57:
34:
411:
42:
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663:(combined modulus of the weft and warp directions). For example, the effective modulus at 30% relative humidity is 180 MPa, which drops to 13 MPa at 90% relative humidity, suggesting that canvas is becoming more flexible and susceptible to deformation. There is an inherent anisotropy to the elastic modulus measured in the weft and warp direction as evidenced in the strain vs. load behavior of the canvas. The canvas exhibits a 0.1
528:
445:
heavy-weight is about 10 oz/sq yd (340 g/m) or 12 oz/sq yd (410 g/m). They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away. Artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso. Professional artists who wish to work on canvas may prepare their own canvas in the traditional manner.
228:
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of materials, such as paper and yarns, by reducing the clamping distance to 0.1 mm and applying load to a particular point on the yarn. This minimizes effects from material geometry and accurately assesses intrinsic fiber strength. This also reduces the amount of material needed for samples to 60 mm.
464:
masters took extreme measures to ensure that none of the texture of the canvas came through. This required a painstaking, months-long process of layering the raw canvas with (usually) lead-white paint, then polishing the surface, and then repeating. The final product had little resemblance to fabric,
677:
Using zero-span strength analysis, conservationists measured tensile strength of flax, commonly used canvas material in historical paintings and correlated tensile strength to the degree of cellulose depolymerization -- cellulose is a component of flax. Another method for assessing canvas quality is
638:
Understanding the mechanical properties of art canvases is necessary for art conservation, especially when deciding on transporting paintings, conservation treatments and environmental specifications inside museums. Canvases are layered structures made from weaving fibers together, where each layer
278:
in the 1480s was still unusual for the period. Large paintings for country houses were apparently more likely to be on canvas, and are perhaps less likely to have survived. It was a good deal cheaper than a panel painting, and may sometime indicate a painting regarded as less important. In the
405:
When I first started doing the stain paintings, I left large areas of canvas unpainted, I think, because the canvas itself acted as forcefully and as positively as paint or line or color. In other words, the very ground was part of the medium, so that instead of thinking of it as background or
667:
in the weft direction and 0.2 strain in the warp direction before failing (thread ripping apart). Though, tensile testing provides an explicit measure of material strength, conservationists are unable to tare a piece of painting to create the samples (required length of 250 mm), therefore the
444:
Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available. They are available in a variety of weights: light-weight is about 4 oz/sq yd (140 g/m) or 5 oz/sq yd (170 g/m); medium-weight is about 7 oz/sq yd (240 g/m) or 8 oz/sq yd (270 g/m);
433:", came into use. Linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, offers a more economical alternative. The advent of
558:
technique. Finally, the surface was sealed with a transparent varnish. While the gessoed canvas was a perfect painting surface, the primary purpose of the canvas application may have been the strengthening of the wooden shield corpus in a manner similar to modern
406:
negative space or an empty spot, that area did not need paint because it had paint next to it. The thing was to decide where to leave it and where to fill it and where to say this doesn't need another line or another pail of colors. It's saying it in space.
671:
Art conservationists have recently adopted a new method called zero-span strength analysis, nanoindentation, and numerical modelling to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical properties of painting canvases. Zero-span strength analysis measures the
685:. However, with the nanoindentation method, conservationists can probe the composite behavior of the layers of paint on top of the canvas, not the actual strength of the canvas itself. Lastly, conservationists are using finite element modeling (
578:
at the rear of the frame. This allows the artist to incorporate painted edges into the artwork itself without staples at the sides, and the artwork can be displayed without a frame. Splined canvas can be restretched by adjusting the spline.
123:
and for other items for which sturdiness is required, as well as in such fashion objects as handbags, electronic device cases, and shoes. It is popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame.
1084:
Aida Canvas. — This material, introduced under the French name Toile
Colbert, is a description of linen cloth. It is also called " Aida Cloth," and Java Canvas ( which see), as well as " Fancy Oatmeal."
331:
prior to being used to prevent oil paint from coming into direct contact with the canvas fibres which would eventually cause the canvas to decay. A traditional and flexible chalk gesso is composed of
1191:
Janas, Arkadiusz; Fuster-López, Laura; Andersen, Cecil Krarup; Escuder, Angel
Vicente; Kozłowski, Roman; Poznańska, Katarzyna; Gajda, Aleksandra; Scharff, Mikkel; Bratasz, Łukasz (2022-10-10).
175:, canvas is classified in two ways: by weight (ounces per square yard) and by a graded number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4.
1014:
350:
is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Various alternative and more flexible canvas primers are commercially available, the most popular being a synthetic latex paint composed of
279:
Uccello, the armour does not use silver leaf, as other of his paintings do (and the colour therefore remains undegraded). Another common category of paintings on lighter cloth such as
1393:"Experiment B: Nondestructive Estimation of Strength in Historical Papers - Paper Through Time: Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th through 19th Century Papers - University of Iowa"
397:
and others. Staining acrylic paint into the fabric of cotton duck canvas was more benign and less damaging to the fabric of the canvas than the use of oil paint. In 1970, artist
468:
With a properly prepared canvas, the painter will find that each subsequent layer of color glides on in a "buttery" manner, and that with the proper consistency of application (
429:, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength. Linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as "
872:
655:. There are two directions to the canvas: the warp direction (threads run vertically) and the weft direction (threads run horizontally). Researchers performed
595:
backing, and sealed on the backside. The canvas is typically linen primed for a certain type of paint. They are primarily used by artists for quick
1018:
926:
312:
and
Venetian artists were among those leading the change; Venetian sail canvas was readily available and regarded as the best quality.
1273:
Lee, D. S.-H.; Kim, N.-S.; Scharff, M.; Nielsen, A. V.; Mecklenburg, M.; Fuster-López, L.; Bratasz, L.; Andersen, C. K. (2022-08-12).
437:
has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two entirely different plants, the
456:
Masters is in the preparation of the canvas. "Modern" techniques take advantage of both the canvas texture as well as those of the
659:
to determine the effects of humidity on the strength of canvases and observed that increasing humidity decreased the effective
259:
880:
287:
or glue, often used for banners to be carried in procession. This is a less durable medium, and surviving examples such as
969:
250:. It was used from the 14th century in Italy, but only rarely. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French
1168:
1050:
3010:
1439:
1077:
1002:
3036:
1329:"Mapping the mechanical properties of paintings via nanoindentation: a new approach for cultural heritage studies"
585:
stay stretched tighter over a longer period of time, but are more difficult to re-stretch when the need arises.
2889:
1141:
857:
66:
1193:"Mechanical properties and moisture-related dimensional change of canvas paintings–canvas and glue sizing"
1114:
930:
3102:
2850:
693:) on canvases undergoing desiccation (removal of moisture) to visualize the global and local stresses.
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3107:
673:
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shields. The canvas was applied to the wooden surface of the pavise, covered with multiple layers of
255:
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1067:
560:
739:
370:
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27:
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traditional methods of assessing mechanical properties have been visual cues and pH values.
2990:
1527:
1432:
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1040:
686:
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179:
46:
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One of the most outstanding differences between modern painting techniques and those of the
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2778:
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1340:
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utilizing a millimeter-sized cantilever with a microsphere at its end and measuring local
56:
8:
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1275:"Numerical modelling of mechanical degradation of canvas paintings under desiccation"
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722:, which have evenly spaced pockets to allow the belt to be mechanically fed into the
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Tiennot, Mathilde; Paardekam, Erik; Iannuzzi, Davide; Hermens, Erma (2020-05-13).
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2012:
2007:
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pigment and calcium carbonate is rather brittle and susceptible to cracking. As
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893:
the largest Polish painting "Battle of
Grunwald" by Jan Matejko (426 x 987 cm).
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50:
33:
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differ from traditional side-stapled canvas in that canvas is attached with a
495:. After printing, the canvas can be wrapped around a stretcher and displayed.
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116:
1116:
America's fabrics: origin and history, manufacture, characteristics and uses
1042:
The Rise and Fall of Art
Needlework: Its Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects
515:(also called Java canvas), Penelope canvas, Chess canvas, and Binca canvas.
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Art activities : that are easy to prepare and that children will love
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Encyclopedia of
Victorian needlework: Dictionary of needlework, Volume 1
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2017:
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20:
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From the 13th century onwards, canvas was used as a covering layer on
491:. This process of digital inkjet printing is popularly referred to as
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1962:
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995:
Painters
Painting, a Candid History of The Modern Art Scene 1940–1970
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responds differently to changes in humidity, resulting in localized
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is applied over a piece of wet cotton to flatten the wrinkles.
128:
79:
61:
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527:
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Panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in
159:. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven. The term
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421:, very possibly canvas, 1670s near Haarlem in the Netherlands
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92:
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2002:
848:
Gordon, Dillian, National
Gallery Catalogues (new series):
794:
753:
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743:
690:
438:
323:
Canvas is usually stretched across a wooden frame called a
200:
140:
100:
96:
1417:
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Many artists have painted onto unprimed canvas, such as
503:
Canvas is a popular base fabric for embroidery such as
2894:
2870:
2841:
2807:
2798:
2744:
2185:
143:. It differs from other heavy cotton fabrics, such as
74:(426 cm × 987 cm (168 in × 389 in)), displayed in the
26:
This article is about the fabric. For other uses, see
1272:
417:covered with sheets of new-made textiles, probably
178:The word "canvas" is derived from the 13th century
1136:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 166.
1133:Victorian embroidery : an authoritative guide
567:Splined canvas, stretched canvas and canvas boards
511:. Some specific types of embroidery canvases are
301:) are rare, and often rather faded in appearance.
591:are made of canvas stretched over and glued to a
3089:
706:(see photo of canvas being stretched on a canoe)
1163:. Bedfordshire, UK: Brilliant Pub. p. 65.
465:but instead had a glossy, enamel-like finish.
139:(PVC), although historically it was made from
1433:
972:. Theblurb.com.au. 2002-10-04. Archived from
155:. Canvas comes in two basic types: plain and
634:Mechanical Properties in Canvas Conservation
791:, often fishing, hunting, tactical/military
1440:
1426:
865:
472:technique), a painting entirely devoid of
441:plant and the cotton plant, respectively.
1368:
1300:
1290:
1218:
1208:
1156:
929:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
487:or specialist digital printers to create
308:and the 17th century in Northern Europe.
537:
526:
409:
358:, bound with a thermo-plastic emulsion.
314:
226:
55:
40:
32:
1112:
1099:Primary Embroidery Stitches and Designs
1038:
850:The Fifteenth Century Italian Paintings
16:Extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric
3090:
1250:
1129:
1065:
522:
1421:
1322:
1320:
1268:
1266:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
401:commented about her use of staining:
1113:Bendure, Zelma & Gladys (1946).
483:Canvas can also be printed on using
873:"National Museum (Muzeum Narodowe)"
720:Non-disintegrating ammunition belts
519:is a stiffer form of Binca canvas.
13:
1317:
1263:
1235:
1177:
1015:"Classical Oil Painting Technique"
238:Canvas has become the most common
14:
3119:
1413:
1119:. Macmillan Company. p. 616.
1095:
906:"The Online Etymology Dictionary"
498:
192:. Both may be derivatives of the
127:Modern canvas is usually made of
64:'s biggest canvas paintings, the
1017:. Cartage.org.lb. Archived from
712:, including coated canvas (e.g.
335:and linseed oil, applied over a
319:Canvas stretched on wooden frame
297:, in distemper on linen (1450s,
1385:
1150:
1123:
1106:
1089:
1059:
997:, p. 82, Abbeville Press 1984,
216:
1032:
1007:
987:
962:
953:
944:
919:
898:
203:", originating from the Greek
1:
842:
554:and often richly painted in
542:Stretching canvas on a canoe
7:
2895:
2871:
2842:
2808:
2799:
2745:
2186:
1066:Saward, Blanche C. (1887).
810:
696:
261:Saint George and the Dragon
10:
3124:
1447:
1353:10.1038/s41598-020-64892-7
1292:10.1186/s40494-022-00763-w
1210:10.1186/s40494-022-00794-3
970:"Jackson Pollock – A Life"
220:
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25:
18:
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2560:
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2399:
2347:
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2281:
2198:
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1455:
1157:Goodridge, Paula (2009).
425:Early canvas was made of
37:Sailor bag made of canvas
3062:Swatches and strike-offs
2965:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1130:Morris, Barbara (2003).
602:
561:glass-reinforced plastic
476:can be achieved. A warm
254:from around 1410 in the
88:is an extremely durable
19:Not to be confused with
1102:. Taylor & Francis.
1039:Cluckie, Linda (2008).
683:viscoelastic properties
395:Lyrical Abstractionists
327:and may be coated with
28:Canvas (disambiguation)
2103:Vinyl coated polyester
1251:Maisey, Sarah (2023).
1072:. Dover Publications.
620:Water-resistant canvas
543:
535:
422:
408:
320:
256:Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
235:
82:
53:
38:
2979:Manufacturingindustry
1045:. Arena. p. 60.
927:"Oxford Dictionaries"
541:
530:
413:
403:
318:
230:
59:
44:
36:
2935:Holland & Sherry
689:) and extended-FEM (
342:; a variation using
3037:History of textiles
1397:paper.lib.uiowa.edu
1345:2020NatSR..10.7924T
1253:"Conserving Canvas"
993:De Antonio, Emile.
805:Vehicle seat covers
523:As a compound agent
399:Helen Frankenthaler
375:Helen Frankenthaler
268:in about 1470, and
252:Madonna with angels
45:Canvas roof at the
3103:Painting materials
2890:Woodblock printing
2419:Conductive textile
1588:Cedar bark textile
1333:Scientific Reports
852:, Volume 1, 2003,
544:
536:
423:
321:
236:
137:polyvinyl chloride
83:
67:Battle of Grunwald
54:
39:
3085:
3084:
2444:Lenticular fabric
2395:
2394:
2093:Vegetable flannel
933:on March 13, 2013
883:on 7 October 2013
877:www.warsawtour.pl
623:Waterproof canvas
611:Fire-proof canvas
356:calcium carbonate
270:Sandro Botticelli
3115:
3108:Maritime culture
3067:Synthetic fabric
2900:
2876:
2866:Textile printing
2847:
2813:
2804:
2750:
2324:Machine knitting
2258:Velours du Kasaï
2191:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
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1314:
1304:
1294:
1279:Heritage Science
1270:
1261:
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1248:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1197:Heritage Science
1188:
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908:. Etymonline.com
902:
896:
895:
890:
888:
879:. Archived from
869:
702:Wood-and-canvas
674:tensile strength
583:Stapled canvases
572:Splined canvases
509:Berlin wool work
415:Bleaching-fields
387:Ronnie Landfield
352:titanium dioxide
348:lead-based paint
337:rabbit skin glue
299:National Gallery
208:
207:
167:word for cloth,
95:used for making
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3042:History of silk
3015:
2974:
2903:
2851:Roller printing
2723:
2710:
2556:
2545:Tartan or plaid
2473:
2409:Ballistic nylon
2391:
2343:
2300:
2277:
2194:
2153:
2147:
2013:Seerhand muslin
1451:
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871:
870:
866:
845:
813:
766:uniforms (e.g.
699:
679:nanoindentation
661:elastic modulus
657:tensile testing
636:
605:
569:
525:
501:
379:Dan Christensen
363:Jackson Pollock
225:
219:
163:comes from the
135:, or sometimes
76:National Museum
47:Erasmus station
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344:titanium white
333:lead carbonate
275:Birth of Venus
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1021:on 2012-03-01
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258:. Its use in
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3001:Preservation
2908:Fabric mills
2885:Waxed cotton
2490:Bizarre silk
2248:Polar fleece
1983:Saga Nishiki
1978:Russell cord
1783:Harris tweed
1572:
1528:Brilliantine
1508:Bedford cord
1474:(Medriñaque)
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1336:
1332:
1302:10251/193061
1282:
1278:
1257:Project MUSE
1256:
1220:10251/193062
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1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1009:
994:
989:
978:. Retrieved
974:the original
964:
955:
950:Gordon, xiii
946:
935:. Retrieved
931:the original
921:
910:. Retrieved
900:
892:
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
876:
867:
849:
817:Canvas print
770:, Shureido,
764:Martial arts
670:
653:delamination
637:
626:Waxed canvas
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244:oil painting
237:
217:For painting
196:
194:Vulgar Latin
189:
182:
180:Anglo-French
177:
168:
160:
151:rather than
126:
121:oil painting
85:
84:
65:
3011:Terminology
2996:Performance
2844:Rōketsuzome
2789:Heatsetting
2764:Calendering
2754:Bògòlanfini
2701:Spider silk
2515:Houndstooth
2510:Herringbone
2469:Windstopper
2314:Boiled wool
1833:Kente cloth
1823:Khaki drill
1803:Irish linen
1788:Herringbone
1653:Cotton duck
1613:Cheesecloth
1472:Abacá cloth
1339:(1): 7924.
729:Covers and
724:machine gun
645:deformation
643:that cause
608:Dyed canvas
534:canvas bags
532:Canada Post
462:Renaissance
431:cotton duck
391:Color Field
242:medium for
197:cannapaceus
153:twill weave
149:plain weave
147:, in being
90:plain-woven
72:Jan Matejko
70:, 1878, by
3092:Categories
2945:Loro Piana
2940:Larusmiani
2873:Tsutsugaki
2861:Tenterhook
2769:Decatising
2646:Microfiber
2550:Tattersall
2530:Pinstripes
2505:Glen plaid
2429:E-textiles
2296:Cedar bark
2253:Terrycloth
2200:Pile woven
2088:Ultrasuede
2018:Seersucker
1943:Perpetuana
1868:Madapollam
1813:Kerseymere
1598:Char cloth
1553:Byrd Cloth
1533:Broadcloth
1518:Beta cloth
1402:2024-05-12
1285:(1): 130.
1203:(1): 160.
1143:0486426092
1025:2012-05-05
980:2012-05-05
959:Gordon, xv
937:2014-03-01
912:2012-05-05
887:20 October
858:1857092937
843:References
837:Salembaree
731:tarpaulins
513:Aida cloth
393:painters,
294:Entombment
289:Dirk Bouts
231:Canvas on
221:See also:
187:Old French
171:. In the
21:Canvassing
3057:Shrinkage
3006:Recycling
2930:E. Thomas
2779:Finishing
2717:Finishing
2661:Polyester
2611:Eisengarn
2535:Polka dot
2401:Technical
2329:Milliskin
2268:Velveteen
2223:Crimplene
2038:Shot silk
1963:Rayadillo
1958:Rakematiz
1858:Longcloth
1778:Haircloth
1768:Grosgrain
1758:Grenadine
1748:Ghalamkar
1743:Georgette
1728:Gabardine
1603:Charmeuse
1523:Bombazine
1513:Bengaline
1498:Barkcloth
1361:2045-2322
1311:2050-7445
1229:2050-7445
822:Eisengarn
783:Wrestling
593:cardboard
383:Larry Zox
325:stretcher
285:distemper
109:backpacks
3047:Knitting
2950:Piacenza
2925:Dormeuil
2810:Katazome
2794:Indienne
2740:Beetling
2730:Androsia
2721:printing
2681:Sea silk
2656:Pashmina
2596:Cashmere
2540:Shweshwe
2478:Patterns
2464:SympaTex
2459:Stub-tex
2449:Silnylon
2439:Gore-Tex
2357:Bobbinet
2283:Nonwoven
2273:Zibeline
2238:Moquette
2218:Corduroy
2213:Chenille
2152:Figured
2133:Whipcord
1933:Paduasoy
1918:Osnaburg
1888:Nainsook
1878:Moleskin
1863:Mackinaw
1708:Eolienne
1668:Cretonne
1648:Corduroy
1583:Capilene
1578:Chambray
1558:C change
1493:Barathea
1483:Armazine
1379:32404938
811:See also
740:Converse
697:Products
649:cracking
641:stresses
460:itself.
310:Mantegna
211:cannabis
206:κάνναβις
185:and the
113:shelters
105:marquees
3072:Weaving
3020:Related
2920:Cerruti
2784:Fulling
2759:Burnout
2747:Bingata
2696:Spandex
2576:Acrylic
2525:Paisley
2454:Spandex
2424:Darlexx
2414:Ban-Lon
2319:Coolmax
2306:Knitted
2233:Mockado
2228:Fustian
2181:Songket
2161:Brocade
2143:Zorbeez
2108:Viyella
2098:Ventile
2063:Ticking
2048:Taffeta
2008:Scarlet
1973:Ripstop
1938:Percale
1923:Ottoman
1913:Organza
1908:Organdy
1903:Oilskin
1893:Nankeen
1808:Jamdani
1773:Habutai
1753:Gingham
1723:Fustian
1718:Foulard
1713:Flannel
1703:Drugget
1643:Cordura
1618:Chiffon
1608:Charvet
1593:Challis
1568:Cambric
1543:Bunting
1538:Buckram
1503:Batiste
1370:7220919
1341:Bibcode
800:Jackets
768:Tokaido
597:studies
556:tempera
450:Flemish
283:was in
240:support
190:canevas
183:canevaz
117:support
115:, as a
60:One of
49:of the
3027:Dyeing
2986:Design
2960:Scabal
2801:Kasuri
2774:Devoré
2651:Olefin
2636:Mohair
2626:Kevlar
2606:Cotton
2586:Angora
2581:Alpaca
2520:Kelsch
2485:Argyle
2434:Gannex
2349:Netted
2339:Velour
2334:Jersey
2263:Velvet
2176:Lampas
2171:Damask
2166:Camlet
2138:Zephyr
2123:Waffle
2118:Wadmal
2073:Tucuyo
2058:Tartan
2023:Sendal
1993:Sateen
1988:Samite
1953:Poplin
1948:Pongee
1928:Oxford
1883:Muslin
1873:Madras
1798:Hodden
1793:Himroo
1693:Dowlas
1688:Dornix
1678:Dimity
1658:Coutil
1633:Cloqué
1628:Chintz
1573:Canvas
1563:Calico
1548:Burlap
1478:Aertex
1449:Fabric
1377:
1367:
1359:
1309:
1227:
1167:
1140:
1076:
1049:
1001:
856:
772:Judogi
738:(e.g.
714:Goyard
704:canoes
665:strain
651:, and
576:spline
548:pavise
493:Giclée
485:offset
340:ground
129:cotton
93:fabric
86:Canvas
80:Warsaw
62:Poland
3052:Pandy
3032:Fiber
2970:Zegna
2897:Yūzen
2822:Moire
2735:Batik
2691:Sisal
2676:Rayon
2671:Ramie
2641:Nylon
2631:Linen
2591:Bashō
2570:Abacá
2500:Chiné
2495:Check
2387:Tulle
2382:Ninon
2243:Plush
2208:Baize
2188:Rinzu
2154:woven
2128:Wigan
2113:Voile
2083:Twill
2078:Tweed
2068:Toile
2043:Stuff
2033:Scrim
2028:Serge
1998:Satin
1898:Ninon
1853:Loden
1818:Khādī
1738:Gazar
1733:Gauze
1698:Drill
1673:Denim
1663:Crêpe
1623:Chino
1464:Woven
1456:Types
795:Coats
789:Vests
759:Swags
754:Tents
736:Shoes
603:Types
552:gesso
458:paint
454:Dutch
427:linen
419:linen
329:gesso
306:Italy
281:linen
165:Dutch
145:denim
133:linen
101:tents
97:sails
3077:Yarn
2955:Reda
2706:Wool
2686:Silk
2666:Piña
2621:Jute
2616:Hemp
2601:Coir
2372:Mesh
2367:Lace
2291:Felt
2053:Tais
2003:Saye
1843:Lawn
1838:Lamé
1375:PMID
1357:ISSN
1307:ISSN
1225:ISSN
1165:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1047:ISBN
999:ISBN
889:2013
854:ISBN
748:Keds
744:Vans
710:Bags
691:XFEM
507:and
478:iron
452:and
439:flax
354:and
201:hemp
169:doek
161:duck
157:duck
141:hemp
119:for
2827:Nap
2719:and
1968:Rep
1365:PMC
1349:doi
1297:hdl
1287:doi
1215:hdl
1205:doi
687:FEM
272:'s
264:by
213:).
131:or
78:in
3094::
1395:.
1373:.
1363:.
1355:.
1347:.
1337:10
1335:.
1331:.
1319:^
1305:.
1295:.
1283:10
1281:.
1277:.
1265:^
1255:.
1237:^
1223:.
1213:.
1201:10
1199:.
1195:.
1179:^
1082:.
891:.
875:.
746:,
742:,
647:,
599:.
563:.
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
291:'
111:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
1441:e
1434:t
1427:v
1405:.
1381:.
1351::
1343::
1313:.
1299::
1289::
1259:.
1231:.
1217::
1207::
1173:.
1146:.
1055:.
1028:.
983:.
940:.
915:.
774:)
750:)
726:.
716:)
209:(
30:.
23:.
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