth. It is an extruded and biaxially oriented version of PET fiber. In the US and
Britain, the most well-known trade names are Mylar and Melinex.
841:
is a loose weave or lattice of strands, typically bonded where they cross to maintain the grid pattern. Strands and scrims are used to strengthen or reinforce sailcloth (see laminates below).
996:
Brigham, William Tufts; Stokes, John F. G. (1906). "Mat and Basket
Weaving of the Ancient Hawaiians Described and Compared with the Basketry of the Other Pacific Islanders".
871:
creates a very strong and dependable bond reducing the amount of adhesive needed. In high quality cloth, the strands or scrim are tensioned during the lamination process.
874:
The drawbacks are: film is not as abrasion or flex resistant as a weave, it does not protect the structural fibers from UV rays. In some cases UV protection is added.
1098:
1426:
1316:
1449:
809:
Films are thin sheet material extruded from synthetic polymers and are typically used along with woven cloth in a laminate (see laminates below).
378:
509:â Describes the long term stretch of a fiber or fabric. A material with creep may have a superior modulus, but lose its shape over time.
670:
666:
354:
1015:
Quimby, Frank J. (19 December 2017). "Spain in the
Mariana Islands, 1521-1898". In Berrocal, Maria Cruz; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (eds.).
721:
PBO (Poly (p-phenylene-2, 6-benzobisoxazole)) is liquid crystal polymer developed by Japan-based Toyobo under the trade name
444:, among others. The technology of pandan mat sails were also introduced to non-Austronesian peoples via contact, like to the
598:
outer layer of a laminate, protecting a PET film. PEN laminates are an economical alternative for higher performance sail.
526:â Strength lost due to bending, folding, or flogging, which is frequently measured with an industry standard 50 fold test.
95:
67:
1523:
1299:
1274:
1235:
1199:
George, Marianne (December 2017). "Te Laa o Lata of
Taumako: Gauging the performance of an ancient Polynesian sail".
1129:
1024:
980:
945:
801:
stretching cannot be woven as tightly as more flexible fibers such as PET, thus the cloth is more affected by crimp.
114:
1361:
1414:
74:
837:
Strands are combined from fibers; these are frequently narrow flat bands or ribbons of high strength material.
1420:
Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford. Textiles, Ninth
Edition. Pearson Education, Inc 2002. Upper Saddle River, NJ
1371:
52:
1017:
Historical
Archaeology of Early Modern Colonialism in Asia-Pacific: The Southwest Pacific and Oceanian Regions
817:
591:
1533:
1424:
D. Tanner; J. A. Fitzgerald; B. R. Phillips (1989). "The Kevlar Story - an
Advanced Materials Case Study".
352:
Specific examples of sails made from pandan mats in Austronesian-speaking regions include the sails of the
202:
two threads at a time in either direction. Such was the practice from the 11th through the 14th centuries.
81:
530:
241:
455:
Sails could also be made from woven mats of other similar plant leaves and fibers, including those from
138:
is cloth used to make sails. It can be made of a variety of materials, including natural fibers such as
1528:
1447:
E. E. Magat (1980). "Fibres from Extended Chain Aromatic Polyamides, New Fibres and Their Composites".
571:
48:
1041:
63:
622:
29 and Type 49, the latter having a 50% higher initial modulus than Type 29 but a lower flex loss.
587:
534:âBoth the initial cost and its durability of the material define its cost-effectiveness over time.
41:
1396:
1538:
745:
299:
1399:, Historical Musings from Salem Maritime National Historic Site, National Park Service website
1084:
The Sea Nomads: A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia
970:
314:
1402:
733:
518:â Strength loss from exposure to the Sunâs UV rays measured by a standardized exposure test.
333:. Some examples of pandan mat sails were so finely woven that they were compared to "coarse
1458:
1341:
Scott, William Henry (1082). "Boat-Building and Seamanship in Classic Philippine Society".
283:
279:
273:
8:
1134:
505:
1462:
1258:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi
1071:. Manila: Bureau of Education, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands. p. 43.
1482:
1474:
1255:) in Hawaii". In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.).
522:
88:
1486:
1367:
1295:
1270:
1256:
1231:
1020:
976:
951:
941:
501:â Measured as a force per cross sectional area of fiber. Higher is better for sails.
1466:
1435:
1262:
1208:
838:
497:
393:
322:
209:
for cloth, which evolved into the English word "duck" in reference to sail canvas.
1261:. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge ; University of Hawai'i Press.
493:â The ability to resist stretching. Higher resistance is better for upwind sails.
489:
421:
258:
155:
1415:
Maximum Sail Power: The Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology and Performance
1503:
1212:
456:
411:
338:
265:
206:
1390:
1266:
436:
1517:
850:
in a straight, uninterrupted paths. There are four main construction styles:
694:
367:
972:
A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i
955:
547:
1470:
1439:
756:
710:
407:
383:
346:
295:
287:
171:
1292:
Travelling Home, 'Walkabout Magazine' and Mid-Twentieth-Century Australia
690:
514:
373:
359:
230:
226:
210:
182:
1423:
737:
Carbon fiber mainsail, showing grey-scale hues typical of the material.
551:
Spinnaker, made of nylon because of its light weight and high strength.
330:
318:
269:
1411:, Department of Polymer Science The University of Southern Mississippi
441:
1478:
1408:
865:
674:
575:
559:
464:
449:
388:
342:
326:
163:
30:
1508:
1403:
History of Sailing Yacht Masts, Rigging and Sails: 1900-Present day
1160:
706:
635:
291:
246:
198:
475:
1228:
We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific
1184:
1176:
1151:
859:
741:
686:
595:
460:
402:
254:
250:
195:
167:
1042:"In Search of the Philippines' Ancient Maritime Past in Taiwan!"
1172:
1164:
1155:
940:(7th ed.). New York: Fairchild Publications. p. 484.
654:
643:
623:
618:
614:
610:
Aramid (Kevlar) sails, showing the typical color of the fabric.
445:
416:
363:
310:
214:
151:
147:
1417:, by Brian Hancock, Nomad Press, 2003 (excerpts at this link)
1180:
1168:
722:
639:
555:
334:
218:
159:
127:
1187:
have equipped at least one canoe on each island with dacron.
484:
evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth:
294:(screw pine) leaves and lashed with ropes usually made from
793: in Ă 36 in) weighs 230 g (8 oz).
606:
431:
426:
222:
143:
139:
20:
186:
Volunteer wins the America's Cup in 1887 with cotton sails
397:
290:, the sails were traditionally made from woven panels of
1251:
Gallaher, Timothy (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (
594:
often called by one of its trade names Mylar), or as a
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Strong fabric of the type used to make ships' sails
1427:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
975:. University of California Press. pp. 25â26.
866:Film-scrim-film or film-insert-film (film-on-film)
858:Film is sandwiched in between two layers of woven
1450:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
1515:
1125:"A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging"
936:Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (1996).
1391:Historic Balclutha Sails & Today's Options
1315:Nur, Ipeh; Garrawurra, Margaret Rarru (2021).
1230:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 68â69.
877:
298:. These sails were integral in the subsequent
1314:
1289:
995:
935:
689:is an extremely strong fiber produced by the
174:in various woven, spun, and molded textiles.
1244:
1099:"Traditional sail from Yap displayed at UOG"
1019:. University Press of Florida. p. 152.
479:Comparison of attributes of sailcloth fibers
1446:
998:Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
744:is a polyester-based high performance LCP (
236:
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
1290:Rolls, Mitchell; Johnston, Anna (2016).
1250:
962:
732:
671:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
605:
546:
474:
410:, the oblong sails of the canoes of the
240:
181:
126:
1516:
1359:
1353:
1317:"Dhomala DhÀwu: Makassan Sail Stories"
1198:
1081:
1066:
1046:University of HawaiÊ»i at MÄnoa Library
1033:
1014:
844:
1340:
1225:
1122:
1096:
968:
581:
190:
1366:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 228.
931:
929:
886:
832:
53:adding citations to reliable sources
24:
1039:
853:
638:is an aramid, which is produced in
13:
1384:
938:Fairchild's dictionary of textiles
566:
14:
1550:
1201:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1130:Journal of the Polynesian Society
926:
131:Sails made with synthetic fibers.
1048:. University of HawaiÊ»i at MÄnoa
470:
29:
1334:
1308:
1283:
1219:
1192:
1116:
1086:. National Museum. p. 189.
751:
40:needs additional citations for
1090:
1075:
1060:
1008:
989:
969:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012).
902:
716:
245:Sails made from woven mats of
1:
914:Vikingeskibsmuseet i Roskilde
895:
303:
1294:. Anthem Press. p. 84.
563:due to moisture absorption.
309:) of the Austronesians from
7:
1497:
1097:Weiss, Matt (26 May 2016).
878:Woven-film-scrim-film-woven
823:
630:
539:of range for most sailors.
10:
1555:
1213:10.15286/jps.126.4.377-416
1150:As of 1973, all canoes on
829:working life of the sail.
763:
728:
700:
680:
661:
574:, the most common type of
572:Polyethylene terephthalate
263:
177:
18:
1363:The New Book of Sail Trim
1267:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648
1082:Sopher, David E. (1965).
649:
601:
221:(flax), with some use of
150:in various forms of sail
1524:Sailing rigs and rigging
1067:Miller, Hugo H. (1910).
804:
658:is a bright gold color.
588:Polyethylene naphthalate
542:
213:was typically made from
1123:McCoy, Michael (1973).
685:Equivalent to Spectra,
307: 3000 to 1500 BCE
237:Austronesian traditions
1471:10.1098/rsta.1980.0055
1440:10.1002/anie.198906491
1321:The Cross Art Projects
812:
746:liquid crystal polymer
738:
611:
552:
480:
261:
187:
132:
1397:The Great Age of Duck
1226:Lewis, David (1994).
736:
609:
550:
478:
315:Island Southeast Asia
244:
185:
130:
1360:Textor, Ken (1995).
284:Austronesian peoples
280:seafaring traditions
274:Austronesian vessels
49:improve this article
1534:Sailboat components
1463:1980RSPTA.294..463M
1409:Making carbon fiber
1135:Auckland University
1103:The Guam Daily Post
845:Laminated sailcloth
1343:Philippine Studies
1253:Pandanus tectorius
739:
612:
582:PEN fiber (Pentex)
553:
531:Cost-effectiveness
481:
262:
191:Western traditions
188:
133:
1529:Marine propulsion
1457:(1411): 463â472.
887:Woven/scrim/woven
833:Scrim and strands
709:produces Certran
673:(UHMWPE) made by
515:ultraviolet light
498:Breaking strength
125:
124:
117:
99:
1546:
1490:
1443:
1405:by James Gilliam
1378:
1377:
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1248:
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1189:
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1137:. Archived from
1120:
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1094:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1058:
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1040:Clariza, Elena.
1037:
1031:
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1012:
1006:
1005:
993:
987:
986:
966:
960:
959:
933:
924:
923:
921:
920:
910:"Wool sailcloth"
906:
854:Woven-film-woven
792:
791:
787:
784:
778:
777:
773:
394:Caroline Islands
323:Island Melanesia
308:
305:
156:synthetic fibers
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
33:
25:
1554:
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1385:Further reading
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1069:Philippine Hats
1065:
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898:
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880:
868:
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835:
826:
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789:
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780:
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771:
770:
766:
754:
731:
719:
703:
683:
664:
652:
633:
604:
584:
569:
567:Polyester (PET)
545:
490:Initial modulus
473:
422:Gilbert Islands
408:Taumako Islands
306:
278:In the ancient
276:
259:Solomon Islands
239:
193:
180:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1552:
1542:
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1536:
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1526:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:Effort on sail
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1444:
1434:(5): 649â654.
1421:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:by James Brink
1386:
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1379:
1372:
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1333:
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1243:
1236:
1218:
1207:(4): 377â416.
1191:
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1032:
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1007:
988:
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1326:17 September
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1139:the original
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296:coconut coir
288:Indo-Pacific
277:
249:leaves on a
204:
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135:
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105:January 2017
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
1154:were using
1004:(1): 46â47.
717:Zylon (PBO)
558:is used in
457:sugar palms
437:waʻa kaulua
374:Philippines
360:Amis people
231:age of sail
227:War of 1812
64:"Sailcloth"
1518:Categories
1373:0924486813
1145:2015-01-09
919:2021-05-23
896:References
560:spinnakers
465:nipa palms
461:buri palms
434:, and the
331:Madagascar
319:Micronesia
300:migrations
270:Tanja sail
264:See also:
75:newspapers
1487:121588983
675:Honeywell
576:polyester
450:Australia
345:" by the
343:sheepskin
337:" by the
327:Polynesia
199:longships
164:polyester
136:Sailcloth
1509:Oilcloth
1498:See also
1161:pandanus
956:34019003
824:PEN Film
818:PET film
707:Celanese
705:Hoechst
693:company
636:Technora
631:Technora
592:PET film
205:Doek is
158:such as
1459:Bibcode
1185:Puluwat
1177:Pulusuk
1152:Satawal
860:taffeta
788:⁄
774:⁄
764:Weaving
742:Vectran
729:Vectran
701:Certran
687:Dyneema
681:Dyneema
667:Spectra
662:Spectra
596:taffeta
442:Hawaiʻi
420:of the
406:of the
403:tepukei
392:of the
382:of the
372:of the
339:Spanish
286:of the
282:of the
255:Taumako
251:tepukei
178:History
168:aramids
89:scholar
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669:is an
655:Twaron
650:Twaron
644:Teijin
624:DuPont
619:aramid
615:Kevlar
602:Kevlar
463:, and
446:Yolngu
424:, the
417:baurua
414:, the
400:, the
386:, the
379:kabang
376:, the
369:bangka
364:Taiwan
355:fayang
329:, and
311:Taiwan
292:pandan
272:, and
247:pandan
215:cotton
196:Viking
170:, and
154:, and
152:canvas
148:cotton
91:
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1483:S2CID
1479:36370
1475:JSTOR
1181:Pulap
1169:Elato
839:Scrim
805:Films
723:Zylon
691:Dutch
640:Japan
617:, an
586:PEN (
556:Nylon
543:Nylon
506:Creep
347:Dutch
335:linen
313:, to
253:from
219:linen
207:Dutch
160:nylon
146:, or
96:JSTOR
82:books
1368:ISBN
1328:2024
1296:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1183:and
1110:2024
1054:2024
1021:ISBN
977:ISBN
952:OCLC
942:ISBN
432:Fiji
427:drua
396:and
223:hemp
211:Duck
144:hemp
140:flax
68:news
21:Sail
1467:doi
1455:294
1436:doi
1263:doi
1209:doi
1205:126
813:PET
695:DSM
642:by
448:of
440:of
430:of
398:Yap
362:in
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217:or
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